Commonwealth of Nations

8850: 8842: 4804:. The debt was held in the form of British government securities and became known as "sterling balances". By 1950, India, Pakistan and Ceylon had spent much of their sterling, whilst other countries accumulated more. The sterling area included all of the Commonwealth except for Canada, together with some smaller countries especially in the Persian Gulf. They held their foreign-exchange in sterling, protecting that currency from runs and facilitating trade and investment inside the Commonwealth. It was a formal relationship with fixed exchange rates, periodic meetings at Commonwealth summits to coordinate trade policy, and domestic economic policies. The United Kingdom ran a trade surplus, and the other countries were mostly producers of raw materials sold to the United Kingdom. The commercial rationale was gradually less attractive to the Commonwealth; however, access to the growing London capital market remained an important advantage to the newly independent nations. As the United Kingdom moved increasingly close to Europe, however, the long-term ties began to be in doubt. 1793: 4848:, with Gregory Johnson describing it as "the last gasp of empire". Australia and New Zealand were generally opposed to the United Kingdom's entry and exerted considerable influence on the eventual terms of accession in 1972, for which the United Kingdom agreed to transitional arrangements and monetary compensation to protect important export markets. Russell Ward summarises the period in economic terms: "In fact the United Kingdom, as Australia's chief trading partner, was being very rapidly replaced just at this time by the United States and an economically resurgent Japan, but most people were scarcely aware of this.... It was feared that British entry into the Common Market was bound to mean abolition, or at least scaling down, of preferential tariff arrangements for Australians goods." 1275: 5581: 5600: 4836:. The United States, international agencies, and the Soviet Union became important players, and the British role receded. Whilst there was opposition to British entry into the EEC from many countries, such as Australia, others preferred the economic advantages brought by British access to the Common Market. The historic ties between the former dominion nations and the United Kingdom were rapidly fraying. The Canadian economy increasingly focused on trade with the United States, and not on trade with the United Kingdom or other Commonwealth nations. Internal Canadian disputes revolved around the growing American cultural and economic presence, and the strong force of 2102: 2226: 4898: 4145: 2386: 708: 2010: 5082: 2368:(CHRI) finding that "the state of governance and human rights in Rwanda does not satisfy Commonwealth standards", and that it "does not therefore qualify for admission". CHRI commented that: "It does not make sense to admit a state that already does not satisfy Commonwealth standards. This would tarnish the reputation of the Commonwealth and confirm the opinion of many people and civic organisations that the leaders of its governments do not really care for democracy and human rights, and that its periodic, solemn declarations are merely hot air." 3023: 205: 4984: 72: 2891:(EPG) panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms. The panel made 106 "urgent" recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth, the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law, democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states, recommendations for the repeal of 4079: 2906:, a member of the EPG, who told a press conference: "The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem. It's not a problem of hostility or antagonism, it's more of a problem of indifference. Its purpose is being questioned, its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states. The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat. It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth." 678: 2153: 1453: 3287: 309: 5264:, with the Caribbean nations in cricket and netball, and with the Indian subcontinent in cricket and hockey. Canada, by contrast, is dominated by North American sports, including baseball instead of cricket, basketball rather than netball, ice hockey rather than field hockey and Canadian football, rather than rugby union or league. Canada does, however, maintain small enthusiastic communities in all the more traditional Commonwealth sports, having reached the World Cup in each of them, and is the homeplace of the 87: 1287: 4310: 777: 4508: 2990: 861: 190: 58: 5752: 4013: 650: 4607: 902: 5323: 2398: 834: 5206: 4343: 4244: 792: 749: 2755: 4112: 3914: 3056: 693: 609: 218: 5738: 15591: 4211: 3089: 735: 231: 3815: 569: 387: 4882:; however, it is far from clear that this would either offer sufficient economic benefit to replace the impact of leaving the EU or be acceptable to other member states. Although the EU is already in the process of negotiating free trade agreements with many Commonwealth countries such as India and Canada, it took the EU almost ten years to come to an agreement with Canada, due to the challenge associated with achieving the necessary EU-wide approvals. 4749: 4706: 4376: 807: 4277: 3782: 763: 556: 15601: 3122: 244: 3683: 3353: 3188: 517: 335: 270: 4442: 4409: 3980: 3716: 3584: 3254: 821: 636: 530: 478: 348: 296: 3947: 3518: 3419: 623: 452: 413: 5361: 4640: 3848: 3617: 1940: 916: 582: 491: 1966:. The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits, meetings of ministers, consultative meetings and technical discussions; it assists policy development and provides policy advice, and facilitates multilateral communication amongst the member governments. It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth's fundamental political values. 4541: 3452: 3320: 3221: 3155: 875: 426: 322: 283: 257: 4673: 4574: 4046: 3650: 929: 888: 664: 504: 4178: 722: 374: 4475: 3881: 3749: 3551: 3386: 847: 595: 543: 465: 400: 361: 1659:

the nations in the Commonwealth and therefore they join. At the same time, it is made perfectly clear that each country is completely free to go its own way; it may be that they may go, sometimes go so far as to break away from the Commonwealth...Otherwise, apart from breaking the evil parts of the association, it is better to keep a co-operative association going which may do good in this world rather than break it.

5346:, one of the highest honours in literature, used to be awarded only to authors from Commonwealth countries or former members such as Ireland and Zimbabwe. Since 2014, however, writers of any nationality have been eligible for the prize providing that they write originally in English and their novels are published by established publishers in the United Kingdom. Today, the Commonwealth Foundation awards the annual 5289:

also more avowedly political than events like the Olympics, promoting what are seen as Commonwealth values; historically, a history of shared military endeavour was celebrated and promoted, parasport and disability sport is fully integrated, and the Commonwealth Games Federation has publicly backed the rights of LGBT people, despite the continuing criminalisation of homosexuality in many Commonwealth countries.

3485: 439: 2871:, which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference, stating, "We are committed to democracy, good governance, human rights, gender equality, and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation." The Commonwealth website lists its areas of work as: democracy, economics, education, gender, governance, human rights, law, small states, sport, sustainability, and youth. 5342:"to encourage and reward the upsurge of new Commonwealth fiction and ensure that works of merit reach a wider audience outside their country of origin". Prizes are awarded for the best book and best first book in the Commonwealth; there are also regional prizes for the best book and best first book in each of four regions. Although not officially affiliated with the Commonwealth, the prestigious annual 5170:

organisations who work with local government. Practitioner to practitioner support is at the core of CLGF's work across the Commonwealth and within the region, using CLGF's own members to support others both within and between regions. CLGF is a member of the Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments, the formal partner of the UN Major Group of Local Authorities.

1754:, a former French colony, joined the Commonwealth, despite never having been under British rule. Gabon was partially suspended from the Commonwealth in September 2023 following a military coup, with two years given by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group for the country to hold new elections before a full suspension of Commonwealth membership would be considered. 4961:. Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth, and in December 2008, stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries. Associate Membership, which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments, has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation's 40th Anniversary. The Foundation is headquartered in 2661:

suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities, including the Commonwealth Games. Fiji's suspension was lifted in September 2014. The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following

5121:. The CWGC is notable for marking the graves identically, regardless of the rank, country of origin, race, or religion of the buried. It is funded by voluntary agreement by six Commonwealth members, in proportion to the nationality of the casualties in the graves maintained, with 75% of the funding coming from the United Kingdom. 5628:. The Commonwealth leadership was criticized for admitting Gabon as a member at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda – a country with poor human rights record - despite the fact that Gabon had been governed for 56 years by the kleptocratic Bongo family, until they were overthrown in a coup in 2023. 2540:"self-representation in all Commonwealth meetings; full participation in debates and procedures, with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings, which is reserved for full members". The 5276:

character (in cricket, rugby league and rugby union). Indeed, said rivalries preserved close ties by providing a constant in international relationships, even as the Empire transformed into the Commonwealth. Externally, playing these sports is seen to be a sign of sharing a certain Commonwealth culture; the adoption of

1684:, and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth, new ideas were floated to prevent the United Kingdom from becoming isolated in economic affairs. British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than its trade with Europe. In 1956 and 1957, the British government, under Prime Minister 2579: 5619:

Whilst, due to their shared constitutional histories, most countries in the Commonwealth have outwardly similar legal and political systems, several of them – including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Nigeria, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Uganda – have experienced

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political power, was not accompanied by an application to remain. Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997, after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made. Fiji has since been suspended twice, with the first imposed

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In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that, to become a member of the Commonwealth, an applicant country should, as a rule, have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member; that it should comply with Commonwealth values, principles and priorities as set out in

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is an intergovernmental organisation, resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments, and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities. Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender

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In the end, two-thirds of the EPG's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups, an act described by one EPG member as having them "kicked into the long grass". There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner, instead a ministerial management

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We join the Commonwealth obviously because we think it is beneficial to us and to certain causes in the world that we wish to advance. The other countries of the Commonwealth want us to remain there because they think it is beneficial to them. It is mutually understood that it is to the advantage of

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had to ratify the statute for it to take effect. Newfoundland never did as due to economic hardship and the need for financial assistance from London, Newfoundland voluntarily accepted the suspension of self-government in 1934 and governance reverted to direct control from London. Newfoundland later

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cycle is the most visible demonstration of these sporting ties. The Games include standard multi-sports disciplines like athletics, swimming, gymnastics, and cycling, but also includes sports popular in the Commonwealth that are distinct to the Games such as netball, squash and lawn bowls. They are

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CLGF is unique in bringing together central, provincial and local spheres of government involved in local government policy and decision-making. CLGF members include local government associations, individual local authorities, ministries dealing with local government, and research and professional

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The Commonwealth Secretariat regulates formal accreditation with the Commonwealth through its Accreditation Committee. The admittance criteria includes upholding a commitment to the Commonwealth Charter. There are currently approximately 80 organisations holding formal accreditation. These include

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in 1997 ended the territory's status as a part of the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom. Non-sovereign states or regions are not permitted to become members of the Commonwealth. The government of China has not pursued membership. Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of

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New members must "as a general rule" have a direct constitutional link to an existing member. In most cases, this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom, but some have links to other countries, either exclusively or more directly (e.g., Bangladesh to Pakistan, Samoa to New Zealand,

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The post-war Commonwealth was given a fresh mission by Queen Elizabeth II in her Christmas Day 1953 broadcast, in which she envisioned the Commonwealth as "an entirely new conception – built on the highest qualities of the Spirit of Man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace".

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early 20th-century vision of a world empire that could combine Imperial preference, mutual defence and social growth. In addition, the United Kingdom's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited, especially with the losses of India and Singapore. Whilst British politicians at

1401:, the United Kingdom and its dominions agreed they were "equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". The term " 5679:

The Commonwealth has adopted a number of symbols that represent the association of its members. The English language is recognised as a symbol of the members' heritage; as well as being considered a symbol of the Commonwealth, recognition of it as "the means of Commonwealth communication" is a

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This shared sporting landscape has led to the development of friendly national rivalries between the main sporting nations that have often defined their relations with each other, and in the cases of India, Australia and New Zealand, have played a major part in defining their emerging national

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has shown that trade with another Commonwealth member is up to 50% more than with a non-member on average, with smaller and less wealthy states having a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth. At the 2005 Summit in Malta, the heads of government endorsed pursuing free trade amongst

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and the technical assistance programme (with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy). Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension, but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat. On 19 March 2014 Fiji's full

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Recalling that the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of independent and equal sovereign states, each responsible for its own policies, consulting and co-operating in the common interests of our peoples and in the promotion of international understanding and world peace, and influencing

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have called on the UK foreign secretary to request that the Commonwealth heads of government "consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy". Jersey has proposed that it be accorded

1688:, considered a "Plan G" to create a European free trade zone whilst also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth. The United Kingdom also considered inviting Scandinavian and other European countries to join the Commonwealth, so that it would become a major economic common market. 5318:

The shared history of British presence has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages, known as Commonwealth literature. The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (ACLALS) has 11 branches worldwide and holds an international conference every three years.

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The Commonwealth comprises 56 countries, across all inhabited continents. The members have a combined population of 2.4 billion people, almost a third of the world population, with 1.4 billion living in India, and 94% living in either Asia or Africa. After India, the next-largest

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The games are the Commonwealth's most visible activity and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held. There is controversy over whether the games—and sport generally—should be involved in the Commonwealth's wider political concerns. The 1977

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countries. It was often used in debates regarding immigration from these countries. The United Kingdom and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the Old Commonwealth, or more pointedly as the 'white Commonwealth', in reference to what had been known as the 'White Dominions'.

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South Sudanese politicians have expressed interest in joining the Commonwealth. A senior Commonwealth source stated in 2006 that "many people have assumed an interest from Israel, but there has been no formal approach". Israel and Palestine are both potential candidates for membership.

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is seen as symbolic of the country's move towards Commonwealth membership. More broadly, Rwanda's membership of the Commonwealth has been credited with helping popularise cricket in the country, with both men and women playing it in orphanages, schools, universities and cricket clubs.

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pandemic, it was rescheduled to be held there in the week of 21 June 2021 before once again being postponed to 25-26 June 2022. It was accompanied by meetings of a Commonwealth Business Forum, a Commonwealth Youth Forum, a Commonwealth Women's Forum and a Commonwealth People's Forum.

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Commonwealth countries share a common culture which includes the English language, sports, legal systems, education and government. These commonalities are the result of the Commonwealth's heritage, having developed out of the British Empire. Symbols of the Commonwealth include the

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The land area of the Commonwealth nations is about 31,500,000 km (12,200,000 sq mi), or about 21% of the total world land area. The two largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 9,984,670 km (3,855,100 sq mi) and Australia at 7,617,930 km

2317:(CMAG), which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration. Also in 1995, an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership. Upon reporting in 1997, as adopted under the 6059:

They are autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of

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The Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) is a global local government organisation, bringing together local authorities, their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwealth. CLGF works with national and

2652:. At first, the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth. After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010, Fiji was "fully suspended" on 1 September 2009. The secretary-general of the Commonwealth, 2046:

to resident Commonwealth citizens. Some countries, including the United Kingdom, have preferential citizenship acquisition or residency policies for Commonwealth citizens. Initially, Commonwealth countries were not considered to be "foreign" to each other as their citizens were

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and Colonial Conferences, dating back to 1887. There are also regular meetings of finance ministers, law ministers, health ministers and others. Members in arrears, as special members before them, are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs.

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During the Second World War, the British Empire played a major role in supporting British finances. Foreign exchange reserves were pooled in London, to be used to fight the war. In effect the United Kingdom procured £2.3 billion, of which £1.3 billion was from

2428:'s recommendation. There are currently no members in arrears. The most recent member in arrears, Nauru, returned to full membership in June 2011. Nauru has alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth, depending on its financial situation. 1333:

on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the "first independent country within the British Empire". She declared: "So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations." As long ago as 18 January 1884

1958:, established in 1965, is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth, facilitating consultation and co-operation amongst member governments and countries. It is responsible to member governments collectively. The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the 5708:

commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states: Australia, Canada, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth's activities, aside from the

1623:, India agreed, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would remain in the Commonwealth and accept the British Sovereign as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth". Upon hearing this, King 1611:; in doing so, it also formally left the Commonwealth. Whilst Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s, other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties. The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a 2548:

have made calls of a similar nature for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth, including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings, including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. The

5106:, and maintains individual graves at another 20,000 sites around the world. The vast majority of the latter are civilian cemeteries in the United Kingdom. In 1998, the CWGC made the records of its buried available online to facilitate easier searching. 4828:

argues that joining Europe "constituted the most decisive step yet in the progress of severance of familial ties between the United Kingdom and its former Empire... It reduced the remaining links to sentimental and cultural ones, and legal niceties."

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from other Commonwealth countries. In particular, British embassies and consulates may provide assistance to Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries if their own country is not represented. Commonwealth citizens are eligible to apply for

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one-party rule, civilian or military dictatorships or destructive civil wars, and many still suffer from rampant corruption and poor governance despite the fact that the Commonwealth requires its members to be functioning democracies that respect

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would be a requirement for membership, leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa's re-application (which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic). The 14 points of the 1971

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with their own monarchs. Whilst some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, their monarchies developed differently and soon became essentially independent of the British monarchy. The monarch is regarded as a separate

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group was empowered with enforcement: the group includes alleged human rights offenders. It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced.

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as the means of Commonwealth communication, and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership. These requirements had undergone review, and a report on potential amendments was presented by the

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of over $ 9 trillion, 78% of which is accounted for by the four largest economies: India ($ 3.737 trillion), United Kingdom ($ 3.124 trillion), Canada ($ 1.652 trillion), and Australia ($ 1.379 trillion).

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Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan (227 million), Nigeria (213 million), Bangladesh (167 million), and the United Kingdom (68 million). Tuvalu is the smallest member, with about 12,000 people.

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Papua New Guinea to Australia, and Singapore to Malaysia). Mozambique, in 1995, was the first country to join without such a constitutional connection, leading to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines.

9036: 2575:(CMAG), which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration. Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers, although they remain members of the organisation. 5721:

Also to mark the 60th anniversary (Diamond Jubilee) of the Commonwealth in 2009, the Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned Paul Carroll to compose "The Commonwealth Anthem". The lyrics of the Anthem are taken from the 1948

9848: 4969:. Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place. The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding. 2179:, "Commonwealth soldiers are, and always will be, an important and valued part of the fabric of the British Army." Thousands of potential Commonwealth recruits have been turned away due to a lack of eligible vacancies. 4914:

Commonwealth countries share many links outside government, with over a hundred non-governmental organisations, notably for sport, culture, education, law, and charity claiming to operate on a Commonwealth-wide basis.

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to retain membership when it became a republic in 1950, although Ireland did not rejoin. Now, the majority of the Commonwealth members, including all those from Africa, are republics or have their own native monarch.

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of 1.7 million service personnel who died in the First and Second World Wars fighting for Commonwealth member states. Founded in 1917 (as the Imperial War Graves Commission), the commission has constructed 2,500

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South Africa was effectively barred from continuing as a member after it became a republic in 1961, due to hostility from many members, particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada, to its policy of racial

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In October 2010, a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights was published, leading to accusations that the Commonwealth was not being vocal enough on its core values.

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The close association amongst Commonwealth countries is reflected in the diplomatic protocols of the Commonwealth countries. For example, when engaging bilaterally with one another, Commonwealth governments exchange

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We may also help Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries where they do not have any diplomatic or consular representation, but will normally ask their nearest embassy to provide any ongoing assistance

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Each headstone contains the national emblem or regimental badge, rank, name, unit, date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by

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The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the

10407: 6524: 10316: 15844: 10347: 2902:. The failure to release the report, or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, was described as a "disgrace" by former British foreign secretary 2229:

The members of the Commonwealth shaded according to their political status. Commonwealth realms are shown in blue, whilst republics are shaded pink, and members with their own monarchies are displayed in

1819:. However, when the monarch dies, the successor to the crown does not automatically become the new head of the Commonwealth. Despite this, at their meeting in April 2018, Commonwealth leaders agreed that 5139:

to encourage the development and sharing of open learning/distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. COL is helping developing nations improve access to quality education and training.

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was signed by Queen Elizabeth II on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House, which opposes "all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, colour, creed, political belief or other grounds".

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The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016, citing Commonwealth's "punitive actions against the Maldives since 2012" after the allegedly forced resignation of Maldivian President

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The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth.

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that year. The Commonwealth provided technical assistance and training for a peacekeeping force prior to election, with Commonwealth observers significantly present during the election itself.

1507: 12047: 16018: 15890: 12831: 12178: 10980: 5051:, but were deliberately designed to be "the Friendly Games", with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage. 15998: 15854: 9729: 6749: 15925: 15920: 15880: 8812: 2733:

left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh, but rejoined on 2 August 1989. Zimbabwe's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of

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was established for pilots from across the Empire and Dominions, created by the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Troops from Australia, Britain, the

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in the 1960s, these constitutional principles were augmented by political, economic, and social principles. The first of these was set out in 1961, when it was decided that respect for

2051:. Citizenship laws have evolved independently in each Commonwealth country. For example, in Australia, for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions in the 10488: 16033: 9981: 8948: 1573:. Early enthusiasm waned as British policies came under fire at Commonwealth meetings. Public opinion became troubled as immigration from non-white member states became large-scale. 15940: 9922: 12147: 8977: 8516: 2668:

Most recently, during 2013 and 2014, international pressure mounted to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth, citing grave human rights violations by the government of President

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and deliberate misgovernment, and Zimbabwe's government terminated its membership in 2003. The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013, and rejoined on 8 February 2018.

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As membership is purely voluntary, member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth. The first state to do so was Ireland in 1949 following its decision to

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and the current membership guidelines. In 2009, Rwanda became the second country to be admitted to the Commonwealth not to have any constitutional links to Britain. It was a

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Many Commonwealth nations play similar sports that are considered quintessentially British in character, rooted in and developed under British rule or hegemony, including

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for no more than two four-year terms. The secretary-general and two deputy secretaries-general direct the divisions of the Secretariat. The present secretary-general is

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in exceptional circumstances to resident Commonwealth citizens who are unable to obtain valid travel documents from their countries of origin and must travel urgently.

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However, the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States. Furthermore, the loss of defence and financial roles undermined

13748: 5664: 2437: 10381: 6073: 10860: 10403: 10308: 6536: 12661: 10495: 10466: 10339: 10282: 12433: 9751: 2189:, though it is not a Commonwealth country, have historically fought alongside British and Commonwealth troops. They continue to be recruited by the British Army ( 9817: 8706: 8640: 8618:, although these claims are not widely recognised. The claims, which each include permanent research stations and together cover most of the continent, are the 96: 2751:

Although heads of government have the power to suspend member states from active participation, the Commonwealth has no provision for the expulsion of members.

1532:(now part of Yemen) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence. Former British 114: 13794: 9878: 9195: 9143: 5912: 5522:, a major novelist in this period, whose first work was published in 1939, won in 1973. Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poet 2456: 1365:

in 1917 when he coined the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations" and envisioned the "future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence" at the

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https://www.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk/general/eye-on-the-commonwealth/why-was-a-country-as-corrupt-as-ali-bongos-gabon-ever-admitted-to-the-commonwealth/#

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In addition to this new rule, the former rules were consolidated into a single document. These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the

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The newly independent countries of Africa and Asia concentrated on their own internal political and economic development, and sometimes their role in the

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In 2009, Rwanda, formerly under Belgian and German rule, joined. Consideration for Rwanda's admission was considered an "exceptional circumstance" by the

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The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth. Following India's precedent, other nations became republics, or

16086: 13660: 12383:(University of Minnesota Press, 1977); Comprehensive coverage giving London's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession. 8026: 6187: 1708: 10914: 10657: 1432:

Although the Union of South Africa was not amongst the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect, two laws — the

11003:"Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a Closer EU – Canada Economic Partnership: A Joint Study by the European Commission and the Government of Canada" 9596: 7493: 6041: 14962: 12934: 12170: 4886: 2421: 10972: 7463: 16121: 13061: 11646: 5790: 5551: 5440:, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century. She won the 2926: 2780: 1612: 15556:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

11002: 9721: 8322: 6739: 5956: 2321:, the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would "as a rule" have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member. 1513:

After the Second World War ended, the British Empire was gradually dismantled. Most of its components have become independent countries, whether

13056: 9622: 6004: 5978: 5684:

consists of the symbol of the Commonwealth Secretariat, a gold globe surrounded by emanating rays, on a dark blue field; it was designed for the

2553:

has said: "A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island's international relationships".

1882: 1792: 8820: 8389: 6942: 15983: 15778: 13653: 13043: 12690: 11929: 9006: 7965: 5795: 2420:

The status of "member in arrears" is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues. The status was originally known as "

1978: 1631:: "So, I've become 'as such'". Some other Commonwealth countries that have since become republics have chosen to leave, whilst others, such as 8676: 4991:

are the third-largest multi-sport event in the world, bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly "Commonwealth" sports, such as

1347: 15758: 15121: 13051: 7429: 5685: 2884: 2673: 2601: 2504:

if they become fully independent. Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth, particularly through the

2350: 2346: 1902: 1758: 11560: 9973: 9947: 8937: 1189:

in 1949, which modernised the community and established the member states as "free and equal". It continues to be known colloquially as the

15549: 15532: 15410: 13602: 13597: 13103: 12921: 12881: 12654: 12023: 7316: 2948: 2748:

as president in November 2018, the Maldives announced its intention to reapply to join the Commonwealth. They rejoined on 1 February 2020.

2380: 1135: 178: 12139: 7085: 2612:. The Commonwealth's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004, when Pakistan's suspension was lifted following the restoration of 1707:. When that proposal was turned down, Mollet suggested that France join the Commonwealth, possibly with "a common citizenship arrangement 15001: 12939: 12929: 9918: 8558: 8526: 7821: 6909: 2562: 2240: 1886: 1291: 1139: 12082: 10881: 10818: 10749: 9904: 8973: 7372: 7201: 5726:. The Commonwealth has published the Anthem, performed by the Commonwealth Youth Orchestra, with and without an introductory narrative. 1369:, attended by delegates from the Dominions as well as the United Kingdom. The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the 16101: 15970: 15773: 14691: 14685: 13787: 13094: 13028: 11094: 11042: 10076: 9699: 8094: 6220: 5775: 5545: 5067:

were boycotted by most African, Asian, and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement.

11954: 10177: 7342: 1680:

At a time when Germany and France, together with Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, were planning what later became the

16116: 15905: 15630: 14747: 10594: 10098: 1963: 10627: 8493: 16091: 16023: 15808: 12949: 12797: 12764: 12756: 12609: 11854: 11614:"Acting global, thinking local: 'Liquid imperialism' and the multiple meanings of the 1954 British Empire & Commonwealth Games" 11159: 10787:'Layin' Low and Sayin' Nuffin': Australia's Policy towards Britain's Second Bid to Join the European Economic Community (1966–67)" 9559: 8030: 6994: 6972: 4920: 2808: 2525: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1832: 1602: 1426: 1422: 1335: 1209: 9217: 16106: 16003: 15670: 13736: 13694: 12695: 12647: 12547: 12413: 11134: 10517: 8419: 7997: 7562: 5604: 4824:

was finally achieved in 1973. Queen Elizabeth was one of the few remaining links between the UK and the Commonwealth. Historian

2310: 2118: 2106: 10561: 8177: 5688:

in 1973, and officially adopted on 26 March 1976. 1976 also saw the organisation agree to a common date on which to commemorate

2779:. The South African government withdrew its application to remain in the organisation as a republic when it became clear at the 2516:

has become part of China, it continues to participate in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family, including the

14595: 12980: 12970: 12826: 12817: 11962: 11680: 11585:

Perkin, Harold (September 1989). "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British Empire and Commonwealth".

9050:

Baldacchino, Godfrey; Milne, David (September 2006). "Exploring sub-national island jurisdictions: An editorial introduction".

8134: 7070: 6472: 6132: 5640: 5561:. Amongst literature written about the Commonwealth itself is Indian diplomat and former Commonwealth Deputy Secretary-General 5539: 5313: 5089:

commemorates 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead and maintains 2,500 war cemeteries around the world, including this one in

4928: 2804: 2791: 2521: 2309:

in South Africa. The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created, and the manner clarified, by the 1995

1487: 1366: 1147: 152: 12592: 8880: 8453: 7524: 4885:

On 17 December 2021, following the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, Australia and the United Kingdom signed the

15864: 14956: 13780: 12896: 12836: 12779: 12736: 12574: 12529: 12508: 12472: 12457: 12401:

McIntyre, W. David. "The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences, 1933–59: Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth."

12395: 12076: 11969: 11383: 10948: 10812: 10743: 10716: 10070: 8583: 8063: 7850: 7266: 7157: 7042: 6903: 6863: 6664: 6567: 6447: 6421: 6349: 6108: 5801: 5723: 5591:, India. The Commonwealth Charter states the Commonwealth's commitment to democracy, and many Commonwealth countries use the 5220:. Commonwealth membership has been credited with popularising the game in the country, which was never in the British Empire. 2689: 2572: 2314: 2245:

The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents. The

2164: 1569:

first hoped that the Commonwealth would preserve and project British influence, they gradually lost their enthusiasm, argues

1495: 1311: 12208: 7406: 2867:

The Commonwealth's current highest-priority aims are on the promotion of democracy and development, as outlined in the 2003

2301:

was issued, dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation, the end of the

1219:

Member states have no legal obligations to one another, though some have institutional links to other Commonwealth nations.

16111: 16028: 16013: 15652: 15623: 15294: 14904: 14130: 12846: 10373: 9786: 6409: 2628:

government, before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003. On 15 May 2018, Zimbabwe applied to rejoin the Commonwealth.

2425: 2365: 2342: 1269: 7032: 6502: 6077: 2038:

Some member states grant particular rights to Commonwealth citizens. The United Kingdom and several others, mostly in the

15993: 15859: 15801: 15234: 14016: 13901: 12985: 12866: 10853: 6606: 5644: 5186: 5148: 2892: 2784: 2767: 1418: 1274: 63: 11072: 10274: 16056: 15988: 15935: 15690: 14952: 12822: 12430: 9809: 9755: 7233: 5086: 5076: 4875: 2888: 2812: 2535:

All three of the Crown dependencies regard their existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change. The

2529: 2478: 71: 20: 9111: 8720: 8654: 7120: 15978: 15955: 15114: 14307: 13477: 12891: 11722: 8790: 7795: 7760: 2783:

that any such application would be rejected. South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994, following its

2617: 2550: 1831:. The position is symbolic, representing the free association of independent members, the majority of which (36) are 9870: 9090: 6414:

Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921

5923: 5847: 16081: 14987: 14974: 13320: 12954: 12871: 12861: 11433: 7592: 5608: 5163: 5136: 4958: 4150: 2800: 2715: 2616:. Pakistan was suspended for a second time, far more briefly, for six months from 22 November 2007, when Musharraf 2517: 2501: 2249:, as a fundamental founding document of the organisation, laid out that membership required dominionhood. The 1949 2086: 2033: 2014: 1974: 1228: 713: 10489:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 5890: 2605: 15950: 15910: 15203: 14934: 13772: 12230: 12115: 11988:"Whose Commonwealth? Responses to Krishnan Srinivasan's The Rise, Decline and Future of the British Commonwealth" 10138: 9191: 9139: 8786: 7993: 6158: 5584: 2497: 2254: 2078: 1959: 1769:

and access new educational and cultural resources. He also remarked that the country sought closer ties with the

1350:, as a "Commonwealth of Nations". Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from 57: 6586: 5244:. These ties are particularly strong between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa across 15705: 15682: 15662: 15497: 15025: 14639: 14533: 14350: 14034: 13547: 13456: 13087: 12995: 12726: 11891: 11510: 10034: 9165: 8619: 5919: 5347: 5339: 5331: 4889:, which on ratification eliminated tariffs and increased opportunities for movement between the two countries. 2571:, particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government. Suspensions are agreed by the 2567:

Members can be suspended "from the Councils of the Commonwealth" for "serious or persistent violations" of the

1970: 1885:

and presidents, assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest. CHOGM is the successor to the

1479: 1473: 971: 12492:

Perkin, Harold. "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth".

11820: 8199: 6181: 2636: 1704: 1440:

to confirm South Africa's status as a sovereign state, and to incorporate the Statute of Westminster into the

15307: 15071: 14822: 14263:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 14160: 14092: 13000: 12802: 11455: 10903: 10649: 10251: 2545: 1651: 1433: 1169:

of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was originally created as the

31: 10141:. USM Regional Center of Expertise in Education for Sustainable Development. 21 October 1989. Archived from 5580: 4954:

equality, poverty eradication, people-centred and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.

2649: 2645: 15695: 15107: 14557: 14481: 14457: 14451: 13808: 12841: 12769: 12746: 12312:

Ashton, Sarah R. "British government perspectives on the Commonwealth, 1964–71: An asset or a liability?".

9600: 6392: 6034: 5380: 2853: 2844:; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism; the fight against poverty, ignorance, and disease; and 2662: 2489: 1898: 1608: 1518: 988: 123: 12480:

Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth

11781: 11485: 7622: 7501: 5599: 5483:

Many other Commonwealth writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including

2589:(pictured), subsequently withdrawing. The country applied to rejoin following Mugabe's removal from power. 2349:. New members were not admitted at this meeting, though applications for admission were considered at the 2217:. Most members of Brunei's Gurkha Reserve Unit are veterans from the British Army and Singaporean police. 15700: 15524: 15190: 14040: 13760: 13700: 13688: 13541: 13450: 12449: 8846: 8716: 8650: 8623: 7471: 5982: 4813: 2914: 2718:, although it had not participated in the Commonwealth since 1932. At the time, all members accepted the 2246: 2043: 1409: 1394: 1295: 1232: 1182: 1174: 1033: 1018: 11656: 11403: 10770:

Gregory A. Johnson, "The Last Gasp of Empire: The 1964 Flag Debate Revisited", in Phillip Buckner, ed.,

2722:

as head of state as a condition of membership. This rule was changed after Ireland's departure to allow

15710: 15646: 15262: 15039: 15013: 14910: 14679: 12901: 11013: 9948:"The Maldives decides to leave the Commonwealth; commits to continue with its international engagement" 8330: 8275: 6724:

Krishnan Srinivasan, "Nobody's Commonwealth? The Commonwealth in Britain's post-imperial adjustment."

6319: 6221:"History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century" 5948: 5705: 5327: 5277: 4902: 4863: 2253:

ended this, allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised

2074: 1437: 1131: 9626: 6012: 2101: 1765:

said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn

16052: 15715: 15553:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 15196: 15152: 14874: 14585: 14260: 14230: 13988: 13080: 13010: 12851: 9901:"Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe "terminated" its membership with effect from 7 December 2003" 9648: 9482: 9402: 9362: 9322: 9290: 8397: 7661: 7097: 6934: 6532: 6399:'s "adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations". 5805: 5557: 5507: 5441: 5398: 5269: 2202: 1664: 1537: 1159: 11738:

Hill, Douglas (1 October 1988). "A report on stories from the outposts of Commonwealth literature".

9002: 1525:, the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature. 16048: 15745: 15377: 15085: 15032: 14940: 14898: 14862: 14816: 14431: 14080: 14022: 13607: 13115: 12876: 12856: 12721: 12711: 12348: 10247: 10214: 10181: 10109: 8816: 8684: 8680: 8489: 8423: 8393: 8326: 7945: 7497: 7467: 6008: 5681: 5428: 5372: 5130: 4924: 2837: 2734: 2620:. Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of 2613: 2361: 2258: 2198: 1955: 1947: 1934: 1816: 1800: 1787: 1413: 1412:

in 1931, which applied to Canada without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand and

1398: 1351: 1197: 1178: 1151: 955: 13632: 12487: 5063:

through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa (which was not then a member), whilst the

15594: 15426: 15301: 15269: 15250: 14916: 14868: 14810: 14519: 14463: 13467: 12807: 12294: 12270: 11303: 11262: 11225: 11185: 9951: 9653: 9524: 9487: 9444: 9407: 9367: 9327: 9295: 9253: 9052: 8747: 8354: 7662:"Muddy waters: citizenship and the right to vote in the Commonwealth Caribbean migratory context" 6256: 5305: 5293: 5064: 5028: 5020: 5012: 4996: 4950: 4944: 4857: 2052: 1719:

The first member to be admitted without having any constitutional link to the British Empire was

1560:), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971) and the United Arab Emirates (1971). 1330: 1212:, and five others have different monarchs. Although he became head upon the death of his mother, 1155: 11921: 8151: 7729:

Directorate General of Immigration & Passports, Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan

7306: 7185:

Martin Schaad, "Plan G – A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956",

6208: 15065: 15046: 14922: 14886: 14658: 14646: 14545: 14425: 14413: 14301: 14256: 14244: 13875: 13645: 13552: 13033: 12906: 12886: 11987: 10678:

Catherine R. Schenk, "Britain in the world economy." in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones, eds.,

8553: 7287: 7172:

James R. V. Ellison, "Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955–1956",

6305: 6228: 6035:"Imperial Conference 1926 Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report, Proceedings and Memoranda" 5865:

international society to the benefit of all through the pursuit of common principles and values

5785: 5770: 5527: 5456: 5385: 5209: 5016: 2656:, confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings, 2443: 2225: 2214: 1770: 1361:

The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. A specific proposal was presented by

12353: 12118:

An Uncommon Association, a Wealth of Potential: Final Report of the Commonwealth Conversation

11095:"Australia signs UK free trade deal, scrapping import tariffs and opening British jobs market" 8548: 8249: 7256: 6891: 6437: 1695:

in 1956, and in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions, French prime minister

1540:

that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932),

1521:

which retain some political association with the United Kingdom. In April 1949, following the

15604: 15210: 14365: 14142: 14124: 13933: 13864: 13742: 13712: 13572: 13525: 13310: 13023: 12066: 10802: 10733: 10163:

Patel, Hasu (2000), "Southern Africa and democracy, in the light of the Harare declaration."

9722:"Foreign & Commonwealth Office Minister welcomes Commonwealth statement on Fiji – GOV.UK" 7147: 5757: 4084: 2829: 2745: 2318: 2271: 1828: 1728: 1724: 1303: 683: 165: 12544:

The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources

10060: 9691: 8086: 5405:, began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist 15725: 15515: 15333: 15246: 15180: 15158: 15059: 15019: 14928: 14892: 14830: 14755: 14443: 14178: 14172: 14166: 13724: 13492: 13018: 13005: 11986:

Mcintyre, W. David; Mole, Stuart; Ashworth, Lucian M.; Shaw, Timothy M.; May, Alex (2007).

11951: 11755:

McCrum, Robert (13 October 2003). "English Is a World Language – and That's to Be Prized".

9249:"A Place to Stand: the Problems and Potential of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group" 7941: 5668: 5636: 5410: 5229: 5118: 5056: 5032: 2857: 2693: 2402: 2172: 2134: 2029: 1220: 10583: 10185: 8782: 7848:

Clute, Robert E.; Wilson, Robert R. (July 1958). "Commonwealth and Favored-Nation Usage".

7699: 2009: 8: 14994: 14797: 14704: 14652: 14539: 14527: 14507: 14495: 14407: 14198: 14110: 13433: 13375: 13125: 13072: 12789: 11686: 8943: 7002: 5779: 5562: 5484: 5476: 5393: 5388: 4909: 4845: 4513: 2995: 2796: 2509: 2505: 2385: 2206: 2069: 1910: 1890: 1620: 1570: 1545: 1517:

or republics, and members of the Commonwealth. There remain the 14 mainly self-governing

1441: 1355: 866: 195: 11846: 11163: 10619: 8022: 7006: 6964: 5798:, an association of countries where the French language and French culture are prominent 4862:

Although the Commonwealth does not have a multilateral trade agreement, research by the

1282:, with "British Empire" crossed out and "British Commonwealth of Nations" added by hand. 16044: 15240: 15222: 15162: 15053: 14779: 14741: 14717: 14698: 14589: 14136: 14062: 14028: 13927: 13907: 13833: 13730: 13718: 13706: 12975: 12944: 12812: 12442: 12015: 11740: 11279: 11242: 11202: 11099: 10910: 10435: 9670: 9541: 9504: 9461: 9424: 9384: 9344: 9272: 9225: 9069: 8764: 8711: 8645: 8371: 8301: 8296: 8279: 7920: 7912: 7875: 7867: 7311: 6898:. Vol. VII: Ireland, 1921–84. Oxford University Press. p. 277 (footnote 20). 6836: 6824: 6800: 6283: 5710: 5632: 5592: 5462: 5451: 5309: 5284:

The Commonwealth Games, a quadrennial multi-sports event held in the middle year of an

5265: 5135:

The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by the

5114: 4988: 4978: 4897: 4837: 2861: 2849: 2841: 2657: 2568: 2541: 2493: 2463: 2325: 2298: 2250: 2190: 2141: 1808: 1736: 1616: 1589: 1565: 1553: 1549: 1522: 1514: 1370: 1322: 1279: 1248: 1205: 1186: 1050: 128: 24: 11535: 11126: 10528: 7554: 5162:

and good local governance and is the associated organisation officially recognised by

5081: 5047:. Started in 1930 as the Empire Games, the games were founded on the Olympic model of 15615: 15600: 15186: 14804: 14769: 14501: 14389: 14337: 14331: 14315: 14154: 14148: 14098: 14068: 13998: 13472: 12741: 12730: 12525: 12504: 12468: 12453: 12391: 12072: 12019: 12007: 11805: 11757: 11718: 11379: 11283: 11246: 11206: 10954: 10944: 10808: 10739: 10712: 10553: 10066: 9841:"Harper rebukes Sri Lanka over jurist's dismissal as talk of summit boycott heats up" 9674: 9545: 9508: 9465: 9428: 9388: 9348: 9276: 9073: 8768: 8742: 8427: 8375: 8227: 8059: 7924: 7879: 7801: 7791: 7766: 7756: 7681: 7262: 7258:

British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–63: Scrutinising the Official Mind

7153: 7038: 6899: 6869: 6859: 6840: 6828: 6792: 6563: 6443: 6417: 6323: 6287: 6275: 6104: 5523: 5437: 5418: 5008: 4983: 4966: 4962: 4817: 2669: 2604:. Pakistan was the second country to be suspended, on 18 October 1999, following the 2390: 2210: 2160: 1943: 1669: 1461: 1307: 978: 140: 15793: 12367:

Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006

12045:

Why was a country as corrupt as Ali Bongo’s Gabon ever admitted to the Commonwealth?

8131: 8055:

Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880-2006

6464: 6124: 15740: 15557: 15490: 15482: 15474: 15402: 15313: 15281: 15168: 14968: 14880: 14665: 14191: 14184: 14086: 13971: 13916: 13623: 13592: 13562: 13462: 13410: 13300: 12990: 12483: 11999: 11625: 11594: 11312: 11271: 11234: 11194: 11183:(February 2008). "A Commonwealth of Values: a Commonwealth of incomparable value". 10404:"Queen to sign new charter backing equal rights for gay people across Commonwealth" 9662: 9533: 9496: 9453: 9416: 9376: 9336: 9304: 9262: 9061: 8756: 8745:(April 2008). "The Expansion of the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership". 8460: 8363: 8291: 7904: 7859: 7830: 7673: 6887: 6820: 6784: 6396: 6331: 6265: 5743: 5689: 5652: 5531: 5494:. Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, as did South African novelist 5190: 5155: 5031:

are currently without a host. As well as the usual athletic disciplines, as at the

4018: 2719: 2609: 2596:

was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999, following its execution of

2536: 2337: 1990: 1766: 1647: 1382: 655: 13802: 11966: 7724: 7677: 7373:"Gabon partially suspended from the Commonwealth pending restoration of democracy" 6307:

The Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 1887-1911: A Study in Imperial Organization

5692:, the second Monday in March, having developed separately on different dates from 2371:

In 2022, the former French territories of Togo and Gabon joined the Commonwealth.

1607:

On 18 April 1949, Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish

1452: 15510: 15287: 15216: 15007: 14946: 14785: 14469: 14371: 14074: 13754: 13501: 13345: 12639: 12616: 12599: 12581: 12554: 12437: 12420: 12200: 12126: 12054: 11973: 11958: 10706: 8627: 8228:"Agnipath scheme: The pain of Nepal's Gurkhas over Indian army's new hiring plan" 8138: 8053: 7819:

Dale, William (July 1982). "Is the Commonwealth an International Organisation?".

7398: 7028: 6773:

The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and Mulroney Years

6744: 6590: 5648: 5495: 5375: 5365: 5194: 5179: 5097:

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is responsible for maintaining the

4874:, some in the United Kingdom suggested the Commonwealth as an alternative to its 4315: 2903: 2899: 2848:. To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the 2741: 2653: 2477:

unilaterally withdrew the Gambia from the Commonwealth in October 2013. However,

2329: 2266: 2048: 1982: 1557: 1343: 1286: 1150:

and historical-cultural ties. The chief institutions of the organisation are the

782: 86: 12068:

The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World

11238: 10973:"To the Commonwealth, "Global Britain" sounds like nostalgia for something else" 9778: 9537: 9420: 9267: 9248: 6270: 6251: 2152: 1580:

gained usage in the UK (especially in the 1960s and 1970s) to refer to recently

15735: 15395: 15383: 15228: 14844: 14773: 14762: 14551: 14513: 14419: 14383: 14377: 14343: 13881: 13804: 13557: 13482: 13390: 12685: 8115: 7895: 7459: 6494: 5704:

In 2009, to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth, the

5643:

facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth, and the

5447: 5354: 5233: 4879: 4841: 4612: 2680:

threatened to boycott the event, but was instead represented at the meeting by

2677: 2287: 2262: 1820: 1681: 1529: 1265: 1224: 1166: 1158:, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member nations. Numerous 1143: 907: 12284: 12260: 12003: 11630: 11613: 11598: 11317: 11298: 11275: 11198: 9666: 9500: 9457: 9340: 9065: 8760: 8614:

Three Commonwealth countries also have long-standing claims to sovereignty in

8367: 7834: 16075: 15436: 15256: 14437: 14321: 12911: 12011: 11064: 10958: 10374:"Commonwealth leaders under fire for refusing to publish human rights report" 7805: 7770: 7685: 6832: 6796: 6631: 6442:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1991. pp. 297–298. 6279: 5519: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5467: 5450:

is another post-Second World War writer from the former British colonies who

5433: 5406: 5402: 5285: 5035:, the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth, such as 2895: 2685: 2681: 2621: 2597: 2586: 2122: 2110: 1994: 1762: 1732: 1628: 1436:, and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act, 1934 — were passed by the 1185:

in 1931. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the

9308: 7225: 6873: 5353:

There had been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then

5322: 2807:(and the Westminster Seminar on Parliamentary Practice and Procedures), the 15466: 15174: 14735: 14729: 14710: 14475: 14210: 14117: 14056: 14050: 13418: 13350: 13335: 11337: 11180: 9122: 8974:"Statement by Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia" 8584:"Rwanda's application for membership, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative" 8280:"The London Declaration of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, 28 April 1949" 7124: 6335: 5621: 5503: 5491: 5343: 5261: 5257: 5237: 5110: 5103: 5044: 4992: 4812:

By 1961, with a sluggish economy, the United Kingdom attempted to join the

4348: 4249: 2763: 2640: 2482: 2474: 2397: 2283: 2176: 2126: 1998: 1986: 1824: 1796: 1700: 1685: 1585: 1533: 1483: 1457: 1402: 1240: 1213: 1165:

The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the

797: 754: 12410:

The Dependent Empire, 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and the Mandates

12352: 11357:

Binyon, Michael (22 January 1999). "Millions trace war dead on Internet".

5205: 1723:

in 1995 following its first democratic elections. Mozambique was a former

15583: 15079: 14980: 14791: 14395: 14295: 14010: 14004: 13577: 13315: 13285: 13135: 12773: 12715: 11299:"The significance of the Commonwealth Games in Malaysia's foreign policy" 10309:"Commonwealth leaders agree to develop charter of values and little else" 9094: 6301: 5851: 5765: 5660: 5625: 5518:

in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. An Australian,

5515: 5245: 4825: 4801: 4117: 3919: 3061: 2833: 2754: 2333: 2275: 2194: 2157: 1906: 1836: 1812: 1740: 1692: 1581: 1491: 1465: 1315: 1244: 1201: 995: 961: 698: 614: 223: 9950:. Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13 October 2016. Archived from 9091:"Office of Parliamentary Counsel – CALC – Constitution & Membership" 8447: 8445: 6804: 6584:"History of the Creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan." 2811:

and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel, as well as the

2578: 2137:(though New Zealand itself does not make appeals to the Privy Council). 14856: 14837: 14580: 14359: 13978: 13895: 13587: 13330: 13270: 13200: 13140: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11218: 11216: 10623: 10590: 10557: 10524: 9325:(October 2007). "Twenty Commonwealth steps from Singapore to Kampala". 8615: 8521: 8352:

Williams, Paul D. (July 2005). "Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth".

8305: 7916: 7871: 6327: 5882: 5693: 5656: 5612: 5423: 5416:'s writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, 5048: 5024: 4932: 4216: 3820: 3094: 2845: 2457:

Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations § Prospective members

2297:

These criteria were unenforceable for two decades, until, in 1991, the

2291: 2090: 2065:, the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be "aliens". 2057: 2018: 1720: 1696: 1650:

declared on 16 May 1949, shortly following the Declaration, during the

1508:

List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

1460:, depicting soldiers from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the 1326: 740: 574: 392: 236: 12634: 12589:

The Dependent Empire: 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandates

11774:"ACLALS: Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies" 10142: 9380: 6558:

Dugard, John; Bethlehem, Daniel; Plessis, Max du; Katz, Anton (2005).

6154: 15502: 14355: 14104: 13888: 13567: 13517: 13442: 13355: 13340: 13265: 13130: 12501:

Commonwealth: Inter- and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance

11651: 11359: 10878:"Commonwealth Secretariat – Valletta Statement on Multilateral Trade" 8442: 6788: 6583: 5737: 5588: 5413: 5166:

as the representative body for local government in the Commonwealth.

5159: 5098: 5090: 5060: 5000: 4381: 4282: 3787: 3028: 2776: 2759: 2710:

Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations § Dissolved members

2513: 2306: 2061:, the United Kingdom was held to be a "foreign power". Similarly, in 2039: 2022: 1672:

in each realm, even though the same person is monarch of each realm.

1636: 1624: 1362: 1346:, had described the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies 1299: 1236: 812: 768: 561: 210: 11345: 11213: 7908: 7863: 7584: 7063:

Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles

6856:

Europe since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction

5360: 4927:

allowing students to study in other Commonwealth countries, and the

2144:, with the Court relying on judges from other Commonwealth nations. 1939: 1486:, with soldiers from different nations often fighting together. The 15720: 15430: 15345: 14624: 14576: 14325: 14252: 14238: 14234: 14204: 13992: 13637: 13530: 13360: 13295: 13255: 13250: 13235: 13185: 13180: 13165: 13155: 13145: 12333:

Hall, H. Duncan. "The genesis of the Balfour declaration of 1926".

11647:"Schoolboy cricketers bat their way to a place in the Commonwealth" 11330: 11328: 7343:"Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week" 7056: 6252:"Seminars for statesmen': the evolution of the Commonwealth summit" 5510:, who has written novels, plays and short stories in English. Poet 5471: 4833: 4447: 4414: 3985: 3721: 3688: 3589: 3358: 3259: 3193: 3127: 2868: 2803:(hosted the Commonwealth Lawyers Conference in 1983 and 2009), the 2730: 2582: 2302: 1921: 1873:

The main decision-making forum of the organisation is the biennial

1852: 1844: 1640: 1339: 826: 641: 535: 522: 483: 353: 340: 301: 275: 249: 12104:

Flags of All Nations: Flags of the British Commonwealth of Nations

11463: 11335:

Dare, Annie (15 October 2000). "Ten Key Things About War Graves".

10275:"Commonwealth has abandoned human rights commitment – leaked memo" 10243: 10062:

The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa, 2 June 1999

8541: 7964:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2013. p. 5. Archived from 7785: 7750: 6103:(Paperback ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. 5397:, in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the 2706:

Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations § Former members

2676:

from Sri Lanka to another member country. Canadian prime minister

2488:

Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited

2004: 1548:(part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), 15339: 14672: 14632: 14225: 13982: 13941: 13535: 13507: 13395: 13290: 13275: 13240: 13225: 13210: 12289: 12265: 10462: 7430:"Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world" 6315: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5225: 5040: 4645: 3952: 3853: 3622: 3523: 3424: 2593: 2279: 1848: 1381:

in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the

921: 628: 587: 496: 457: 418: 16:

Political association of mostly former British Empire territories

13675: 11325: 11260:

McDougall, Derek (July 2005). "Australia and the Commonwealth".

8454:"The future of the modern Commonwealth: Widening vs. deepening?" 2466:; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions. 15349: 14724: 14489: 14267: 13869: 13582: 13400: 13385: 13380: 13305: 13245: 13215: 13175: 13170: 13160: 13150: 12629: 11773: 11426:"Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) | The Commonwealth" 10340:"Commonwealth leaders still haggling over human rights reforms" 8178:"Applications to armed forces from Commonwealth citizens surge" 7614: 6811:

Miles, Robert (2016). "The Racialization of British Politics".

6350:"Commonwealth Heads Of Government Meeting 2018 - Civil Service" 6311: 5217: 5213: 4871: 4678: 4579: 4546: 4051: 3655: 3457: 3325: 3292: 3226: 3160: 2406: 2182: 1917: 1840: 1632: 1541: 1227:, and Commonwealth countries are represented to one another by 1223:

affords benefits in some member countries, particularly in the

1112: 934: 893: 880: 669: 509: 431: 327: 314: 288: 262: 144: 11065:"Australia trade deal will not hit UK farmers, says Liz Truss" 9112:"Legislative drafting offices in which there are CALC members" 6740:"Blair calls for quotas on immigrants from 'New Commonwealth'" 2828:

The Commonwealth's objectives were first outlined in the 1971

2744:

amongst the reasons for withdrawal. Following the election of

2528:, the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel and the 14850: 14572: 14044: 13370: 13325: 13280: 13260: 13230: 13220: 13205: 13195: 11399: 10841:

A Nation for a Continent: the history of Australia, 1901–1975

9625:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 30 September 1997. Archived from 8317: 8315: 7149:

Britain and European Integration Since 1945: On the Sidelines

6998: 6858:. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45. 5537:

Numerous academic journals cover the Commonwealth, including

5498:

in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist

5036: 4480: 4183: 3886: 3754: 3556: 3490: 3391: 2723: 2585:

was suspended from the Commonwealth during the presidency of

2186: 1981:, from Dominica, who took office on 1 April 2016, succeeding 1856: 1751: 852: 727: 600: 548: 470: 444: 405: 379: 105: 12372:

McIntyre, W. David. "The strange death of dominion status".

11175: 11173: 9974:"Maldives to rejoin Commonwealth of former British colonies" 9599:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1 September 2009. Archived from 6057:

Their position and mutual relation may be readily defined.

5338:

In 1987, the Commonwealth Foundation established the annual

1950:, the Commonwealth's principal intergovernmental institution 14401: 13423: 13365: 13190: 12171:"Commonwealth: quaint historical relic or meaningful bloc?" 10854:"Trading Places: The "Commonwealth effect" revisited, p. 9" 10058: 5480:(1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001. 4807: 2688:

also chose to attend. These concerns were rendered moot by

2648:. Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006, following 2632: 2485:

returned the country to the organisation in February 2018.

2140:

Commonwealth nationals are eligible for appointment to the

2130: 1862: 1747: 1711:". These ideas faded away with the end of the Suez Crisis. 839: 366: 13102: 12535:

Williams, Paul D. "Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth".

12381:

The commonwealth of nations: Origins and impact, 1869–1971

8312: 7790:(3rd ed.). African Books Collective. pp. 91–92. 7755:(3rd ed.). African Books Collective. pp. 91–92. 6557: 6501:. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. 5474:, was another immigrant, who wrote, amongst other things, 2438:

List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)

1901:

and retains the position until the following CHOGM. Since

1146:

from which it developed. They are connected through their

12606:

Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs, 1952–1962

11803:

Iyer, Pico (12 February 1993). "The Empire Writes Back".

11170: 6854:

Merriman, J.; Winter, J., eds. (2006). "British Empire".

6663:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from 6101:

The rise, decline, and future of the British Commonwealth

5113:

and architecture, with larger cemeteries being home to a

2832:, which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of 1408:

These aspects to the relationship were formalised by the

1162:

are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.

12515:

The rise, decline and future of the British Commonwealth

11985: 10496:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

10467:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

9686: 9684: 9442:

Gruenbaum, Oren (February 2008). "Commonwealth Update".

7399:"Gabon partially suspended from Commonwealth after coup" 7057:

High Commissioner in United Kingdom (24 November 1952).

5913:"Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth" 5567:

The Rise, Decline and Future of the British Commonwealth

1154:, which focuses on intergovernmental relations, and the 10880:. Thecommonwealth.org. 26 November 2005. Archived from 10099:"Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971" 9049: 8968: 8966: 7893:

Hedley, Bull (July 1959). "What is the Commonwealth?".

1897:

The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the

30:"The Commonwealth" redirects here. For other uses, see 15645: 12137: 10005:"Maldives rejoins Commonwealth after over three years" 8813:"Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth" 5466:(1989), was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. 5296:

of the games was held in 2022 in Birmingham, England.

5142: 5059:

was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat

1985:

of India (2008–2016). The first secretary-general was

15823: 15455: 14588:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 9810:"Britain must stand up for human rights in Sri Lanka" 9754:. The Commonwealth. 26 September 2014. Archived from 9681: 6965:"Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state" 6525:"New Zealand Sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987?" 5877: 5875: 5873: 5070: 1501: 186: 15731:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

11456:"Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments" 10774:(University of British Columbia Press, 2005), p. 6. 10735:

Six Moments of Crisis: Inside British Foreign Policy

9218:"Isle of Man welcomes report on Commonwealth future" 8963: 8549:"Conference on Rwanda's Commonwealth bid to be held" 8486:"Commonwealth membership in focus at London meeting" 7464:"Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership" 7454: 7452: 7450: 5733: 2939:

Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations 2012

1405:" was officially adopted to describe the community. 12261:"Commonwealth Anthem (with introductory narrative)" 11715:

Skirting the Boundary: A History of Women's Cricket

10693:

The rise and fall of a national strategy, 1945–1963

8938:"Israelis and Palestinians could join Commonwealth" 8323:"Lusaka Declaration on Racism and Racial Prejudice" 2171:Commonwealth citizens are eligible to serve in the 2063:

Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs

1181:, and formalised by the United Kingdom through the 12669: 12335:Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 11679: 10870: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 8936: 8459:. Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit. Archived from 7585:"Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM)" 7200: 7037:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 288, 5997: 5870: 5530:, who is one of only four writers to have won the 5506:. Kenya's most internationally renowned author is 5109:Commonwealth war cemeteries often feature similar 2096: 1905:, in Rwanda in 2022, the chair-in-office has been 12231:"A Celebration of Her Majesty's Sapphire Jubilee" 11490:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 8451: 8058:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 119–120. 7447: 6892:"Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57" 6607:"Fact File : Commonwealth and Allied Forces" 5391:published her first collection of short stories, 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2860:of 1989. These objectives were reinforced by the 2442:In 2019, the Commonwealth members had a combined 16073: 12522:The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth 11376:Cemeteries of the Great War By Sir Edwin Lutyens 10620:"GDP per capita, PPP (current international $ )" 10494:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 9871:"Sirisena sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president" 9838: 7525:"Prince Charles to be next head of Commonwealth" 7300: 7298: 6495:"Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (Cth)" 5791:List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP 5552:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2927:List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP 1290:The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 1204:. He is king of 15 member states, known as the 13638:Articles related to the Commonwealth of Nations 12140:"Canada, Commonwealth and the key to relevance" 10367: 10365: 9582: 8903:"South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth" 8452:te Velde-Ashworth, Victoria (10 October 2005). 7959:"Support for British nationals abroad: a guide" 7642: 7640: 6632:"British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52" 6186:. Government House (Rideau Hall), Ottawa: CBC. 6129:The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship 5971: 5631:Most Commonwealth countries have the bicameral 5422:, was not published until 1966. South Africa's 2005:Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners 1613:Commonwealth prime ministers' meeting in London 1076:29,958,050 km (11,566,870 sq mi) 15779:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12342:Britain and the Commonwealth Alliance, 1918-39 12168: 10680:A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939–2000 10035:"South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth" 9807: 9192:"Written evidence from the States of Guernsey" 8141:, Fiji government press release, July 17, 2007 7254: 7118: 6853: 6594:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum, 6560:International law: a South African perspective 6471:. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website. 5680:prerequisite for Commonwealth membership. The 4957:The Foundation was established in 1965 by the 2431: 1979:Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal 1675: 1216:, the position is not technically hereditary. 15809: 15631: 15115: 13788: 13661: 13088: 12655: 12494:International Journal of the History of Sport 11618:International Journal of the History of Sport 11587:International Journal of the History of Sport 10941:Time to say no: alternatives to EU membership 10431:"Commonwealth charter to focus on gay rights" 9005:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 February 2018. 7295: 7226:"UK – When Britain and France nearly married" 6562:. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. p. 19. 6499:foundingdocs.gov.au (Documenting a Democracy) 6462: 6439:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 4887:Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement 2885:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 2781:1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 2699: 2674:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013 2347:2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1759:2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1388: 15550:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 15533:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 15411:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13603:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13598:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 12403:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 12374:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 12314:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 11154: 11152: 10731: 10650:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 10481: 10362: 9752:"Fiji rejoins Commonwealth as a full member" 9477: 9475: 7637: 7280: 7278: 7202:"France offered to 'merge' with UK in 1950s" 6713:Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970 6700:Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970 4901:Commonwealth House, the headquarters of the 2823: 2389:Flags of the members of the Commonwealth in 2381:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations 2125:of 14 Commonwealth countries, including the 16097:International organisations based in London 13624:Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries 12071:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2017. p. 46. 11765: 10704: 9776: 8091:The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 7847: 7822:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 6770: 6183:Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Dominion Day Message 5124: 4931:which links together over 180 Commonwealth 4867:Commonwealth members on a bilateral basis. 2644:from 6 June 2000 to 20 December 2001 after 2563:Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations 2512:that have not become independent. Although 2364:. Rwanda was permitted to join despite the 2274:dedicated all members to the principles of 2241:Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria 1928: 1916:The 26th CHOGM was initially to be held in 1781: 1478:Commonwealth countries and the Empire were 16087:English-speaking countries and territories 15816: 15802: 15774:Community of Portuguese Language Countries 15638: 15624: 15122: 15108: 13795: 13781: 13668: 13654: 13095: 13081: 12662: 12648: 12120:(London, Royal Commonwealth Society, 2010) 11878:The Oxford Companion to English Literature 10302: 10300: 10002: 8997: 8995: 8873:"New Criteria for Commonwealth Membership" 8200:"Gurkhas: Terms and Conditions of Service" 7931: 6987: 6227:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from 6098: 5776:Community of Portuguese Language Countries 5546:Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal 4938: 2931: 12488:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214235.001.0001 11914: 11629: 11316: 11259: 11149: 10904:"The role and future of the Commonwealth" 10139:"Langkawi Declaration on the Environment" 9560:"Zimbabwe applies to rejoin Commonwealth" 9522:"Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria". 9472: 9441: 9266: 9166:"The role and future of the Commonwealth" 8295: 7784:Manby, Bronwyn (2015). "Naturalisation". 7749:Manby, Bronwyn (2015). "Naturalisation". 7700:"Prove you have right of abode in the UK" 7458: 7275: 7261:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–43. 7112: 6465:"The Commission of Government, 1934–1949" 6269: 5655:officials. Most Commonwealth members use 5452:permanently settled in the United Kingdom 5197:is commemorated across the Commonwealth. 1750:, a former French mandate territory, and 1596: 14594:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 12798:Association of Commonwealth Universities 12765:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 12587:Madden, Frederick, and John Darwin, ed. 12408:Madden, Frederick and John Darwin, eds. 12388:A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth 12361:. London: John Murray. pp. 332–348. 11561:"Remembrance Day vs ANZAC Day explained" 11179: 9140:"Written evidence from States of Jersey" 8934: 8835: 8783:"Nauru back as full Commonwealth member" 8741: 8351: 8274: 7027: 7021: 6847: 6737: 6408: 5598: 5579: 5359: 5321: 5204: 5080: 4982: 4921:Association of Commonwealth Universities 4896: 4808:UK joins the European Economic Community 2913:The result of the effort was that a new 2809:Association of Commonwealth Universities 2753: 2577: 2526:Association of Commonwealth Universities 2396: 2384: 2336:as head of the Commonwealth, accept the 2224: 2151: 2100: 2008: 1938: 1875:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1869:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1863:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1791: 1603:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations 1451: 1292:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 1285: 1273: 1138:, the vast majority of which are former 16122:Political history of the United Kingdom 13695:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 11875: 11821:"Meet the Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges" 11706: 11644: 11511:"UK Representation in the Commonwealth" 11223:"Commonwealth Games and Art Festival". 11127:"Directory of accredited organisations" 10804:New Zealand in World Affairs: 1972–1990 10455: 10337: 10306: 10297: 10065:. Commonwealth Secretariat. p. 7. 9942: 9940: 9365:(January 2000). "Commonwealth Update". 9293:(October 1999). "Commonwealth Update". 9246: 8992: 8930: 8928: 8578: 8576: 8420:"Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group" 8175: 8027:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 7666:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 7223: 7145: 6726:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 6147: 2898:in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on 2311:Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme 2147: 2119:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 2107:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1989:of Canada (1965–1975), followed by Sir 16074: 15579:Historical flags of the British Empire 15563:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 12818:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 12297:from the original on 15 December 2021. 12273:from the original on 15 December 2021. 11932:from the original on 15 September 2012 11754: 11712: 11681:"Rwanda in drive to join Commonwealth" 11677: 11645:Clayton, Jonathan (20 November 2007). 11611: 11584: 11373: 11356: 10708:The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II 10285:from the original on 29 September 2021 10272: 9647: 9597:"Fiji Suspended from the Commonwealth" 9481: 9401: 9361: 9321: 9289: 9106: 9104: 9085: 9083: 8561:from the original on 25 September 2015 8197: 7892: 7787:Citizenship Law in Africa: 3rd Edition 7752:Citizenship Law in Africa: 3rd Edition 7659: 7522: 7427: 7379:from the original on 30 September 2023 7340: 6995:"Constituent Assembly Debates (India)" 6576: 6310:. Imperial Studies. Vol. XXVIII. 6300: 5949:"BBC News – Profile: The Commonwealth" 5893:from the original on 10 September 2022 5716: 5641:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 5540:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 5460:(1981). His most controversial novel, 5314:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 4929:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 4892: 2805:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 2792:transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong 2758:Having left the Commonwealth over its 2672:. There were also calls to change the 2522:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 1835:, and five have monarchs of different 1488:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 15797: 15619: 15454: 15366: 15103: 14612: 14284: 13959: 13852: 13776: 13649: 13636: 13076: 12643: 11784:from the original on 16 December 2018 11771: 11107:from the original on 19 December 2021 11041:. International.gc.ca. Archived from 10983:from the original on 5 September 2017 10938: 10920:from the original on 26 November 2012 10800: 10428: 9984:from the original on 24 November 2018 9789:from the original on 10 December 2014 9702:from the original on 19 November 2007 9485:(April 2002). "Commonwealth Update". 9003:"The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth" 8935:Alderson, Andrew (17 December 2006). 8793:from the original on 25 December 2018 8514: 8051: 7851:American Journal of International Law 7783: 7748: 7625:from the original on 16 November 2020 7565:from the original on 14 November 2020 7336: 7334: 7213:from the original on 10 January 2022. 7198: 6912:from the original on 15 February 2023 6886: 6810: 6771:de Villiers, Marq (1998). "Review of 6475:from the original on 20 December 2014 6430: 6190:from the original on 20 November 2015 5959:from the original on 6 September 2020 5802:Organization of Ibero-American States 5724:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5609:Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee 4972: 2573:Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group 2315:Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group 2165:British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1920:, Rwanda, in June 2020. Owing to the 1887:Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meetings 1496:British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1259: 1221:Citizenship of a Commonwealth country 12427:Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe 12347: 11922:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001" 11892:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007" 11857:from the original on 2 December 2023 11802: 11737: 11694:from the original on 10 January 2022 11400:"About the Commonwealth of Learning" 11334: 11296: 11160:"Commonwealth Foundation – About Us" 10371: 10119:from the original on 2 December 2013 10059:Commonwealth Observer Group (1999). 10015:from the original on 31 October 2021 9937: 9881:from the original on 31 October 2021 9839:Mike Blanchfield (14 January 2013). 9651:(July 2000). "Commonwealth Update". 9405:(July 2004). "Commonwealth Update". 9198:from the original on 9 February 2013 9172:from the original on 6 February 2013 9146:from the original on 9 February 2013 8976:. The Commonwealth. 4 October 2013. 8951:from the original on 10 January 2022 8925: 8573: 8097:from the original on 14 October 2017 7818: 7660:Belton, Kristy A. (2 January 2019). 7304: 7285:"Rwanda: Joining the Commonwealth". 7236:from the original on 23 January 2009 7146:Gowland, David; et al. (2009). 7050: 6249: 6135:from the original on 24 January 2021 4816:, but this was repeatedly vetoed by 2426:Committee on Commonwealth Membership 2401:The Commonwealth flag flying at the 2366:Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative 2343:Committee on Commonwealth Membership 1270:Historiography of the British Empire 15961:Mountain and Ultra Distance Running 15390:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 14233:. British Cameroons is now part of 12285:"Windsor Suite Commonwealth Anthem" 12211:from the original on 10 August 2014 12026:from the original on 5 January 2024 11902:from the original on 10 August 2018 10600:from the original on 10 August 2013 10410:from the original on 15 August 2021 10384:from the original on 16 August 2021 10208:"Aso Rock Commonwealth Declaration" 10003:Srinivasan, Meera (February 2020). 9732:from the original on 2 October 2020 9101: 9080: 7777: 7742: 7409:from the original on 4 October 2023 7307:"Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth" 7083: 7069:(2). DEA/50121-B-40. Archived from 6752:from the original on 19 August 2018 6505:from the original on 15 August 2011 5941: 5645:Commonwealth Local Government Forum 5575: 5149:Commonwealth Local Government Forum 5143:Commonwealth Local Government Forum 1699:proposed to British prime minister 1506:For a more comprehensive list, see 1447: 1421:in 1949. Australia and New Zealand 13: 16057:Commonwealth Esports Championships 15691:Bank for International Settlements 14249:unilaterally declared independence 13944:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 12823:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 12561: 12305: 12085:from the original on 30 March 2019 11880:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11772:Tunca, Daria (27 September 2018). 11540:Commonwealth War Graces Commission 11406:from the original on 11 April 2023 11137:from the original on 25 March 2023 10821:from the original on 30 March 2019 10789:Australian Economic History Review 10752:from the original on 30 March 2019 10584:"Gross domestic product 2012, PPP" 10372:Watt, Nicholas (29 October 2011). 10350:from the original on 28 March 2012 10338:Cheadle, Bruce (29 October 2011). 10319:from the original on 23 March 2012 10307:Cheadle, Bruce (30 October 2011). 10079:from the original on 26 March 2023 9820:from the original on 21 April 2015 9692:"Fiji suspended from Commonwealth" 9224:. 23 November 2012. Archived from 8641:"Country Comparisons – Population" 8297:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x 8033:from the original on 27 March 2019 7535:from the original on 22 April 2021 7421: 7331: 7319:from the original on 18 April 2021 6975:from the original on 11 March 2021 6825:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1990.tb01493.x 6180:Queen Elizabeth II (1 July 1959). 6076:. The Commonwealth. Archived from 5981:. The Commonwealth. Archived from 5502:(Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright 5087:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5077:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5071:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2889:Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group 2813:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2530:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2068:Commonwealth citizens may receive 1946:, London, the headquarters of the 1502:Decolonisation and self-governance 21:Commonwealth of Independent States 14: 16133: 16102:Organizations established in 1949 15456:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 15435:Occupied by Argentina during the 15367: 14613: 13478:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 12623: 12241:from the original on 29 July 2018 12201:"Queen marks Commonwealth launch" 12106:(Brown, Son & Ferguson, 1952) 11612:Dawson, Michael (February 2006). 11075:from the original on 16 June 2021 10866:from the original on 4 July 2015. 10660:from the original on 7 April 2021 10630:from the original on 22 June 2019 10463:"World Population Prospects 2022" 10429:Sinha, Kounteya (11 March 2013). 10406:. Standard.co.uk. 11 March 2013. 10273:Borger, Julian (8 October 2010). 10254:from the original on 2 March 2011 10217:. 8 December 2003. Archived from 9777:Nasik Swami (28 September 2014). 9009:from the original on 14 July 2018 8913:from the original on 11 July 2017 8853:from the original on 24 June 2017 8843:"World Economic Outlook Database" 8596:from the original on 17 July 2018 8515:Osike, Felix (24 November 2007). 8492:. 6 December 2006. Archived from 8396:. 20 October 1991. Archived from 8390:"Harare Commonwealth Declaration" 7353:from the original on 27 June 2022 7224:Thomson, Mike (15 January 2007). 7123:. Monarchy Canada. Archived from 7034:The Monarchy and the Constitution 6738:Hennessy, Patrick (5 June 2004). 6161:from the original on 1 April 2023 6047:from the original on 16 July 2005 4872:vote in June 2016 to leave the EU 2766:was readmitted in 1994 following 2631:The declaration of a Republic in 2551:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 2163:in post-war Japan as part of the 2113:for several Commonwealth nations. 1969:The secretariat is headed by the 1757:Prior to Togo's admission at the 1646:India's inaugural prime minister 1354:, leading to the creation of the 1247:, as promoted by the quadrennial 16117:Political history of New Zealand 15599: 15590: 15589: 15002:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13321:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12321:Commonwealth Elections 1945–1970 12277: 12253: 12223: 12193: 12181:from the original on 10 May 2013 12162: 12150:from the original on 10 May 2013 12131: 12109: 12097: 12059: 12038: 11979: 11944: 11884: 11869: 11847:"Commonwealth Short Story Prize" 11839: 11813: 11796: 11748: 11731: 11671: 11638: 11605: 11578: 11553: 11528: 11515:Government of the United Kingdom 11503: 11478: 11448: 11418: 11392: 11367: 11290: 11253: 11162:. 5 January 2006. Archived from 11119: 11087: 11057: 11031: 10995: 10977:New Statesman 28th February 2017 10965: 10932: 10896: 10846: 10833: 10794: 10777: 10764: 10725: 10698: 10685: 10672: 10642: 10612: 10576: 10564:from the original on 11 May 2011 10546: 10510: 10422: 10396: 10331: 10266: 10236: 10200: 10170: 10157: 10131: 10091: 10052: 10027: 9996: 9966: 9925:from the original on 17 May 2020 9911: 9893: 9863: 9851:from the original on 24 May 2013 9832: 9808:David Miliband (11 March 2013). 9801: 9770: 9744: 9714: 9641: 9615: 9570:from the original on 22 May 2018 9552: 9515: 9435: 9395: 9355: 9315: 9283: 9240: 9210: 9184: 9158: 9132: 9043: 9021: 8895: 8879:. 23 August 2013. Archived from 8865: 8805: 8775: 8250:"The Gurkha Regiments Explained" 7595:from the original on 5 July 2008 7341:Turner, Camilla (22 June 2022). 7199:Clout, Laura (15 January 2007). 6945:from the original on 15 May 2011 6657:"Celebrating thecommonwealth@60" 6360:from the original on 1 June 2023 5922:. September 2011. Archived from 5819: 5750: 5736: 5164:Commonwealth Heads of Government 5011:, is held every four years; the 4747: 4704: 4671: 4638: 4605: 4572: 4539: 4506: 4473: 4440: 4407: 4374: 4341: 4308: 4275: 4242: 4209: 4176: 4151:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4143: 4110: 4077: 4044: 4011: 3978: 3945: 3912: 3879: 3846: 3813: 3780: 3747: 3714: 3681: 3648: 3615: 3582: 3549: 3516: 3483: 3450: 3417: 3384: 3351: 3318: 3285: 3252: 3219: 3186: 3153: 3120: 3087: 3054: 3021: 2988: 2801:Commonwealth Lawyers Association 2518:Commonwealth Lawyers Association 2502:Associated States of New Zealand 2034:High commissioner (Commonwealth) 1975:Commonwealth heads of government 1879:Commonwealth Heads of Government 927: 914: 900: 886: 873: 859: 845: 832: 819: 805: 790: 775: 761: 747: 733: 720: 714:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 706: 691: 676: 662: 648: 634: 621: 607: 593: 580: 567: 554: 541: 528: 515: 502: 489: 476: 463: 450: 437: 424: 411: 398: 385: 372: 359: 346: 333: 320: 307: 294: 281: 268: 255: 242: 229: 216: 203: 188: 106:Partially suspended member state 85: 70: 56: 16092:Intergovernmental organizations 11876:Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). 10554:"GDP per capita (current US$ )" 9623:"Fiji Rejoins the Commonwealth" 9093:. 11 March 2011. Archived from 8980:from the original on 1 May 2021 8819:. 12 April 1999. Archived from 8787:Radio New Zealand International 8735: 8719:. 19 March 2009. Archived from 8699: 8683:. 19 March 2009. Archived from 8669: 8653:. 19 March 2009. Archived from 8633: 8608: 8508: 8478: 8412: 8382: 8345: 8329:. 7 August 1979. Archived from 8268: 8242: 8220: 8198:Taylor, Claire (12 June 2009). 8191: 8176:Allison, George (27 May 2024). 8169: 8144: 8125: 8109: 8079: 8045: 8015: 7994:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 7987:"The new UK Emergency Passport" 7979: 7951: 7886: 7841: 7812: 7717: 7692: 7653: 7607: 7577: 7547: 7523:Walker, Peter (20 April 2018). 7516: 7486: 7391: 7365: 7305:Kron, Josh (28 November 2009). 7248: 7217: 7192: 7179: 7166: 7139: 7077: 6957: 6927: 6880: 6764: 6731: 6718: 6705: 6692: 6679: 6649: 6624: 6599: 6551: 6517: 6487: 6456: 6402: 6395:, agreed in 1921, included the 6385: 6372: 6342: 6294: 6250:Mole, Stuart (September 2004). 6243: 6213: 6202: 6173: 6117: 2959: 2735:alleged human rights violations 2498:Australian external territories 2097:Legal institutional connections 1960:United Nations General Assembly 1528:Burma (Myanmar since 1989) and 1375:British Commonwealth of Nations 1235:defines their shared values of 1171:British Commonwealth of Nations 979:The Baroness Scotland of Asthal 16107:Political history of Australia 15706:International Seabed Authority 15498:Australian Antarctic Territory 14354:since 1965 (before as part of 14351:British Indian Ocean Territory 14237:, while Tanganyika is part of 13868:since 1960 (before as part of 13548:British Indian Ocean Territory 13457:Australian Antarctic Territory 12429:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001) 11432:. 31 July 2013. Archived from 9919:"The Commonwealth Secretariat" 9194:. Policy Council of Guernsey. 8620:Australian Antarctic Territory 8152:"Nationality and Commonwealth" 8132:"High Court promulgation 2007" 8116:"High Court Act to be amended" 7428:Lawson, Alice (24 June 2022). 7291:. AllAfrica. 27 November 2009. 6463:Webb, Jeff A. (January 2003). 6092: 6066: 6027: 5905: 5840: 5699: 5348:Commonwealth Short Story Prize 5332:Commonwealth Short Story Prize 5158:to support the development of 2261:". In the wake of the wave of 1971:Commonwealth secretary-general 1552:(which united with the former 1482:in every major theatre of the 1474:British Empire in World War II 1367:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 1329:in 1959, pointed out that the 1325:, in her address to Canada on 1208:, whilst 36 other members are 1126:, often simply referred to as 1: 13001:Commonwealth Youth Parliament 12813:Commonwealth Games Federation 12803:Commonwealth Business Council 12446:The Commonwealth in the World 12354:"Imperial Organization" 12326:Cook, Chris and John Paxton. 11678:Pflanz, Mike (24 July 2007). 11297:Muda, Muhammad (April 1998). 11039:"Canada-European Union: CETA" 10682:(2005): 436–481, esp. 469-71. 10527:. 1 July 2013. Archived from 10518:"Gross domestic product 2012" 9247:Colvile, Robert (July 2004). 7678:10.1080/14662043.2019.1545526 7187:Contemporary European History 7005:. 16 May 1949. Archived from 6535:. August 2007. Archived from 6099:Srinivasan, Krishnan (2008). 5850:. 6 June 2013. Archived from 5833: 5454:. Rushdie achieved fame with 5299: 5270:inaugural edition in Hamilton 2874: 2556: 2546:Government of the Isle of Man 2450: 2417:(2,941,300 sq mi). 2220: 1993:of Guyana (1975–1990), Chief 1881:, including (amongst others) 1803:, was in office for 70 years. 1584:countries, predominantly non- 1434:Status of the Union Act, 1934 32:Commonwealth (disambiguation) 15696:International Criminal Court 13809:British Overseas Territories 13062:Visits by Queen Elizabeth II 12747:Commonwealth Youth Programme 12328:Commonwealth Political Facts 12138:Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah. 12116:Royal Commonwealth Society, 10772:Canada and the End of Empire 10039:South African History Online 9142:. Chief Minister of Jersey. 8707:"Country Comparisons – Area" 7648:Commonwealth Political Facts 7174:Contemporary British History 6687:Commonwealth Political Facts 6685:Chris Cook and John Paxton, 5778:, an equivalent grouping of 5667:adopted in 2003 reflect the 5381:The Story of an African Farm 5278:cricket at schools in Rwanda 2854:environmental sustainability 2490:British Overseas Territories 2001:of New Zealand (2000–2008). 1997:of Nigeria (1990–1999), and 1776: 1761:, Togolese Foreign Minister 1735:that had been a district of 1714: 1703:that their two countries be 1652:Constituent Assembly Debates 1609:Republic of Ireland Act 1948 1519:British overseas territories 1494:and New Zealand made up the 1423:ratified the statute in 1942 124:British Overseas Territories 7: 16112:Political history of Canada 15701:International Monetary Fund 15647:International organizations 15525:British Antarctic Territory 15235:Western Pacific Territories 15129: 13761:Charter of the Commonwealth 13542:British Antarctic Territory 13451:Ashmore and Cartier Islands 12996:Commonwealth Writers' Prize 12465:Making the New Commonwealth 12450:University of Toronto Press 11928:. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. 11239:10.1080/0035853022000010308 11233:(365): 293–296. July 2002. 10807:. Victoria UP. p. 23. 9538:10.1080/0035853042000188139 9421:10.1080/0035853042000249933 9268:10.1080/0035853042000249942 8847:International Monetary Fund 8717:Central Intelligence Agency 8651:Central Intelligence Agency 8624:British Antarctic Territory 8517:"Rwanda membership delayed" 6596:Retrieved: 18 October 2010. 6271:10.1080/0035853042000289128 5920:Her Majesty's Civil Service 5729: 5340:Commonwealth Writers' Prize 4814:European Economic Community 2915:Charter of the Commonwealth 2818: 2785:first multiracial elections 2663:elections in September 2014 2618:called a state of emergency 2432:Economy of member countries 2247:Statute of Westminster 1931 2234: 2075:British emergency passports 1676:Proposals to include Europe 1462:Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1231:rather than embassies. The 1148:use of the English language 10: 16138: 15711:World Customs Organization 15263:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 14680:British Arctic Territories 13960: 13853: 13737:Millbrook Action Programme 12737:Deputy Secretaries-General 12359:The Empire and the century 12235:Commonwealth Music Council 11950:Man Booker official site: 10738:. OUP Oxford. p. 87. 10244:"Commonwealth Secretariat" 9532:(373): 3–6. January 2004. 8023:"Travel related documents" 7494:"Head of the Commonwealth" 6702:(Oxford UP, 2009), p. 102. 6320:Royal Commonwealth Society 5706:Royal Commonwealth Society 5674: 5384:was published in 1883 and 5328:Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi 5303: 5177: 5173: 5146: 5128: 5074: 5007:The Commonwealth Games, a 4976: 4942: 4907: 4903:Royal Commonwealth Society 4864:Royal Commonwealth Society 4855: 4794: 2924: 2920: 2703: 2700:Withdrawal and termination 2614:the country's constitution 2560: 2454: 2435: 2424:", but was renamed on the 2378: 2374: 2238: 2027: 1932: 1866: 1823:should succeed his mother 1785: 1600: 1505: 1471: 1438:Parliament of South Africa 1389:Adoption and formalisation 1263: 1254: 29: 18: 16053:Commonwealth Winter Games 16042: 15873: 15832: 15754: 15716:Inter-Parliamentary Union 15680: 15661: 15574: 15543: 15503:Commonwealth of Australia 15461: 15450: 15421: 15373: 15362: 15328: 15135: 15099: 14905:Newfoundland and Labrador 14619: 14608: 14586:League of Nations mandate 14567: 14291: 14280: 14261:Lancaster House Agreement 14231:League of Nations mandate 14220: 13966: 13955: 13859: 13848: 13815: 13684: 13643: 13620: 13516: 13491: 13441: 13432: 13409: 13114: 13042: 12963: 12920: 12788: 12755: 12704: 12678: 12524:, Clarendon Press, 1960. 12467:, Clarendon Press, 1988. 12004:10.1080/00358530601167335 11713:Duncan, Isabelle (2013). 11631:10.1080/09523360500386419 11599:10.1080/09523368908713685 11318:10.1080/00358539808454416 11276:10.1080/00358530500175033 11199:10.1080/00358530801890561 9667:10.1080/00358530050083406 9501:10.1080/00358530220144148 9458:10.1080/00358530701864963 9341:10.1080/00358530701625877 9066:10.1080/00358530600929735 8761:10.1080/00358530801962089 8368:10.1080/00358530500174960 7152:. Routledge. p. 46. 7086:"Royal titles and styles" 6935:"Staying loyal to George" 6783:(4): 783–785 : 783. 6533:Parliament of New Zealand 5782:countries and territories 5442:Nobel Prize in Literature 5326:Ugandan-British novelist 4745: 4702: 4669: 4636: 4603: 4570: 4537: 4504: 4471: 4438: 4405: 4372: 4339: 4306: 4273: 4240: 4207: 4174: 4141: 4108: 4075: 4042: 4009: 3976: 3943: 3910: 3877: 3844: 3811: 3778: 3745: 3712: 3679: 3646: 3613: 3580: 3547: 3514: 3481: 3448: 3415: 3382: 3349: 3316: 3283: 3250: 3217: 3184: 3151: 3118: 3085: 3052: 3019: 2986: 2965: 2962: 2952: 2947: 2887:considered a report by a 2824:Objectives and activities 2795:the organisations of the 2716:declare itself a republic 2203:Royal Brunei Armed Forces 1962:by the secretariat as an 1807:Under the formula of the 1727:. Its entry preceded the 1665:constitutional monarchies 1643:, have remained members. 1132:international association 1105: 1095: 1085: 1080: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1046: 1029: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 984: 967: 952: 948: 943: 171: 161: 151: 136: 84: 52: 41: 16049:Commonwealth Youth Games 15746:World Trade Organization 15033:Turks and Caicos Islands 14340:(protectorate) 1907–1949 14285: 13912:(integrated into the UK) 13749:Latimer House Principles 13608:Turks and Caicos Islands 13019:Commonwealth citizenship 12780:Ministerial Action Group 12712:Head of the Commonwealth 12630:Commonwealth Secretariat 12604:Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. 11717:. London: Robson Press. 11655:. London. Archived from 10248:Commonwealth Secretariat 10215:Commonwealth Secretariat 10182:Commonwealth Secretariat 10110:Commonwealth Secretariat 9029:"States and Territories" 8817:Commonwealth Secretariat 8681:Commonwealth Secretariat 8490:Commonwealth Secretariat 8424:Commonwealth Secretariat 8394:Commonwealth Secretariat 8327:Commonwealth Secretariat 8254:The Gurkha Welfare Trust 7498:Commonwealth Secretariat 7468:Commonwealth Secretariat 7084:Smy, William A. (2008). 7059:"Royal Style and Titles" 6896:A New History of Ireland 6894:. In Hill, J. R. (ed.). 6416:. Sidgwick and Jackson. 6354:civilservice.blog.gov.uk 6074:"The London Declaration" 6009:Commonwealth Secretariat 5812: 5682:flag of the Commonwealth 5665:Latimer House Principles 5429:Cry, the Beloved Country 5200: 5131:Commonwealth of Learning 5125:Commonwealth of Learning 4925:Commonwealth Scholarship 4851: 2838:representative democracy 2508:. There are also former 2362:Commonwealth Secretariat 2259:Head of the Commonwealth 1973:, who is elected by the 1956:Commonwealth Secretariat 1948:Commonwealth Secretariat 1935:Commonwealth Secretariat 1929:Commonwealth Secretariat 1817:Head of the Commonwealth 1801:Head of the Commonwealth 1788:Head of the Commonwealth 1782:Head of the Commonwealth 1399:1926 Imperial Conference 1198:Head of the Commonwealth 1179:1926 Imperial Conference 1152:Commonwealth Secretariat 1101:75/km (194.2/sq mi) 19:Not to be confused with 16082:Commonwealth of Nations 15769:Commonwealth of Nations 15316:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 15141:18th and 19th centuries 14957:Queen Charlotte Islands 14917:North-Western Territory 14889:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 14492:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 14157:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 13840:Commonwealth of Nations 13678:Commonwealth of Nations 13468:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13108:Commonwealth of Nations 12808:Commonwealth Foundation 12671:Commonwealth of Nations 12635:Commonwealth Foundation 12598:2 February 2017 at the 12568:Madden, Frederick, ed. 12539:94.380 (2005): 381–391. 12419:2 February 2017 at the 11957:29 January 2017 at the 11851:Commonwealth Foundation 11374:Geurst, Jeroen (2010). 9309:10.1080/003585399107758 7944:, (1999) 199 7835:10.1093/iclqaj/31.3.451 7255:Frank Heinlein (2013). 6636:Australian War Memorial 6589:29 October 2010 at the 5306:Postcolonial literature 5029:2026 Commonwealth Games 5021:2022 Commonwealth Games 5013:2018 Commonwealth Games 4951:Commonwealth Foundation 4945:Commonwealth Foundation 4939:Commonwealth Foundation 4858:Commonwealth free trade 2932:Economic data by member 2111:highest court of appeal 1733:Belgian trust territory 1373:of 1921, when the term 1348:became more independent 1331:Confederation of Canada 1156:Commonwealth Foundation 1124:Commonwealth of Nations 45:Commonwealth of Nations 15066:West Indies Federation 14255:) and continued as an 13838:Current member of the 13701:Statute of Westminster 13553:British Virgin Islands 12615:19 August 2018 at the 12580:19 August 2018 at the 12513:Srinivasan, Krishnan. 12436:19 August 2018 at the 12425:Maitland, Donald. ed. 12053:8 January 2024 at the 10711:. Wiley. p. 416. 9222:Isle of Man Government 8087:"Practice direction 1" 7942:[1999] HCA 30 6380:Jan Smuts: A Biography 6155:"Commonwealth Charter" 5848:"Commonwealth Charter" 5786:English-speaking world 5771:Commonwealth Caribbean 5616: 5596: 5369: 5335: 5221: 5210:Rwanda Cricket Stadium 5094: 5004: 4905: 2771: 2696:as president in 2015. 2590: 2444:gross domestic product 2409: 2394: 2231: 2215:Singapore Police Force 2168: 2114: 2025: 1951: 1804: 1799:, the longest-serving 1661: 1597:Commonwealth republics 1469: 1410:Statute of Westminster 1319: 1283: 1183:Statute of Westminster 1034:Statute of Westminster 14988:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14259:state until the 1979 13865:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13743:Edinburgh Declaration 13713:Singapore Declaration 13676:Key documents of the 13526:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13434:Dependent territories 13311:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13024:Commonwealth diaspora 12950:Commonwealth republic 12405:36.4 (2008): 591–614. 12376:27.2 (1999): 193–212. 12319:Bloomfield, Valerie. 12269:. 13 September 2017. 12125:8 August 2014 at the 11972:17 March 2016 at the 11825:The Man Booker Prizes 10801:Brown, Bruce (1977). 10791:46#2 (2006): 155–175. 10732:Gill Bennett (2013). 10498:, Population Division 10469:, Population Division 9039:on 29 September 2007. 8284:The Modern Law Review 8052:Lloyd, Lorna (2007). 7405:. 20 September 2023. 7121:"The Invisible Crown" 6971:. 16 September 2020. 6777:International Journal 6728:44.2 (2006): 257–269. 6005:"Commonwealth Family" 5758:United Kingdom portal 5602: 5583: 5470:(born 1932), born in 5364:South African writer 5363: 5325: 5208: 5084: 5017:Gold Coast, Australia 4986: 4900: 4856:Further information: 4755:Commonwealth (realms) 4085:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2830:Singapore Declaration 2757: 2746:Ibrahim Mohamed Solih 2692:of opposition leader 2581: 2400: 2388: 2319:Edinburgh Declaration 2272:Singapore Declaration 2228: 2155: 2104: 2079:Documents of Identity 2012: 1942: 1903:the most recent CHOGM 1899:chair-in-office (CIO) 1795: 1729:Edinburgh Declaration 1656: 1455: 1417:joined Canada as its 1352:the first one in 1887 1289: 1277: 684:Saint Kitts and Nevis 166:Voluntary association 97:Current member states 15827:sports championships 15726:New Development Bank 15516:Realm of New Zealand 15514:(transferred to the 15501:(transferred to the 15334:Realm of New Zealand 14935:Prince Edward Island 14813:1671–1816, 1833–1960 13725:Langkawi Declaration 13186:Eswatini (Swaziland) 13006:Round Table movement 12553:23 June 2017 at the 12496:6.2 (1989): 145–155. 12386:McIntyre, W. David. 12379:McIntyre, W. David. 12337:1.3 (1962): 169–193. 12169:Elizabeth Renzetti. 10979:. 25 February 2017. 10913:. 15 November 2012. 10705:Ben Pimlott (1998). 9980:. 20 November 2018. 9168:. House of Commons. 8657:on 27 September 2011 8430:on 30 September 2006 8333:on 30 September 2006 7971:on 19 October 2013. 7504:on 30 September 2006 7189:(1998) 7#1 pp 39–60. 7176:(1996) 10#4 pp 1–34. 7119:Toporoski, Richard. 7090:The Loyalist Gazette 7073:on 23 November 2011. 7031:(12 February 1998), 6941:. 19 February 2010. 6336:10.1086/ahr/74.3.999 6157:. The Commonwealth. 5889:. The Commonwealth. 5669:separation of powers 5399:Indian sub-continent 5373:South African writer 5260:, with Australia in 5119:Stone of Remembrance 5057:Gleneagles Agreement 5033:Summer Olympic Games 4995:, shown here at the 2960:GDP (nominal, US$ ) 2869:Aso Rock Declaration 2858:Langkawi Declaration 2768:non-racial elections 2694:Maithripala Sirisena 2684:. UK prime minister 2650:the most recent coup 2403:Parliament of Canada 2313:, which created the 2173:British Armed Forces 2148:Military connections 2135:Realm of New Zealand 2133:which are under the 2030:Commonwealth citizen 1891:Imperial Conferences 1566:Joseph Chamberlain's 1556:in 1960 to form the 1377:was substituted for 1356:Imperial Conferences 1233:Commonwealth Charter 1191:British Commonwealth 1087:• 2016 estimate 115:Former member states 15984:Rhythmic Gymnastics 15755:Cultural IGOs 15547:Since 2009 part of 15439:of April–June 1982. 15026:Trinidad and Tobago 14640:Antigua and Barbuda 14540:Straits Settlements 13689:Balfour Declaration 13376:Trinidad and Tobago 13126:Antigua and Barbuda 12930:Membership criteria 12790:Commonwealth Family 12757:Heads of government 12503:, Routledge, 2008. 12340:Holland, Robert F. 12316:35.1 (2007): 73–94. 11687:The Daily Telegraph 11430:thecommonwealth.org 10943:. London: Civitas. 10939:Milne, Ian (2011). 10783:Andrea Benvenuti, 10112:. 22 January 1971. 10106:thecommonwealth.org 9921:. 13 October 2016. 9758:on 1 September 2019 9698:. 8 December 2006. 9603:on 4 September 2009 8944:The Daily Telegraph 8877:thecommonwealth.org 8677:"Tuvalu: Key Facts" 8003:on 12 December 2012 7462:(24 October 2007). 7460:Patterson, Percival 7096:(1). Archived from 7003:Parliament of India 6775:by Linda Freeman". 6661:thecommonwealth.org 6225:thecommonwealth.org 5887:thecommonwealth.org 5780:Portuguese-speaking 5717:Commonwealth Anthem 5563:Krishnan Srinivasan 5477:A Bend in the River 5457:Midnight's Children 5394:In a German Pension 5389:Katherine Mansfield 5294:most recent edition 5137:heads of government 4959:Heads of Government 4910:Commonwealth Family 4893:Commonwealth Family 4514:Trinidad and Tobago 2996:Antigua and Barbuda 2797:Commonwealth Family 2510:British possessions 2506:Commonwealth Family 2207:Gurkha Reserve Unit 2175:. According to the 2077:. Australia issues 2070:consular assistance 1911:president of Rwanda 1705:joined in a "union" 1691:At the time of the 1621:V. K. Krishna Menon 1571:Krishnan Srinivasan 1515:Commonwealth realms 1498:in post-war Japan. 1464:, South Africa and 1442:law of South Africa 1395:Balfour Declaration 1206:Commonwealth realms 1175:Balfour Declaration 1113:thecommonwealth.org 1019:Balfour Declaration 867:Trinidad and Tobago 196:Antigua and Barbuda 16045:Commonwealth Games 14699:Cape Breton Island 14590:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 14432:Unfederated States 14247:Southern Rhodesia 13834:Commonwealth realm 13731:Harare Declaration 13719:Lusaka Declaration 13707:London Declaration 13034:King's Baton Relay 12976:Commonwealth Games 12945:Commonwealth realm 12935:Special membership 12542:Winks, Robin, ed. 12443:Mansergh, Nicholas 12390:, Palgrave, 2001. 12330:(Macmillan, 1978). 12175:The Globe and Mail 12144:The Globe and Mail 11827:. 12 December 2013 11741:The Globe and Mail 11486:"The Commonwealth" 11466:on 11 January 2017 11436:on 1 February 2019 11378:. 010 Publishers. 11166:on 5 January 2006. 11100:ABC News Australia 11010:Trade.EC.Europe.eu 10911:British Parliament 10436:The Times of India 9954:on 14 October 2016 9877:. 9 January 2015. 9845:The Globe and Mail 9629:on 1 November 2004 8823:on 11 October 2008 8743:McIntyre, W. David 8723:on 9 February 2014 8712:The World Factbook 8687:on 29 October 2007 8646:The World Factbook 8529:on 23 January 2013 8400:on 7 February 2004 8137:2008-07-25 at the 7992:. United Kingdom: 7615:"The Commonwealth" 7561:. 22 August 2013. 7312:The New York Times 7127:on 9 February 2008 7009:on 9 November 2013 6689:(Macmillan, 1978). 6393:Oath of Allegiance 6125:"The Commonwealth" 5979:"The Commonwealth" 5929:on 6 December 2011 5711:Commonwealth Games 5633:Westminster system 5617: 5597: 5593:Westminster system 5463:The Satanic Verses 5370: 5336: 5310:Migrant literature 5266:Commonwealth Games 5222: 5115:Cross of Sacrifice 5095: 5005: 4989:Commonwealth Games 4979:Commonwealth Games 4973:Commonwealth Games 4923:which manages the 4906: 4838:Quebec nationalism 2862:Harare Declaration 2850:Lusaka Declaration 2842:individual liberty 2772: 2600:on the eve of the 2591: 2569:Harare Declaration 2542:States of Guernsey 2494:Crown Dependencies 2464:Harare Declaration 2422:special membership 2410: 2395: 2299:Harare Declaration 2251:London Declaration 2232: 2191:Brigade of Gurkhas 2169: 2142:High Court of Fiji 2115: 2087:high commissioners 2026: 1952: 1889:and, earlier, the 1809:London Declaration 1805: 1797:Queen Elizabeth II 1737:German East Africa 1709:on the Irish basis 1617:London Declaration 1554:Italian Somaliland 1550:British Somaliland 1523:London Declaration 1470: 1371:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1323:Queen Elizabeth II 1320: 1314:(New Zealand) and 1310:(United Kingdom), 1284: 1280:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1278:Draft of the 1921 1260:Conceptual origins 1249:Commonwealth Games 1187:London Declaration 1051:London Declaration 129:Crown Dependencies 25:Commonwealth realm 16069: 16068: 16063: 16062: 15874:Individual sports 15791: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15663:Intergovernmental 15613: 15612: 15570: 15569: 15446: 15445: 15378:Providence Island 15358: 15357: 15323: 15322: 15191:Western Australia 15159:Van Diemen's Land 15095: 15094: 15072:Associated States 14770:Columbia District 14604: 14603: 14458:Manila and Cavite 14276: 14275: 14155:Southern Rhodesia 14149:South-West Africa 14099:Northern Rhodesia 14011:Cape of Good Hope 13951: 13950: 13828:Current territory 13770: 13769: 13630: 13629: 13616: 13615: 13473:Coral Sea Islands 13411:Associated states 13070: 13069: 12986:Commonwealth Flag 12955:High Commissioner 12742:Marlborough House 12731:Patricia Scotland 12727:Secretary-General 12530:978-0-313-23624-2 12517:(Springer, 2005). 12509:978-0-415-35120-1 12499:Shaw, Timothy M. 12482:(Oxford UP 2013) 12473:978-0-19-820112-0 12458:978-0-8020-2492-3 12396:978-0-333-96310-4 12344:(Springer, 1981). 12293:. 20 March 2018. 12078:978-1-349-68398-7 11806:The Straits Times 11758:Los Angeles Times 11659:on 8 October 2008 11385:978-90-6450-715-1 10950:978-1-906837-32-7 10814:978-0-86473-372-6 10745:978-0-19-164163-3 10718:978-0-471-28330-0 10691:Alan S. Milward, 10534:on 10 August 2013 10250:. 7 August 1979. 10188:on 20 August 2006 10072:978-0-85092-626-2 9381:10.1080/750459452 9128:on 11 March 2011. 9097:on 11 March 2011. 8849:. 18 April 2017. 8557:. 3 August 2008. 8256:. 18 October 2022 8065:978-90-04-15497-1 7646:Cook and Paxton, 7268:978-1-135-28441-1 7159:978-1-134-35452-8 7044:978-0-19-829334-7 6939:indianexpress.com 6905:978-0-19-161559-7 6865:978-0-684-31366-5 6813:Political Studies 6569:978-0-7021-7121-5 6449:978-0-313-26257-9 6423:978-0-283-97908-8 6356:. 12 March 2018. 6110:978-0-230-20367-9 6040:. November 1926. 6015:on 31 August 2007 5955:. February 2012. 5508:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 5490:, and playwright 5485:Nigerian novelist 5438:Southern Rhodesia 5432:dates from 1948. 5419:Wide Sargasso Sea 5187:Commonwealth Flag 5160:democratic values 5156:local governments 5009:multi-sport event 4967:Pall Mall, London 4963:Marlborough House 4818:Charles de Gaulle 4792: 4791: 4788: 4787: 2670:Mahinda Rajapaksa 2639:designed to deny 2391:Parliament Square 2326:Harare principles 2305:, and the end of 2211:Gurkha Contingent 2161:5th Gurkha Rifles 2044:the right to vote 1944:Marlborough House 1725:Portuguese colony 1670:legal personality 1338:, while visiting 1308:Winston Churchill 1120: 1119: 972:Secretary-General 141:Marlborough House 16129: 15845:Beach Volleyball 15818: 15811: 15804: 15795: 15794: 15762: 15741:World Bank Group 15678: 15677: 15674: 15656: 15640: 15633: 15626: 15617: 15616: 15603: 15593: 15592: 15558:Antarctic Treaty 15519: 15506: 15491:Falkland Islands 15483:Tristan da Cunha 15475:Ascension Island 15452: 15451: 15403:Falkland Islands 15364: 15363: 15332:Now part of the 15204:Pitcairn Islands 15169:Auckland Islands 15138: 15137: 15124: 15117: 15110: 15101: 15100: 15086:Windward Islands 15040:Vancouver Island 14817:MassachusettsBay 14686:British Columbia 14610: 14609: 14426:Federated States 14282: 14281: 14192:Tristan da Cunha 14161:Southern Nigeria 14093:Northern Nigeria 13972:Ascension Island 13957: 13956: 13913: 13850: 13849: 13824:Former territory 13821: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13774: 13773: 13670: 13663: 13656: 13647: 13646: 13634: 13633: 13593:Pitcairn Islands 13563:Falkland Islands 13463:Christmas Island 13439: 13438: 13301:Papua New Guinea 13116:Sovereign states 13097: 13090: 13083: 13074: 13073: 12991:Commonwealth Day 12971:English language 12664: 12657: 12650: 12641: 12640: 12478:Murphy, Philip. 12412:(1994), 908 pp. 12362: 12356: 12299: 12298: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12197: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12166: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12155: 12135: 12129: 12113: 12107: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12063: 12057: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 11983: 11977: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11918: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11888: 11882: 11881: 11873: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11683: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11462:. Archived from 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11354: 11343: 11342: 11332: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11311:(346): 211–226. 11294: 11288: 11287: 11270:(380): 339–349. 11257: 11251: 11250: 11220: 11211: 11210: 11177: 11168: 11167: 11156: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11131:The Commonwealth 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11103:. 23 July 2022. 11091: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11071:. 15 June 2021. 11061: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11035: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11018: 11012:. Archived from 11007: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10919: 10908: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10884:on 15 April 2013 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10844: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10683: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10588: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10533: 10522: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10493: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10443:on 11 April 2013 10439:. Archived from 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10369: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10304: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10212: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10184:. Archived from 10174: 10168: 10167:89.357: 585–592. 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10145:on 16 April 2008 10135: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10118: 10103: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9944: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9903:. Archived from 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9593: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9335:(392): 555–563. 9319: 9313: 9312: 9303:(352): 547–567. 9287: 9281: 9280: 9270: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9121:. Archived from 9116: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9087: 9078: 9077: 9060:(386): 487–502. 9047: 9041: 9040: 9035:. Archived from 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8940: 8932: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8883:on 16 April 2014 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8789:. 26 June 2011. 8779: 8773: 8772: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8637: 8631: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8525:. Archived from 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8496:on 13 March 2007 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8458: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8426:. Archived from 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8362:(380): 381–391. 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8299: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8230:. 27 August 2023 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8204: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8148: 8142: 8129: 8123: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8002: 7996:. Archived from 7991: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7949: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7657: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7589:The Commonwealth 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7559:The Commonwealth 7555:"How we are run" 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7500:. Archived from 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7474:on 26 April 2009 7470:. Archived from 7456: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7029:Bogdanor, Vernon 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6808: 6789:10.2307/40203728 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6698:Brian Harrison, 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6667:on 4 August 2009 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6603: 6597: 6582:Hayter, Steven. 6580: 6574: 6573: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6406: 6400: 6397:Irish Free State 6389: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6273: 6264:(376): 533–546. 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6217: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6054: 6052: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6011:. Archived from 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5928: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5879: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5844: 5827: 5823: 5804:, consisting of 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5746: 5744:Countries portal 5741: 5740: 5690:Commonwealth Day 5653:local government 5585:Parliament House 5576:Political system 5411:Caribbean writer 5378:'s famous novel 5344:Man Booker Prize 5191:Commonwealth Day 4753: 4751: 4750: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4019:Papua New Guinea 4017: 4015: 4014: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3027: 3025: 3024: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2963:GDP (PPP, US$ ) 2957: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2935: 2610:Pervez Musharraf 2537:States of Jersey 2338:English language 2334:King Charles III 2330:sovereign states 2199:Gorkha regiments 2156:Soldiers of the 2049:British subjects 1991:Shridath Ramphal 1771:Anglophone world 1648:Jawaharlal Nehru 1619:, as drafted by 1578:New Commonwealth 1484:Second World War 1458:Second World War 1456:Poster from the 1448:Second World War 1383:Irish Free State 1229:high commissions 1136:56 member states 1128:the Commonwealth 1115: 1053: 1042: 1041:11 December 1931 1036: 1025:19 November 1926 1021: 991: 974: 932: 931: 930: 919: 918: 917: 910: 905: 904: 903: 891: 890: 889: 878: 877: 876: 869: 864: 863: 862: 850: 849: 848: 837: 836: 835: 824: 823: 822: 815: 810: 809: 808: 800: 795: 794: 793: 785: 780: 779: 778: 766: 765: 764: 757: 752: 751: 750: 738: 737: 736: 725: 724: 723: 716: 711: 710: 709: 701: 696: 695: 694: 686: 681: 680: 679: 667: 666: 665: 658: 656:Papua New Guinea 653: 652: 651: 639: 638: 637: 626: 625: 624: 617: 612: 611: 610: 598: 597: 596: 585: 584: 583: 572: 571: 570: 559: 558: 557: 546: 545: 544: 533: 532: 531: 520: 519: 518: 507: 506: 505: 494: 493: 492: 481: 480: 479: 468: 467: 466: 455: 454: 453: 442: 441: 440: 429: 428: 427: 416: 415: 414: 403: 402: 401: 390: 389: 388: 377: 376: 375: 364: 363: 362: 351: 350: 349: 338: 337: 336: 325: 324: 323: 312: 311: 310: 299: 298: 297: 286: 285: 284: 273: 272: 271: 260: 259: 258: 247: 246: 245: 234: 233: 232: 221: 220: 219: 208: 207: 206: 199: 198: 194: 192: 191: 153:Working language 147:, United Kingdom 121: 112: 103: 94: 89: 74: 60: 39: 38: 16137: 16136: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16128: 16127: 16126: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16038: 15971:Pool Lifesaving 15869: 15828: 15822: 15792: 15783: 15756: 15750: 15668: 15664: 15657: 15650: 15644: 15614: 15609: 15566: 15539: 15513: 15511:Ross Dependency 15500: 15457: 15442: 15417: 15369: 15354: 15324: 15319: 15275: 15270:Solomon Islands 15217:North Australia 15197:South Australia 15153:New South Wales 15131: 15128: 15091: 14811:Leeward Islands 14615: 14600: 14563: 14470:Muscat and Oman 14287: 14272: 14216: 13962: 13947: 13911: 13855: 13844: 13819: 13811: 13801: 13771: 13766: 13755:Perth Agreement 13680: 13674: 13639: 13631: 13626: 13612: 13512: 13502:Ross Dependency 13487: 13428: 13405: 13346:Solomon Islands 13118: 13110: 13101: 13071: 13066: 13057:Prime ministers 13038: 13012:The Round Table 12959: 12916: 12825: 12784: 12770:Chair-in-Office 12751: 12700: 12674: 12668: 12626: 12621: 12617:Wayback Machine 12600:Wayback Machine 12582:Wayback Machine 12564: 12562:Primary sources 12559: 12555:Wayback Machine 12537:The Round Table 12438:Wayback Machine 12421:Wayback Machine 12308: 12306:Further reading 12303: 12302: 12283: 12282: 12278: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12244: 12242: 12229: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12212: 12199: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12167: 12163: 12153: 12151: 12136: 12132: 12127:Wayback Machine 12114: 12110: 12102: 12098: 12088: 12086: 12079: 12065: 12064: 12060: 12055:Wayback Machine 12043: 12039: 12029: 12027: 11992:The Round Table 11984: 11980: 11974:Wayback Machine 11959:Wayback Machine 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11920: 11919: 11915: 11905: 11903: 11890: 11889: 11885: 11874: 11870: 11860: 11858: 11845: 11844: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11801: 11797: 11787: 11785: 11770: 11766: 11753: 11749: 11736: 11732: 11725: 11711: 11707: 11697: 11695: 11676: 11672: 11662: 11660: 11643: 11639: 11610: 11606: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11509: 11508: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11484: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11467: 11460:globaltaskforce 11454: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11409: 11407: 11398: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11372: 11368: 11355: 11346: 11333: 11326: 11304:The Round Table 11295: 11291: 11263:The Round Table 11258: 11254: 11226:The Round Table 11222: 11221: 11214: 11186:The Round Table 11178: 11171: 11158: 11157: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11108: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11078: 11076: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11048: 11046: 11037: 11036: 11032: 11022: 11020: 11019:on 9 March 2017 11016: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10951: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10917: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10897: 10887: 10885: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10863: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10839:Russell Ward, 10838: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10815: 10799: 10795: 10784: 10782: 10778: 10769: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10746: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10703: 10699: 10690: 10686: 10677: 10673: 10663: 10661: 10648: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10593:. 1 July 2013. 10586: 10582: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10501: 10499: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10472: 10470: 10461: 10460: 10456: 10446: 10444: 10427: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10402: 10401: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10370: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10305: 10298: 10288: 10286: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10224:on 13 June 2006 10221: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10165:The Round Table 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10082: 10080: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10043: 10041: 10033: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10016: 10001: 9997: 9987: 9985: 9972: 9971: 9967: 9957: 9955: 9946: 9945: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9917: 9916: 9912: 9907:on 5 July 2008. 9899: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9882: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9854: 9852: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9690: 9689: 9682: 9661:(355): 311–55. 9654:The Round Table 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9606: 9604: 9595: 9594: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9566:. 22 May 2018. 9558: 9557: 9553: 9525:The Round Table 9521: 9520: 9516: 9495:(364): 131–59. 9488:The Round Table 9480: 9473: 9445:The Round Table 9440: 9436: 9415:(375): 311–42. 9408:The Round Table 9400: 9396: 9368:The Round Table 9360: 9356: 9328:The Round Table 9320: 9316: 9296:The Round Table 9288: 9284: 9261:(375): 343–53. 9254:The Round Table 9245: 9241: 9231: 9229: 9228:on 2 March 2013 9216: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9089: 9088: 9081: 9053:The Round Table 9048: 9044: 9027: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9010: 9001: 9000: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8933: 8926: 8916: 8914: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8886: 8884: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8856: 8854: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8755:(395): 273–85. 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8628:Ross Dependency 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8513: 8509: 8499: 8497: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8466:on 22 July 2007 8463: 8456: 8450: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8355:The Round Table 8350: 8346: 8336: 8334: 8321: 8320: 8313: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8158: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8139:Wayback Machine 8130: 8126: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7968: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7909:10.2307/2009593 7891: 7887: 7864:10.2307/2195461 7846: 7842: 7817: 7813: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7763: 7747: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7658: 7654: 7645: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7457: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7303: 7296: 7284: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7222: 7218: 7197: 7193: 7184: 7180: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7100:on 11 July 2012 7082: 7078: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6915: 6913: 6906: 6885: 6881: 6866: 6852: 6848: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6719: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6693: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6638: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6591:Wayback Machine 6581: 6577: 6570: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6410:Pakenham, Frank 6407: 6403: 6390: 6386: 6378:F.S. Crafford, 6377: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6299: 6295: 6257:The Round Table 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6231:on 19 June 2010 6219: 6218: 6214: 6209:Liberal History 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6131:. 21 May 2019. 6123: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5985:on 19 June 2010 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5881: 5880: 5871: 5857: 5855: 5854:on 6 March 2019 5846: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5796:La Francophonie 5756: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5719: 5702: 5677: 5649:good governance 5639:democracy. The 5578: 5558:The Round Table 5526:, and novelist 5496:Nadine Gordimer 5376:Olive Schreiner 5366:Olive Schreiner 5316: 5302: 5203: 5195:Remembrance Day 5182: 5180:British culture 5176: 5151: 5145: 5133: 5127: 5079: 5073: 4981: 4975: 4947: 4941: 4912: 4895: 4860: 4854: 4846:Canadian Ensign 4842:Maple Leaf flag 4840:. In 1964, the 4810: 4797: 4748: 4746: 4705: 4703: 4672: 4670: 4639: 4637: 4606: 4604: 4573: 4571: 4540: 4538: 4507: 4505: 4474: 4472: 4441: 4439: 4408: 4406: 4375: 4373: 4342: 4340: 4316:Solomon Islands 4309: 4307: 4276: 4274: 4243: 4241: 4210: 4208: 4177: 4175: 4144: 4142: 4111: 4109: 4078: 4076: 4045: 4043: 4012: 4010: 3979: 3977: 3946: 3944: 3913: 3911: 3880: 3878: 3847: 3845: 3814: 3812: 3781: 3779: 3748: 3746: 3715: 3713: 3682: 3680: 3649: 3647: 3616: 3614: 3583: 3581: 3550: 3548: 3517: 3515: 3484: 3482: 3451: 3449: 3418: 3416: 3385: 3383: 3352: 3350: 3319: 3317: 3286: 3284: 3253: 3251: 3220: 3218: 3187: 3185: 3154: 3152: 3121: 3119: 3088: 3086: 3055: 3053: 3022: 3020: 2989: 2987: 2967: 2955: 2954: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2904:Malcolm Rifkind 2900:forced marriage 2877: 2836:; promotion of 2826: 2821: 2742:Mohamed Nasheed 2720:British monarch 2712: 2702: 2658:sporting events 2654:Kamalesh Sharma 2635:in 1987, after 2565: 2559: 2459: 2453: 2440: 2434: 2383: 2377: 2267:racial equality 2243: 2237: 2223: 2209:), as well the 2150: 2099: 2036: 2028:Main articles: 2015:high commission 2007: 1983:Kamalesh Sharma 1937: 1931: 1883:prime ministers 1877:(CHOGM), where 1871: 1865: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1717: 1678: 1605: 1599: 1558:Somali Republic 1511: 1504: 1476: 1450: 1391: 1344:South Australia 1272: 1264:Main articles: 1262: 1257: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1098: 1088: 1073: 1054: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1022: 1017: 992: 989:Chair-in-Office 987: 975: 970: 958: 939: 928: 926: 915: 913: 901: 899: 898: 887: 885: 874: 872: 860: 858: 857: 846: 844: 833: 831: 820: 818: 806: 804: 803: 791: 789: 788: 783:Solomon Islands 776: 774: 773: 762: 760: 748: 746: 745: 734: 732: 721: 719: 707: 705: 704: 692: 690: 689: 677: 675: 674: 663: 661: 649: 647: 646: 635: 633: 622: 620: 608: 606: 605: 594: 592: 581: 579: 568: 566: 555: 553: 542: 540: 529: 527: 516: 514: 503: 501: 490: 488: 477: 475: 464: 462: 451: 449: 438: 436: 425: 423: 412: 410: 399: 397: 386: 384: 373: 371: 360: 358: 347: 345: 334: 332: 321: 319: 308: 306: 295: 293: 282: 280: 269: 267: 256: 254: 243: 241: 230: 228: 217: 215: 204: 202: 189: 187: 185: 182: 181: 132: 131: 126: 119: 117: 110: 108: 101: 99: 92: 80: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 61: 48: 47: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16135: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16060: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16037: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15877: 15875: 15871: 15870: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15829: 15821: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15798: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15765: 15763: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15736:United Nations 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15687: 15685: 15675: 15659: 15658: 15643: 15642: 15635: 15628: 15620: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15607: 15597: 15587: 15581: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15561: 15554: 15544: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15529: 15521: 15508: 15495: 15487: 15479: 15471: 15462: 15459: 15458: 15448: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15441: 15440: 15433: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15415: 15407: 15399: 15393: 15387: 15384:Willoughbyland 15381: 15374: 15371: 15370: 15360: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15342: 15336: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15311: 15305: 15298: 15291: 15285: 15278: 15276: 15274: 15273: 15266: 15260: 15254: 15244: 15238: 15232: 15226: 15220: 15214: 15208: 15200: 15194: 15184: 15178: 15172: 15166: 15156: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15142: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15126: 15119: 15112: 15104: 15097: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15083: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15063: 15057: 15051: 15047:Virgin Islands 15043: 15037: 15029: 15023: 15017: 15014:South Carolina 15011: 15005: 14998: 14991: 14984: 14978: 14972: 14966: 14960: 14950: 14944: 14938: 14932: 14926: 14920: 14914: 14911:North Carolina 14908: 14902: 14896: 14890: 14884: 14878: 14872: 14866: 14860: 14854: 14848: 14845:Mosquito Coast 14842: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14814: 14808: 14801: 14795: 14789: 14783: 14777: 14774:Oregon Country 14767: 14763:Cayman Islands 14759: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14745: 14739: 14733: 14721: 14714: 14708: 14702: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14683: 14677: 14669: 14662: 14656: 14650: 14643: 14636: 14629: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14606: 14605: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14598: 14592: 14583: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14561: 14555: 14552:Trucial States 14549: 14543: 14537: 14531: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14511: 14505: 14499: 14493: 14487: 14486: 14485: 14473: 14467: 14461: 14455: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14441: 14435: 14429: 14417: 14411: 14405: 14399: 14393: 14387: 14381: 14375: 14369: 14363: 14347: 14341: 14335: 14329: 14319: 14313: 14312: 14311: 14299: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14278: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14264: 14245:Self-governing 14242: 14228: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14214: 14208: 14202: 14196: 14188: 14182: 14176: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14152: 14146: 14140: 14134: 14128: 14122: 14114: 14108: 14102: 14096: 14090: 14084: 14078: 14072: 14066: 14060: 14054: 14048: 14038: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14017:Central Africa 14014: 14008: 14002: 13996: 13986: 13976: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13953: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13931: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13905: 13902:Ionian Islands 13899: 13893: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13836: 13830: 13825: 13822: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13805:British Empire 13800: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13777: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13746: 13740: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13698: 13692: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13673: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13650: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13628: 13627: 13621: 13618: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13558:Cayman Islands 13555: 13550: 13545: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13522: 13520: 13518:United Kingdom 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13497: 13495: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13483:Norfolk Island 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13453: 13447: 13445: 13436: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13391:United Kingdom 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13112: 13111: 13100: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13077: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13052:Extreme points 13048: 13046: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12967: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12926: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12767: 12761: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12724: 12719: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12686:British Empire 12682: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12667: 12666: 12659: 12652: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12625: 12624:External links 12622: 12620: 12619: 12608:(1963), 804pp 12602: 12591:(1963), 908pp 12585: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12540: 12533: 12520:Wheare, K. C. 12518: 12511: 12497: 12490: 12476: 12461: 12440: 12423: 12406: 12399: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12369:(Brill, 2007). 12365:Lloyd, Lorna. 12363: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12324: 12317: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12276: 12252: 12222: 12192: 12161: 12130: 12108: 12096: 12077: 12058: 12037: 11998:(388): 57–70. 11978: 11943: 11913: 11896:Nobelprize.org 11883: 11868: 11838: 11812: 11795: 11764: 11761:. p. B15. 11747: 11730: 11723: 11705: 11670: 11637: 11604: 11593:(2): 145–155. 11577: 11552: 11527: 11502: 11477: 11447: 11417: 11391: 11384: 11366: 11344: 11324: 11289: 11252: 11212: 11193:(394): 19–28. 11169: 11148: 11118: 11086: 11056: 11030: 10994: 10964: 10949: 10931: 10895: 10869: 10845: 10832: 10813: 10793: 10776: 10763: 10744: 10724: 10717: 10697: 10684: 10671: 10641: 10611: 10575: 10545: 10509: 10480: 10454: 10421: 10395: 10361: 10330: 10296: 10265: 10235: 10199: 10169: 10156: 10130: 10090: 10071: 10051: 10026: 9995: 9965: 9936: 9910: 9892: 9862: 9831: 9800: 9769: 9743: 9713: 9680: 9640: 9614: 9581: 9551: 9514: 9471: 9434: 9394: 9375:(353): 45–57. 9354: 9314: 9282: 9239: 9209: 9183: 9157: 9131: 9100: 9079: 9042: 9020: 8991: 8962: 8924: 8894: 8864: 8834: 8804: 8774: 8734: 8698: 8668: 8632: 8630:(New Zealand). 8607: 8572: 8540: 8507: 8477: 8441: 8411: 8381: 8344: 8311: 8290:(3): 351–354. 8276:de Smith, S.A. 8267: 8241: 8219: 8190: 8168: 8143: 8124: 8122:, July 4, 2007 8108: 8078: 8064: 8044: 8014: 7978: 7950: 7930: 7896:World Politics 7885: 7858:(3): 455–468. 7840: 7811: 7796: 7776: 7761: 7741: 7716: 7691: 7652: 7650:(1978) part 3. 7636: 7606: 7576: 7546: 7515: 7485: 7446: 7420: 7390: 7364: 7330: 7294: 7274: 7267: 7247: 7216: 7191: 7178: 7165: 7158: 7138: 7111: 7076: 7049: 7043: 7020: 6986: 6956: 6926: 6904: 6879: 6864: 6846: 6819:(2): 277–285. 6763: 6730: 6717: 6704: 6691: 6678: 6648: 6623: 6598: 6575: 6568: 6550: 6539:on 22 May 2011 6516: 6486: 6469:heritage.nf.ca 6455: 6448: 6429: 6422: 6401: 6384: 6371: 6341: 6293: 6242: 6212: 6201: 6172: 6146: 6116: 6109: 6091: 6080:on 6 July 2010 6065: 6026: 5996: 5970: 5953:news.bbc.co.uk 5940: 5904: 5869: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5747: 5731: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5701: 5698: 5696:celebrations. 5676: 5673: 5659:, modelled on 5615:, New Zealand. 5605:jubilee beacon 5603:Lighting of a 5577: 5574: 5448:Salman Rushdie 5355:British Empire 5301: 5298: 5268:, hosting the 5202: 5199: 5175: 5172: 5147:Main article: 5144: 5141: 5129:Main article: 5126: 5123: 5104:war cemeteries 5075:Main article: 5072: 5069: 4977:Main article: 4974: 4971: 4943:Main article: 4940: 4937: 4908:Main article: 4894: 4891: 4880:European Union 4870:Following its 4853: 4850: 4809: 4806: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4613:United Kingdom 4601: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495:1,407,563,842 3493: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2922: 2919: 2876: 2873: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2799:, such as the 2701: 2698: 2678:Stephen Harper 2637:military coups 2561:Main article: 2558: 2555: 2452: 2449: 2436:Main article: 2433: 2430: 2379:Main article: 2376: 2373: 2263:decolonisation 2255:King George VI 2239:Main article: 2236: 2233: 2222: 2219: 2185:soldiers from 2149: 2146: 2098: 2095: 2006: 2003: 1933:Main article: 1930: 1927: 1867:Main article: 1864: 1861: 1827:as head after 1821:Prince Charles 1786:Main article: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1716: 1713: 1682:European Union 1677: 1674: 1601:Main article: 1598: 1595: 1503: 1500: 1472:Main article: 1466:imperial India 1449: 1446: 1429:respectively. 1419:tenth province 1390: 1387: 1379:British Empire 1296:Mackenzie King 1266:British Empire 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1225:United Kingdom 1167:decolonisation 1144:British Empire 1118: 1117: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097:• Density 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 985: 982: 981: 976: 968: 965: 964: 959: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 941: 940: 938: 937: 924: 911: 908:United Kingdom 896: 883: 870: 855: 842: 829: 816: 801: 786: 771: 758: 743: 730: 717: 702: 687: 672: 659: 644: 631: 618: 603: 590: 577: 564: 551: 538: 525: 512: 499: 486: 473: 460: 447: 434: 421: 408: 395: 382: 369: 356: 343: 330: 317: 304: 291: 278: 265: 252: 239: 226: 213: 200: 177: 176: 175: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 155: 149: 148: 138: 134: 133: 118: 109: 100: 91: 90: 82: 81: 76: 69: 68: 62: 55: 54: 53: 50: 49: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16134: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16058: 16054: 16050: 16046: 16041: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16024:Weightlifting 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15916:Cross Country 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15872: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15826: 15819: 15814: 15812: 15807: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15796: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15760: 15753: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15684: 15681:Non-cultural 15679: 15676: 15672: 15666: 15665:organizations 15660: 15654: 15648: 15641: 15636: 15634: 15629: 15627: 15622: 15621: 15618: 15606: 15602: 15598: 15596: 15588: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15573: 15562: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15545: 15542: 15535: 15534: 15530: 15527: 15526: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15464: 15463: 15460: 15453: 15449: 15438: 15437:Falklands War 15434: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15423: 15420: 15413: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15404: 15400: 15397: 15394: 15391: 15388: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15368:South America 15365: 15361: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15341: 15337: 15335: 15331: 15330: 15327: 15315: 15312: 15309: 15306: 15303: 15299: 15296: 15292: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15257:Union Islands 15255: 15252: 15248: 15245: 15242: 15239: 15236: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15224: 15221: 15218: 15215: 15212: 15209: 15206: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15192: 15188: 15185: 15182: 15179: 15176: 15173: 15170: 15167: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15147: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15134: 15125: 15120: 15118: 15113: 15111: 15106: 15105: 15102: 15098: 15087: 15084: 15081: 15078: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15061: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15024: 15021: 15018: 15015: 15012: 15009: 15006: 15003: 14999: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14979: 14976: 14973: 14970: 14969:Rupert's Land 14967: 14964: 14961: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14929:Paulet affair 14927: 14924: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14912: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14897: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14876: 14875:New Hampshire 14873: 14870: 14867: 14864: 14863:New Brunswick 14861: 14858: 14855: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14812: 14809: 14806: 14802: 14799: 14796: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14749: 14746: 14743: 14740: 14737: 14734: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14722: 14719: 14715: 14712: 14709: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14657: 14654: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14637: 14634: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14614:North America 14611: 14607: 14597: 14593: 14591: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14569: 14566: 14559: 14556: 14553: 14550: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14538: 14535: 14534:South Vietnam 14532: 14529: 14526: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14488: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14445: 14442: 14439: 14436: 14433: 14430: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14415: 14412: 14409: 14406: 14403: 14400: 14397: 14394: 14391: 14388: 14385: 14382: 14379: 14376: 14373: 14370: 14367: 14364: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14352: 14348: 14345: 14342: 14339: 14336: 14333: 14330: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14317: 14314: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14290: 14283: 14279: 14269: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14243: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14219: 14212: 14209: 14206: 14203: 14200: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14189: 14186: 14183: 14180: 14177: 14174: 14171: 14168: 14165: 14162: 14159: 14156: 14153: 14150: 14147: 14144: 14141: 14138: 14135: 14132: 14129: 14126: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14106: 14103: 14100: 14097: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14082: 14079: 14076: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14064: 14061: 14058: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14042: 14039: 14036: 14033: 14030: 14027: 14024: 14021: 14018: 14015: 14012: 14009: 14006: 14003: 14000: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13974: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13965: 13958: 13954: 13943: 13940: 13935: 13932: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13866: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13823: 13818: 13817: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13798: 13793: 13791: 13786: 13784: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13683: 13679: 13671: 13666: 13664: 13659: 13657: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13642: 13635: 13625: 13619: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13515: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13431: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13098: 13093: 13091: 13086: 13084: 13079: 13078: 13075: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13041: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12919: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12787: 12781: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12691:Key documents 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12672: 12665: 12660: 12658: 12653: 12651: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12572: 12567: 12566: 12556: 12552: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12422: 12418: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12349:Jebb, Richard 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12310: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12280: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12256: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12226: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12165: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12112: 12105: 12100: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12062: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11967:J. M. Coetzee 11964: 11963:Hilary Mantel 11960: 11956: 11953: 11952:J. G. Farrell 11947: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11917: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11879: 11872: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11808: 11807: 11799: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11768: 11760: 11759: 11751: 11744:. p. 21. 11743: 11742: 11734: 11726: 11724:9781849545464 11720: 11716: 11709: 11693: 11689: 11688: 11682: 11674: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11641: 11632: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11608: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11581: 11566: 11565:RSL Australia 11562: 11556: 11541: 11537: 11536:"Remembrance" 11531: 11516: 11512: 11506: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11361: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11341:. p. 29. 11340: 11339: 11331: 11329: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11219: 11217: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11187: 11182: 11181:McKinnon, Don 11176: 11174: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11045:on 3 May 2012 11044: 11040: 11034: 11015: 11011: 11004: 10998: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10935: 10916: 10912: 10905: 10899: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10862: 10855: 10849: 10842: 10836: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10797: 10790: 10780: 10773: 10767: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10728: 10720: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10681: 10675: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10596: 10592: 10585: 10579: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10513: 10497: 10490: 10484: 10468: 10464: 10458: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10425: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10368: 10366: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10334: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10301: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10203: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10160: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10094: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10055: 10040: 10036: 10030: 10014: 10010: 10006: 9999: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9649:Ingram, Derek 9644: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9518: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9483:Ingram, Derek 9478: 9476: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9452:(394): 3–17. 9451: 9447: 9446: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9403:Ingram, Derek 9398: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9363:Ingram, Derek 9358: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9323:Ingram, Derek 9318: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9291:Ingram, Derek 9286: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9243: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9084: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9054: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8996: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8939: 8931: 8929: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8577: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8554:The New Times 8550: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8446: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8348: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8278:(July 1949). 8277: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8229: 8223: 8208: 8207:UK Parliament 8201: 8194: 8179: 8172: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8025:. Australia: 8024: 8018: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7975: 7967: 7960: 7954: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7903:(4): 577–87. 7902: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7829:(3): 451–73. 7828: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7797:9781928331124 7793: 7789: 7788: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7762:9781928331124 7758: 7754: 7753: 7745: 7730: 7726: 7725:"Immigration" 7720: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7672:(1): 93–122. 7671: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7347:The Telegraph 7344: 7337: 7335: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7289: 7288:The New Times 7281: 7279: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7207:The Telegraph 7203: 7195: 7188: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7161: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6745:The Telegraph 6741: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6688: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6579: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6529:parliament.nz 6526: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6382:(2005) p. 142 6381: 6375: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6061: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5866: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5822: 5818: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637:parliamentary 5634: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5520:Patrick White 5517: 5513: 5512:Derek Walcott 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500:J. M. Coetzee 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488:Chinua Achebe 5486: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5468:V. S. Naipaul 5465: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434:Doris Lessing 5431: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407:Graham Greene 5404: 5403:R. K. Narayan 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5386:New Zealander 5383: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5015:were held in 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4844:replaced the 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4802:British India 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4717:2,418,964,000 4715: 4713: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4053: 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3362: 3360: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2985: 2971: 2950: 2949:Member states 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:homosexuality 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852:of 1979, and 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:David Cameron 2683: 2682:Deepak Obhrai 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2622:Robert Mugabe 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:military coup 2603: 2599: 2598:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2595: 2588: 2587:Robert Mugabe 2584: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2479:newly elected 2476: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2458: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123:supreme court 2120: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:Emeka Anyaoku 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:Robert Dussey 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:protectorates 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Lord Rosebery 1332: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1160:organisations 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1091:2,418,964,000 1090: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1057:28 April 1949 1056: 1052: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1006:Establishment 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 983: 980: 977: 973: 966: 963: 960: 957: 951: 947: 942: 936: 925: 923: 912: 909: 897: 895: 884: 882: 871: 868: 856: 854: 843: 841: 830: 828: 817: 814: 802: 799: 787: 784: 772: 770: 759: 756: 744: 742: 731: 729: 718: 715: 703: 700: 688: 685: 673: 671: 660: 657: 645: 643: 632: 630: 619: 616: 604: 602: 591: 589: 578: 576: 565: 563: 552: 550: 539: 537: 526: 524: 513: 511: 500: 498: 487: 485: 474: 472: 461: 459: 448: 446: 435: 433: 422: 420: 409: 407: 396: 394: 383: 381: 370: 368: 357: 355: 344: 342: 331: 329: 318: 316: 305: 303: 292: 290: 279: 277: 266: 264: 253: 251: 240: 238: 227: 225: 214: 212: 201: 197: 184: 183: 180: 174: 172:Member states 170: 167: 164: 160: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 130: 125: 116: 107: 98: 88: 83: 73: 65: 59: 51: 46: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 16004:Table Tennis 15975:Powerlifting 15966:Orienteering 15896:Bodybuilding 15825:Commonwealth 15824: 15768: 15548: 15531: 15523: 15489: 15481: 15473: 15467:Saint Helena 15465: 15409: 15401: 15251:Cook Islands 15202: 15175:New Hebrides 15144:20th century 15060:West Florida 15045: 15031: 14963:Rhode Island 14941:Pennsylvania 14899:Newfoundland 14836: 14761: 14711:East Florida 14682:16th c.–1880 14671: 14623: 14520:Crown Colony 14508:Pulo Condore 14482:Crown Colony 14476:North Borneo 14349: 14308:Protectorate 14257:unrecognised 14251:in 1965 (as 14190: 14143:South Africa 14131:Sierra Leone 14118:Saint Helena 14116: 14111:Orange River 13989:Bechuanaland 13970: 13928:Protectorate 13887: 13863: 13839: 13827: 13807:and Current 13677: 13540: 13500: 13455: 13419:Cook Islands 13351:South Africa 13336:Sierra Leone 13107: 13011: 12670: 12605: 12588: 12569: 12543: 12536: 12521: 12514: 12500: 12493: 12479: 12464: 12463:Moore, R.J. 12445: 12426: 12409: 12402: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12366: 12358: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12320: 12313: 12288: 12279: 12264: 12255: 12243:. 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