Henry III of England

1669: 1800: 2050:. When the more prominent German candidates failed to gain traction, Henry began to back his brother Richard's candidature, giving donations to his potential supporters in the Empire. Richard was elected in 1256 with expectations of possibly being crowned the Holy Roman Emperor, but continued to play a major role in English politics. His election faced a mixed response in England; Richard was believed to provide moderate, sensible counsel and his presence was missed by the English barons, but he also faced criticism, probably incorrectly, for funding his German campaign at England's expense. Although Henry now had increased support in the Empire for a potential alliance against Louis of France, the two kings were now moving towards potentially settling their disputes peacefully; for Henry, a peace treaty could allow him to focus on Sicily and his crusade. 2143:, hoping to be absolved from the oath he had made at Oxford. In June 1261, the King announced that Rome had released him from his promises and he promptly held a counter-coup with the support of Edward. He purged the ranks of the sheriffs of his enemies and seized back control of many of the royal castles. The baronial opposition, led by Simon and Richard, were temporarily reunited in their opposition to Henry's actions, convening their own parliament, independent of the King, and establishing a rival system of local government across England. Henry and Eleanor mobilised their own supporters and raised a foreign mercenary army. Facing the threat of open civil war, the barons backed down: de Clare switched sides once again, Simon left for exile in France and the baronial resistance collapsed. 1366: 2098:, which Henry swore to uphold. These provisions created a smaller council of 15 members, elected solely by the barons, which then had the power to appoint England's justiciar, chancellor, and treasurer, and which would be monitored through triannual parliaments. Pressure from the lesser barons and the gentry present at Oxford also helped to push through wider reform, intended to limit the abuse of power by both Henry's officials and the major barons. The elected council included representatives of the Savoyard faction but no Poitevins, and the new government immediately took steps to exile the leading Lusignans and to seize key castles across the country. 1273: 1227: 1606:. The Jews had suffered considerable oppression during the First Barons' War, but during Henry's early years the community had flourished and became one of the most prosperous in Europe. This was primarily the result of the stance taken by the regency government, which took a range of measures to protect the Jews and encourage lending. This was driven by financial self-interest, as they stood to profit considerably from a strong Jewish community in England. Their policy ran counter to the instructions being sent from the Pope, who had laid out strong anti-Jewish measures at the 1835:

until around 100 had settled in England, around two-thirds of them being granted substantial incomes worth £66 or more by Henry. Henry encouraged some to help him on the continent; others acted as mercenaries and diplomatic agents or fought on Henry's behalf in European campaigns. Many were given estates along the contested Welsh Marches, or in Ireland, where they protected the frontiers. For Henry, the community was an important symbol of his hopes to one day reconquer Poitou and the rest of his French lands, and many of the Lusignans became close friends with his son Edward.

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was demanded in 1244, for example, of which around two-thirds was collected within five years – destroying the ability of the Jewish community to lend money commercially. The financial pressure Henry placed on the Jews caused them to force repayment or sale of loans, fuelling anti-Jewish resentment. The sale of Jewish bonds was a particular grievance among smaller landowners such as knights, as bonds were bought at low prices and used by richer barons and members of Henry's royal circle as a means to acquire lands of lesser landholders, through payment defaults.

9426: 2303:, led by Louis of France, in 1270, but Henry became increasingly ill; concerns about a fresh rebellion grew and the next year the King wrote to his son asking him to return to England, but Edward did not turn back. Henry recovered slightly and announced his renewed intention to join the crusades himself, but he never regained his full health and on the evening of 16 November 1272, he died in Westminster, probably with Eleanor in attendance. He was succeeded by Edward, who slowly made his way back to England via Gascony, finally arriving in August 1274. 1839:

commentary. The term "Poitevins" became loosely applied to this grouping, although many came from Anjou and other parts of France, and by the 1250s there was a fierce rivalry between the relatively well established Savoyards and the newly arrived Poitevins. The Lusignans began to break the law with impunity, pursuing personal grievances against other barons and the Savoyards, and Henry took little or no action to restrain them. By 1258, the general dislike of the Poitevins had turned into hatred, with Simon de Montfort one of their strongest critics.

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been common under John. The charters did not address the sensitive issues of the appointment of royal advisers and the distribution of patronage, and they lacked any means of enforcement if the King chose to ignore them. Henry's rule became lax and careless, resulting in a reduction in royal authority in the provinces and, ultimately, the collapse of his authority at court. The inconsistency with which he applied the charters over the course of his rule alienated many barons, even those within his own faction.

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brewing between Richard de Clare's forces and those of Simon and Edward. Henry's brother Richard mediated between the parties and averted a military confrontation; Edward was reconciled with his father and Simon was put on trial for his actions against the King. Henry was unable to maintain his grip on power, and in October a coalition headed by Simon, Richard, and Edward briefly seized back control; within months their baronial council had collapsed into chaos as well.

10741: 978: 2201:, condemning the rebels, upholding the King's rights and annulling the Provisions of Oxford. Louis had strong views of his own on the rights of kings over those of barons, but was also influenced by his wife, Margaret, who was Eleanor's sister, and by the Pope. Leaving Eleanor in Paris to assemble mercenary reinforcements, Henry returned to England in February 1264, where violence was brewing in response to the unpopular French decision. 12787: 1655:, in line with existing Church pronouncements; it remains unclear to what extent the King actually implemented the statute. By 1258, Henry's Jewish policies were regarded as confused and were increasingly unpopular amongst the barons. Taken together, Henry's policies up to 1258 of excessive Jewish taxation, anti-Jewish legislation, and propaganda caused a very important and negative change to the status and security of Jews in England. 31: 2169: 1708:. Eleanor was well-mannered, cultured and articulate, but the primary reason for the marriage was political, as Henry stood to create a valuable set of alliances with the rulers of the south and south-east of France. Over the coming years, Eleanor emerged as a hard-headed, firm politician. Historians Margaret Howell and David Carpenter describe her as being "more combative" and "far tougher and more determined" than her husband. 1071: 12706: 1908:. Henry assumed that he had the right to interfere in Scottish affairs and brought up the issue of his authority with the Scottish kings at key moments, but he lacked the inclination or the resources to do much more. Alexander had occupied parts of northern England during the First Barons' War but had been excommunicated and forced to retreat. Alexander married Henry's sister Joan in 1221, and after he and Henry signed the 1785:, Henry's chief adviser for a short period. Henry arranged marriages for many of them into the English nobility, a practice that initially caused friction with the English barons, who resisted landed estates passing into the hands of foreigners. The Savoyards were careful not to exacerbate the situation and became increasingly integrated into English baronial society, forming an important power base for Eleanor in England. 805: 1099:, to inherit the throne, supported by a regency government. The young French king was in a far weaker position than his father and faced opposition from many of the French nobility who still maintained ties with England, leading to a sequence of revolts across the country. Against this background, in late 1228 a group of potential Norman and Angevin rebels called upon Henry to invade and reclaim his inheritance, and 2147:

and the barons, using Richard as an initial adjudicator, backed up by Louis of France should Richard fail to generate a compromise. Henry softened some of his policies in response to the concerns of the barons, but he soon began to target his political enemies and recommence his unpopular Sicilian policy. He had done nothing significant to deal with the concerns over Baronial and royal abuse of Jewish debts.

12770: 1187: 1878:, Henry gradually extended his authority across the region, but the campaigns were not pursued with vigour and the King did little to stop the Marcher territories along the border becoming increasingly independent of the Crown. In 1256, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd rebelled against Henry and widespread violence spread across Wales. Henry promised a swift military response but did not carry through on his threats. 2039:, who was facing increasing military pressure from the Empire. He could no longer afford to pay Henry's expenses, instead demanding that Henry compensate the Papacy for the £90,000 spent on the war so far. This was a huge sum, and Henry turned to parliament for help in 1255, only to be rebuffed. Further attempts followed, but by 1257 only partial parliamentary assistance had been offered. 861: 1024:

powers of the Crown, and the barons swore that they would give back the royal castles and pay their debts to the Crown, on the threat of excommunication. Hubert, accompanied by Henry, moved into Wales to suppress Llywelyn in 1223, and in England his forces steadily reclaimed Henry's castles. The effort against the remaining recalcitrant barons came to a head in 1224 with the siege of

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conservative barons, and Simon, Gilbert de Clare, and the radicals. The rebels leveraged concern among knights over abuse of Jewish loans, who feared losing their lands, a problem Henry had done much to create and nothing to solve. In each case following, the rebels employed violence and killings in a deliberate attempt to destroy the records of their debts to Jewish lenders.

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children existed, and historians such as Huw Ridgeway and Margaret Howell conclude that Henry and Eleanor had only five children. These five – Edward, Margaret, Beatrice, Edmund and Katherine – are well documented in multiple chronicles and financial accounts from Henry's reign. The only record for Richard, John, William and Henry is in the

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thin. At the end of the 20th century, there was a renewed interest in 13th century English history, resulting in the publication of various specialist works on aspects of Henry's reign, including government finance and the period of his minority. Current historiography notes both Henry's positive and negative qualities: historian

2154:, sided with the radicals; the King's position was further undermined by major Welsh incursions along the Marches and the Pope's decision to reverse his judgment on the Provisions, this time confirming them as legitimate. By early 1263, Henry's authority had disintegrated and the country slipped back towards open civil war. 1158:. In response, Marshal allied himself with Prince Llywelyn, and his supporters rose up in rebellion in England. Henry was unable to gain a clear military advantage and became concerned that Louis of France might seize the opportunity to invade Brittany – as their truce was about to expire – while he was distracted at home. 2115: 3833:

13th century money; for comparison, in the early part of the 13th century, £66 was close to the average annual income of a poorer baron; £6,666 in 1216 was almost 25 per cent of the Crown's revenue for the year; shortly after Henry's death, his son Edward I spent approximately £80,000 on his castle-building programme in

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had an increasing financial, and thus military, advantage over Henry. Even under John, the French Crown had enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage in resources, but since then, the balance had shifted further, with the annual income of the French kings almost doubling between 1204 and 1221.

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Instead Henry turned to extorting money from the senior clergy, who were forced to sign blank charters, promising to pay effectively unlimited sums of money in support of the King's efforts, raising around £40,000. The English Church felt the money was wasted, vanishing into the long-running war in Italy.

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Italy, threatened militarily by the Holy Roman Empire. During Henry's reign, the Papacy developed a strong, central bureaucracy, supported by benefices granted to absent churchmen working in Rome. Tensions grew between this practice and the needs of local parishioners, exemplified by the dispute between

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manuscript, but the details appear to have been added to the original 13th document in the next century, albeit possibly in good faith. It is impossible to completely rule out the possibility that the children existed but that the other evidence of their existence was suppressed, perhaps because they

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Henry was well known among his contemporaries for attending mass frequently; one chronicler account, probably exaggerating, suggested that he attended mass three times a day, and in 1259 Henry was said to have stopped at every church he passed in Paris that was holding mass, to take part. He probably

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Hubert's supporters presented themselves as the rightful local rulers of England, facing up to oppressive foreigners; the des Roches' argued that they were in fact the loyal followers of the King and that it was the treacherous English barons who had rebelled and sided with Prince Louis against first

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The Crown had traditionally relied on gifts and bribes to encourage loyalty and obedience among the barons, but in the straightened, post-war circumstances the opportunities to dispense such patronage was limited. Part of the problem was that medieval law was clear that the guardians of a minor, such

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Eleanor probably hoped that Henry would be recognised as a saint, as his contemporary Louis IX of France had been; indeed, Henry's final tomb resembled the shrine of a saint, complete with niches possibly intended to hold relics. When the King's body was exhumed in 1290, contemporaries noted that the

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Although Henry had initially reversed Simon de Montfort's anti-Jewish policies, including attempting to restore the debts owed to Jews where these could be proven, he faced pressure from parliament to introduce restrictions on Jewish bonds, particularly their sale to Christians, in the final years of

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Henry's government relied primarily on Eleanor and her Savoyard supporters, and it proved short-lived. He attempted to settle the crisis permanently by forcing the barons to agree to the Treaty of Kingston. This treaty introduced a system of arbitration to settle outstanding disputes between the King

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In 1258, Henry faced a revolt among the English barons. Anger had grown about the way the King's officials were raising funds, the influence of the Poitevins at court, and his unpopular Sicilian policy, and resentment of abuse of purchased Jewish loans. Even the English Church had grievances over its

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for his son Edmund. Sicily had been controlled by Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire, for many years a rival of Pope Innocent IV. On Frederick's death in 1250, Innocent started to look for a new ruler, one more amenable to the Papacy. Henry saw Sicily as both a valuable prize for his son and as an

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On the way back from Gascony, Henry met with Louis for the first time in an arrangement brokered by their wives, and the two kings became close friends. The Gascon campaign cost more than £200,000 and used up all the money intended for Henry's crusade, leaving him heavily in debt and reliant on loans

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began to suffer increased harassment as English power increased across the region. These lands were in many cases unprofitable for the barons to hold and English power reached its zenith under Henry for the medieval period. In 1254, Henry granted Ireland to his son, Edward, on condition that it would

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in January 1236, and Eleanor was crowned queen at Westminster shortly afterwards in a lavish ceremony planned by Henry. There was a substantial age gap between the couple – Henry was 28, Eleanor only 12 – but historian Margaret Howell observes that the King "was generous and warm-hearted and prepared

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In 1239 Henry introduced different policies, possibly trying to imitate those of Louis of France: Jewish leaders across England were imprisoned and forced to pay fines equivalent to a third of their goods, and any outstanding loans were to be released. Further huge demands for cash followed – £40,000

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The fate of Henry's family lands in France still remained uncertain. Reclaiming these lands was extremely important to Henry, who used terms such as "reclaiming his inheritance", "restoring his rights", and "defending his legal claims" to the territories in diplomatic correspondence. The French kings

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The 52,480 gold pennies minted were each valued by the Crown as being worth 20 silver pennies, but in practice their market value was much less, making them unattractive to own. The complaints from the London merchants appear to have been motivated by the minting of the coins depressing the value of

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Medieval England principally used silver pennies; larger sums of silver pennies were typically expressed in financial accounts as pounds (240 pennies) or marks (160 pennies). This article presents all contemporary sums in pounds. It is impossible to accurately estimate the modern equivalent value of

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on 14 May. Despite their numerical superiority, Henry's forces were overwhelmed. His brother Richard was captured, and Henry and Edward retreated to the local priory and surrendered the following day. Henry was forced to pardon the rebel barons and reinstate the Provisions of Oxford, leaving him, as

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Over the next four years, neither Henry nor the barons were able to restore stability in England, and power swung back and forth between the different factions. One of the priorities for the new regime was to settle the long-running dispute with France and, at the end of 1259, Henry and Eleanor left

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was important to Henry, both as a source of royal revenue – an average of £1,150 was sent from Ireland to the Crown each year during the middle of his reign – and as a source of estates that could be granted to his supporters. The major landowners looked eastwards towards Henry's court for political

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to inherit his lands. The final settlement was confirmed in May, and Henry was widely praised for his humility in submitting to the slightly embarrassing peace. Meanwhile, the truce with France regarding Brittany expired, and Henry's ally Duke Peter quickly found himself subjected to French military

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in August 1231 and allied himself with the growing number of Hubert's political opponents. He put the case to Henry that the Justiciar had squandered royal money and lands, and was responsible for a series of riots against foreign clerics. As the political climate became increasingly hostile, Hubert

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Initially, the new government had little success, but in 1220, the fortunes of Henry's government began to improve. The Pope allowed Henry to be crowned for a second time, using a new set of regalia. The fresh coronation was intended to affirm the authority of the King; Henry promised to restore the

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With the end of the civil war, Henry's government faced the task of rebuilding royal authority across large parts of the country. By the end of 1217, many former rebels were routinely ignoring instructions and even Henry's loyalist supporters jealously maintained their independent control over royal

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The actual election procedure for the council was, as historian Adrian Jobson describes, "rather convoluted"; the twelve Royalist members of the first, Bigod-inspired council elected two nominees, followed by the twelve baronial members electing an additional two nominees; these four men would then

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The status of Henry's campaign was slightly ambiguous. Pope Innocent IV declared the rebels to be worse than Saracens, but they were not considered heretics; the crusader cross was to be worn on the chest, rather than on the more conventional shoulder; joining this crusade was not the equivalent of

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judges him to have been a decent man, who failed as a ruler because of his naivety and inability to produce realistic plans for reform, a theme echoed by Huw Ridgeway, who also notes his unworldliness and inability to manage his court, but who considers him to have been "essentially a man of peace,

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In the final years of his reign, Henry was increasingly infirm and focused on securing peace within the kingdom and his own religious devotions. Edward became the Steward of England and began to play a more prominent role in government. Henry's finances were in a precarious state as a result of the

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Simon's coalition quickly began to fragment, Henry regained his freedom of movement and renewed chaos spread across England. Henry appealed to Louis of France for arbitration in the dispute, as had been laid out in the Treaty of Kingston; Simon was initially hostile to this idea, but, as war became

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Henry was also critically short of money. Although he still had some reserves of gold and silver, they were totally insufficient to cover his potential expenditures, including the campaign for Sicily and his debts to the Papacy. Critics suggested darkly that he had never really intended to join the

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In the aftermath of the revolt, French power extended throughout Poitou, threatening the interests of the Lusignan family. In 1247 Henry encouraged his relatives to travel to England, where they were rewarded with large estates, largely at the expense of the English barons. More Poitevins followed,

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into a more junior role. A small royal council was formed but its role was ill-defined; appointments, patronage, and policy were decided personally by Henry and his immediate advisers, rather than through the larger councils that had marked his early years. The changes made it much harder for those

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would be lifted and Henry's government would promise to enforce Magna Carta. The proposed agreement soon began to unravel amid claims from some loyalists that it was too generous towards the rebels, particularly the clergy who had joined the rebellion. In the absence of a settlement, Louis remained

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In addition to taxes, the other main source of royal income was the royal manors, which produced revenue through a system called the county farms, traditionally collected through the local sheriffs. In 1236 this system was reformed, to avoid the risk of money being misappropriated by the sheriffs;

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Henry's reign did not receive much attention from general historians for many years after the 1950s: no substantial biographies of Henry were written after Powicke's, and the historian John Beeler observed in the 1970s that the coverage of Henry's reign by military historians remained particularly

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Simon was unable to consolidate his victory and widespread disorder persisted across the country. In France, Eleanor made plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis, while Edward escaped his captors in May and formed a new army with Gilbert de Clare, who switched sides to the royal

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The presence of Henry's extended family in England proved controversial. Concerns were raised by contemporary chroniclers – especially in the works of Roger de Wendover and Matthew Paris – about the number of foreigners in England and historian Martin Aurell notes the xenophobic overtones of their

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As a result, despite a symbolic emphasis on royal power, Henry's rule was relatively circumscribed and constitutional. He generally acted within the terms of the charters, which prevented the Crown from taking extrajudicial action against the barons, including the fines and expropriations that had

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Until the late 20th century, historians also accepted the existence of four other children, Richard (d. 29 August 1250), John (b. 1250 – d. 31 August 1252), William (d. c. 1256) and Henry (b. May 1260 – d. 10 October 1260). Subsequent historical analysis has shown that it is improbable that these

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Alexander grew increasingly unhappy about Henry's procrastinations and in 1258 sent an envoy to England, threatening to excommunicate Henry if he did not first pay his debts to the Papacy and then send the promised army to Sicily. Parliament again refused to assist the King in raising this money.

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in 1250, Henry instead announced that he would be undertaking his own crusade to the Levant. He began to make arrangements for passage with friendly rulers around the Levant, imposing efficiency savings on the royal household and arranging for ships and transport: he appeared almost over-eager to

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The power of royal sheriffs also declined during Henry's reign. They were now often lesser men appointed by the exchequer, rather than coming from important local families, and they focused on generating revenue for the King. Their robust attempts to enforce fines and collect debts generated much

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Meanwhile, Louis VIII of France allied himself with Hugh de Lusignan and invaded Poitou and Gascony. Henry's army in Poitou was poorly supplied and lacked support from the Poitevin barons, many of whom felt abandoned during the years of Henry's minority; as a result, the province fell quickly. It

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Despite his success in winning the war, William had far less favourable results when attempting to restore royal power following the peace. This was in part because he was unable to offer significant patronage, despite the expectations from the loyalist barons that they would be rewarded. William

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In the aftermath of Lincoln, the loyalist campaign stalled and only recommenced in late June when the victors had arranged the ransoming of their prisoners. Meanwhile, support for Louis's campaign was diminishing in France, and he concluded that the war in England was lost. Louis negotiated terms

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followed in November 1267, which effectively reissued much of the Provisions of Westminster, placing limitations on the powers of local royal officials and the major barons, but without restricting central royal authority. Most of the exiled Poitevins began to return to England after the war. In

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When Simon de Montfort returned to England, Henry, supported by Eleanor, remained in Paris, where he seized the opportunity to reassert royal authority and began to issue royal orders independently of the barons. Henry finally returned to retake power in England in April 1260, where conflict was

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The disagreements between the leading barons involved in the revolt soon became evident. Simon championed radical reforms that would place further limitations on the authority and power of the major barons as well as the Crown; others, such as Hugh Bigod, promoted only moderate change, while the

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of neighbouring Castile. The English court was split over the problem: Simon and Eleanor argued that the Gascons were to blame for the crisis, while Henry, backed by the Lusignans, blamed Simon's misjudgment. Henry and Eleanor quarrelled over the issue and were not reconciled until the following

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The support given to Henry by the Papacy during his early years had a lasting influence on his attitude towards Rome, and he defended the mother church diligently throughout his reign. Rome in the 13th century was at once both the centre of the Europe-wide Church and a political power in central

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produced a lavish palace complex, whose style and detail inspired many subsequent designs in England and Wales. The Tower of London was extended to form a concentric fortress with extensive living quarters, although Henry primarily used the castle as a secure retreat in the event of war or civil

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Henry believed that kings should rule England in a dignified manner, surrounded by ceremony and ecclesiastical ritual. He thought that his predecessors had allowed the status of the Crown to decline, and sought to correct this during his reign. The events of the civil war in Henry's youth deeply

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and the Papacy backed Henry. John's death had defused some of the rebel concerns, and the royal castles were still holding out in the occupied parts of the country. In a bid to take advantage of this, Henry encouraged the rebel barons to come back to his cause in exchange for the return of their

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sought to understand how the English political system had evolved under Henry. They explored the emergence of Parliamentary institutions during his reign and sympathized with the concerns of the chroniclers over the role of the Poitevins in England. This focus carried on into early 20th-century

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At his request, Henry was buried in Westminster Abbey in front of the church's high altar, in the former resting place of Edward the Confessor. A few years later, work began on a grander tomb for Henry, and in 1290 Edward moved his father's body to its current location in Westminster Abbey. His

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Edward was triumphant and Simon's corpse was mutilated by the victors. Henry, who was wearing borrowed armour, was almost killed by Edward's forces during the fighting before they recognised the King and escorted him to safety. In places the now leaderless rebellion dragged on, with some rebels

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on 12 and 13 September 1217. The treaty was similar to the first peace offer but excluded the rebel clergy, whose lands and appointments remained forfeit. Louis accepted a gift of ~£6,700 to speed his departure from England, and promised to try to persuade King Philip to return Henry's lands in

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In February 1217, Louis set sail for France to gather reinforcements. In his absence, arguments broke out between Louis's French and English followers, and Cardinal Guala declared that Henry's war against the rebels was a religious crusade. This resulted in a series of defections from the rebel

2087:, Peter de Savoy, and Richard de Clare – secretly formed an alliance to expel the Lusignans from the court, a move probably quietly supported by the Queen. On 30 April, Roger Bigod marched into Westminster in the middle of the King's parliament, backed by his co-conspirators, and carried out a 1814:

In 1241, the barons in Poitou, including Henry's step-father Hugh de Lusignan, rebelled against the rule of Louis of France. The rebels had counted on aid from Henry, but he lacked domestic support and was slow to mobilise an army, not arriving in France until the next summer. His campaign was

2091:. Henry, fearful that he was about to be arrested and imprisoned, agreed to abandon his policy of personal rule and instead govern through a council of 24 barons and churchmen, half chosen by the King and half by the barons. His own nominees to the council drew heavily on the hated Lusignans. 2439:

be commemorated along with all late kings and queens in 1268, during her lifetime he was resolved to maintain her confinement. Eleanor had already passed the reproductive age when he took power, and she would be highly unlikely to bring any risk to his regime. No longer simply depicted as an

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with King Louis, escorted by Simon de Montfort and much of the baronial government. Under the treaty, Henry gave up any claim to his family's lands in the north of France but was confirmed as the legitimate ruler of Gascony and various neighbouring territories in the south, giving homage and

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A cast was made from Henry's funeral effigy in 1911 by Titus Giuseppe Formilli, and bought by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1912 where, as of 2013, it is still on display. The effigy was praised by the museum in 1919 as being the "high water mark of English sepulchral sculpture" and was

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Simon returned to England in April 1263 and convened a council of rebel barons in Oxford to pursue a renewed anti-Poitevin agenda. Revolt broke out shortly afterwards in the Welsh Marches and, by October, England faced a likely civil war between Henry, backed by Edward, Hugh Bigod, and the

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war, and when Edward decided to join the crusades in 1268 it became clear that fresh taxes were necessary. Henry was concerned that Edward's absence might encourage further revolts but was swayed by his son to negotiate with multiple parliaments over the next two years to raise the money.

1242:" first appeared in the 1230s and 1240s to describe large gatherings of the royal court and parliamentary gatherings were held periodically throughout Henry's reign. They were used to agree upon the raising of taxes which, in the 13th century, were single, one-off levies, typically on 3958:

Henry was not alone in having been a young ward of the Church; his contemporary, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, was also a ward and historian Henry Mayr-Harting notes that, despite the exigencies of international politics, he retained a deep affection for the institution of the

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body was in perfect condition and that Henry's long beard remained well preserved, which at the time was considered to be an indication of saintly purity. Miracles began to be reported at the tomb, but Edward was sceptical about these stories. The reports ceased, and Henry was never

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as potential peace treaty. The treaty would have limited potential abuses of royal power, demobilised the rebel armies and set up a power-sharing arrangement, but in practice, neither side complied with its conditions. John and the loyalist barons firmly rejected Magna Carta and the

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in London in 1232 in an attempt to convert Jews to Christianity, and efforts intensified after 1239. As many as 10 per cent of the Jews in England had been converted by the late 1250s in large part due to their deteriorating economic conditions. Many anti-Jewish stories involving

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year. Forced to intervene personally, Henry carried out an effective, if expensive, campaign with the help of the Lusignans and stabilised the province. Alfonso signed a treaty of alliance in 1254, and Gascony was given to Henry's son Edward, who married Alfonso's half-sister

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Henry travelled less than previous kings, seeking a tranquil, more sedate life and staying at each of his palaces for prolonged periods before moving on. Possibly as a result, he focused more attention on his palaces and houses; Henry was, according to architectural historian

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Henry assumed formal control of his government in January 1227, although some contemporaries argued that he was legally still a minor until his 21st birthday the following year. The King richly rewarded Hubert de Burgh for his service during his minority years, making him the

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became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England. In early 1225 a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which managed to retake Gascony. In exchange for agreeing to support Henry, the barons demanded that he reissue

2382:, were influenced by contemporary concerns about the roles of the Church and state, and examined the changing nature of kingship under Henry, the emergence of English nationalism during the period, and what they perceived to be the malign influence of the Papacy. During the 1249:

Despite the various charters, the provision of royal justice was inconsistent and driven by the needs of immediate politics: sometimes action would be taken to address a legitimate baronial complaint, and on other occasions, the problem would simply be ignored. The royal

462:, as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of his barons, initially probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through a process called the 1050:

and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 far more authority than their previous iterations. The barons assumed that the King would act in accordance with these definitive charters, as he would be subject to the law and his decisions moderated by the advice of the nobility.

2192:

to join Edward's army at Windsor but was forced to retreat by the London crowds. Simon took the pair prisoners, and although he maintained a fiction of ruling in Henry's name, the rebels completely replaced the royal government and household with their own trusted men.

2028:

excellent base for his crusading plans in the east. With minimal consultation within his court, Henry came to an agreement with the Pope in 1254 that Edmund should be the next king. Innocent urged Henry to send Edmund with an army to reclaim Sicily from Frederick's son

796:, one of the most powerful loyalist barons. William diplomatically waited until both Guala and Ranulf had requested him to take up the post before assuming power. William then appointed des Roches to be Henry's guardian, freeing himself up to lead the military effort. 2451:

and Robert Stacey judge his later reign as a "watershed" in the way Jews were seen and treated by Christians, through his over-taxation, and exploitation of the loans system to leverage lands from his subjects. They judge that he created the conditions for increasing

1716:

to lavish care and affection on his wife". Henry gave Eleanor extensive gifts and paid personal attention to establishing and equipping her household. He also brought her fully into his religious life, including involving her in his devotion to Edward the Confessor.

1020:. Hubert moved decisively against des Roches in 1221, accusing him of treason and removing him as the King's guardian; the Bishop left England for the crusades. Pandulf was recalled by Rome the same year, leaving Hubert as the dominant force in Henry's government. 1246:, and intended to support the King's normal revenues for particular projects. During Henry's reign, the counties began to send regular delegations to these parliaments and came to represent a broader cross-section of the community than simply the major barons. 1087:

and giving him extensive lands across England and Wales. Despite coming of age, Henry remained deeply influenced by his advisers for the first few years of his rule and retained Hubert as his justiciar to run the government, granting him the position for life.

1397:

with a new Long Cross design. Due to the initial costs of the transition, he required the financial help of his brother Richard to undertake this reform, but the recoinage occurred quickly and efficiently. Between 1243 and 1258, the King assembled two great

1173:

pressure. Henry could only send a small force of soldiers to assist his vassal, and Brittany fell to Louis in November. And after the dismissal of des Roches, for the next 24 years, Henry ruled the kingdom personally, rather than through senior ministers.

2208:

finally broke out in April 1264, when Henry led an army into Simon's territories in the Midlands, and then advanced south-east to re-occupy the important route to France. Becoming desperate, Simon marched in pursuit of Henry and the two armies met at the

2076:

crusades, and was simply intending to profit from the crusading tithes. To compound the situation, the harvests in England failed. Within Henry's court there was a strong feeling that the King would be unable to lead the country through these problems.

1168:, intervened in 1234 and held several great councils, advising Henry to accept the dismissal of des Roches. Henry agreed to make peace, but, before the negotiations were completed, Richard died of wounds suffered in battle, leaving his younger brother 1150:, grew, and they argued that Henry was failing to protect their legal rights as described in the charters of 1225. A civil war erupted between the followers of des Roches and Marshal. Des Roches began by sending his armies into Richard's lands in both 3796:

The French rebel leader, Thomas the Count of Perche, was one of the few actual casualties among the rebel leadership, and died as the result of an accidental spear-thrust through the visor, and after the battle, his death was deeply regretted by both

1762:, and was unable to speak. She died in 1257 and Henry was distraught. His children spent most of their childhood at Windsor Castle and he appears to have been extremely attached to them, rarely spending extended periods of time apart from his family. 1254:, courts which toured the country to provide justice at the local level, typically for those lesser barons and the gentry claiming grievances against the major lords, had little power, allowing the major barons to dominate the local justice system. 791:

Two senior nobles stood out as candidates to head Henry's regency government. The first was William Marshal, who, although elderly, was renowned for his personal loyalty and could help support the war with his own men and material. The second was

684:(later Louis VIII), who claimed the English throne for himself. The war soon settled into a stalemate, with neither side able to claim victory. The king became ill and died on the night of 18 October, leaving the nine-year-old Henry as his heir. 2546:

as a minor character referred to as Prince Henry but within modern popular culture, Henry has a minimal presence and has not been a prominent subject of films, theatre or television. Historical novels which feature him as a character include

1219:, hoping to emulate the way in which Edward had brought peace to England and reunited his people in order and harmony. Henry tried to use his royal authority leniently, hoping to appease the more hostile barons and maintain peace in England. 1952:

has described as a "European strategy", attempting to regain his lands in France through diplomacy rather than force, building alliances with other states prepared to put military pressure on the French King. In particular, Henry cultivated

1197:

Royal government in England had traditionally centred on several great offices of state, filled by powerful, independent members of the baronage. Henry abandoned this policy, leaving the post of justiciar vacant and turning the position of

2102:

conservative barons, such as Richard, expressed concerns about the existing limitations on the King's powers. Henry's son, Edward, initially opposed the revolution, but then allied himself with de Montfort, helping him to pass the radical

664:, leaving English power on the continent limited to Gascony and Poitou. John raised taxes to pay for military campaigns to regain his lands, but unrest grew among many of the English barons; John sought new allies by declaring England a 4121:"After Simon's victory at the battle of Lewes in May 1264, some 60 men received royal writs pardoning debts and interest owed to Jews. The beneficiaries included prominent supporters, such as John d'Eyville and Simon's own retainers." 1012:, and their government came to depend on these councils for authority. Hubert and des Roches were political rivals, with Hubert supported by a network of English barons, and des Roches backed by nobles from the royal territories in 4130:

Henry agreed to limits on fee-rents, restrictions on sale of Jewish loans to Christians and a prohibition on levying interest on loans purchased by Christians. These were the grievances that had helped fuel the wider crisis since

501:. Reconstruction was slow, and Henry had to acquiesce to several measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor. He was buried in 2197:

more likely again, he decided to agree to French arbitration as well. Henry went to Paris in person, accompanied by Simon's representatives. Initially Simon's legal arguments held sway, but in January 1264, Louis announced the

1948:. Henry's resources were quite inadequate in comparison to those of the French Crown, and by the end of the 1240s it was clear that King Louis had become the preeminent power across France. Henry instead adopted what historian 1473:

Henry shared many of his religious views with Louis of France, and the two men appear to have been slightly competitive in their piety. Towards the end of his reign, Henry may have taken up the practice of curing sufferers of

3902:

Henry's elephant was a present from Louis of France in 1255 and was kept in a specially designed elephant house, only to die within two years; it was famously sketched by Matthew Paris. His leopard and camel were gifts from

2417:

made extensive use of these new sources in the 1920s, and post-war historians brought a particular focus on the finances of Henry's government, highlighting his fiscal difficulties. This wave of research culminated in Sir

1143:. Des Roches took over the King's government, backed by the Poitevin baronial faction in England, who saw this as a chance to take back lands that had been seized and given to Hubert's followers over the previous decades. 1916:

before the young king married Henry's daughter Margaret in 1251 and, despite Alexander's refusal to give homage to Henry for Scotland, the two enjoyed a good relationship. Henry had Alexander and Margaret rescued from

836:

lands, and reissued a version of Magna Carta, albeit having first removed some of the clauses, including those unfavourable to the Papacy. The move was not successful and opposition to Henry's new government hardened.

1333:

in London, one of his favourite homes, rebuilding the palace and the abbey at a cost of almost £55,000. He spent more time in Westminster than any of his predecessors, shaping the formation of England's capital city.

1972:

Henry's crusade never departed, as he was forced to deal with problems in Gascony, where the harsh policies of his lieutenant, Simon de Montfort, had provoked a violent uprising in 1252, which was supported by King

856:

in a sequence of fierce street battles and sacked the buildings. Large numbers of senior rebels were captured, and historian David Carpenter considers the battle to be "one of the most decisive in English history".

2447:. They note similar questions of lack of competence and credulity. His role in lending credibility to false charges against Jews of ritual sacrifice of Christian children is highlighted as especially damaging. 1957:, hoping he would turn against Louis or allow his nobility to join Henry's campaigns. In the process, Henry's attention became increasingly focused on European politics and events rather than domestic affairs. 10511:

Wild, Benjamin L. (2011). "A Captive King: Henry III Between the Battles of Lewes and Evesham 1264-5". In Burton, Janet E.; Lachaud, Frédérique; Schofield, Phillipp R.; Stöber, Karen; Weiler, Björn K. (eds.).

1308:

relatives. The court followed European styles and traditions, and was heavily influenced by Henry's Angevin family traditions: French was the spoken language, it had close links to the royal courts of France,

1885:

leadership, and many also possessed estates in Wales and England. The 1240s saw major upheavals in land ownership due to deaths among the barons, enabling Henry to redistribute Irish lands to his supporters.

10232:

Robson, Michael (2010). "The Greyfriars of Lincoln, c.1230–1330: the Establishment of the Friary and the Friars' Ministry and Life in the City and its Environs". In Robson, Michael; Röhrkasten, Jens (eds.).

1411: 701:

in Dorset with his mother when King John died. On his deathbed, John appointed a council of thirteen executors to help Henry reclaim the kingdom and requested that his son be placed into the guardianship of

3847:

as Henry, could not permanently dispose of their ward's property or rights, which meant that the government was unable to legally give any of the King's lands or rights to a baron during the royal minority.

1826:

Simon de Montfort, who fought a successful rearguard action during the withdrawal, was furious with the King's incompetence and told Henry that he should be locked up like the 10th-century Carolingian king

958:

attempted to enforce the traditional rights of the Crown to approve marriages and wardships, but with little success. Nonetheless, he was able to reconstitute the royal bench of judges and reopen the royal

2234:, which Henry and Edward took after a long siege in 1266. They continued targeting Jews and their debt records. The remaining pockets of resistance were mopped up, and the final rebels, holed up in the 2214:

historian Adrian Jobson describes, "little more than a figurehead". With Henry's power diminished, Simon cancelled many debts and interest owed to Jews, including those held by his baronial supporters.

3949:

Henry's attempts to promote the relic of the Holy Blood and Westminster Abbey as a popular pilgrimage shrine and place of devotion largely failed, despite considerable financial investment by the King.

1446:

at least once a day. He gave generously to religious causes, paid for the feeding of 500 paupers each day, and helped orphans. He fasted before commemorating Edward the Confessor's feasts and may have

764:

The young king inherited a difficult situation, with over half of England occupied by the rebels and most of his father's continental possessions still in French hands. He had substantial support from

840:

movement, and the tide of the conflict swung in Henry's favour. Louis returned at the end of April and reinvigorated his campaign, splitting his forces into two groups, sending one north to besiege

4013:

Two Jews had been released in December and January, the remainder in May 1256 sometime after their trial had condemned them to death. The incident as a whole brings Henry's judgement into question.

1146:

Des Roches used his new authority to begin stripping his opponents of their estates while circumventing the courts and legal process. Complaints from powerful barons such as William Marshal's son

4112:

The wording of Louis's judgement in the case also appears to suggest that Louis believed that he had feudal authority over Henry, as a consequence of Henry having given homage to him for Gascony.

1258:

unpopularity among the lower classes. Unlike his father, Henry did not exploit the large debts that the barons frequently owed to the Crown, and was slow to collect any sums of money due to him.

768:, who intended to win the civil war for Henry and punish the rebels. Guala set about strengthening the ties between England and the Papacy, starting with the coronation itself, where Henry gave 1969:

take part. Henry's plans reflected his strong religious beliefs, but they also stood to give him additional international credibility when arguing for the return of his possessions in France.

383:

Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite

3860:; John's intervention to marry Isabella himself caused Hugh to revolt and ultimately led to the collapse of Angevin power in northern France. Hugh X and Isabella had nine children together. 2188:

Simon marched east with an army and London rose up in revolt, where 500 Jews died. Henry and Eleanor were trapped in the Tower of London by the rebels. The Queen attempted to escape up the

4140:

Until 1246, Henry had wanted to be buried in the Temple Church, London, near William Marshal's resting place; he then changed his mind, choosing to be buried close to Edward the Confessor.

2431:

kind and merciful". The descriptions of his characteristics as devout, kind, and innocent king is also however under doubt. Despite his occasional generosities towards his innocent cousin

1723:, named after the Confessor. Henry was overjoyed and held huge celebrations, giving lavishly to the Church and to the poor to encourage God to protect his young son. Their first daughter, 1572:'s attempts to raise funds began to face opposition from within the English Church during Henry's reign. In 1240, the Papal emissary's collection of taxes to pay for the Papacy's war with 586:

Little is known about Henry's appearance; he was probably around 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, and accounts recorded after his death suggested that he had a strong build, with a

594:

describes, he had an "amiable, easy-going, and sympathetic" personality. He was unaffected and honest, and showed his emotions readily, easily being moved to tears by religious sermons.

2250:

of all the rebel lands, triggering a wave of chaotic looting across the country. Henry initially rejected any calls for moderation, but in October 1266 he was persuaded by Papal Legate

1402:, or stockpiles, of gold. In 1257, Henry needed to spend the second of these hoards urgently and, rather than selling the gold quickly and depressing its value, he decided to introduce 1122:. He then made a truce with Louis which was to last until 1234 and returned to England having achieved nothing; historian Huw Ridgeway describes the expedition as a "costly fiasco". 2484:. Paris first met Henry in 1236 and enjoyed an extended relationship with the King, although he disliked many of Henry's actions and the illustrations are frequently unflattering. 1589: 11719: 4093:

Some accounts suggest that Louis of France prevented Henry from joining the Seventh Crusade, others that Henry himself did not want to join it because of Louis's leadership role.

706:, one of the most famous knights in England. The loyalist leaders decided to crown Henry immediately to reinforce his claim to the throne. William knighted the boy, and Cardinal 1696:

Henry investigated a range of potential marriage partners in his youth, but they all proved unsuitable for reasons of European and domestic politics. In 1236 he finally married

1568:

Although the Scottish Church became more independent of England during the period, the Papal Legates helped Henry continue to apply influence over its activities at a distance.

474:

recognising him as the rightful ruler of Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed, but Henry was unable to reform a stable government, and instability across England continued.

3756:

Henry's speedy coronation was intended to draw a clear distinction between the young king and his rival Louis, who had only been elected by the barons and was never crowned.

497:

the following year and freed his father. Henry initially exacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the

9858:

Hillen, Christian (2007). "The Minority Governments of Henry III, Henry (VII) and Louis IX Compared". In Weiler, Björn K.; Burton, Janet E.; Schofield, Phillipp R. (eds.).

1921:

when they were imprisoned there by a rebellious Scottish baron in 1255 and took additional measures to manage Alexander's government during the rest of his minority years.

555:

called Ellen in the south of England, away from John's itinerant court, and probably had close ties to his mother. Henry had four legitimate younger brothers and sisters –

8988: 1599: 1267: 3787:

fighting in the east, or replace an existing vow. It provided a convenient excuse for many rebels to switch back to the King's side without suffering a loss of face.

2406:'s 1913 volume, which continued to make heavy use of the chronicler accounts and focused primarily on constitutional issues, with a distinctive nationalistic bias. 2370:

The first histories of Henry's reign emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries, relying primarily on the accounts of medieval chroniclers, in particular writings of

10331:—— (1997). "Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard H.; Frame, Robin (eds.). 3806:

Even in France, Louis was increasingly perceived to be conducting an illegitimate war against a child king who had been popularly appointed by the local barons.

3723:

It was not particularly unusual for rulers in the early 13th century to give homage to the Pope in this way: Richard I had done similarly, as had the rulers of

2279:, and in 1269 he oversaw a grand ceremony to rebury Edward the Confessor in a lavish new shrine, personally helping to carry the body to its new resting place. 877:

with Cardinal Guala, under which he would renounce his claim to the English throne; in return, his followers would be given back their lands, any sentences of

1668: 11712: 10194: 1851:

in 1240, Henry's power in Wales expanded. Three military campaigns were carried out in the 1240s, new castles were constructed, and the royal lands in the

1799: 1110:

with an army in May 1230, the campaign did not go well. Possibly on the advice of Hubert, the King decided to avoid battle with the French by not invading

1296:; and Henry's brother, Richard. Henry wanted to use his court to unite his English and continental subjects, and it included the originally French knight 1046:. This time the King declared that the charters were issued of his own "spontaneous and free will" and confirmed them with the royal seal, giving the new 848:. When he learnt that Louis had divided his army, William Marshal gambled on defeating the rebels in a single battle. William marched north and attacked 10471:

Weiler, Björn K. U. (1999). "Henry III's Plans for a German Marriage and their Context". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.).

1719:

Despite initial concerns that the Queen might be barren, Henry and Eleanor had five children together. In 1239 Eleanor gave birth to their first child,

4487: 1831:. The Poitou rebellion collapsed and Henry entered into a fresh five-year truce. His campaign had been a disastrous failure and had cost over £80,000. 10854: 4075:

Katherine is sometimes described in histories as being deaf and mute, although contemporary sources only described her as being deaf "and useless".

2422:'s two major biographical works on Henry, published in 1948 and 1953, which formed the established history of the King for the next three decades. 974:

in 1218, but its generous terms–which saw Llywelyn effectively become Henry's justiciar across Wales–underlined the weakness of the English Crown.

784:, and that the legate had complete authority to protect Henry and his kingdom. As an additional measure, Henry took the cross, declaring himself a 1765:

After Eleanor's marriage, many of her Savoyard relatives joined her in England. At least 170 Savoyards arrived in England after 1236, coming from

11705: 10657: 3940:

Historian David Carpenter presents the case for Henry touching to cure "the King's evil" as evenly balanced; Nicholas Vincent is more doubtful.

514: 1549:

also received royal attention: Henry reinforced and regulated their powers, and encouraged scholars to migrate from Paris to teach at them. A

10350:—— (2003). "The English Jews Under Henry III: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). 384: 1888:

In the 1250s, the King gave out numerous grants of land along the frontier in Ireland to his supporters, creating a buffer zone against the

3968:

The account of the protests against the emissary Pietro Rosso stem mainly from the chronicler Matthew Paris, who may well have been biased.

2275:

his reign in return for financing. Henry continued to invest in Westminster Abbey, which became a replacement for the Angevin mausoleum at

1498:

in 1247, marching it through Westminster to be installed in Westminster Abbey, which he promoted as an alternative to the Sainte-Chapelle.

1394: 1390: 996:

noble. William Marshal fell ill and died in April 1219. The replacement government was formed around a grouping of three senior ministers:

12882: 12857: 10823: 2079:

The discontent finally erupted in April, when seven of the major English and Savoyard barons – Simon de Montfort, Roger and Hugh Bigod,

1711:

The marriage contract was confirmed in 1235 and Eleanor travelled to England to meet Henry for the first time. The pair were married at

12842: 1329:, "the most obsessive patron of art and architecture ever to have occupied the throne of England". Henry extended the royal complex at 793: 454:

By 1258, Henry's rule was increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his

9547:—— (2005). "The Meetings of Kings Henry III and Louis IX". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.). 12852: 11146: 10959: 10235:

Franciscan Organisation in the Mendicant Context: Formal and Informal Structures of the Friars' Lives and Ministry in the Middle Ages

3392: 3167: 568: 9701:

Frame, Robin (1992). "King Henry III and Ireland: the Shaping of a Peripheral Lordship". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

1028:, which Henry and Hubert besieged for eight weeks; when it finally fell, almost the entire garrison was executed and the castle was 3397: 2151: 1750:. Concerned about Eleanor's health, Henry donated large amounts of money to the Church throughout the pregnancy. A third daughter, 1550: 1297: 1281: 12847: 11290: 11126: 8996: 1815:

hesitant and was further undermined by Hugh switching sides and returning to support Louis. On 21–22 July 1242, Henry's army was

1293: 988:

Henry's mother was unable to establish a role for herself in the regency government and she returned to France in 1217, marrying

12877: 3977:

Baronial or royal bond owners could simply wait for a default, or worse, deliberately evade being paid and then claim the lands.

2476:

depicted Henry's life in a series of illustrations, which he sketched and, in some cases, water-coloured, in the margins of the

2440:

incompetent but innocent fool, it is believed by many historians that he possesses wisdom and determination in certain aspects.

1859:, Llywelyn's son, resisted the incursions but died in 1246, and Henry confirmed the Treaty of Woodstock the following year with 1442:

and appears to have been genuinely devout. He promoted rich, luxurious Church services, and, unusually for the period, attended

12827: 12489: 11582: 11489: 2222:

and then turning once more on the rebel leader himself. Simon, accompanied by the captive Henry, was unable to retreat and the

9896:

Howell, Margaret (1992). "The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

1823:. Henry's brother Richard persuaded the French to delay their attack and the King took the opportunity to escape to Bordeaux. 1203:

outside Henry's inner circle to influence policy or to pursue legitimate grievances, particularly against the King's friends.

12837: 12832: 11388: 11151: 10785: 10521: 10499: 10480: 10440: 10421: 10402: 10380: 10359: 10340: 10296: 10277: 10242: 10178: 10159: 10140: 10121: 10102: 10083: 10064: 10042: 9983: 9964: 9945: 9924: 9886: 9867: 9846: 9827: 9808: 9789: 9767: 9729: 9672: 9653: 9634: 9615: 9596: 9575: 9556: 9537: 9499: 9480: 9461: 9442: 9396: 9342: 3917:

gold held by the City traders. Gold coins were not minted again in England until the reign of Edward III in the 14th century.

1944:

Henry had no further opportunities to reconquer his possessions in France after the collapse of his military campaign at the

1701: 1349:. Both the military defences and the internal accommodation of these castles were significantly improved. A huge overhaul of 1169: 1147: 395:, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of 126: 12607: 11653: 11099: 10800: 10679: 10189: 9682:

Eaglen, R. J. (1992). "The Evolution of Coinage in Thirteenth-Century England". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

3380: 1130:

Henry's chief minister, Hubert, fell from power in 1232. His old rival, Peter des Roches, had returned to England from the

253: 2409:

After 1900, the financial and official records from Henry's reign began to become accessible to historians, including the

2046:

Meanwhile, Henry attempted to influence the outcomes of the elections in the Holy Roman Empire, which would appoint a new

12758: 11562: 11552: 11275: 11265: 11111: 1470:, although he appears to have sometimes used pilgrimages as an excuse to avoid dealing with pressing political problems. 11393: 10949: 10716: 10650: 3141: 1867:, Llywelyn the Great's grandsons, under which they ceded land to the King but retained the heart of their princedom in 827:. Prince Louis and the rebel barons were also finding it difficult to make further progress. Despite Louis controlling 560: 9606:

Cole, Virginia A. (2002). "Ritual Charity and Royal Children in 13th Century England". In Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (ed.).

2094:

The pressure for reform continued unabated and a fresh parliament met in June, passing a set of measures known as the

11376: 10554: 10461: 9905: 9877:

Holt, James Clarke (1984). "The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance". In Holt, James Clarke; Gillingham, John (eds.).

9748: 9710: 9691: 9518: 9301: 3732: 1847:

Henry's position in Wales was strengthened during the first two decades of his personal rule. Following the death of

1778: 1065: 912:

Henry and Louis, together with Henry's mother, Cardinal Guala and William Marshal, came to an agreement on the final

369: 64: 12867: 12668: 11194: 10805: 3904: 2456:, developing themes of supposed Jewish magic and conspiracy to explain measures taken against Jews, leading to the 1954: 1533:, helping to find valuable space for new buildings in what were already crowded towns and cities. He supported the 1289: 653:

in the south-west. For many years the French Crown was relatively weak, enabling first Henry II, and then his sons

420: 407:, ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the 2023:

Henry did not give up on his hopes for a crusade but became increasingly absorbed in a bid to acquire the wealthy

1576:

resulted in protests, ultimately overcome with the help of Henry and the Pope, and in the 1250s Henry's crusading

12872: 1573: 4046:, but Blanche, the mother of Louis IX of France, intervened and prevailed upon the Pope to prevent the marriage. 356:, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by 11285: 10169:

Ridgeway, Huw (1988). "King Henry III and the 'Aliens', 1236–1272". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

3676: 3084: 2432: 1820: 1603: 12862: 12812: 12543: 11686: 11255: 10944: 10818: 10795: 10775: 10643: 3662: 2787: 1893: 4495: 3714:. Measurements of Henry's coffin in the 19th century indicate a height of 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in). 12538: 12379: 12342: 11398: 9316: 3348: 1731:, followed in 1240, her birth also accompanied by celebrations and donations to the poor. The third child, 1629: 1483: 1365: 45: 3893:

revenues increased by roughly 10 per cent but were still inadequate to support Henry's policies in Europe.

2218:

government. He pursued Simon's forces through the Marches, before striking east to attack his fortress at

12104: 11260: 4023: 3669: 2427: 1199: 591: 12093: 505:, which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some 411:, attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he 12696: 12548: 12482: 12389: 12067: 12035: 9293: 4039: 10550: 10544: 9407: 2139:

Henry continued publicly to support the Provisions of Oxford, but he secretly opened discussions with

909:, who was promptly executed. When the news reached Louis, he entered into renewed peace negotiations. 12776: 12384: 12179: 12124: 11732: 11557: 11121: 10703: 9760:

The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940

9433:

Beeler, John (1972). "Military Developments from Prehistoric Times to 1485". In Higham, Robin (ed.).

3616: 3191: 2258:, which allowed for the return of the rebels' lands, in exchange for the payment of harsh fines. The 2103: 1965: 1913: 1100: 902: 865: 823:

The war was not going well for the loyalists and the new regency government considered retreating to

345: 238: 9425: 2072:

treatment by the King. The Welsh were still in open revolt and now allied themselves with Scotland.

1272: 12588: 12185: 12174: 11880: 11736: 11728: 4043: 4027: 3146: 2251: 1905: 1534: 1165: 853: 809: 726: 341: 10932: 2838: 2246:

Henry quickly took revenge on his enemies after the Battle of Evesham. He immediately ordered the

548: 325: 293: 12154: 12149: 12134: 12109: 11547: 11250: 11212: 11106: 3159: 2029: 1546: 1495: 1431: 1191: 832: 813: 364:, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the 11816: 1047: 12333: 12218: 12164: 12139: 12114: 12099: 11971: 11806: 11634: 9818:

Hillaby, Joe (2003). "Jewish Colonisation in the Twelfth Century". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).

2364: 2360: 2267:

with Llywelyn, recognising him as the Prince of Wales and giving substantial land concessions.

2259: 2128: 2005: 1860: 1636:, who intervened to release the Jews that were not executed, probably also with the backing of 1607: 1598:

were considered the property of the Crown, and they had traditionally been used as a source of

1285: 738: 467: 349: 336:

declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by

12276: 946:

had collapsed and with it the ability to raise taxes and collect royal revenues. The powerful

12629: 12553: 12532: 12475: 12323: 12233: 12213: 12144: 12082: 12072: 12062: 11941: 11936: 11909: 11870: 11865: 11323: 11231: 11189: 11136: 10920: 10893: 10810: 10602: 10431:—— (2007). "Isabella of Angoulême: John's Jezebel". In Church, Stephen D. (ed.). 9777: 2806: 2514: 2414: 2398: 2205: 2163: 1945: 1933: 1816: 1755: 1447: 1359: 1330: 1326: 1239: 1042: 963: 544: 482: 416: 321: 283: 94: 12028: 11780: 10131:

Moss, V. D. (2007). "The Norman Exchequer Rolls of King John". In Church, Stephen D. (ed.).

9290:

Reinventing Liberty: Nation, Commerce and the British Historical Novel from Walpole to Scott

1482:, possibly emulating Louis, who also took up the practice. Louis had a famous collection of 1226: 1118:, where he campaigned ineffectually over the summer, before finally progressing safely into 750: 12822: 12817: 12623: 12618: 12597: 12301: 12248: 12238: 12228: 12201: 12119: 12042: 11976: 11931: 11915: 11904: 11898: 11848: 11243: 11199: 11170: 11141: 11063: 10881: 10842: 10790: 10780: 10768: 10666: 10573: 3648: 2688: 2637: 2570: 2518: 2444: 2436: 2387: 2287: 2264: 2255: 2095: 1864: 1751: 1728: 1712: 1689: 1651:

in 1253, which attempted to stop the construction of synagogues and enforce the wearing of

1542: 1455: 1212: 715: 681: 677: 576: 534: 498: 463: 396: 329: 258: 1960:

Crusading was a popular cause in the 13th century, and in 1248 Louis joined the ill-fated

1414:

issued by Edward the Confessor, but the overvalued currency attracted complaints from the

590:. Henry grew up to occasionally show flashes of a fierce temper, but mostly, as historian 8: 12793: 12662: 12612: 12328: 12281: 12223: 12159: 11956: 11946: 11926: 11892: 11697: 11669: 11520: 11470: 11451: 11444: 11408: 11359: 11082: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11036: 10967: 10954: 10861: 10756: 10726: 10708: 10698: 10390: 4035: 4031: 3857: 3736: 3683: 3629: 3624: 3611: 3184: 3154: 3133: 3124: 3116: 2672: 2625: 2619: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2510: 2247: 1803: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1697: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1633: 1305: 971: 918: 661: 610: 580: 564: 556: 490: 470:

in 1259, under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for

424: 388: 248: 243: 198: 10558: 9335:

World Historical Fiction : An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults

2106:

in 1259, which introduced further limits on the major barons and local royal officials.

749:. The royal crown had been either lost or sold during the civil war or possibly lost in 12734: 12685: 12564: 12365: 12003: 11951: 11875: 11661: 11432: 11403: 11383: 11340: 11182: 11094: 10609: 10323: 10021: 10013: 4061: 3880: 3603: 3198: 2861: 2565: 2522: 2461: 2063: 2047: 1979: 1937: 1856: 1848: 1828: 1610:

in 1215; William Marshal continued with his policy despite complaints from the Church.

1558: 1526: 1310: 1300:, who had married Henry's sister Eleanor, in addition to the later influxes of Henry's 1161: 1106:

Henry's preparations for an invasion progressed slowly, and when he finally arrived in

989: 734: 598: 428: 160: 3710:

The description of Henry's eyelid, written after his death, comes from the chronicler

2386:, historians also drew parallels between Henry's experiences and those of the deposed 1590:

History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Increasing persecution, 13th century

12656: 12526: 12510: 12502: 11998: 11811: 11567: 11527: 11482: 11298: 11204: 11131: 11058: 10613: 10517: 10495: 10476: 10457: 10436: 10417: 10398: 10376: 10355: 10336: 10292: 10273: 10238: 10174: 10155: 10136: 10117: 10098: 10079: 10060: 10038: 10025: 9979: 9960: 9941: 9920: 9901: 9882: 9863: 9842: 9823: 9804: 9785: 9763: 9744: 9725: 9706: 9687: 9668: 9649: 9630: 9611: 9592: 9571: 9552: 9533: 9514: 9495: 9476: 9457: 9438: 9392: 9338: 9297: 3740: 3724: 3655: 3637: 3172: 2631: 2598: 2413:, court records, correspondence, and records of administration of the royal forests. 2383: 2371: 2292: 2231: 2223: 2177: 2173: 2084: 2080: 2036: 2024: 1995: 1852: 1747: 1743: 1705: 1681: 1641: 1619: 1562: 1467: 1318: 1314: 1251: 1231: 1075: 1008:, a former justiciar. The three were appointed by a great council of the nobility at 997: 939: 913: 828: 773: 758: 754: 634: 630: 540: 502: 494: 478: 436: 432: 317: 222: 184: 156: 81: 11859: 2088: 12722: 12498: 12316: 12306: 12196: 12169: 12021: 11853: 11773: 11766: 10901: 10319: 10199: 10171:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1987

10005: 9898:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1991

9703:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1991

9684:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1991

3991: 3856:

Before marrying John, Henry's mother Isabella had been betrothed to Hugh's father,

2538: 2335: 2276: 2013: 1918: 1782: 1648: 1569: 1502: 1243: 1001: 906: 869: 849: 746: 638: 572: 489:

was fought in 1264 when Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry's eldest son,

408: 361: 74: 10222: 9188:

G. Seabourne. "Eleanor of Brittany and her Treatment by King John and Henry III",

905:. De Burgh's fleet scattered the French and captured their flagship, commanded by 571:– and various older illegitimate siblings. In 1212 his education was entrusted to 517:

and would not be surpassed by an English, or later British, monarch until that of

12746: 12646: 12559: 12311: 12056: 11886: 11838: 11828: 11822: 11572: 11335: 11280: 10972: 10691: 10617: 10270:

The Poor and the Perfect: the Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310

3770: 3711: 3341: 2560: 2479: 2419: 2210: 1961: 1949: 1637: 1595: 1510: 1487: 1463: 1459: 1373: 1358:

at the Tower, a tradition begun by his father, and his exotic specimens included

1338: 1301: 1140: 1005: 947: 894: 878: 769: 742: 722: 707: 703: 642: 626: 587: 486: 404: 377: 373: 357: 337: 333: 313: 309: 134: 41: 10207: 10076:

Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century

9627:

Domination and Conquest: the Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales 1100–1300

9608:

Medieval and Early Modern Ritual: Formalized Behavior in Europe, China and Japan

2067:

Probable late 13th or early 14th century depiction of Henry's eldest son, Edward

12710: 12681: 12580: 12570: 12409: 12296: 12253: 12207: 11992: 11537: 10255:(July 2020). "King Henry III: The Rise to Power and Personal Rule, 1207-1258". 10203: 10052: 9993: 3129: 2590: 2394: 2379: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2300: 2198: 1909: 1538: 1443: 1415: 1350: 1025: 981: 886: 841: 765: 730: 606: 602: 530: 365: 9957:

The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War

4103:

elect the remainder of the council. The result was a heavily baronial council.

671:, owing allegiance to the Pope. In 1215, John and the rebel barons negotiated 12806: 11371: 11270: 10721: 3995: 3987: 2552: 2501: 2473: 2448: 2375: 2355: 2140: 1794: 1759: 1736: 1136: 1131: 951: 817: 471: 412: 4150:

influential in the design of funeral effigies following the First World War.

4030:, but this was dropped to leave open the possibility of Henry marrying Duke 2114: 2000: 551:. Little is known of Henry's early life. He was initially looked after by a 12729: 12434: 12191: 11646: 11532: 11116: 2453: 2403: 2189: 1889: 1652: 1342: 1216: 1084: 967: 890: 845: 711: 698: 400: 12741: 11786: 9879:

War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich

9216: 9214: 757:

belonging to Queen Isabella. Henry later underwent a second coronation at

12439: 12424: 12009: 3834: 2582: 2315: 2235: 2017: 1875: 1625: 1479: 1208: 1155: 1037: 868:

in 1217, showing the capture of the French flagship and the execution of

672: 353: 273: 172: 10740: 10152:

The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History

9860:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Gregynog Conference, 2005

4026:. In the early 1220s, Henry considered marrying Marjorie, the sister of 1553:

was declared by the King to be a mere school and not a true university.

804: 485:. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army. The 12414: 12404: 12394: 11981: 11843: 10635: 10252: 10198:(online ed.), Oxford University Press (published September 2010), 10017: 9211: 3773:, the existing justiciar, complained, William altered his title to the 2490: 2410: 2219: 1514: 1491: 1403: 1369: 1337:

He spent £58,000 on his royal castles, carrying out major works at the

781: 518: 10473:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1997

10333:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1995

9722:

Critical Companion to Dante: a Literary Reference to his Life and Work

9720:

Fritts, Stephanie (2008). "Henry III of England". In Ruud, Jay (ed.).

9549:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 2004

2150:

Henry's government was weakened by the death of Richard, as his heir,

419:. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with 328:, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the 12429: 12399: 11986: 11961: 11508: 3928: 3766: 2771: 2506: 2331: 1974: 1506: 1355: 1321:, and Henry sponsored the same writers as the other European rulers. 1186: 977: 959: 898: 654: 552: 510: 459: 12467: 12087: 10514:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Paris Conference 2009

10307: 10037:. Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. 10009: 9494:. Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. 9408:"Excavations in Bedford 1967–1977: The Excavations – Bedford Castle" 2326:

in style, but it is probably not a close likeness of Henry himself.

1855:

were expanded, increasing Henry's dominance over the Welsh princes.

12419: 12360: 11966: 11791: 11604: 11542: 10627: 4000: 3589: 3091: 2613: 2168: 2119: 2009: 1901: 1774: 1770: 1475: 1111: 1107: 1096: 1070: 1029: 1017: 933:

Matthew Paris's depiction of the second coronation of Henry in 1220

785: 614: 455: 104: 9530:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

9406:

Baker, David; Baker, Evelyn; Hassall, Jane; Simco, Angela (1979).

1280:

The royal court was formed round Henry's trusted friends, such as

942:, had sprung up across much of the country. The network of county 12337: 12243: 10538: 3728: 2443:

Henry III has received considerable attention from historians of

2308: 1881: 1868: 1518: 1377: 1151: 1119: 943: 860: 824: 668: 650: 622: 506: 448: 440: 268: 1929: 1672:

Early chronology showing Henry (top) and his children, (l to r)

1426: 872:(r) and the support of the English bishops (l), by Matthew Paris 439:, despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on 12129: 12077: 11801: 11796: 7746: 7744: 3744: 2457: 2334:. In 1292, his heart was removed from his tomb and reburied at 1807: 1754:, was born in 1253 but soon fell ill, possibly the result of a 1522: 1115: 1013: 1009: 993: 777: 646: 444: 10414:

The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic

6906: 6904: 1912:

in 1237, Henry had a secure northern frontier. Henry knighted

1735:, was named after Eleanor's mother, and born in 1242 during a 613:, who had built up this vast network of lands stretching from 376:

broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by

12752: 12520: 12049: 8835: 8833: 4480: 2496: 2312: 1766: 1588:

Further information on the Jews in 13th century England:

1577: 1451: 1439: 1407: 1399: 1346: 665: 618: 392: 10475:. Vol. 7. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 173–188. 9917:

Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England

9705:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 179–202. 7741: 4066:

were handicapped, or they were miscarriages or still births.

2132:

recognising Louis as his feudal lord for these possessions.

579:; under his direction, Henry was given military training by 11833: 10516:. Vol. 13. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 41–56. 10335:. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 77–102. 9862:. Vol. 11. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 46–60. 6901: 5718: 5716: 2505:(completed in 1320). The King is depicted sitting alone in 1530: 938:

castles while illegally constructed fortifications, called

885:

On 24 August 1217, a French fleet arrived off the coast of

660:

In 1204, John lost Normandy, Brittany, Maine, and Anjou to

30: 11727: 10173:. Vol. 2. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 81–92. 9900:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 57–72. 9686:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 15–24. 9551:. Vol. 10. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–30. 8995:, Victoria and Albert Museum, 31 July 2013, archived from 8830: 6156: 6154: 2322:; unlike other effigies of the period, it is particularly 2032:, offering to contribute to the expenses of the campaign. 1268:

List of nobles and magnates of England in the 13th century

1103:, openly revolted against Louis and gave homage to Henry. 929: 391:, with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his 10114:

Blood Cries Afar: the Forgotten Invasion of England, 1216

9568:

Henry III: The Rise to Power and Personal Rule, 1207–1258

5603: 5601: 5555: 5553: 5471: 5469: 4341: 4339: 3883:, although the title of "regent" was not officially used. 984:

and the execution of the garrison in 1224 (Matthew Paris)

776:

as his feudal lord. Honorius declared that Henry was his

10678: 9839:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

5713: 3879:

Louis IX's regency government was headed by his mother,

2238:, surrendered in July 1267, marking the end of the war. 1793:

Further information on the 1242 campaign in Poitou:

35:

Henry III depicted in a manuscript from the 13th century

8744: 8742: 7099: 7097: 6340: 6338: 6151: 4619: 4617: 1806:('Regina') and Henry ('Rex') returning to England from 1628:

circulated in the 1230s–50s, including the account of "

970:. The regency and Llywelyn came to an agreement on the 10492:

Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216–1272

9996:(1972). "The Knight's Tale of Young Hugh of Lincoln". 9405: 7210: 7208: 5598: 5550: 5498: 5496: 5466: 5265: 4336: 4292: 4290: 2460:

of the de Montfort rebellions, and later, to the 1290

1095:

Louis VIII died in 1226, leaving his 12-year-old son,

493:, escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the 12694: 9437:. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul. pp. 43–64. 7026: 7024: 7022: 6571: 6569: 5645: 5643: 5618: 5616: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5540: 5538: 680:

erupted, with the rebel barons aided by Philip's son

372:

was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son

10095:

Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 1066–1272

9610:. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. pp. 221–241. 8739: 8236: 8234: 7094: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6335: 4614: 3765:

Initially William Marshal termed himself the King's

2318:

was designed and forged within the abbey grounds by

2241: 1494:

through Paris in 1241; Henry took possession of the

917:

France. Louis left England as agreed and joined the

583:

and taught to ride, probably by Ralph of St Samson.

10308:"1240-1260: A Watershed in Anglo-Jewish Relations?" 9784:. New Haven, US and London: Yale University Press. 8557: 8555: 7205: 5493: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4863: 4861: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4287: 2549:

Longsword, Earl of Salisbury: An Historical Romance

1139:, but Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the 304:(1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as 10494:. Paris: Royal Historical Society: Boydell Press. 9435:A Guide to the Sources of British Military History 9259: 9257: 8378: 8376: 8263: 8261: 7019: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6445: 6443: 6441: 5640: 5613: 5577: 5535: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4084:Henry's step-father Hugh de Lusignan died in 1249. 3870:John, and then Henry, during the recent civil war. 1904:during his reign, where he was the feudal lord of 966:, which attempted to reform the governance of the 9799:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001). 8231: 7009: 7007: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6498: 6041: 6039: 5799: 5797: 5684: 5682: 4038:. Another option that came close to fruition was 1438:Henry was known for his public demonstrations of 852:on 20 May 1217; entering through a side gate, he 788:and so entitled to special protection from Rome. 447:but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in 12804: 10855:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 8955: 8953: 8552: 4885: 4858: 4447: 4445: 4423: 3986:The story entered the historical record through 2393:By the 19th century, Victorian scholars such as 2342:, France with the bodies of his Angevin family. 1982:, delivering a long-lasting peace with Castile. 10541:at the official website of the British monarchy 10435:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 165–219. 10135:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 101–116. 10035:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora 9454:Money in the Medieval English Economy: 973–1489 9254: 8373: 8258: 6628: 6551: 6438: 4829: 2378:. These early historians, including Archbishop 1181: 9881:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 92–105. 9836: 9591:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 8601: 8589: 7004: 6775: 6606: 6590: 6533: 6509: 6036: 5794: 5679: 2172:A 13th century depiction of the mutilation of 2127:for Paris to negotiate the final details of a 2118:14th century representation of Henry visiting 1842: 509:were declared after his death, but he was not 466:. Henry and the baronial government enacted a 320:from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of 12483: 11713: 10651: 10354:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 41–54. 9822:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 15–40. 9798: 9337:. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 660. 8950: 8506: 8494: 8482: 7628: 7609: 7589: 7501: 7449: 5487: 5475: 5321: 5277: 4840: 4442: 4330: 2488: 2254:to issue a less draconian policy, called the 1406:into England, following the popular trend in 901:, set sail to intercept it, resulting in the 753:, so instead the ceremony used a simple gold 431:in 1256, but was unable to place his own son 10397:. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. 10092: 6416: 6404: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6344: 5982: 5414: 4544: 4532: 4054: 4052: 4022:An early option was one of the daughters of 1986:from his brother Richard and the Lusignans. 1658: 950:posed a major threat in Wales and along the 924: 543:on 1 October 1207. He was the eldest son of 12280:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 9456:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3998:and became the subject of a popular ballad 3777:, "our ruler and the ruler of our kingdom". 2477: 2435:and order that she and her younger brother 1788: 1602:, in exchange for royal protection against 1125: 831:, he could not be crowned king because the 714:to England, then oversaw his coronation at 524: 403:. He extracted huge sums of money from the 12490: 12476: 12457:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 11720: 11706: 11633: 10658: 10644: 10557: 10237:. Berlin, Germany: Lit. pp. 119–146. 9837:——; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 9738: 6586: 6584: 5444: 5432: 2644:Henry had no known illegitimate children. 2053: 794:Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester 368:that had once belonged to his father, but 29: 11322: 11230: 11147:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 11117:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 10960:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 10919: 10051: 9646:The Gothic King: a Biography of Henry III 9565: 9546: 9527: 9508: 9489: 9473:Philip Augustus, King of France 1180–1223 9369: 9173: 9123: 9096: 9056: 8916: 8859: 8820: 8752: 8721: 8705: 8685: 8367: 8141: 8077: 7993: 7958: 7934: 7922: 7906: 7890: 7862: 7822: 7810: 7735: 7652: 7640: 7624: 7605: 7585: 7433: 7421: 7405: 7389: 7377: 7361: 7297: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7246: 7230: 7214: 7045: 6994: 6689: 6329: 6313: 6246: 6234: 6207: 6180: 6164: 6089: 6030: 5970: 5954: 5938: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5882: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5815: 5776: 5764: 5749: 5737: 5722: 5704: 5700: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5634: 5622: 5607: 5592: 5571: 5559: 5544: 5529: 5517: 5502: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5365: 5353: 5349: 5337: 5333: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5261: 5257: 5242: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4879: 4867: 4852: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4635: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4520: 4474: 4451: 4436: 4417: 4381: 4357: 4345: 4315: 4296: 4170: 4049: 4004:that survived into the twentieth century. 1501:Henry was particularly supportive of the 1054: 799: 477:In 1263, one of the more radical barons, 11169: 11023: 10880: 10841: 10665: 10286: 10187: 10168: 9992: 9935: 9724:. New York: Facts on File. p. 466. 9470: 9205: 9201: 9177: 9162: 9138: 9127: 9112: 9100: 9068: 8905: 8886: 8867: 8843: 8764: 8394: 7978: 7660: 7613: 7558: 7539: 7524: 7505: 7286: 7199: 7167: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7061: 7034: 6966: 6954: 6808: 6654: 6594: 6575: 6545: 6492: 6481: 6290: 6211: 6184: 6160: 6121: 6101: 5871: 5753: 5726: 5708: 5506: 5456: 5409: 5246: 4459: 4319: 4304: 4282: 4226: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 2354: 2286: 2167: 2152:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester 2113: 2062: 1999: 1989: 1928: 1798: 1777:, including Eleanor's uncles, the later 1667: 1434:to Westminster in 1247, by Matthew Paris 1425: 1393:in England in 1247, replacing the older 1364: 1298:Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester 1282:Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester 1276:A Long Cross penny, showing Henry's head 1271: 1225: 1185: 1069: 976: 928: 859: 844:and keeping one in the south to capture 803: 609:. Henry was named after his grandfather 340:, defeated the rebels at the battles of 11469: 11358: 11291:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 11127:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 11081: 10824:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 10755: 10430: 10411: 10389: 10267: 10195:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10111: 9817: 9776: 9743:(1st ed.). London: Edward Arnold. 9586: 9332: 9020: 7946: 7573: 7554: 7465: 7139: 7088: 7076: 6581: 6449: 6432: 6317: 6301: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6195: 6176: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5966: 5950: 5922: 5110: 5094: 4994: 4942: 4787: 4731: 4727: 4623: 4455: 4369: 4300: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 3642:Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby 2622:(29 September 1240 – 26 February 1275); 1294:Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford 687: 12805: 11583:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 11490:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 11431: 10489: 10470: 10451: 10370: 10349: 10330: 10305: 10272:. New York: Cornell University Press. 10231: 10149: 9954: 9914: 9895: 9857: 9757: 9719: 9681: 9624: 9451: 9432: 9386: 9357: 9263: 9220: 9154: 9052: 9040: 9032: 9016: 8983: 8932: 8901: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8863: 8855: 8839: 8824: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8788: 8776: 8748: 8733: 8717: 8701: 8689: 8673: 8661: 8649: 8637: 8625: 8613: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8546: 8534: 8522: 8518: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8418: 8406: 8382: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8279: 8267: 8252: 8240: 8225: 8213: 8201: 8189: 8177: 8165: 8153: 8129: 8117: 8105: 8093: 8089: 8073: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8033: 8021: 8009: 8005: 7989: 7974: 7970: 7918: 7902: 7886: 7874: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7806: 7794: 7782: 7778: 7766: 7754: 7750: 7731: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7656: 7593: 7569: 7550: 7520: 7489: 7477: 7461: 7445: 7417: 7401: 7373: 7357: 7242: 7226: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7155: 7143: 7072: 7057: 7030: 7013: 6998: 6982: 6970: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6910: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6804: 6792: 6769: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6677: 6665: 6650: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6560: 6521: 6477: 6465: 6461: 6428: 6392: 6286: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6077: 6073: 6061: 6049: 5926: 5803: 5788: 5688: 5490:, pp. 232, 235, 267, 269–272, 326 5452: 5420: 5405: 5281: 4938: 4663: 4516: 4393: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 2509:, to one side of other failed rulers: 1746:, arrived in 1245 and was named after 1541:in 1235. The emerging universities of 597:At the start of the 13th century, the 12497: 12471: 11701: 11632: 11602: 11506: 11468: 11430: 11389:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 11357: 11321: 11229: 11168: 11152:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 11080: 11022: 10918: 10879: 10840: 10786:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 10754: 10677: 10639: 10073: 10032: 9973: 9700: 9662: 9643: 9287: 9275: 9248: 9236: 9232: 9158: 9142: 9084: 9072: 9036: 8989:"Effigy of King Henry III of England" 8971: 8959: 8944: 8928: 7535: 7516: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7309: 6045: 4492:Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey 4470: 4405: 4237: 4222: 4206: 4194: 4182: 3809: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3623: 3621: 3610: 3608: 3588: 3498: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3410: 3391: 3389: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3166: 3164: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3121: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3001: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2909: 2860: 2837: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2770: 2734: 2700: 2687: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2609:Henry and Eleanor had five children: 2157: 1702:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 1478:, often called "the King's evil", by 1148:Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1059: 882:in London with his remaining forces. 127:William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 12759: 11654:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 11271:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 11100:Margaret of France, Queen of England 10801:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 10680:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 10510: 10289:Money and its Use in Medieval Europe 10251: 10130: 9938:Expulsion: England's Jewish solution 9876: 9605: 9391:(in French). Paris, France: Tempus. 8430: 6942: 6222: 5460: 5448: 4210: 1924: 513:. Henry's reign of 56 years was the 348:in 1217. Henry promised to abide by 254:Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster 211: 11579:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 11563:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 11553:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 11276:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 11266:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 11112:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 10395:England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 9976:Looking at Animals in Human History 9841:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 9415:Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal 9389:L'Empire des Plantagenêt, 1154–1224 4243: 2016:, recognisable by his three-tiered 1897:never be separated from the Crown. 1513:, and he built mendicant houses in 1372:, with Henry III enthroned holding 515:longest in medieval English history 415:in 1242, leading to the disastrous 13: 12883:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 12858:English people of Scottish descent 11394:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 10950:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 10739: 10717:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 10324:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1988.tb01056.x 9321:English history in English fiction 2467: 1583: 14: 12894: 12843:Children of John, King of England 11377:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 10555:National Portrait Gallery, London 10532: 9803:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman. 9589:England and its Rulers: 1066–1307 9570:. London: Yale University Press. 3837:, an immense outlay for the time. 2350: 2242:Reconciliation and reconstruction 1779:Archbishop Boniface of Canterbury 1410:. The gold pennies resembled the 1066:English invasion of France (1230) 481:, seized power, resulting in the 16:King of England from 1216 to 1272 12853:English people of French descent 12785: 12768: 12740: 12728: 12716: 12704: 11195:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 10806:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 9919:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 9424: 9363: 9351: 9326: 9310: 9281: 9269: 9242: 9226: 9223:, pp. 135–6, 145–6, 149–50. 9195: 9182: 9167: 9148: 9132: 9117: 9105: 9090: 9078: 9062: 9046: 9026: 9010: 8977: 8965: 8938: 8922: 8910: 8891: 8872: 8849: 8810: 8798: 8782: 8770: 8758: 8727: 8711: 8695: 8679: 8667: 8655: 8643: 8631: 8619: 8607: 8595: 8579: 8567: 8540: 8528: 8512: 8500: 8488: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8412: 8400: 8388: 8357: 8345: 8333: 8321: 8309: 8297: 8285: 8273: 8246: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8083: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8027: 8015: 7999: 7983: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7912: 7896: 7880: 7868: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7800: 7788: 7772: 7760: 7725: 7713: 7701: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7646: 7634: 7618: 7599: 7579: 7563: 7544: 7529: 7510: 7495: 7483: 7471: 7455: 7439: 7427: 7411: 7395: 7383: 7367: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7236: 7220: 7189: 7177: 7161: 7149: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7082: 7066: 7051: 7039: 6988: 6976: 6960: 6948: 6932: 6920: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6798: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6683: 6671: 6659: 6640: 6616: 6600: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6486: 6471: 6455: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6350: 6323: 6307: 6295: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6201: 6189: 6170: 6135: 6115: 6095: 6083: 6067: 6055: 6024: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5960: 5944: 5932: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5876: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5809: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5743: 5731: 5694: 5667: 5655: 5628: 5565: 5523: 5511: 5481: 5438: 5426: 4143: 4134: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4016: 4007: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3920: 3910: 3905:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 3896: 3886: 3873: 2640:(25 November 1253 – 3 May 1257). 2634:(16 January 1245 – 5 June 1296); 2616:(17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307); 1551:rival institution at Northampton 1458:, particularly to the abbeys of 1290:Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1176: 1114:and instead marching south into 1000:, the replacement Papal legate; 737:, Henry was anointed by Bishops 645:in north-west France, and on to 521:in the 18th and 19th centuries. 427:in his successful bid to become 421:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 11757:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 11666:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 10373:King John: England's Evil King? 10306:Stacey, Robert C. (June 1988). 9665:Royal Tombs of Medieval England 9379: 9323:. London: Blackie, 1940. (p.59) 5399: 5387: 5375: 5359: 5343: 5327: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5271: 5251: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5104: 5088: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4873: 4846: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4657: 4641: 4629: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4538: 4526: 4510: 4464: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4324: 4309: 3863: 3850: 3840: 3800: 3790: 3780: 3775:rector nostrer et rector nostri 3759: 3750: 3717: 3595: 3108: 2812: 2777: 2678: 2628:(25 June 1242 – 24 March 1275); 1574:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II 893:, and fresh supplies to Louis. 207: 12848:13th-century dukes of Normandy 11754:Monarchs of England until 1603 11286:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 10433:King John: New Interpretations 10416:. Cambridge University Press. 10291:. Cambridge University Press. 10154:. Cambridge University Press. 10133:King John: New Interpretations 10078:. Cambridge University Press. 10059:. Cambridge University Press. 9762:. Cambridge University Press. 9629:. Cambridge University Press. 4231: 4216: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 3704: 3085:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany 2647: 2433:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany 2263:September 1267 Henry made the 1418:and was ultimately abandoned. 812:in 1217, showing the death of 721:In the absence of Archbishops 657:and John, to dominate France. 423:. Henry supported his brother 352:, a later version of the 1215 249:Beatrice, Countess of Richmond 1: 12828:13th-century English monarchs 11507: 11415:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 10945:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 10819:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 10796:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 10776:William IX, Count of Poitiers 10116:. Stroud: The History Press. 4157: 2402:research into Henry, such as 2058: 1600:cheap loans and easy taxation 1490:in Paris, and he paraded the 1207:affected him, and he adopted 1135:decided to seek sanctuary in 692: 12838:Burials at Westminster Abbey 12833:13th-century peers of France 11603: 11399:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 10223:UK public library membership 10150:Pounds, Nigel J. G. (1994). 10093:Mayr-Harting, Henry (2011). 10074:Maier, Christoph T. (2003). 9490:Carpenter, David A. (1990). 5205:, pp. 146, 157–161, 187 1900:Henry maintained peace with 1630:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln 1182:Kingship, government and law 962:. The government issued the 697:Henry was staying safely at 7: 12364:British monarchs after the 10551:Portraits of King Henry III 9513:. London: Hambledon Press. 9190:Nottingham Medieval Studies 8676:, pp. 149–152, 154–157 8628:, pp. 120–121, 136–137 5858:, pp. 153–155, 177–181 4024:Leopold VI, Duke of Austria 2577:(1973) by Pamela Bennetts, 1843:Scotland, Wales and Ireland 1663: 1537:and became a patron of the 1421: 772:to the Papacy, recognising 10: 12899: 12878:People of the Barons' Wars 10737: 10412:Vincent, Nicholas (2006). 10268:Senocak, Neslihan (2012). 9978:. London: Reaktion Books. 9936:Huscroft, Richard (2006). 9333:Adamson, Lynda G. (1998). 9294:Edinburgh University Press 8602:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 8590:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6607:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6591:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6534:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6510:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 5368:, pp. 2–3, 383, 386; 2161: 2035:Innocent was succeeded by 1993: 1792: 1587: 1580:faced similar resistance. 1565:, and the Papacy in 1250. 1454:. Henry regularly went on 1395:Short Cross silver pennies 1362:, a leopard, and a camel. 1265: 1078:in 1230, by Matthew Paris. 1063: 528: 228: 170:16 November 1272 (aged 65) 12678: 12645: 12596: 12579: 12509: 12452: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12292: 12275: 12271: 11748: 11744: 11682: 11641: 11628: 11611: 11598: 11558:Anne of York, Lady Howard 11515: 11502: 11477: 11464: 11439: 11426: 11366: 11353: 11330: 11317: 11238: 11225: 11177: 11164: 11122:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 11089: 11076: 11031: 11018: 10927: 10914: 10888: 10875: 10849: 10836: 10763: 10750: 10704:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 10686: 10673: 10624: 10607: 10599: 10594: 10567: 10452:Warren, W. Lewis (1991). 10375:. Stroud: History Press. 10371:Turner, Ralph V. (2009). 9801:Capetian France, 987–1328 9739:Gillingham, John (1984). 9644:Davis, John Paul (2013). 9492:The Minority of Henry III 9192:, Vol. LI (2007), p. 110. 8507:Hallam & Everard 2001 8495:Hallam & Everard 2001 8483:Hallam & Everard 2001 7629:Hallam & Everard 2001 7610:Hallam & Everard 2001 7590:Hallam & Everard 2001 7502:Hallam & Everard 2001 7450:Hallam & Everard 2001 5834:, pp. 26, 29, 37, 43 5488:Hallam & Everard 2001 5476:Hallam & Everard 2001 5322:Hallam & Everard 2001 5278:Hallam & Everard 2001 5189:, pp. 254, 26. 289; 5009:, pp. 55–56, 108–109 4841:Hallam & Everard 2001 4331:Hallam & Everard 2001 3617:Alexander III of Scotland 3582: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3370: 3368: 3334: 3332: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3228: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2685: 2655:Henry III and his family 2345: 2109: 2104:Provisions of Westminster 1810:in 1243, by Matthew Paris 1659:Personal rule (1234–1258) 1535:military crusading orders 1101:Peter I, Duke of Brittany 925:Restoring royal authority 399:, whom he adopted as his 289: 279: 267: 239:Edward I, King of England 221: 192: 179: 166: 150: 146: 110: 100: 90: 63: 52: 40: 28: 23: 10352:Jews in Medieval Britain 10287:Spufford, Peter (1989). 9820:Jews in Medieval Britain 4044:Simon, Count of Ponthieu 4028:Alexander II of Scotland 3994:, was quoted as fact by 3697: 3147:Alexander II of Scotland 2604: 2587:The Marriage of Meggotta 2487:Henry is a character in 2282: 1817:surrounded by the French 1789:Poitou and the Lusignans 1626:tales of child sacrifice 1261: 1166:Archbishop of Canterbury 1126:Richard Marshal's revolt 921:in the south of France. 525:Background and childhood 244:Margaret, Queen of Scots 12868:Medieval child monarchs 11251:Edward the Black Prince 10490:—— (2012). 10190:"Henry III (1207–1272)" 10188:—— (2004), 10033:Lewis, Suzanne (1987). 9955:Jobson, Adrian (2012). 9915:—— (2001). 9758:Goebel, Stefan (2007). 9587:Clanchy, M. T. (1998). 9566:—— (2020). 9528:—— (2004). 9509:—— (1996). 9452:Bolton, Jim L. (2012). 9387:Aurell, Martin (2003). 8736:, pp. 152, 156–157 8652:, pp. 140–142, 144 5057:, pp. 64–65, 95–98 4682:, pp. 21–22, 24–25 4384:, pp. 283–293, 297 4360:, pp. 271–274, 286 3160:Frederick II of Germany 2579:The Queen from Provence 2054:Later reign (1258–1272) 1496:Relic of the Holy Blood 1432:Relic of the Holy Blood 1354:strife. He also kept a 814:Thomas, Count of Perche 12873:People from Winchester 11635:Richard III of England 10744: 10204:10.1093/ref:odnb/12950 10112:McGlynn, Sean (2013). 9959:. London: Bloomsbury. 9648:. London: Peter Owen. 9625:Davies, R. R. (2006). 9511:The Reign of Henry III 9471:Bradbury, Jim (1998). 5913:, pp. 95, 98, 220 5703:, pp. 76, 97–99; 2575:The De Montfort Legacy 2489: 2478: 2367: 2365:National Archives, Kew 2296: 2260:Statute of Marlborough 2181: 2176:'s body following the 2123: 2068: 2020: 2006:illuminated manuscript 1941: 1811: 1693: 1608:Fourth Lateran Council 1435: 1391:system of silver coins 1386: 1277: 1235: 1234:, constructed by Henry 1194: 1079: 1055:Early rule (1227–1234) 985: 934: 873: 820: 800:End of the Barons' War 739:Sylvester of Worcester 629:to the territories of 11324:Richard II of England 11232:Edward III of England 11190:Edward III of England 11137:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 10933:Isabella of Angoulême 10921:John, King of England 10894:Berengaria of Navarre 10811:John, King of England 10743: 10569:Henry III of England 9974:Kalof, Linda (2007). 9288:Price, Fiona (2016). 9111:Carpenter 1990, p.5; 7861:, pp. 165, 194; 7734:, pp. 149, 152; 6680:, pp. 4–7, 11–12 5320:, pp. 376, 378; 5149:, pp. 239, 261; 4941:, pp. 147, 176; 3990:, literature through 2839:Isabella of Angoulême 2515:Ottokar II of Bohemia 2495:, the second part of 2415:Thomas Frederick Tout 2361:Great Charter of 1225 2358: 2290: 2252:Ottobuono de' Fieschi 2171: 2117: 2066: 2003: 1990:The Sicilian business 1966:Battle of Al Mansurah 1946:Battle of Taillebourg 1932: 1802: 1756:degenerative disorder 1748:the 9th century saint 1671: 1486:which he kept in the 1429: 1368: 1275: 1229: 1190:Engraving of Henry's 1189: 1073: 1043:Charter of the Forest 980: 964:Charter of the Forest 932: 889:, bringing soldiers, 863: 807: 718:on 28 October 1216. 549:Isabella of Angoulême 417:Battle of Taillebourg 350:Great Charter of 1225 326:Isabella of Angoulême 294:Isabella of Angoulême 284:John, King of England 12863:House of Plantagenet 12813:Henry III of England 12755:Henry III of England 12619:Henry the Young King 12598:House of Plantagenet 12334:William III & II 11899:Henry the Young King 11849:Edward the Confessor 11817:Æthelred the Unready 11244:Philippa of Hainault 11200:Eleanor of Woodstock 11171:Edward II of England 11142:Edward II of England 11064:Katherine of England 11025:Henry III of England 10940:Henry III of England 10882:Richard I of England 10843:Henry the Young King 10791:Richard I of England 10781:Henry the Young King 10769:Eleanor of Aquitaine 10667:House of Plantagenet 10574:House of Plantagenet 10391:Tyerman, Christopher 10210:on 21 September 2013 9663:Duffy, Mark (2003). 9235:, pp. 201–207; 9176:, pp. 338–340; 8999:on 21 September 2013 8885:, pp. 252–253; 8751:, pp. 162–163; 8720:, pp. 150–151; 8521:, pp. 107–109; 8433:, pp. 41–42, 48 8255:, pp. 64–67, 69 8243:, pp. 61–64, 66 8156:, pp. 21, 45–46 8132:, pp. 26, 38–43 8092:, pp. 156–157; 8008:, pp. 154–154; 7905:, pp. 152–153; 7781:, pp. 155–156; 7572:, pp. 140–141; 7553:, pp. 140–141; 6941:, pp. 32, 102; 6913:, pp. 70, 101; 6593:, pp. 656–657; 6183:, pp. 338–339; 5953:, pp. 170–171; 5925:, pp. 150–151; 5870:, pp. 352–353; 5818:, pp. 390–391; 5260:, pp. 363–366; 5241:, pp. 312–313; 5097:, pp. 198–199; 4318:, pp. 191–192; 3927:did not receive the 2689:Eleanor of Aquitaine 2571:Edgar Rice Burroughs 2519:Philip III of France 2445:Anglo-Jewish England 2437:Arthur I of Brittany 2397:, James Ramsay, and 2299:Edward left for the 2265:Treaty of Montgomery 2256:Dictum of Kenilworth 2096:Provisions of Oxford 1865:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1742:Their fourth child, 1713:Canterbury Cathedral 1617:Henry had built the 1509:were drawn from the 1213:Edward the Confessor 1074:Henry travelling to 716:Gloucester Cathedral 688:Minority (1216–1226) 577:bishop of Winchester 499:Dictum of Kenilworth 464:Provisions of Oxford 397:Edward the Confessor 259:Katherine of England 12282:Union of the Crowns 11670:Richard of Eastwell 11616:no consort or issue 11521:Elizabeth Woodville 11471:Henry VI of England 11452:Henry VI of England 11445:Catherine of Valois 11409:Philippa of England 11360:Henry IV of England 11083:Edward I of England 11054:Beatrice of England 11049:Margaret of England 11044:Edward I of England 11037:Eleanor of Provence 10995:Bartholomew FitzRoy 10968:Joan, Lady of Wales 10955:Isabella of England 10862:William Plantagenet 10757:Henry II of England 10727:Mary of Shaftesbury 10709:William FitzEmpress 10699:Henry II of England 10456:. London: Methuen. 10312:Historical Research 10097:. Harlow: Longman. 9532:. London: Penguin. 9475:. London: Longman. 8576:, pp. 117, 122 8564:, pp. 115, 117 8481:, pp. 13–105; 7722:, pp. 149, 161 7686:, pp. 122, 147 7348:, pp. 179, 201 6969:, pp. 81, 84; 6431:, pp. 41, 48; 6021:, pp. 178, 187 5725:, pp. 76, 99; 5177:, pp. 239, 258 4997:, pp. 189, 223 4032:Peter I of Brittany 3858:Hugh IX de Lusignan 3684:Eleanor de Montfort 3630:John II of Brittany 3185:Hugh XI of Lusignan 3134:Sanchia of Provence 3125:Richard of Cornwall 3117:Eleanor of Provence 2544:William Shakespeare 2531:Peter III of Aragon 2527:Charles I of Naples 2511:Rudolf I of Germany 1804:Eleanor of Provence 1698:Eleanor of Provence 1634:Richard of Cornwall 1430:Henry carrying the 1389:Henry reformed the 972:Treaty of Worcester 919:Albigensian Crusade 662:Philip II of France 601:formed part of the 458:half-brothers, the 425:Richard of Cornwall 389:Eleanor of Provence 385:palaces and castles 366:provinces of France 306:Henry of Winchester 199:Eleanor of Provence 12366:Acts of Union 1707 12329:James II & VII 12022:Kenneth I MacAlpin 11807:Edgar the Peaceful 11662:John of Gloucester 11433:Henry V of England 11404:Blanche of England 11384:Henry V of England 11341:Isabella of Valois 11183:Isabella of France 11095:Eleanor of Castile 10745: 10053:Maddicott, John R. 9940:. Stroud: Tempus. 9782:The English Castle 9741:The Angevin Empire 9667:. Stroud: Tempus. 9251:, pp. 201–207 9208:, pp. 477–478 8931:, pp. 74–75; 8919:, pp. 46, 468 8846:, pp. 107–108 8827:, pp. 248–249 8807:, pp. 164–165 8795:, pp. 246–247 8779:, pp. 161–162 8664:, pp. 140–146 8640:, pp. 138–141 8616:, pp. 119–120 8604:, pp. 656–657 8592:, pp. 656–657 8549:, pp. 113–115 8537:, pp. 109–112 8457:, pp. 100–103 8397:, pp. 105–106 8370:, pp. 374–375 8366:, pp. 86–89; 8144:, pp. 372–377 8076:, pp. 22–23; 7973:, pp. 18–19; 7949:, pp. 113–114 7937:, pp. 122–123 7925:, pp. 347–349 7877:, pp. 192–193 7849:, pp. 163–164 7837:, pp. 162–163 7698:, pp. 147–149 7631:, pp. 342–343 7480:, pp. 104–107 7448:, pp. 30–31; 7392:, pp. 327–328 7336:, pp. 199–200 7324:, pp. 192–194 7312:, pp. 184–185 7273:, pp. 365–366 7245:, pp. 82–93; 7146:, pp. 146–148 7060:, pp. 3, 11; 6846:, pp. 70–72; 6653:, pp. 10–11; 6480:, pp. 49–50; 6383:, pp. 263–264 6371:, pp. 264–266 6253:, pp. 193–194 6179:, pp. 35–36; 6167:, pp. 338–339 6148:, pp. 154–155 6092:, pp. 107–108 6076:, pp. 20–21; 6033:, pp. 200–202 5997:, pp. 170–178 5957:, pp. 208–209 5941:, pp. 97, 209 5901:, pp. 342–343 5767:, pp. 382–383 5664:, pp. 407–408 5610:, pp. 315–316 5562:, pp. 313–314 5532:, pp. 312–313 5447:, pp. 83–84; 5408:, pp. 51–52; 5396:, pp. 389–390 5324:, pp. 176–177 5308:, pp. 374–375 5296:, pp. 371–373 5229:, pp. 188–190 5217:, pp. 187–188 5153:, pp. 304–305 5137:, pp. 128–129 5113:, pp. 171–173 5085:, pp. 322–323 5081:, pp. 76–77; 4782:, pp. 36–40; 4734:, pp. 141–142 4626:, pp. 128–129 4535:, pp. 259–260 4396:, pp. 254–255 4348:, pp. 264–267 4333:, pp. 145–147 4062:Flores Historiarum 4042:, the daughter of 3881:Blanche of Castile 3670:Amaury de Montfort 3604:Eleanor of Castile 3402:Earl of Gloucester 3199:William de Valence 2862:Hugh X of Lusignan 2566:The Outlaw of Torn 2523:Henry I of Navarre 2462:Edict of Expulsion 2368: 2297: 2206:Second Barons' War 2182: 2164:Second Barons' War 2158:Second Barons' War 2124: 2069: 2048:King of the Romans 2021: 1942: 1940:, by Matthew Paris 1938:Louis IX of France 1936:, given to him by 1849:Llywelyn the Great 1829:Charles the Simple 1812: 1737:campaign in Poitou 1700:, the daughter of 1694: 1559:Robert Grosseteste 1436: 1387: 1278: 1236: 1230:The Great Hall of 1195: 1162:Edmund of Abingdon 1080: 1060:Invasion of France 990:Hugh X de Lusignan 986: 940:adulterine castles 935: 903:Battle of Sandwich 874: 866:Battle of Sandwich 821: 599:Kingdom of England 539:Henry was born in 483:Second Barons' War 429:King of the Romans 56:28 October 1216 – 12692: 12691: 12650:(French appanage) 12511:House of Normandy 12465: 12464: 12448: 12447: 12351: 12350: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12261: 11812:Edward the Martyr 11695: 11694: 11678: 11677: 11624: 11623: 11594: 11593: 11587:Grace Plantagenet 11568:Catherine of York 11528:Elizabeth of York 11498: 11497: 11483:Margaret of Anjou 11460: 11459: 11422: 11421: 11349: 11348: 11313: 11312: 11299:John de Southeray 11256:Isabella de Coucy 11221: 11220: 11205:Joan of the Tower 11160: 11159: 11132:Mary of Woodstock 11072: 11071: 11059:Edmund Crouchback 11014: 11013: 10910: 10909: 10871: 10870: 10864:(died in infancy) 10832: 10831: 10735: 10734: 10634: 10633: 10625:Succeeded by 10614:Duke of Aquitaine 10523:978-1-84383-618-6 10501:978-0-86193-319-8 10482:978-0-85115-719-1 10442:978-0-85115-947-8 10423:978-0-521-02660-4 10404:978-0-226-82013-2 10382:978-0-7524-4850-3 10361:978-1-84383-733-6 10342:978-0-85115-674-3 10298:978-0-521-37590-0 10279:978-0-8014-6471-3 10244:978-3-643-10820-3 10221:(Subscription or 10180:978-0-85115-513-5 10161:978-0-521-45099-7 10142:978-0-85115-947-8 10123:978-0-7524-8831-8 10104:978-0-582-41413-6 10085:978-0-521-63873-9 10066:978-0-521-37636-5 10057:Simon de Montfort 10044:978-0-520-04981-9 9985:978-1-86189-334-5 9966:978-1-84725-226-5 9947:978-0-752-43729-3 9926:978-0-631-22739-7 9888:978-0-389-20475-6 9869:978-1-84383-285-0 9848:978-0-23027-816-5 9829:978-1-84383-733-6 9810:978-0-582-40428-1 9791:978-0-3001-1058-6 9769:978-0-521-85415-3 9731:978-0-8160-6521-9 9674:978-0-7524-2579-5 9655:978-0-7206-1480-0 9636:978-0-521-02977-3 9617:978-90-04-11749-5 9598:978-1-4051-0649-8 9577:978-0-3002-3835-8 9558:978-1-84383-122-8 9539:978-0-14-014824-4 9501:978-0-520-07239-8 9482:978-0-582-06058-6 9463:978-0-7190-5040-4 9444:978-0-7100-7251-1 9398:978-2-262-02282-2 9344:978-1-573-56066-5 8040:, pp. 22, 25 7198:, pp. 9–10; 6822:, pp. 58, 65 6417:Mayr-Harting 2011 6405:Mayr-Harting 2011 6395:, pp. 99–100 6381:Mayr-Harting 2011 6369:Mayr-Harting 2011 6357:Mayr-Harting 2011 6345:Mayr-Harting 2011 5983:Mayr-Harting 2011 5266:Baker et al. 1979 5021:, pp. 18, 51 4758:, pp. 31, 36 4545:Mayr-Harting 2011 4533:Mayr-Harting 2011 3695: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3663:Simon de Montfort 3656:Henry de Montfort 3638:Edmund Crouchback 3393:Alice de Lusignan 3381:Robert de Ferrers 3177:Earl of Leicester 3173:Simon de Montfort 2599:Sharon Kay Penman 2536:Henry appears in 2384:English Civil War 2372:Roger of Wendover 2293:Westminster Abbey 2232:Kenilworth Castle 2224:Battle of Evesham 2178:Battle of Evesham 2174:Simon de Montfort 2085:Peter de Montfort 2081:John Fitzgeoffrey 2037:Pope Alexander IV 2025:Kingdom of Sicily 1996:Sicilian business 1925:European strategy 1853:County of Chester 1706:Beatrice of Savoy 1647:Henry passed the 1642:Franciscan friars 1620:Domus Conversorum 1563:bishop of Lincoln 1468:Walsingham Priory 1315:Holy Roman Empire 1232:Winchester Castle 998:Pandulf Verraccio 914:Treaty of Lambeth 829:Westminster Abbey 810:Battle of Lincoln 774:Pope Honorius III 759:Westminster Abbey 745:, and crowned by 678:First Barons' War 605:spreading across 541:Winchester Castle 535:First Barons' War 503:Westminster Abbey 495:Battle of Evesham 479:Simon de Montfort 468:peace with France 435:on the throne of 433:Edmund Crouchback 330:First Barons' War 318:Duke of Aquitaine 299: 298: 187:, London, England 185:Westminster Abbey 175:, London, England 157:Winchester Castle 82:Westminster Abbey 12890: 12798: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12781: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12761: 12745: 12744: 12733: 12732: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12700: 12492: 12485: 12478: 12469: 12468: 12357: 12356: 12317:Richard Cromwell 12307:The Protectorate 12297:James I & VI 12273: 12272: 11854:Harold Godwinson 11774:Edward the Elder 11767:Alfred the Great 11751: 11750: 11746: 11745: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11699: 11698: 11630: 11629: 11600: 11599: 11548:Margaret of York 11504: 11503: 11466: 11465: 11428: 11427: 11355: 11354: 11319: 11318: 11227: 11226: 11166: 11165: 11078: 11077: 11020: 11019: 10980:Geoffrey FitzRoy 10916: 10915: 10902:Philip of Cognac 10877: 10876: 10838: 10837: 10752: 10751: 10675: 10674: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10637: 10636: 10600:Preceded by 10590: 10589:16 November 1272 10583: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10527: 10505: 10486: 10467: 10446: 10427: 10408: 10386: 10365: 10346: 10327: 10318:(145): 135–150. 10302: 10283: 10264: 10248: 10226: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10206:, archived from 10184: 10165: 10146: 10127: 10108: 10089: 10070: 10048: 10029: 9989: 9970: 9951: 9930: 9911: 9892: 9873: 9852: 9833: 9814: 9795: 9773: 9754: 9735: 9716: 9697: 9678: 9659: 9640: 9621: 9602: 9581: 9562: 9543: 9524: 9505: 9486: 9467: 9448: 9429: 9428: 9422: 9412: 9402: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9330: 9324: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9285: 9279: 9278:, pp. 11–12 9273: 9267: 9261: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9209: 9199: 9193: 9186: 9180: 9171: 9165: 9152: 9146: 9136: 9130: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9099:, pp. 4–5; 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9066: 9060: 9050: 9044: 9030: 9024: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9004: 8981: 8975: 8974:, pp. 75–76 8969: 8963: 8957: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8895: 8889: 8876: 8870: 8853: 8847: 8837: 8828: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8767:, pp. 91–92 8762: 8756: 8746: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8715: 8709: 8699: 8693: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8421:, pp. 92–93 8416: 8410: 8409:, pp. 91–92 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8371: 8361: 8355: 8354:, pp. 84–85 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8330:, pp. 79–82 8325: 8319: 8318:, pp. 74–76 8313: 8307: 8306:, pp. 73–74 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8270:, pp. 70–71 8265: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8229: 8228:, pp. 57–59 8223: 8217: 8216:, pp. 54–56 8211: 8205: 8204:, pp. 51–53 8199: 8193: 8192:, pp. 51–52 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8120:, pp. 33–34 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8087: 8081: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8003: 7997: 7987: 7981: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7916: 7910: 7900: 7894: 7889:, pp. 133; 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7748: 7739: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7622: 7616: 7603: 7597: 7583: 7577: 7567: 7561: 7548: 7542: 7533: 7527: 7514: 7508: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7459: 7453: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7415: 7409: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7371: 7365: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7240: 7234: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7203: 7202:, pp. 86–87 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7118:, pp. 82–83 7113: 7107: 7106:, pp. 81–82 7101: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7070: 7064: 7055: 7049: 7048:, pp. 31–32 7043: 7037: 7028: 7017: 7011: 7002: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6908: 6899: 6898:, pp. 44–45 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6862:, pp. 27–28 6857: 6851: 6841: 6835: 6834:, pp. 59–60 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6773: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6744:, pp. 23–24 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6720:, pp. 15–17 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6625:, pp. 51–52 6620: 6614: 6613:, pp. 51–52 6604: 6598: 6597:, pp. 478–9 6588: 6579: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6536:, pp. 48–49 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6512:, pp. 52–53 6507: 6496: 6495:, pp. 93–96 6490: 6484: 6475: 6469: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6436: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6320:, pp. 58–59 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6205: 6199: 6198:, pp. 35–37 6193: 6187: 6174: 6168: 6158: 6149: 6139: 6133: 6119: 6113: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6043: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5964: 5958: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5889:, pp. 88–89 5880: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5464: 5442: 5436: 5435:, pp. 83–84 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5363: 5357: 5347: 5341: 5331: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5275: 5269: 5268:, pp. 10–11 5255: 5249: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5092: 5086: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5045:, pp. 78–79 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4988: 4982: 4981:, pp. 70–71 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4957:, pp. 50–51 4952: 4946: 4932: 4926: 4925:, pp. 44–46 4920: 4914: 4913:, pp. 44–45 4908: 4902: 4896: 4883: 4882:, pp. 43–44 4877: 4871: 4865: 4856: 4855:, pp. 41–42 4850: 4844: 4838: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4802:, pp. 39–40 4797: 4791: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4746:, pp. 27–28 4741: 4735: 4725: 4719: 4718:, pp. 28–29 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4670:, pp. 19–21 4661: 4655: 4654:, pp. 19–21 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4599:, pp. 21–22 4594: 4588: 4587:, pp. 16–17 4582: 4576: 4575:, pp. 15–16 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4494:. Archived from 4484: 4478: 4468: 4462: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4420:, pp. 14–15 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4285: 4280: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4185:, pp. 45–46 4180: 4174: 4168: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4056: 4047: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 3992:Geoffrey Chaucer 3984: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3830: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3721: 3715: 3708: 3643: 3600: 3599: 3598: 1272–1307 3597: 3403: 3398:Gilbert de Clare 3386: 3377:Mary de Lusignan 3354: 3353:Earl of Cornwall 3204: 3203:Earl of Pembroke 3192:Aymer de Valence 3178: 3113: 3112: 3111: 1216–1272 3110: 3097: 3096:Duke of Brittany 2817: 2816: 2815: 1199–1216 2814: 2793: 2792:Duke of Brittany 2782: 2781: 2780: 1189–1199 2779: 2683: 2682: 2681: 1154–1189 2680: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2595:Falls the Shadow 2494: 2483: 2336:Fontevraud Abbey 2291:Henry's tomb in 2277:Fontevraud Abbey 2014:Pope Innocent IV 2012:kneeling before 1934:Henry's elephant 1919:Edinburgh Castle 1783:William of Savoy 1729:Eleanor's sister 1649:Statute of Jewry 1570:Pope Innocent IV 1511:Dominican friars 1503:mendicant orders 1385: 1383:HENRICUS REX III 1244:movable property 1002:Peter des Roches 907:Eustace the Monk 870:Eustace the Monk 761:on 17 May 1220. 747:Peter des Roches 581:Philip d'Aubigny 573:Peter des Roches 409:Statute of Jewry 362:Peter des Roches 232: 215: 213: 209: 121: 75:Gloucester Abbey 59: 58:16 November 1272 33: 21: 20: 12898: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12797:from Wikisource 12791: 12786: 12784: 12774: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12760:sister projects 12757:at Knowledge's 12751: 12739: 12727: 12717: 12715: 12705: 12703: 12695: 12693: 12688: 12686:king of England 12674: 12649: 12647:House of Valois 12641: 12600: 12592: 12583: 12575: 12513: 12505: 12496: 12466: 12461: 12444: 12371: 12347: 12312:Oliver Cromwell 12288: 12263: 12258: 12105:Constantine III 12014: 11839:Harold Harefoot 11829:Edmund Ironside 11740: 11735: and 11726: 11696: 11691: 11674: 11637: 11620: 11607: 11590: 11573:Bridget of York 11511: 11494: 11473: 11456: 11435: 11418: 11362: 11345: 11336:Anne of Bohemia 11326: 11309: 11281:Mary of Waltham 11261:Joan of England 11234: 11217: 11173: 11156: 11085: 11068: 11027: 11010: 11007:William de Forz 10973:Richard FitzRoy 10923: 10906: 10884: 10867: 10845: 10828: 10759: 10746: 10731: 10692:Empress Matilda 10682: 10669: 10664: 10630: 10621: 10618:Lord of Ireland 10616: 10612: 10610:King of England 10605: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10570: 10535: 10530: 10524: 10502: 10483: 10464: 10443: 10424: 10405: 10383: 10362: 10343: 10299: 10280: 10245: 10220: 10213: 10211: 10181: 10162: 10143: 10124: 10105: 10086: 10067: 10045: 10010:10.2307/2856155 9994:Langmuir, Gavin 9986: 9967: 9948: 9927: 9908: 9889: 9870: 9849: 9830: 9811: 9792: 9770: 9751: 9732: 9713: 9694: 9675: 9656: 9637: 9618: 9599: 9578: 9559: 9540: 9521: 9502: 9483: 9464: 9445: 9423: 9410: 9399: 9382: 9377: 9376: 9368: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9331: 9327: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9262: 9255: 9247: 9243: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9212: 9204:, p. 102, 9200: 9196: 9187: 9183: 9172: 9168: 9153: 9149: 9137: 9133: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9095: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9067: 9063: 9055:, p. 306; 9051: 9047: 9031: 9027: 9019:, p. 306; 9015: 9011: 9002: 9000: 8987: 8986:, p. 271; 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8904:, p. 253; 8900:, p. 166; 8896: 8892: 8881:, p. 166; 8877: 8873: 8866:, p. 247; 8862:, p. 382; 8858:, p. 165; 8854: 8850: 8838: 8831: 8823:, p. 382; 8819:, p. 164; 8815: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8791:, p. 164; 8787: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8747: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8716: 8712: 8704:, p. 150; 8700: 8696: 8688:, p. 381; 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8374: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8088: 8084: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8036:, p. 156; 8032: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8004: 8000: 7992:, p. 153; 7988: 7984: 7977:, p. 153; 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7921:, p. 153; 7917: 7913: 7901: 7897: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753:, p. 152; 7749: 7742: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7655:, p. 123; 7651: 7647: 7643:, pp. 3, 6 7639: 7635: 7627:, p. 345; 7623: 7619: 7612:, p. 342; 7608:, p. 345; 7604: 7600: 7592:, p. 342; 7588:, p. 345; 7584: 7580: 7568: 7564: 7557:, p. 123; 7549: 7545: 7534: 7530: 7523:, p. 140; 7515: 7511: 7504:, p. 278; 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7460: 7456: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7416: 7412: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7372: 7368: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7285:, p. 364; 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7241: 7237: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7206: 7194: 7190: 7186:, pp. 9–10 7182: 7178: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7071: 7067: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7029: 7020: 7012: 7005: 6997:, p. 342; 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6803: 6799: 6791: 6776: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692:, p. 341; 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6649:, p. 173; 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6609:, p. 104; 6605: 6601: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6472: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6439: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316:, p. 463; 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6289:, p. 125; 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6175: 6171: 6159: 6152: 6140: 6136: 6124:, p. 185; 6120: 6116: 6104:, p. 185; 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969:, p. 187; 5965: 5961: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885:, p. 343; 5881: 5877: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5752:, p. 105; 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5721: 5714: 5707:, p. 353; 5699: 5695: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5505:, p. 310; 5501: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5459:, p. 159; 5445:Gillingham 1984 5443: 5439: 5433:Gillingham 1984 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5364: 5360: 5352:, p. 383; 5348: 5344: 5336:, p. 379; 5332: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280:, p. 176; 5276: 5272: 5264:, p. 306; 5256: 5252: 5245:, p. 305; 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993:, p. 321; 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786:, p. 302; 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730:, p. 198; 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4662: 4658: 4650:, p. 301; 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547:, p. 260; 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4469: 4465: 4458:, p. 189; 4450: 4443: 4435: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4314: 4310: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4057: 4050: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3771:Hubert de Burgh 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3722: 3718: 3712:Nicholas Trevet 3709: 3705: 3700: 3677:Guy de Montfort 3641: 3627: 3614: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3401: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3352: 3342:Henry of Almain 3202: 3176: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3127: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3095: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2791: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2650: 2607: 2561:Warwick Deeping 2480:Chronica Majora 2472:The chronicler 2470: 2468:Popular culture 2428:David Carpenter 2420:Maurice Powicke 2353: 2348: 2285: 2244: 2211:Battle of Lewes 2166: 2160: 2112: 2061: 2056: 2004:A 14th century 1998: 1992: 1962:Seventh Crusade 1950:Michael Clanchy 1927: 1845: 1797: 1791: 1666: 1661: 1596:Jews in England 1592: 1586: 1584:Jewish policies 1488:Sainte-Chapelle 1448:washed the feet 1424: 1381: 1339:Tower of London 1284:; the brothers 1270: 1264: 1184: 1179: 1141:Tower of London 1128: 1068: 1062: 1057: 1040:as well as the 1006:Hubert de Burgh 948:Prince Llywelyn 927: 895:Hubert de Burgh 879:excommunication 802: 743:Simon of Exeter 723:Stephen Langton 708:Guala Bicchieri 704:William Marshal 695: 690: 627:English Channel 592:David Carpenter 588:drooping eyelid 537: 529:Main articles: 527: 487:Battle of Lewes 405:Jews in England 358:Hubert de Burgh 338:William Marshal 334:Guala Bicchieri 314:Lord of Ireland 310:King of England 263: 226: 225: 217: 205: 201: 188: 171: 155: 142: 135:Hubert de Burgh 123: 122: 117: 86: 80: 73: 72:28 October 1216 57: 48: 42:King of England 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12896: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12800: 12799: 12782: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12737: 12725: 12713: 12690: 12689: 12682:count of Rouen 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12666: 12660: 12653: 12651: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12633: 12627: 12621: 12616: 12610: 12604: 12602: 12594: 12593: 12587: 12585: 12581:House of Blois 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12562: 12557: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12530: 12524: 12517: 12515: 12507: 12506: 12495: 12494: 12487: 12480: 12472: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12369: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12304: 12299: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12286: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12208:Edward Balliol 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12068:Constantine II 12065: 12060: 12053: 12046: 12039: 12032: 12025: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12007: 11996: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11895: 11890: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11860:Edgar Ætheling 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11749: 11742: 11741: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11702: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11664: 11660:Illegitimate: 11657: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11626: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11538:Cecily of York 11535: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11424: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11303:Jane Northland 11301: 11297:Illegitimate: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11223: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11211:Illegitimate: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11004:Philip FitzRoy 11002: 11001:Isabel FitzRoy 10999: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10989:Osbert Gifford 10987: 10984: 10981: 10978: 10977:Oliver FitzRoy 10975: 10970: 10966:Illegitimate: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10904: 10900:Illegitimate: 10897: 10896: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10858: 10857: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10817:Illegitimate: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10748: 10747: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10715:Illegitimate: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10671: 10670: 10663: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10640: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10623: 10606: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10595:Regnal titles 10592: 10591: 10582:1 October 1207 10571: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10548: 10547:at BBC History 10542: 10534: 10533:External links 10531: 10529: 10528: 10522: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10500: 10481: 10468: 10462: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10441: 10422: 10409: 10403: 10387: 10381: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10360: 10347: 10341: 10303: 10297: 10284: 10278: 10265: 10249: 10243: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10179: 10166: 10160: 10147: 10141: 10128: 10122: 10109: 10103: 10090: 10084: 10071: 10065: 10049: 10043: 10030: 10004:(3): 459–482. 9990: 9984: 9971: 9965: 9952: 9946: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9925: 9906: 9893: 9887: 9874: 9868: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9847: 9828: 9815: 9809: 9796: 9790: 9774: 9768: 9755: 9749: 9736: 9730: 9717: 9711: 9698: 9692: 9679: 9673: 9660: 9654: 9641: 9635: 9622: 9616: 9603: 9597: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9576: 9563: 9557: 9544: 9538: 9525: 9519: 9500: 9487: 9481: 9468: 9462: 9449: 9443: 9430: 9403: 9397: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372:, p. xxii 9370:Carpenter 2020 9362: 9350: 9343: 9325: 9309: 9302: 9296:. p. 28. 9280: 9268: 9253: 9241: 9225: 9210: 9194: 9181: 9174:Carpenter 2004 9166: 9161:, p. 12; 9157:, p. 50; 9147: 9131: 9124:Carpenter 1990 9116: 9104: 9097:Carpenter 1990 9089: 9077: 9061: 9057:Carpenter 2005 9045: 9039:, p. 79; 9035:, p. 86; 9025: 9009: 8976: 8964: 8949: 8937: 8921: 8917:Carpenter 2004 8909: 8890: 8871: 8860:Carpenter 2004 8848: 8842:, p. 53; 8829: 8821:Carpenter 2004 8809: 8797: 8781: 8769: 8757: 8753:Carpenter 2004 8738: 8726: 8722:Carpenter 2004 8710: 8706:Carpenter 2004 8694: 8686:Carpenter 2004 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8630: 8618: 8606: 8594: 8588:, p. 132 8578: 8566: 8551: 8539: 8527: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8387: 8372: 8368:Carpenter 2004 8356: 8344: 8332: 8320: 8308: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8257: 8245: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8142:Carpenter 2004 8134: 8122: 8110: 8098: 8082: 8078:Carpenter 2004 8066: 8054: 8042: 8026: 8014: 7998: 7994:Carpenter 1996 7982: 7963: 7959:Carpenter 1996 7951: 7939: 7935:Carpenter 1996 7927: 7923:Carpenter 2004 7911: 7907:Carpenter 2004 7895: 7891:Carpenter 2004 7879: 7867: 7863:Carpenter 2004 7851: 7839: 7827: 7823:Carpenter 2004 7815: 7811:Carpenter 2004 7809:, p. 13; 7799: 7787: 7771: 7759: 7740: 7736:Carpenter 2004 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7664: 7659:, p. 12; 7653:Carpenter 1996 7645: 7641:Carpenter 2005 7633: 7625:Carpenter 2004 7617: 7606:Carpenter 2004 7598: 7586:Carpenter 2004 7578: 7562: 7543: 7538:, p. 63; 7528: 7519:, p. 63; 7509: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7454: 7438: 7434:Carpenter 2004 7426: 7422:Carpenter 2004 7420:, p. 51; 7410: 7406:Carpenter 2004 7404:, p. 84; 7394: 7390:Carpenter 2004 7382: 7378:Carpenter 2004 7376:, p. 85; 7366: 7362:Carpenter 2004 7360:, p. 84; 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7298:Carpenter 2004 7290: 7283:Carpenter 2004 7275: 7271:Carpenter 2004 7263: 7259:Carpenter 2004 7251: 7247:Carpenter 2004 7235: 7231:Carpenter 2004 7229:, p. 82; 7219: 7215:Carpenter 2004 7204: 7188: 7176: 7170:, p. 90; 7160: 7148: 7142:, p. 18; 7132: 7120: 7108: 7093: 7081: 7065: 7050: 7046:Maddicott 2004 7038: 7033:, p. 11; 7018: 7003: 6995:Carpenter 2004 6987: 6975: 6959: 6947: 6931: 6919: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6807:, p. 45; 6797: 6774: 6768:, p. 57; 6758: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6690:Carpenter 2004 6682: 6670: 6668:, pp. 1–2 6658: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6599: 6580: 6565: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6497: 6485: 6470: 6454: 6437: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6334: 6330:Carpenter 2004 6322: 6314:Carpenter 2004 6306: 6294: 6279: 6277:, pp. 189 6267: 6265:, pp. 7–9 6255: 6249:, p. 28; 6247:Carpenter 2005 6239: 6235:Carpenter 2005 6227: 6215: 6210:, p. 97; 6208:Carpenter 1996 6200: 6188: 6181:Carpenter 2004 6169: 6165:Carpenter 2004 6150: 6144:, p. 19; 6134: 6128:, p. 19; 6114: 6108:, p. 19; 6094: 6090:Carpenter 1996 6082: 6066: 6054: 6048:, p. 66; 6035: 6031:Carpenter 1996 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5971:Carpenter 1996 5959: 5955:Carpenter 1996 5943: 5939:Carpenter 1996 5931: 5915: 5911:Carpenter 1996 5903: 5899:Carpenter 2004 5891: 5887:Carpenter 1996 5883:Carpenter 2004 5875: 5868:Carpenter 2004 5860: 5856:Carpenter 1996 5848: 5844:Carpenter 1996 5836: 5832:Carpenter 1996 5824: 5820:Carpenter 2004 5816:Carpenter 1996 5808: 5793: 5791:, pp. 2–3 5781: 5777:Carpenter 2004 5769: 5765:Carpenter 1996 5757: 5750:Carpenter 1996 5742: 5738:Carpenter 1990 5730: 5723:Carpenter 1996 5712: 5705:Carpenter 2004 5701:Carpenter 1996 5693: 5678: 5674:Carpenter 1990 5666: 5662:Carpenter 1990 5654: 5650:Carpenter 2004 5639: 5637:, pp. 338 5635:Carpenter 2004 5627: 5623:Carpenter 2004 5612: 5608:Carpenter 2004 5597: 5593:Carpenter 2004 5576: 5572:Carpenter 2004 5564: 5560:Carpenter 2004 5549: 5545:Carpenter 2004 5534: 5530:Carpenter 2004 5522: 5518:Carpenter 2004 5510: 5503:Carpenter 2004 5492: 5480: 5465: 5455:, p. 94; 5451:, p. 94; 5437: 5425: 5413: 5398: 5394:Carpenter 1990 5386: 5382:Carpenter 1990 5374: 5370:Carpenter 2004 5366:Carpenter 1990 5358: 5354:Carpenter 2004 5350:Carpenter 1990 5342: 5338:Carpenter 2004 5334:Carpenter 1990 5326: 5318:Carpenter 1990 5310: 5306:Carpenter 1990 5298: 5294:Carpenter 1990 5286: 5270: 5262:Carpenter 2004 5258:Carpenter 1990 5250: 5243:Carpenter 2004 5239:Carpenter 1990 5231: 5227:Carpenter 1990 5219: 5215:Carpenter 1990 5207: 5203:Carpenter 1990 5195: 5191:Carpenter 2004 5187:Carpenter 1990 5179: 5175:Carpenter 1990 5167: 5163:Carpenter 2004 5155: 5151:Carpenter 2004 5147:Carpenter 1990 5139: 5135:Carpenter 1990 5127: 5123:Carpenter 1990 5115: 5103: 5099:Carpenter 2004 5087: 5083:Carpenter 2004 5079:Carpenter 1990 5071: 5067:Carpenter 1990 5059: 5055:Carpenter 1990 5047: 5043:Carpenter 1990 5035: 5031:Carpenter 1990 5023: 5019:Carpenter 1990 5011: 5007:Carpenter 1990 4999: 4991:Carpenter 2004 4983: 4979:Carpenter 1990 4971: 4967:Carpenter 1990 4959: 4955:Carpenter 1990 4947: 4937:, p. 40; 4935:Carpenter 2004 4927: 4923:Carpenter 1990 4915: 4911:Carpenter 1990 4903: 4899:Carpenter 1990 4884: 4880:Carpenter 1990 4872: 4868:Carpenter 1990 4857: 4853:Carpenter 1990 4845: 4828: 4824:Carpenter 1990 4816: 4812:Carpenter 2004 4804: 4800:Carpenter 1990 4792: 4784:Carpenter 2004 4780:Carpenter 1990 4772: 4768:Carpenter 1990 4760: 4756:Carpenter 1990 4748: 4744:Carpenter 1990 4736: 4720: 4716:Carpenter 1990 4708: 4704:Carpenter 1990 4696: 4692:Carpenter 1990 4684: 4680:Carpenter 1990 4672: 4668:Carpenter 1990 4666:, p. 30; 4656: 4652:Carpenter 1990 4648:Carpenter 2004 4640: 4636:Carpenter 1990 4628: 4613: 4609:Carpenter 1990 4601: 4597:Carpenter 1990 4589: 4585:Carpenter 1990 4577: 4573:Carpenter 1990 4565: 4561:Carpenter 1990 4553: 4549:Carpenter 1990 4537: 4525: 4521:Carpenter 1990 4509: 4498:on 11 May 2012 4479: 4475:Carpenter 1990 4473:, p. 31; 4463: 4454:, p. 13; 4452:Carpenter 1990 4441: 4437:Carpenter 1990 4422: 4418:Carpenter 1990 4410: 4398: 4386: 4382:Carpenter 2004 4374: 4362: 4358:Carpenter 2004 4350: 4346:Carpenter 2004 4335: 4323: 4316:Carpenter 2004 4308: 4299:, p. 97; 4297:Carpenter 1996 4286: 4242: 4230: 4225:, p. 46; 4215: 4209:, p. 46; 4199: 4187: 4175: 4171:Carpenter 1990 4162: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4142: 4133: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4048: 4015: 4006: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3919: 3909: 3895: 3885: 3872: 3862: 3849: 3839: 3808: 3799: 3789: 3779: 3758: 3749: 3716: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3622: 3620: 3609: 3607: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3390: 3388: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3163: 3152: 3150: 3139: 3137: 3130:Isabel Marshal 3122: 3120: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2606: 2603: 2591:Edith Pargeter 2469: 2466: 2395:William Stubbs 2380:Matthew Parker 2352: 2351:Historiography 2349: 2347: 2344: 2320:William Torell 2301:Eighth Crusade 2284: 2281: 2243: 2240: 2199:Mise of Amiens 2162:Main article: 2159: 2156: 2111: 2108: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 1994:Main article: 1991: 1988: 1926: 1923: 1910:Treaty of York 1844: 1841: 1790: 1787: 1727:, named after 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1585: 1582: 1539:Teutonic Order 1484:Passion Relics 1423: 1420: 1416:City of London 1351:Windsor Castle 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1127: 1124: 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1026:Bedford Castle 982:Bedford Castle 926: 923: 842:Lincoln Castle 833:English Church 801: 798: 766:Cardinal Guala 731:Walter de Gray 694: 691: 689: 686: 607:Western Europe 603:Angevin Empire 531:Angevin Empire 526: 523: 413:invaded Poitou 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 265: 264: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 233: 219: 218: 203: 197: 196: 194: 190: 189: 183: 181: 177: 176: 168: 164: 163: 154:1 October 1207 152: 148: 147: 144: 143: 141: 140: 132: 116: 115: 114: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 85: 84: 77: 69: 67: 61: 60: 54: 50: 49: 44: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12895: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12796: 12795: 12783: 12779: 12778: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12756: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12724: 12714: 12712: 12702: 12701: 12698: 12687: 12683: 12677: 12670: 12667: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12637: 12634: 12631: 12628: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12572: 12571:William (III) 12569: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12525: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12488: 12486: 12481: 12479: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12451: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12285: 12283: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12183: 12181: 12180:Alexander III 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12058: 12054: 12052: 12051: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12040: 12038: 12037: 12036:Constantine I 12033: 12031: 12030: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11782: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11718: 11716: 11711: 11709: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11631: 11627: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11601: 11597: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11480: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11434: 11429: 11425: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11372:Mary de Bohun 11369: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11356: 11352: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11320: 11316: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11224: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11163: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11079: 11075: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11006: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10992:Eudes FitzRoy 10991: 10988: 10986:Henry FitzRoy 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10839: 10835: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10742: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10722:Emma of Anjou 10720: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10656: 10654: 10649: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10638: 10629: 10620: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10525: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10463:0-413-45520-3 10459: 10455: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10419: 10415: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10329: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10257:History Today 10254: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10153: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9939: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9907:0-85115-325-9 9903: 9899: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9806: 9802: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9778:Goodall, John 9775: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9756: 9752: 9750:0-7131-6249-X 9746: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9714: 9712:0-85115-325-9 9708: 9704: 9699: 9695: 9693:0-85115-325-9 9689: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9522: 9520:1-85285-137-6 9516: 9512: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9497: 9493: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9384: 9371: 9366: 9359: 9354: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9318: 9317:John Marriott 9313: 9305: 9303:9781474402972 9299: 9295: 9292:. Edinburgh: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9266:, p. 466 9265: 9260: 9258: 9250: 9245: 9239:, p. 105 9238: 9234: 9229: 9222: 9217: 9215: 9207: 9206:Langmuir 1972 9203: 9202:Huscroft 2006 9198: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9178:Ridgeway 2004 9175: 9170: 9164: 9163:Ridgeway 2004 9160: 9156: 9151: 9144: 9140: 9139:Ridgeway 2004 9135: 9129: 9128:Ridgeway 2004 9126:, p. 5; 9125: 9120: 9114: 9113:Ridgeway 2004 9108: 9102: 9101:Ridgeway 2004 9098: 9093: 9087:, p. 261 9086: 9081: 9075:, p. 261 9074: 9070: 9069:Ridgeway 2004 9065: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9043:, p. 306 9042: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9023:, p. 194 9022: 9018: 9013: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8954: 8946: 8941: 8935:, p. 247 8934: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8906:Ridgeway 2004 8903: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8887:Ridgeway 2004 8884: 8880: 8875: 8869: 8868:Ridgeway 2004 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8844:Huscroft 2006 8841: 8836: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8765:Ridgeway 1988 8761: 8755:, p. 382 8754: 8750: 8745: 8743: 8735: 8730: 8724:, p. 381 8723: 8719: 8714: 8708:, p. 381 8707: 8703: 8698: 8692:, p. 155 8691: 8687: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8615: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8525:, p. 208 8524: 8520: 8515: 8509:, p. 337 8508: 8503: 8497:, p. 283 8496: 8491: 8485:, p. 283 8484: 8480: 8475: 8469:, p. 103 8468: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8445:, p. 100 8444: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8420: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8395:Huscroft 2006 8391: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8227: 8222: 8215: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8080:, p. 371 8079: 8075: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8052:, p. 156 8051: 8046: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7979:Ridgeway 2004 7976: 7972: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7943: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7909:, p. 347 7908: 7904: 7899: 7893:, p. 346 7892: 7888: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7865:, p. 347 7864: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7825:, p. 347 7824: 7819: 7813:, p. 347 7812: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7769:, p. 158 7768: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7745: 7738:, p. 347 7737: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7710:, p. 151 7709: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7662: 7661:Ridgeway 2004 7658: 7654: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7615: 7614:Ridgeway 2004 7611: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7576:, p. 123 7575: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7559:Ridgeway 2004 7556: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7540:Ridgeway 2004 7537: 7532: 7526: 7525:Ridgeway 2004 7522: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7506:Ridgeway 2004 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7468:, p. 220 7467: 7464:, p. 4; 7463: 7458: 7452:, p. 275 7451: 7447: 7442: 7436:, p. 367 7435: 7430: 7424:, p. 367 7423: 7419: 7414: 7408:, p. 328 7407: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7380:, p. 327 7379: 7375: 7370: 7364:, p. 327 7363: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7300:, p. 361 7299: 7294: 7288: 7287:Ridgeway 2004 7284: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7261:, p. 364 7260: 7255: 7249:, p. 364 7248: 7244: 7239: 7233:, p. 362 7232: 7228: 7223: 7217:, p. 362 7216: 7211: 7209: 7201: 7200:Ridgeway 1988 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7174:, p. 294 7173: 7169: 7168:Ridgeway 1988 7164: 7158:, p. 234 7157: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7128:Ridgeway 1988 7124: 7117: 7116:Ridgeway 1988 7112: 7105: 7104:Ridgeway 1988 7100: 7098: 7091:, p. 180 7090: 7085: 7078: 7075:, p. 9; 7074: 7069: 7063: 7062:Ridgeway 2004 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7035:Ridgeway 2004 7032: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7015: 7010: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6968: 6967:Ridgeway 1988 6963: 6956: 6955:Ridgeway 1988 6951: 6945:, p. 230 6944: 6940: 6935: 6929:, p. 101 6928: 6923: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6809:Ridgeway 2004 6806: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6772:, p. 27. 6771: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6696:, p. 168 6695: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6655:Ridgeway 2004 6652: 6648: 6643: 6637:, p. 173 6636: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6595:Langmuir 1972 6592: 6587: 6585: 6578:, p. 102 6577: 6576:Huscroft 2006 6572: 6570: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6546:Huscroft 2006 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6494: 6493:Huscroft 2006 6489: 6483: 6482:Ridgeway 2004 6479: 6474: 6467: 6464:, p. 3; 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6419:, p. 274 6418: 6413: 6407:, p. 273 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6359:, p. 261 6358: 6353: 6347:, p. 260 6346: 6341: 6339: 6332:, p. 464 6331: 6326: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6304:, p. 112 6303: 6298: 6292: 6291:Ridgeway 2004 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6225:, p. 230 6224: 6219: 6213: 6212:Ridgeway 2004 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6185:Ridgeway 2004 6182: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6162: 6161:Ridgeway 2004 6157: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6122:Spufford 1989 6118: 6112:, p. 155 6111: 6107: 6103: 6102:Spufford 1989 6098: 6091: 6086: 6080:, p. 153 6079: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6009:, p. 187 6008: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5985:, p. 184 5984: 5979: 5973:, p. 209 5972: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5872:Ridgeway 2004 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5846:, p. 105 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5822:, p. 356 5821: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5779:, p. 355 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5754:Ridgeway 2004 5751: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5727:Ridgeway 2004 5724: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5709:Ridgeway 2004 5706: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5676:, p. 409 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5652:, p. 353 5651: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5625:, p. 316 5624: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5595:, p. 315 5594: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5574:, p. 314 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5547:, p. 313 5546: 5541: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5520:, p. 310 5519: 5514: 5508: 5507:Ridgeway 2004 5504: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5478:, p. 267 5477: 5472: 5470: 5463:, p. 119 5462: 5458: 5457:Bradbury 1998 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5410:Ridgeway 2004 5407: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5384:, p. 389 5383: 5378: 5372:, p. 307 5371: 5367: 5362: 5356:, p. 307 5355: 5351: 5346: 5340:, p. 307 5339: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5247:Ridgeway 2004 5244: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5193:, p. 304 5192: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5165:, p. 305 5164: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5125:, p. 128 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5101:, p. 304 5100: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4945:, p. 237 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4843:, p. 173 4842: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4814:, p. 302 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4790:, p. 216 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4519:, p. 1; 4518: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4477:, p. 188 4476: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4460:Ridgeway 2004 4457: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4320:Ridgeway 2004 4317: 4312: 4306: 4305:Ridgeway 2004 4303:, p. 7; 4302: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4284: 4283:Ridgeway 2004 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4227:Ridgeway 2004 4224: 4219: 4213:, p. 230 4212: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4173:, p. 262 4172: 4167: 4163: 4146: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4034:'s daughter, 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4010: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3996:Thomas Fuller 3993: 3989: 3988:Matthew Paris 3983: 3974: 3965: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3931:at each mass. 3930: 3923: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3783: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3688: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3639: 3631: 3626: 3618: 3613: 3605: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3448: 3432: 3430: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3394: 3385:Earl of Derby 3382: 3350: 3343: 3313: 3310: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3278: 3248: 3240: 3209: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3174: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3118: 3104: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3037: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2953: 2951: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2875: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2840: 2808: 2789: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2718: 2716: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2674: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2557:The Red Saint 2554: 2553:Thomas Leland 2550: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2525:, as well as 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2502:Divine Comedy 2498: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2474:Matthew Paris 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2449:Barrie Dobson 2446: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Matthew Paris 2373: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2294: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248:sequestration 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230:gathering at 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2141:Pope Urban IV 2137: 2133: 2130: 2121: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1914:Alexander III 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1795:Saintonge War 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1760:Rett syndrome 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1656: 1654: 1653:Jewish badges 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:touching them 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1269: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1193: 1188: 1177:Henry as king 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137:Merton Priory 1133: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992:, a powerful 991: 983: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955: 953: 952:Welsh Marches 949: 945: 941: 931: 922: 920: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:siege engines 888: 883: 880: 871: 867: 862: 858: 855: 854:took the city 851: 847: 843: 837: 834: 830: 826: 819: 818:Matthew Paris 815: 811: 806: 797: 795: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 685: 683: 679: 674: 670: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625:, across the 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 536: 532: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 472:King Louis IX 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 387:. He married 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 275: 272: 270: 266: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 234: 231: 230: 224: 220: 200: 195: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 165: 162: 159:, Hampshire, 158: 153: 149: 145: 139: 136: 133: 131: 128: 125: 124: 120: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 83: 78: 76: 71: 70: 68: 66: 62: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 12792: 12780:from Commons 12775: 12754: 12635: 12456: 12435:Elizabeth II 12363: 12279: 12206: 12184: 12175:Alexander II 12092: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12002: 11991: 11921: 11914: 11897: 11885: 11858: 11821: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11647:Anne Neville 11615: 11533:Mary of York 11024: 10998:Maud FitzRoy 10983:John FitzRoy 10939: 10608: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10513: 10491: 10472: 10453: 10432: 10413: 10394: 10372: 10351: 10332: 10315: 10311: 10288: 10269: 10260: 10256: 10234: 10212:, retrieved 10208:the original 10193: 10170: 10151: 10132: 10113: 10094: 10075: 10056: 10034: 10001: 9997: 9975: 9956: 9937: 9916: 9897: 9878: 9859: 9838: 9819: 9800: 9781: 9759: 9740: 9721: 9702: 9683: 9664: 9645: 9626: 9607: 9588: 9567: 9548: 9529: 9510: 9491: 9472: 9453: 9434: 9418: 9414: 9388: 9380:Bibliography 9365: 9360:, p. 72 9353: 9334: 9328: 9320: 9312: 9289: 9283: 9271: 9244: 9228: 9197: 9189: 9184: 9169: 9150: 9145:, p. 12 9134: 9119: 9107: 9092: 9080: 9064: 9059:, p. 29 9048: 9028: 9021:Vincent 2006 9012: 9001:, retrieved 8997:the original 8992: 8979: 8967: 8962:, p. 75 8947:, p. 74 8940: 8924: 8912: 8893: 8874: 8851: 8812: 8800: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8729: 8713: 8697: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8581: 8569: 8542: 8530: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8474: 8462: 8450: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8402: 8390: 8385:, p. 53 8359: 8347: 8342:, p. 84 8335: 8323: 8311: 8299: 8294:, p. 73 8287: 8282:, p. 77 8275: 8248: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8180:, p. 47 8173: 8168:, p. 46 8161: 8149: 8137: 8125: 8113: 8108:, p. 33 8101: 8096:, p. 25 8085: 8069: 8064:, p. 24 8057: 8045: 8029: 8024:, p. 21 8017: 8012:, p. 20 8001: 7996:, p. 99 7985: 7966: 7961:, p. 99 7954: 7947:Tyerman 1996 7942: 7930: 7914: 7898: 7882: 7870: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7802: 7797:, p. 13 7790: 7785:, p. 13 7774: 7762: 7757:, p. 13 7727: 7715: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7674:, p. 14 7667: 7648: 7636: 7620: 7601: 7596:, p. 12 7581: 7574:Tyerman 1996 7565: 7555:Tyerman 1996 7546: 7531: 7512: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7466:Clanchy 1998 7457: 7441: 7429: 7413: 7397: 7385: 7369: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7238: 7222: 7191: 7179: 7163: 7151: 7140:Vincent 2006 7135: 7130:, p. 85 7123: 7111: 7089:Vincent 2007 7084: 7079:, p. 18 7077:Vincent 2006 7068: 7053: 7041: 7016:, p. 11 6990: 6978: 6962: 6957:, p. 81 6950: 6934: 6922: 6917:, p. 64 6891: 6886:, p. 35 6879: 6874:, p. 30 6867: 6855: 6850:, p. 45 6839: 6827: 6815: 6800: 6795:, p. 57 6761: 6756:, p. 24 6749: 6737: 6732:, p. 15 6725: 6713: 6708:, p. 14 6701: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6602: 6563:, p. 52 6548:, p. 96 6541: 6529: 6524:, p. 51 6517: 6488: 6473: 6468:, p. 49 6457: 6452:, p. 37 6450:Hillaby 2003 6435:, p. 37 6433:Hillaby 2003 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6325: 6318:Senocak 2012 6309: 6302:Tyerman 1996 6297: 6282: 6275:Vincent 2006 6270: 6263:Vincent 2006 6258: 6251:Vincent 2006 6242: 6237:, p. 28 6230: 6218: 6203: 6196:Vincent 2006 6191: 6177:Vincent 2006 6172: 6137: 6132:, p. 28 6117: 6097: 6085: 6069: 6064:, p. 20 6057: 6052:, p. 71 6026: 6019:Goodall 2011 6014: 6007:Goodall 2011 6002: 5995:Goodall 2011 5990: 5978: 5967:Goodall 2011 5962: 5951:Goodall 2011 5946: 5934: 5923:Vincent 2006 5918: 5906: 5894: 5878: 5863: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5811: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5745: 5733: 5696: 5669: 5657: 5630: 5567: 5525: 5513: 5483: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5361: 5345: 5329: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5284:, p. 20 5273: 5253: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5111:Vincent 2007 5106: 5095:Vincent 2007 5090: 5074: 5069:, p. 62 5062: 5050: 5038: 5033:, p. 51 5026: 5014: 5002: 4995:McGlynn 2013 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4943:McGlynn 2013 4930: 4918: 4906: 4901:, p. 44 4875: 4870:, p. 42 4848: 4826:, p. 41 4819: 4807: 4795: 4788:McGlynn 2013 4775: 4770:, p. 36 4763: 4751: 4739: 4732:Tyerman 1996 4728:McGlynn 2013 4723: 4711: 4706:, p. 27 4699: 4694:, p. 25 4687: 4675: 4659: 4643: 4638:, p. 19 4631: 4624:McGlynn 2013 4611:, p. 17 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4563:, p. 16 4556: 4551:, p. 13 4540: 4528: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4496:the original 4491: 4482: 4466: 4456:McGlynn 2013 4439:, p. 13 4413: 4408:, p. 30 4401: 4389: 4377: 4372:, p. 73 4370:McGlynn 2013 4365: 4353: 4326: 4311: 4301:Vincent 2006 4240:, p. 47 4233: 4218: 4202: 4197:, p. 45 4190: 4178: 4166: 4145: 4136: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4060: 4018: 4009: 3999: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3922: 3912: 3898: 3888: 3875: 3865: 3852: 3842: 3802: 3792: 3782: 3774: 3761: 3752: 3719: 3706: 3102: 2643: 2608: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2537: 2535: 2500: 2486: 2471: 2454:antisemitism 2442: 2424: 2408: 2404:Kate Norgate 2399:William Hunt 2392: 2369: 2328: 2324:naturalistic 2305: 2298: 2273: 2269: 2245: 2228: 2216: 2203: 2195: 2190:River Thames 2187: 2183: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2134: 2129:peace treaty 2125: 2100: 2093: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2022: 1984: 1971: 1959: 1955:Frederick II 1943: 1906:Alexander II 1899: 1892:. The local 1890:native Irish 1887: 1880: 1873: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1813: 1764: 1741: 1718: 1710: 1695: 1646: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1604:antisemitism 1593: 1567: 1555: 1500: 1472: 1437: 1404:gold pennies 1388: 1382: 1380:, inscribed 1336: 1327:John Goodall 1323: 1279: 1256: 1248: 1237: 1221: 1217:patron saint 1205: 1196: 1160: 1145: 1129: 1105: 1094: 1090: 1085:Earl of Kent 1081: 1041: 1034: 1022: 987: 968:royal forest 956: 936: 911: 884: 875: 846:Dover Castle 838: 822: 790: 763: 720: 712:papal legate 699:Corfe Castle 696: 659: 596: 585: 538: 476: 453: 401:patron saint 382: 370:the invasion 305: 301: 300: 227: 137: 129: 118: 18: 12823:1272 deaths 12818:1207 births 12735:Middle Ages 12684:• ** Also 12671:(1465–1469) 12665:(1355–1364) 12659:(1332–1350) 12544:Richard III 12440:Charles III 12425:Edward VIII 12155:Alexander I 12135:Malcolm III 12110:Kenneth III 12010:Elizabeth I 11972:Richard III 11306:Joan Skerne 10263:(7): 94–97. 10253:Saul, Nigel 9358:Howell 1992 9264:Fritts 2008 9221:Stacey 1988 9155:Beeler 1972 9053:Howell 2001 9041:Howell 2001 9033:Stacey 1997 9017:Howell 2001 8984:Goebel 2007 8933:Howell 2001 8902:Howell 2001 8898:Jobson 2012 8883:Howell 2001 8879:Jobson 2012 8864:Howell 2001 8856:Jobson 2012 8840:Stacey 2003 8825:Howell 2001 8817:Jobson 2012 8805:Jobson 2012 8793:Howell 2001 8789:Jobson 2012 8777:Jobson 2012 8749:Jobson 2012 8734:Jobson 2012 8718:Jobson 2012 8702:Jobson 2012 8690:Jobson 2012 8674:Jobson 2012 8662:Jobson 2012 8650:Jobson 2012 8638:Jobson 2012 8626:Jobson 2012 8614:Jobson 2012 8586:Jobson 2012 8574:Jobson 2012 8562:Jobson 2012 8547:Jobson 2012 8535:Jobson 2012 8523:Howell 2001 8519:Jobson 2012 8479:Jobson 2012 8467:Jobson 2012 8455:Jobson 2012 8443:Jobson 2012 8419:Jobson 2012 8407:Jobson 2012 8383:Stacey 2003 8364:Jobson 2012 8352:Jobson 2012 8340:Jobson 2012 8328:Jobson 2012 8316:Jobson 2012 8304:Jobson 2012 8292:Jobson 2012 8280:Jobson 2012 8268:Jobson 2012 8253:Jobson 2012 8241:Jobson 2012 8226:Jobson 2012 8214:Jobson 2012 8202:Jobson 2012 8190:Jobson 2012 8178:Jobson 2012 8166:Jobson 2012 8154:Jobson 2012 8130:Jobson 2012 8118:Jobson 2012 8106:Jobson 2012 8094:Jobson 2012 8090:Howell 2001 8074:Jobson 2012 8062:Jobson 2012 8050:Howell 2001 8038:Jobson 2012 8034:Howell 2001 8022:Jobson 2012 8010:Jobson 2012 8006:Howell 2001 7990:Howell 2001 7975:Howell 2001 7971:Jobson 2012 7919:Howell 2001 7903:Howell 2001 7887:Weiler 2012 7875:Weiler 2012 7859:Weiler 2012 7847:Weiler 2012 7835:Weiler 2012 7807:Jobson 2012 7795:Jobson 2012 7783:Jobson 2012 7779:Weiler 2012 7767:Weiler 2012 7755:Jobson 2012 7751:Weiler 2012 7732:Weiler 2012 7720:Weiler 2012 7708:Weiler 2012 7696:Weiler 2012 7684:Weiler 2012 7672:Weiler 2012 7657:Jobson 2012 7594:Jobson 2012 7570:Weiler 2012 7551:Weiler 2012 7521:Weiler 2012 7492:, p. 4 7490:Weiler 2012 7478:Weiler 2012 7462:Weiler 2012 7446:Aurell 2003 7418:Davies 2006 7402:Davies 2006 7374:Davies 2006 7358:Davies 2006 7243:Davies 2006 7227:Davies 2006 7196:Jobson 2012 7184:Jobson 2012 7172:Aurell 2003 7156:Aurell 2003 7144:Howell 2001 7073:Jobson 2012 7058:Jobson 2012 7031:Jobson 2012 7014:Jobson 2012 7001:, p. 8 6999:Jobson 2012 6985:, p. 8 6983:Jobson 2012 6973:, p. 8 6971:Jobson 2012 6939:Howell 2001 6927:Howell 2001 6915:Howell 1992 6911:Howell 2001 6896:Howell 2001 6884:Howell 2001 6872:Howell 2001 6860:Howell 2001 6848:Howell 2001 6844:Howell 1992 6832:Howell 1992 6820:Howell 1992 6805:Howell 2001 6793:Howell 1992 6770:Howell 2001 6766:Howell 1992 6754:Howell 2001 6742:Howell 2001 6730:Howell 2001 6718:Howell 2001 6706:Howell 2001 6694:Howell 2001 6678:Howell 2001 6666:Howell 2001 6651:Howell 2001 6647:Weiler 1999 6635:Weiler 1999 6623:Stacey 2003 6611:Stacey 2003 6561:Stacey 2003 6522:Stacey 2003 6478:Stacey 2003 6466:Stacey 2003 6462:Jobson 2012 6429:Stacey 2003 6393:Weiler 2012 6287:Robson 2010 6146:Bolton 2012 6142:Eaglen 1992 6130:Jobson 2012 6126:Eaglen 1992 6110:Bolton 2012 6106:Eaglen 1992 6078:Bolton 2012 6074:Eaglen 1992 6062:Eaglen 1992 6050:Weiler 2012 5929:, p. 2 5927:Weiler 2012 5806:, p. 3 5804:Jobson 2012 5789:Jobson 2012 5740:, p. 3 5691:, p. 2 5689:Jobson 2012 5453:Turner 2009 5423:, p. 2 5421:Weiler 2012 5406:Hillen 2007 5282:Weiler 2012 4969:, p. 1 4939:Pounds 1994 4664:Aurell 2003 4523:, p. 1 4517:Weiler 2012 4502:16 February 4488:"Henry III" 4394:Warren 1991 3835:North Wales 2788:Geoffrey II 2648:Family tree 2583:Jean Plaidy 2316:tomb effigy 2236:Isle of Ely 2089:coup d'état 2018:papal tiara 1894:Irish kings 1876:South Wales 1821:Taillebourg 1692:, 1300–1308 1456:pilgrimages 1360:an elephant 1331:Westminster 1209:Anglo-Saxon 1156:South Wales 1048:Magna Carta 1038:Magna Carta 816:(left), by 673:Magna Carta 354:Magna Carta 332:. Cardinal 274:Plantagenet 173:Westminster 138:(1219–1227) 130:(1216–1219) 91:Predecessor 79:17 May 1220 12807:Categories 12624:Richard IV 12554:William II 12539:Richard II 12415:Edward VII 12405:William IV 12395:George III 12324:Charles II 12219:Robert III 12165:Malcolm IV 12140:Donald III 12115:Malcolm II 12100:Kenneth II 11982:Henry VIII 11942:Richard II 11937:Edward III 11871:William II 11844:Harthacnut 10622:1216–1272 10225:required.) 9276:Davis 2013 9249:Lewis 1987 9237:Davis 2013 9233:Lewis 1987 9159:Davis 2013 9143:Davis 2013 9085:Davis 2013 9073:Davis 2013 9037:Duffy 2003 8972:Duffy 2003 8960:Duffy 2003 8945:Duffy 2003 8929:Duffy 2003 7536:Maier 2003 7517:Maier 2003 7346:Frame 1992 7334:Frame 1992 7322:Frame 1992 7310:Frame 1992 6046:Kalof 2007 4471:Davis 2013 4406:Davis 2013 4238:Davis 2013 4223:Davis 2013 4207:Davis 2013 4195:Davis 2013 4183:Davis 2013 4158:References 2597:(1988) by 2589:(1979) by 2581:(1979) by 2569:(1927) by 2559:(1909) by 2551:(1762) by 2491:Purgatorio 2411:pipe rolls 2220:Kenilworth 2059:Revolution 2008:depicting 1515:Canterbury 1507:confessors 1492:Holy Cross 1412:gold coins 1370:Gold penny 1286:Hugh Bigod 1240:parliament 1238:The term " 1200:chancellor 1192:great seal 897:, Henry's 727:Canterbury 693:Coronation 621:, through 519:George III 378:the Church 65:Coronation 12723:Biography 12636:Henry III 12601:1144–1259 12584:1135–1144 12560:Robert II 12533:Richard I 12527:William I 12430:George VI 12400:George IV 12390:George II 12302:Charles I 12284:from 1603 12234:James III 12214:Robert II 12170:William I 12145:Duncan II 12073:Malcolm I 12063:Donald II 11987:Edward VI 11977:Henry VII 11962:Edward IV 11932:Edward II 11922:Henry III 11905:Richard I 11866:William I 11787:Æthelstan 11509:Edward IV 10545:Henry III 10539:Henry III 10454:King John 10214:17 August 10026:162262613 9003:17 August 8993:V & A 8431:Wild 2011 6943:Cole 2002 6223:Cole 2002 5461:Moss 2007 5449:Holt 1984 4211:Cole 2002 3929:sacrament 3767:justiciar 3649:Katherine 3103:Henry III 2772:Richard I 2638:Katherine 2539:King John 2507:purgatory 2388:Charles I 2332:canonised 2122:of France 1975:Alfonso X 1752:Katherine 1690:Katherine 1638:Dominican 1547:Cambridge 1464:St Albans 1356:menagerie 960:exchequer 899:justiciar 655:Richard I 553:wet nurse 545:King John 511:canonised 460:Lusignans 360:and then 322:King John 302:Henry III 101:Successor 46:(more...) 24:Henry III 12747:Monarchy 12613:Henry II 12608:Geoffrey 12549:Robert I 12514:911–1135 12503:Normandy 12420:George V 12410:Victoria 12385:George I 12254:James VI 12239:James IV 12229:James II 12202:David II 12197:Robert I 12186:Margaret 12120:Duncan I 12029:Donald I 11967:Edward V 11957:Henry VI 11947:Henry IV 11927:Edward I 11893:Henry II 11792:Edmund I 11781:Ælfweard 11739:monarchs 11733:Scottish 11687:Category 11605:Edward V 11543:Edward V 10628:Edward I 10393:(1996). 10055:(2004). 9998:Speculum 9780:(2011). 4001:Sir Hugh 3737:Portugal 3625:Beatrice 3612:Margaret 3590:Edward I 3155:Isabella 3092:Arthur I 2673:Henry II 2626:Beatrice 2620:Margaret 2614:Edward I 2295:, London 2226:ensued. 2120:Louis IX 2010:Louis IX 1902:Scotland 1775:Flanders 1771:Burgundy 1758:such as 1733:Beatrice 1725:Margaret 1686:Beatrice 1678:Margaret 1664:Marriage 1476:scrofula 1460:Bromholm 1422:Religion 1306:Lusignan 1302:Savoyard 1132:crusades 1112:Normandy 1108:Brittany 1097:Louis IX 1076:Brittany 1030:slighted 1018:Touraine 994:Poitevin 944:sheriffs 887:Sandwich 786:crusader 751:The Wash 635:Brittany 631:Normandy 615:Scotland 611:Henry II 565:Isabella 507:miracles 456:Poitevin 346:Sandwich 119:See list 105:Edward I 12711:England 12697:Portals 12669:Charles 12663:Charles 12589:Stephen 12565:Henry I 12338:Mary II 12244:James V 12224:James I 12160:David I 12125:Macbeth 12057:Eochaid 11952:Henry V 11887:Matilda 11881:Stephen 11876:Henry I 11737:British 11731:, 11729:English 11370:Wives: 11334:Wives: 11093:Wives: 10553:at the 10018:2856155 9421:: 7–64. 4036:Yolande 3959:Papacy. 3769:. 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