387:
468:, forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England's only legitimate constitutional authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution; their legal, constitutional view that it was unlawful was based on Charles' concessionary Act prohibiting the dissolution of Parliament without its own consent (on 11 May 1641, leading to the entire Commonwealth being the latter years of the
563:
706:. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. On 21 February 1660, Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament "secluded" by Pride, so that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March Lambert was sent to the Tower, from which he escaped a month later. Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "
638:, a sweeping constitutional reform which had two purposes. The first was to reserve for Parliament certain rights, such as a three-year fixed-term (which the Lord Protector was required to abide by) and to reserve for the Parliament the sole right of taxation. The second, as a concession to Cromwell, was to make the Lord Protector a hereditary position and to convert the title to a formal constitutional Kingship. Cromwell refused the title of King, but accepted the rest of the legislation, which was passed in final form on 25 May 1657.
347:, which replaced the Privy Council, took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy. It was selected by the Rump, and most of its members were MPs. However, the Rump depended on the support of the Army with which it had a very uneasy relationship. After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. It declared the people of England "and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging" to be henceforth under the governance of a "Commonwealth", effectively a republic.
43:
481:
1931:
134:
120:
695:. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On 26 October a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a large force to meet
630:; all of England was divided into ten regions, each was governed directly by one of Cromwell's Major-Generals, who were given sweeping powers to collect taxes and enforce the peace. The Major-Generals were highly unpopular, a fact that they themselves noticed and many urged Cromwell to call another Parliament to give his rule legitimacy.
363:) who would not accept the need to bring the King to trial had been removed. Thus the Rump never had more than two hundred members (less than half the number of the Commons in the original Long Parliament). They included: supporters of religious independents who did not want an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the
253:. Not only did Cromwell's regime crumble into near anarchy upon his death and the brief administration of his son, but the monarchy he overthrew was restored in 1660, and its first act was officially to erase all traces of any constitutional reforms of the Republican period. Still, the memory of the Parliamentarian cause, dubbed the
634:
brought up for debate was the
Militia Bill, which was ultimately voted down by the House. As a result, the authority of the Major-Generals to collect taxes to support their own regimes ended, and the Rule of the Major Generals came to an end. The second piece of major legislation was the passage of the
641:
A second session of the
Parliament met in 1658; it allowed previously excluded MPs (who had been not allowed to take their seats because of Catholic and/or Royalist leanings) to take their seats, however, this made the Parliament far less compliant to the wishes of Cromwell and the Major-Generals; it
686:
and of the
Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. On 9 June he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. However, his power was undermined in parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the preâCivil War parliament.
633:
Unlike the prior
Parliament, which had been open to all eligible males in the Commonwealth, the new elections specifically excluded Catholics and Royalists from running or voting; as a result, it was stocked with members who were more in line with Cromwell's own politics. The first major bill to be
526:
Cromwell saw
Barebone's Parliament as a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. However, members were divided over key issues, only 25 had previous parliamentary experience, and although many had some legal training, there were
492:
The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which
Cromwell and the Army ruled alone. Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election, but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a "nominated assembly" which he believed would be
240:
In retrospect, the period of republican rule for
England was a failure in the short term. During the 11-year period, no stable government was established to rule the English state for longer than a few months at a time. Several administrative structures were tried, and several Parliaments called and
663:
and a return to the constitution of the
Commonwealth, while another preferred the existing constitution. As the parties grew increasingly quarrelsome, Richard dissolved it. He was quickly removed from power, and the remaining Army leadership recalled the Rump Parliament, setting the stage for the
658:
was summoned in late 1658 and was seated on 27 January 1659. Its first act was to confirm
Richard's role as Lord Protector, which it did by a sizeable, but not overwhelming, majority. Quickly, however, it became apparent that Richard had no control over the Army and divisions quickly developed in
401:
There were many disagreements amongst factions of the Rump. Some wanted a republic, but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government. Most of
England's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal government made up of regicides and upstarts. However, they were also
617:
by drawing up a set of 84 bills for consideration. The Parliament was freely elected (as free as such elections could be in the 17th century) and as such, the Parliament was filled with a wide range of political interests, and as such did not accomplish any of its goals. Having passed none of
514:
who wanted to be rid of Common Law and any state control of religion. The Moderates (approximately 60) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue. The Conservatives (approximately 40) wanted to keep the
574:, which had assumed the executive function formerly held by the King and his Privy Council, was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell on 20 April, and in its place a new council, filled with Cromwell's own chosen men, was installed. Three days after Barebone's Parliament dissolved itself, the
409:
Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, France and Spain had recognised England's new government.
367:; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the King; and later admissions, such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King.
737:
in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May. He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as
530:
Cromwell seems to have expected this group of amateurs to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the
761:
534:
in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell, who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. Barebone's Parliament was over.
654:, inherited the title, Lord Protector. Richard had never served in the Army, which meant he lost control over the Major-Generals that had been the source of his own father's power. The
578:
was adopted by Cromwell's council and a new state structure, now known historically as The Protectorate, was given its shape. This new constitution granted Cromwell sweeping powers as
626:
Having decided that Parliament was not an efficient means of getting his policies enacted, Cromwell instituted a system of direct military rule of England during a period known as the
1966:
597:. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government" and decreed that a new "
2769:
1388:
378:. This left the Rump as basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them.
406:. High taxes, mainly to pay the Army, were resented by the gentry. Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.
1361:
874:
1393:
849:
804:
1959:
2764:
1252:
1381:
386:
692:
426:
was repealed in September 1650. Mainly on the insistence of the Army, many independent churches were tolerated, although everyone still had to pay
171:
335:
on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. With the abolition of the monarchy,
190:. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, in the
1952:
766:
2779:
605:, should be placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" as "a badge of this Union".
499:
was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentries as being an assembly of inferior people. Over 110 of its 140 members were lesser
433:
Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure; for example, all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in
1371:
390:
A 21st-century edition of the Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State enacted on 19 May 1649
2809:
1196:
733:, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of
582:, an office which ironically had much the same role and powers as the King had under the monarchy, a fact not lost on Cromwell's critics.
2754:
1025:
982:
939:
598:
889:
2749:
2744:
241:
seated, but little in the way of meaningful, lasting legislation was passed. The only force keeping it together was the personality of
374:, though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than one-quarter of them were
1435:
237:â although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell's formal assumption of power in 1653.
510:
The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it. The Radicals (approximately 40) included a hard core of
2759:
2739:
2734:
2724:
1559:
2729:
1237:
1061:
2799:
842:"November 1650: An Act for turning the Books of the Law, and all Proces and Proceedings in Courts of Justice, into English"
2784:
1012:"March 1649: An Act for the abolishing the Kingly Office in England and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging",
771:
696:
594:
195:
865:
718:
who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. The Long Parliament dissolved itself on 16 March.
257:
by the soldiers of the New Model Army, lingered on. It would carry through English politics and eventually result in a
2804:
1744:
751:
699:, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms.
841:
1189:
827:
27 September 1650 "Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church" (
756:
48:
2814:
1777:
1425:
1376:
1276:
1259:
1017:
445:. This would have upset the gentry, who regarded the common law as reinforcing their status and property rights.
293:
191:
2794:
1837:
1455:
1450:
1420:
1247:
1001:"September 1650: Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church"
553:
456:. Laws were also passed banning the celebration of Easter and Christmas. This antagonised most of the gentry.
394:
For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from
1867:
1584:
655:
614:
557:
549:
226:
2626:
2589:
1714:
1604:
1445:
1410:
730:
593:
was issued by the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland, General
217:
of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", inaugurating the period now usually known as
2351:
1644:
1213:
1182:
683:
449:
234:
2340:
2774:
2636:
2314:
2282:
1872:
1684:
1659:
1654:
1574:
1514:
1232:
635:
627:
570:
Throughout 1653, Cromwell and the Army slowly dismantled the machinery of the Commonwealth state. The
1269:
691:
and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the
2789:
2631:
2426:
2371:
1979:
1734:
1724:
1649:
1619:
1579:
1519:
579:
465:
233:
in 1660. The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 â called by some the
2432:
2421:
2127:
1983:
1975:
1832:
1704:
1689:
1599:
1594:
1476:
575:
571:
507:, a Baptist merchant after whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname. Many were well educated.
496:
344:
336:
206:
187:
186:
on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a
167:
123:
2819:
2401:
2396:
2381:
2356:
1709:
1624:
1499:
729:, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the
258:
62:
20:
2063:
2580:
2465:
2411:
2386:
2361:
2346:
2218:
2053:
1887:
1757:
1719:
1664:
1564:
1440:
1281:
688:
562:
423:
281:
175:
2523:
974:
931:
2570:
2480:
2460:
2391:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2188:
2183:
2156:
2117:
2112:
1882:
1862:
1842:
1822:
1797:
1782:
1752:
1674:
1634:
1614:
1539:
1158:
1053:
897:
722:
642:
accomplished little in the way of a legislative agenda and was dissolved after a few months.
285:
2275:
2027:
1000:
2548:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2448:
2366:
2289:
2223:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2095:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1817:
1807:
1729:
1589:
1504:
1087:
1033:
734:
726:
613:
Cromwell and his Council of State spent the first several months of 1654 preparing for the
485:
332:
229:
was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, starting a process that led to the
324:
8:
2575:
2528:
2470:
2406:
2203:
2193:
2173:
2139:
1944:
1912:
1902:
1852:
1787:
1762:
1679:
1529:
1524:
1491:
1332:
1300:
1222:
956:
504:
202:
67:
2612:
2250:
2198:
2122:
1897:
1827:
1772:
1767:
1694:
1669:
1639:
1534:
1509:
1471:
1430:
1327:
1205:
1164:
702:
It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from
289:
230:
128:
1050:
Angles on the English-Speaking World, V.7: The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707â2007
2245:
2058:
1847:
1812:
1699:
1629:
1554:
1549:
1312:
1242:
1057:
711:
679:
511:
419:
277:
2106:
566:
Arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, used on the great seal from 1655 to 1659.
448:
The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as
2563:
2553:
2443:
2416:
2268:
2100:
2020:
2013:
1857:
1802:
1792:
1569:
1544:
1366:
1322:
1136:
1110:
651:
543:
356:
316:
222:
218:
178:. The republic's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a
97:
72:
2558:
2303:
2133:
2085:
2075:
2069:
1917:
1609:
1415:
1295:
1264:
1104:
710:" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. However, he was recaptured by Colonel
675:
660:
586:
480:
469:
398:
and Ireland. By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats.
360:
320:
310:
269:
242:
210:
183:
89:
621:
2656:
2543:
2500:
2454:
2239:
1935:
1481:
707:
674:
After the Grandees in the New Model Army removed Richard, they reinstalled the
340:
328:
273:
265:
254:
250:
245:, who exerted control through the military by way of the "Grandees", being the
214:
1077:
Coins from the Commonwealth of England period, 1649â1660, including halfcrowns
221:. After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son,
2718:
1356:
1351:
1307:
1227:
739:
500:
246:
2681:
2438:
1339:
1290:
179:
42:
2033:
2686:
2671:
2256:
1344:
1124:
645:
519:, since common law protected the interests of the gentry, and tithes and
403:
264:
The Commonwealth period is better remembered for the military success of
2661:
2651:
2641:
2228:
2090:
618:
Cromwell's proposed bills, he dissolved it as soon as law would allow.
442:
434:
890:"Parliament Week: A Cromwellian Act and Seal from the Cromwell Museum"
402:
aware that the Rump might be all that stood in the way of an outright
2676:
2646:
2233:
2208:
1174:
493:
easy for the Army to control since Army officers did the nominating.
364:
150:
was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when
2334:
2666:
2607:
2213:
2038:
762:
List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642â1660
715:
703:
520:
453:
395:
375:
163:
2584:
2490:
602:
591:
Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England
159:
151:
721:
On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck,
296:, which continued the policies of the Tudor and Stuart periods.
2376:
2324:
2048:
2043:
1076:
371:
2296:
622:
Rule of the Major-Generals and Second Protectorate Parliament
438:
427:
359:, all members of parliament (including most of the political
155:
475:
2080:
133:
1974:
1016:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911, pp.
119:
292:. In Ireland, the Commonwealth period is remembered for
805:
Wikisource:An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
742:. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.
659:
the Parliament. One faction called for a recall of the
343:, it had unchecked executive and legislative power. The
201:
In 1653, after dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the
1389:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979âpresent)
912:
646:
Richard Cromwell and the Third Protectorate Parliament
788:
786:
1394:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979âpresent)
441:. However, there were no widespread reforms of the
166:, were governed as a republic after the end of the
2770:States and territories disestablished in the 1660s
1014:Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642â1660.
864:
783:
650:On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son,
323:who did not support the political position of the
1005:Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642â1660
2716:
975:"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 30 May 1660"
608:
422:was retained, episcopacy was suppressed and the
951:
949:
932:"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 8 May 1660"
809:
767:Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
331:. Just before and after the execution of King
288:which marked the first step towards England's
1960:
1190:
503:or of higher social status; an exception was
946:
2527:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2765:States and territories established in 1649
2704:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
1967:
1953:
1197:
1183:
1026:"Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651â1660"
537:
381:
294:Cromwell's brutal subjugation of the Irish
41:
1436:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
1047:
998:
918:
887:
828:
687:On 12 October 1659 the Commons cashiered
585:On 12 April 1654, under the terms of the
476:Barebone's Parliament, JulyâDecember 1653
280:, the reformed Navy under the command of
249:and other senior military leaders of the
999:Firth, C. H.; Rait, R. S., eds. (1911),
561:
479:
385:
1048:Sevaldsen, JĂžrgen; et al. (2007),
1023:
862:
792:
276:. Besides resounding victories in the
2717:
1204:
866:"The Puritan War on Christmas 1642-60"
2780:Former countries in the British Isles
1948:
1178:
985:from the original on 9 December 2023.
942:from the original on 10 October 2023.
852:from the original on 9 December 2023.
664:return of the Monarchy a year later.
16:Republican rule in England, 1649â1660
1024:Schultz, Oleg, ed. (14 March 2010),
1011:
815:
2810:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
1052:, Museum Tusculanum Press, p.
888:Goldsmith, John (2 November 2011).
877:from the original on 9 August 2020.
772:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
595:George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle
13:
2755:1660 disestablishments in Scotland
1446:History of the politics of England
304:
14:
2831:
2750:1660 disestablishments in Ireland
2745:1660 disestablishments in England
1441:History of the economy of England
1070:
1929:
757:Flags of the English Interregnum
132:
118:
2760:1660 disestablishments in Wales
2740:1652 establishments in Scotland
2004:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1426:History of education in England
967:
196:Anglo-Scottish war of 1650â1652
192:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2735:1652 establishments in Ireland
2725:1649 establishments in England
2001:Monarchs of England until 1603
1421:Government in medieval England
924:
881:
856:
834:
821:
798:
682:was appointed a member of the
554:Second Protectorate Parliament
1:
992:
873:. Vol. 35, no. 12.
752:Anglo-Spanish War (1654â1660)
656:Third Protectorate Parliament
615:First Protectorate Parliament
609:First Protectorate Parliament
558:Third Protectorate Parliament
550:First Protectorate Parliament
114:
2730:1649 establishments in Wales
1411:English overseas possessions
669:
459:
350:
299:
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
2611:British monarchs after the
745:
454:strict observance of Sunday
430:to the established church.
231:restoration of the monarchy
10:
2836:
2785:Former countries in Europe
1238:Economy in the Middle Ages
636:Humble Petition and Advice
628:Rule of the Major-Generals
547:
541:
413:
308:
284:defeated the Dutch in the
18:
2699:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2539:
2522:
2518:
1995:
1991:
1926:
1743:
1490:
1464:
1403:
1212:
1155:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1101:
1094:
1084:
961:The Diary of Samuel Pepys
472:in their majority view).
127:
117:
109:
82:
55:
49:flags of the Commonwealth
40:
35:
30:
2805:Republicanism in England
1560:East Riding of Yorkshire
1477:Kingdom of Great Britain
1150:Commonwealth of England
1096:Commonwealth of England
1091:in England & Ireland
777:
599:Arms of the Commonwealth
576:Instrument of Government
572:English Council of State
523:were valuable property.
345:English Council of State
319:of those members of the
315:The Rump was created by
207:Instrument of Government
168:Second English Civil War
124:Second English Civil War
2800:Interregnum (1649â1660)
957:"Tuesday 23 April 1661"
863:Durston, Chris (1985).
538:Protectorate, 1653â1659
382:Issues and achievements
259:constitutional monarchy
227:Protectorate Parliament
63:Third English Civil War
31:Commonwealth of England
21:Commonwealth of Nations
2815:Scottish republicanism
1282:Black Death in England
979:British History Online
936:British History Online
846:British History Online
567:
527:no qualified lawyers.
489:
424:Act of Uniformity 1558
391:
176:execution of Charles I
2795:Interregnum (England)
829:Firth & Rait 1911
731:Convention Parliament
601:", incorporating the
565:
497:Barebone's Parliament
483:
450:closing down theatres
404:military dictatorship
389:
286:First Anglo-Dutch War
2581:William III & II
2146:Henry the Young King
2096:Edward the Confessor
2064:Ăthelred the Unready
727:Declaration of Breda
689:General John Lambert
2529:Union of the Crowns
1333:Glorious Revolution
1301:English Renaissance
1253:English unification
1223:Prehistoric Britain
831:, pp. 423â425)
684:Committee of Safety
505:Praise-God Barebone
464:Cromwell, aided by
158:, later along with
68:British Interregnum
47:One of the various
2613:Acts of Union 1707
2576:James II & VII
2269:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2054:Edgar the Peaceful
1936:England portal
1585:Greater Manchester
1472:Kingdom of England
1431:History of English
1248:Anglo-Saxon period
1206:History of England
1165:Stuart Restoration
1007:, pp. 423â425
568:
490:
392:
370:Most Rumpers were
182:", adopted by the
129:Stuart Restoration
2775:English Civil War
2712:
2711:
2695:
2694:
2598:
2597:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2059:Edward the Martyr
1942:
1941:
1313:English Civil War
1243:Sub-Roman Britain
1173:
1172:
1156:Succeeded by
1102:Succeeded by
1063:978-87-635-0702-8
900:on 18 August 2017
712:Richard Ingoldsby
680:Charles Fleetwood
512:Fifth Monarchists
420:Church of England
278:English Civil War
144:
143:
140:
139:
2827:
2790:Former republics
2604:
2603:
2564:Richard Cromwell
2554:The Protectorate
2544:James I & VI
2520:
2519:
2101:Harold Godwinson
2021:Edward the Elder
2014:Alfred the Great
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1645:Northamptonshire
1372:Second World War
1277:Late Middle Ages
1260:High Middle Ages
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1145:
1142:The Protectorate
1137:Richard Cromwell
1134:Preceded by
1121:Preceded by
1115:
1111:The Protectorate
1085:Preceded by
1082:
1081:
1066:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1032:, archived from
1030:Archontology.org
1020:
1008:
987:
986:
971:
965:
964:
963:. 24 April 2004.
953:
944:
943:
928:
922:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
896:. Archived from
885:
879:
878:
868:
860:
854:
853:
838:
832:
825:
819:
813:
807:
802:
796:
790:
652:Richard Cromwell
544:The Protectorate
223:Richard Cromwell
219:the Protectorate
188:Council of State
136:
122:
115:
102:
98:Richard Cromwell
94:
73:The Protectorate
45:
28:
27:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2691:
2618:
2594:
2559:Oliver Cromwell
2535:
2510:
2505:
2352:Constantine III
2261:
2086:Harold Harefoot
2076:Edmund Ironside
1987:
1982: and
1973:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1745:By city or town
1739:
1685:South Yorkshire
1660:Nottinghamshire
1655:North Yorkshire
1575:Gloucestershire
1515:Buckinghamshire
1510:City of Bristol
1486:
1460:
1416:English society
1399:
1398:
1377:Postwar Britain
1367:Interwar period
1362:First World War
1296:Elizabethan era
1265:Norman Conquest
1233:Medieval period
1208:
1203:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1105:Oliver Cromwell
1098:
1092:
1090:
1073:
1064:
1039:
1037:
1036:on 7 March 2016
995:
990:
973:
972:
968:
955:
954:
947:
930:
929:
925:
917:
913:
903:
901:
886:
882:
861:
857:
840:
839:
835:
826:
822:
814:
810:
803:
799:
791:
784:
780:
748:
676:Rump Parliament
672:
661:Rump Parliament
648:
624:
611:
587:Tender of Union
560:
546:
540:
478:
470:Long Parliament
466:Thomas Harrison
462:
416:
384:
353:
321:Long Parliament
313:
311:Rump Parliament
307:
305:Rump Parliament
302:
290:naval supremacy
270:Oliver Cromwell
243:Oliver Cromwell
211:Oliver Cromwell
184:Rump Parliament
113:
105:
100:
92:
90:Oliver Cromwell
78:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2820:Stuart England
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
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2747:
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2737:
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2700:
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2639:
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2629:
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2617:
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2600:
2599:
2596:
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2587:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
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2546:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2455:Edward Balliol
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Constantine II
2312:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:Edgar Ătheling
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
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1895:
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1885:
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1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1735:Worcestershire
1732:
1727:
1725:West Yorkshire
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Northumberland
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:City of London
1627:
1622:
1620:Leicestershire
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Greater London
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Cambridgeshire
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1482:United Kingdom
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:Social history
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
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1335:
1330:
1325:
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1240:
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1219:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:External links
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1045:
1021:
1009:
994:
991:
989:
988:
966:
945:
923:
919:Sevaldsen 2007
911:
880:
855:
833:
820:
808:
797:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
747:
744:
708:Good Old Cause
671:
668:
647:
644:
623:
620:
610:
607:
580:Lord Protector
542:Main article:
539:
536:
477:
474:
461:
458:
452:and requiring
415:
412:
383:
380:
352:
349:
341:House of Lords
329:New Model Army
309:Main article:
306:
303:
301:
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274:New Model Army
266:Thomas Fairfax
255:Good Old Cause
251:New Model Army
247:Major-Generals
215:Lord Protector
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2427:Alexander III
2425:
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2301:
2299:
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2292:
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2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:Constantine I
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
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2197:
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2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1916:
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1911:
1909:
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1901:
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1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
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1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Milton Keynes
1831:
1829:
1826:
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1819:
1816:
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1806:
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1715:West Midlands
1713:
1711:
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1705:Tyne and Wear
1703:
1701:
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1690:Staffordshire
1688:
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1683:
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1678:
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1673:
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1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Isle of Wight
1603:
1601:
1600:Hertfordshire
1598:
1596:
1595:Herefordshire
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
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1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
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1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
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1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Edwardian era
1355:
1353:
1352:Victorian era
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:Stuart period
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:Norman period
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Roman Britain
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
996:
984:
980:
976:
970:
962:
958:
952:
950:
941:
937:
933:
927:
921:, p. 39.
920:
915:
899:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
871:History Today
867:
859:
851:
847:
843:
837:
830:
824:
817:
812:
806:
801:
794:
789:
787:
782:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
741:
740:Oak Apple Day
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
678:in May 1659.
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421:
411:
407:
405:
399:
397:
388:
379:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:Presbyterians
358:
357:Pride's Purge
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:Privy Council
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Pride's Purge
312:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
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228:
224:
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96:
91:
88:
87:
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81:
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66:
64:
61:
60:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2703:
2682:Elizabeth II
2610:
2526:
2453:
2431:
2422:Alexander II
2339:
2302:
2295:
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1778:Christchurch
1710:Warwickshire
1625:Lincolnshire
1500:Bedfordshire
1340:Georgian era
1323:Protectorate
1318:Commonwealth
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1291:Tudor period
1163:
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1034:the original
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205:adopted the
203:Army Council
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180:Commonwealth
148:Commonwealth
147:
145:
110:
25:
2687:Charles III
2672:Edward VIII
2402:Alexander I
2382:Malcolm III
2357:Kenneth III
2257:Elizabeth I
2219:Richard III
1888:Southampton
1758:Bournemouth
1720:West Sussex
1665:Oxfordshire
1565:East Sussex
1345:Regency era
1328:Restoration
1128:in Scotland
1125:Covenanters
725:issued the
418:Though the
235:Interregnum
209:, by which
101:(1658â1659)
93:(1653â1658)
75:(1653â1659)
2719:Categories
2662:Edward VII
2652:William IV
2642:George III
2571:Charles II
2466:Robert III
2412:Malcolm IV
2387:Donald III
2362:Malcolm II
2347:Kenneth II
2229:Henry VIII
2189:Richard II
2184:Edward III
2118:William II
2091:Harthacnut
1883:Shrewsbury
1863:Portsmouth
1843:Nottingham
1823:Manchester
1798:Folkestone
1783:Colchester
1753:Birmingham
1675:Shropshire
1635:Merseyside
1615:Lancashire
1540:Derbyshire
1159:Charles II
1153:1659â1660
1099:1649â1653
1040:1 December
993:References
904:10 January
894:Culture 24
723:Charles II
548:See also:
532:status quo
517:status quo
443:common law
435:Law French
272:, and the
111:Chronology
2677:George VI
2647:George IV
2637:George II
2549:Charles I
2531:from 1603
2481:James III
2461:Robert II
2417:William I
2392:Duncan II
2320:Malcolm I
2310:Donald II
2234:Edward VI
2224:Henry VII
2209:Edward IV
2179:Edward II
2169:Henry III
2152:Richard I
2113:William I
2034:Ăthelstan
1908:Worcester
1893:St Albans
1878:Sheffield
1873:Rochester
1838:Newcastle
1818:Maidstone
1808:Liverpool
1730:Wiltshire
1590:Hampshire
1505:Berkshire
1492:By county
1144:1658â1659
1114:1653â1658
1088:Charles I
816:HMSO 1911
735:Charles I
670:1659â1660
521:advowsons
488:from 1653
460:Dismissal
376:regicides
365:Levellers
351:Structure
333:Charles I
300:1649â1653
213:was made
83:Leader(s)
56:Including
36:1649â1660
2667:George V
2657:Victoria
2632:George I
2501:James VI
2486:James IV
2476:James II
2449:David II
2444:Robert I
2433:Margaret
2367:Duncan I
2276:Donald I
2214:Edward V
2204:Henry VI
2194:Henry IV
2174:Edward I
2140:Henry II
2039:Edmund I
2028:Ălfweard
1986:monarchs
1980:Scottish
1913:Worthing
1903:Wetherby
1853:Plymouth
1788:Coventry
1763:Brighton
1680:Somerset
1530:Cornwall
1525:Cheshire
1465:Polities
1214:Timeline
983:Archived
940:Archived
875:Archived
850:Archived
746:See also
716:regicide
704:Scotland
396:Scotland
339:and the
325:Grandees
194:and the
170:and the
164:Scotland
2585:Mary II
2491:James V
2471:James I
2407:David I
2372:Macbeth
2304:Eochaid
2199:Henry V
2134:Matilda
2128:Stephen
2123:Henry I
1984:British
1978:,
1976:English
1898:Torquay
1868:Reading
1828:Margate
1773:Chester
1768:Bristol
1695:Suffolk
1670:Rutland
1640:Norfolk
1535:Cumbria
693:Speaker
603:Saltire
484:A gold
414:Reforms
327:in the
160:Ireland
152:England
131:(1660)
2496:Mary I
2377:Lulach
2341:AmlaĂb
2335:Cuilén
2325:Indulf
2251:Philip
2246:Mary I
2049:Eadwig
2044:Eadred
1848:Oxford
1813:London
1700:Surrey
1555:Durham
1550:Dorset
1404:Topics
1060:
589:, the
556:, and
501:gentry
428:tithes
372:gentry
225:, the
2397:Edgar
2297:Giric
2163:Louis
2070:Sweyn
1858:Poole
1803:Leeds
1793:Dover
1570:Essex
1545:Devon
1456:Riots
1018:18â20
778:Notes
486:Unite
439:Latin
172:trial
156:Wales
2627:Anne
2590:Anne
2583:and
2439:John
2248:and
2240:Jane
2157:John
2081:Cnut
1918:York
1610:Kent
1451:Wars
1123:The
1058:ISBN
1042:2012
906:2015
714:, a
261:.
174:and
162:and
154:and
146:The
2330:Dub
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437:or
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