1329:
1491:
1187:
1311:
There are various views and opinions on the Kriol language. Some deny that it is even its own language simply referring to it as
English or insisting those who speak Kriol are just speaking English poorly. Others view the language as a threat because it encroaches on other older aboriginal languages.
1307:
The Kriol language unlike many other aboriginal languages is healthy with most of its speakers under the age of 30. 99% of Kriol speakers are aboriginals with only 0.8% being part of other groups. This shows that Kriol is an insider language only used within a community. Kriol speakers mainly use the
1270:
variety is spoken, but Daly River speakers do not consider themselves to be Kriol speakers. There is the question of whether the varieties should be understood as different forms of Kriol to strengthen the identities of the respective region, or they all should be seen as Kriol and potentially have a
376:
During that period, relations between the natives and
European people were strained. Aboriginal people fiercely defended their lands. However, the control of lands was eventually seized by the settlers, when a cattle company acquired much of the area. The settlers became more determined to take full
391:
region in 1908. That brought together around 200 people from eight different aboriginal ethnic groups, who spoke different native languages, Although adult members of these groups were multilingual because of frequent meetings and ceremonies. Children from these groups were educated in
English,
320:
in the northern regions has maintained a vibrant use of the language, which is spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite its similarities to
English in vocabulary, it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar. It is a language in its own right and is distinct from
1308:
language orally with there being low literacy rates. Though there are groups and initiatives working to increase the usage of Kriol literacy and usage in media by teaching Kriol literacy, creating new works in Kriol, and translating pre existing works into Kriol.
1354:
have been translated into Kriol and many books have been published in Kriol. Online there are several videos and texts available in Kriol, as well as resources for learning the language. There is also currently an
Australian Kriol Knowledge currently on the
1418:
Orait, longtaim wen God bin stat meigimbat ebrijing, nomo enijing bin jidan. Imbin jis eniwei, nomo garram enijing. Oni strongbala woda bin goran goran ebriwei, en imbin brabli dakbala, en det Spirit blanga God bin mubabat ontop langa det
1433:
Our Kriol programs help students feel strong about themselves. In Room 33, students have been completing Kriol profiles about themselves while in Room 12, students did some great family portraits with all the labels in Kriol.
1375:
in the
Northern Territory. Translation took over 29 years. It was undertaken by a team of native Kriol speakers led by Rev. Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara and specialists from the Society for Australian Indigenous Languages.
1251:
area, but there are minor differences between the varieties of Kriol spoken in particular areas. Some speakers of Kriol prefer to refer to their language by their unique name. However, the varieties are quite similar.
1429:
Wen ola bigini dun Kriol la skul, im album alabat jidan strongbala. La run 33 alabat bin dum profail, bla dalim wi "hu yu?". La Rum 12, alabat bin drodrobat alabat femili en raidimdan wani dei gulum alabat gada Kriol
357:
developed throughout the territory based on Port
Jackson Pidgin English (PJPE). By 1900 PJPE had developed into Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. Then by 1908 NTPE would
426:
exclusively. In Kriol the order of possessor and possessum varies with it being evenly split between possessor possessum and possessum possessor. In Kriol word order is evenly split between Verb object
1507:
1424:
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
247:
399:
Although the relations between the missionaries and
Aboriginal people were friendly, the missionaries were not responsible for the development of Kriol. In fact, they tried to introduce
156:
1379:
The Kriol Bible is the first complete edition of the Bible in any
Indigenous Australian language. The publication was a joint venture of The Bible Society, Lutheran Bible Translators,
688:
380:
The resettlements and land seizures nearly annihilated the indigenous population was a major factor in the development of the creole, as it created drastic social change.
3120:
1855:
1178:
area), Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, and Daly River Kriol. Of the various dialects those spoken in the Roper River and
Barunga area are best documented.
1312:
While some take pride in it and try to support it. Government support for Kriol is limited with there being only two bilingual language programs in
2027:
199:
2750:
722:
655:
1768:
2685:
403:
as the official language for the mission, which the Aboriginal children used in class and with the missionaries, but Kriol still flourished.
1961:
337:
called Port Jackson Pidgin English are found from the 1780s with the pidgin being used for communication between the white settlers around
17:
1455:
1320:
though the one in Barunga has closed though they both have successfully included Kriol as both a medium and an object of study.
1328:
589:
548:
423:
2678:
2020:
966:
693:
3010:
2743:
1973:
758:
553:
312:. Later, it was spoken by groups further west and north. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the
698:
1930:(1993) "Losing and gaining a language: the story of Kriol in the Northern Territory" in Walsh, M and Yallop, C (eds),
1701:
1234:
1208:
1216:
1825:
629:
2454:
2094:
2013:
1904:
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which was formed by pervasive code switching between Kriol and Gurnidji. There is another Creole language called
819:
615:
2759:
2736:
2694:
1212:
855:
The primary contributing language of Kriol is English but it received and continues to receive influence from:
286:
125:
1255:
The differences are not actually that large. Mari Rhydwen compares the distinction to the distinction between
2604:
2486:
2398:
2075:
1372:
1248:
1138:
1134:
1126:
67:
55:
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was attempted over a period of about forty years. Settlement finally succeeded in 1870 with the founding of
2840:
2295:
1296:
748:
622:
458:, and dual plural inclusive and exclusive pronouns first person. The language also differentiates between
2789:
2440:
2287:
1313:
1175:
955:
where several different spellings can be used to make the same sound. Kriol, unlike English, also uses a
636:
594:
151:
2794:
2317:
2061:
1956:
1400:
840:
753:
582:
496:
346:
301:
1556:
2447:
1950:
563:
309:
1490:
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2639:
2625:
2523:
2509:
2068:
1969:
1388:
1347:
1197:
558:
451:
261:
3016:
2917:
2799:
2412:
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2172:
1284:
1201:
713:
601:
543:
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2716:
2709:
2193:
2137:
2036:
1927:
1380:
1267:
660:
443:
317:
93:
2982:
2946:
2109:
2082:
648:
501:
447:
396:. Children from these communities disseminated English features throughout their community.
3099:
2996:
2878:
2461:
2391:
2310:
1356:
1174:
Dialects of Kriol include Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole (from the
956:
868:
665:
568:
322:
478:
There is a large variety in the specific pronouns and they vary largely between dialects.
8:
2911:
2632:
2579:
2346:
2331:
2151:
1503:
1333:
952:
912:
892:
880:
872:
511:
253:
79:
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2855:
2280:
2273:
2165:
2054:
920:
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896:
864:
670:
506:
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speakers followed. To communicate between both groups and the local Aboriginal people,
342:
313:
63:
2202:
1999:
239:
2941:
2931:
2850:
2845:
2646:
2353:
2324:
2266:
2259:
2236:
2158:
2116:
1697:
1696:. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 69, 74–75.
1576:
1292:
1280:
1266:
Roper River (Ngukurr) Kriol is also spoken in Barunga, and in the Daly River area, a
908:
904:
679:
538:
526:
516:
471:
459:
316:, where the contact between European settlers, the Chinese and other Asians, and the
71:
442:
or verbs to specify meaning. Kriol pronouns differentiate between different between
3079:
2653:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2500:
2357:
2303:
2123:
2044:
1856:"While many Indigenous languages are disappearing, one has more speakers than ever"
1568:
1351:
1256:
1159:
940:
888:
400:
383:
Another factor in the development of Kriol was the establishment of a community of
350:
203:
1743:
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3002:
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2897:
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2597:
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2216:
2209:
2186:
2179:
1994:
1260:
884:
876:
709:
643:
521:
419:
305:
289:
117:
107:
1122:
947:
and digraphs are used but also in the rules for said letters and digraphs. Each
418:
As a general rule the grammar of Kriol is a simplified version of that found in
406:
Kriol was not recognized as a language until the 1970s, as it was regarded as a
377:
control of the land from the native people and carried out a campaign to do so.
3065:
2426:
2382:
2243:
2130:
1288:
1163:
916:
860:
856:
463:
192:
3114:
3041:
2773:
2572:
2339:
2144:
1769:"A New Language Spoken By Just 350 People Has Evolved In Australia's Outback"
1718:
1580:
1478:
1155:
924:
781:
577:
393:
1944:
1619:
2925:
2862:
1594:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
359:
338:
75:
1953:
site for the main Aboriginal Community producing Kriol language materials.
1572:
223:
2405:
2005:
1987:
1384:
974:
944:
794:
776:
737:
388:
384:
366:
51:
1947:
Bilingual Kriol-English website providing news and information on Kriol.
1892:
2814:
2537:
1797:
1664:
1483:
833:
786:
467:
435:
83:
2903:
3071:
2493:
1508:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1147:
963:
814:
610:
232:
216:
1186:
373:), where cattle stations were established and a township developed.
3094:
3051:
936:
279:
Roper River Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Northern Australian Creole
1905:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:1-2 - New International Version"
1506:
Australian Kriol at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
3085:
3059:
1826:"2021 Census: Kriol a growing language - Meigim Kriol Strongbala"
1317:
948:
533:
407:
370:
59:
341:
and the local indigenous population. European settlement in the
2671:
2479:
2373:
1526:
1453:
455:
428:
354:
334:
297:
293:
2516:
1725:, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1368:
1279:
There is also a creole language based off a mix of Kriol and
1151:
970:
439:
27:
Creole language developed in Australia from an English-pidgin
1970:"First complete Bible translation in an indigenous language"
2914:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
1291:
formed by rapid code-switching between Kriol, English, and
1271:
better chance of funding for bilingual education programs.
1993:
Kriol materials from the Barunga bilingual program at the
1879:
Carroll, Peter J. 2004. From the beginning to Proverbs.
1416:
1391:, and the Australian Society of Indigenous Languages.
1337:
1723:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
1716:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
951:
in Kriol can only be made with one letter, unlike in
826:
807:
800:
410:
of English, rather than a language in its own right.
1557:"Northern Territory Pidgin English: A Lexical Study"
959:
in which words are spelled to match how they sound.
2758:
1523:The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
1367:On 5 May 2007, the first complete edition of the
3112:
333:The first records of the progenitor to Kriol, a
3121:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia
2744:
2021:
1717:Schultze-Berndt, Eva; Angelo, Denise (2013),
1932:Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia
1215:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2751:
2737:
2035:
2028:
2014:
1967:
962:The Kriol alphabet contains 21 letters 11
1235:Learn how and when to remove this message
1691:
1643:
1454:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
1336:, a copy of the Australian Kriol Bible (
1327:
1646:Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
1542:Kriol - An Australian Language Resource
14:
3113:
1995:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages
1820:
1818:
1798:"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Kriol"
1792:
1790:
1665:"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Kriol"
1554:
1497:
1371:in the Kriol language was launched at
2732:
2009:
1934:, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
1893:https://ebible.org/pdf/rop/rop_a4.pdf
1850:
1848:
1846:
1687:
1685:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1474:
1472:
466:, Independent Pronoun, and Adnominal
1517:
1515:
1362:
1213:adding citations to reliable sources
1180:
349:, and an influx of both English and
1974:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1830:meigimkriolstrongbala.org.au/en_au/
1815:
1787:
1247:Kriol is very widely spoken in the
24:
1968:Crittenden, Stephen (2 May 2007).
1843:
1682:
1652:
1555:Harris, John W. (1 January 1988).
1539:
1469:
1295:by the inhabitants of the town of
308:, Australia, in the early days of
25:
3132:
1938:
1648:(4th ed.). pp. 182–185.
1637:
1512:
1346:Many famous pieces of media such
157:Northern Territory Pidgin English
1489:
1185:
296:used initially in the region of
2455:South Australian Pidgin English
1897:
1886:
1873:
1761:
1736:
1710:
1274:
454:, as well as between singular,
2760:English-based creole languages
2695:Australian Irish Sign Language
1612:
1587:
1548:
1533:
1447:
1394:
930:
13:
1:
2900:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2399:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1440:
1381:The Church Missionary Society
850:
2906:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1456:"Cultural diversity: Census"
943:but varies not only in what
481:
7:
2441:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2002:Retrieved 25 December 2014.
2000:Roper Gulf Regional Council
1964:Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1169:
152:Port Jackson Pidgin English
10:
3137:
1990:Retrieved 13 January 2020.
1988:The Kriol Bible, full text
1692:Sandefur, John R. (1984).
1417:
1389:Wycliffe Bible Translators
413:
365:It creolized first in the
328:
3029:
2955:
2833:
2826:
2766:
2704:
2663:
2589:
2472:Major immigrant languages
2471:
2448:Queensland Kanaka English
2372:
2290:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2228:
2104:
2092:
2043:
1719:"Kriol structure dataset"
1644:Margaret, Sharpe (1978).
1302:
736:
708:
678:
642:
609:
532:
431:and Adverb verb object.
260:
246:
230:
214:
209:
189:
165:
144:
114:
99:
89:
47:
39:
34:
18:Australian Kriol language
2686:Indigenous Sign Language
1962:Kriol-English Dictionary
1957:Kriol language resources
1748:espace.library.uq.edu.au
1323:
434:Word order is used over
105:7,500 (2021 census)
2590:Major foreign languages
2254:? (3 families/isolates)
1945:Meigim Kriol Strongbala
1338:
392:necessitating use of a
362:into Australian Kriol.
3011:San Andrés–Providencia
2717:Indigenous Australians
2710:Aboriginal Australians
2037:Languages of Australia
1694:Work Papers of Sil-Aab
1343:
318:Aboriginal Australians
292:that developed from a
94:Aboriginal Australians
3100:Torres Strait Islands
2679:Australian Aboriginal
2076:Australian Aboriginal
1573:10.1075/eww.9.1.06har
1331:
1268:mutually-intelligible
310:European colonisation
266:52-ABB-ca (varieties:
3037:Australian Aborginal
3030:Asia and the Pacific
2879:Afro-Seminole Creole
2462:Torres Strait Creole
1881:The Bible Translator
1209:improve this section
957:Phonetic Orthography
387:missionaries in the
323:Torres Strait Creole
180:Fitzroy Valley Kriol
2841:Antigua and Barbuda
2817:(Equatorial Guinea)
1540:Sharpe, Margret C.
1404:
1334:Museum of the Bible
953:English orthography
770:
488:
476:Reciprocal pronouns
80:Cape York Peninsula
3074:(Papua New Guinea)
2062:Western Australian
1561:English World-Wide
1399:
1344:
1070:Consonant Digraphs
768:
486:
438:or subject object
343:Northern Territory
314:Northern Territory
283:Aboriginal English
268:52-ABB-caa to -caf
64:Northern Territory
3108:
3107:
3068:(Solomon Islands)
3025:
3024:
2726:
2725:
2368:
2367:
2288:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2229:Language families
1951:Ngukurr Community
1802:apics-online.info
1775:. 25 January 2024
1669:apics-online.info
1624:apics-online.info
1599:apics-online.info
1487:(25th ed., 2022)
1438:
1437:
1363:Bible translation
1245:
1244:
1237:
1144:Punctuation Marks
975:punctuation marks
848:
847:
766:
765:
470:. There are also
272:
271:
171:Roper River Kriol
72:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
3128:
3080:Ngatikese Creole
3017:Turks and Caicos
2875:(United States)
2831:
2830:
2779:Aku (The Gambia)
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2712:
2697:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2656:
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2635:
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2154:
2147:
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2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2069:South Australian
2064:
2057:
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2016:
2007:
2006:
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1980:
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1630:
1620:"APiCS Online -"
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1595:"APiCS Online -"
1591:
1585:
1584:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1479:Australian Kriol
1476:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1451:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1398:
1352:Waltzing Matilda
1342:) is on display.
1341:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1189:
1181:
1160:Exclamation mark
941:English Alphabet
939:is based on the
771:
767:
489:
485:
422:. Kriol uses an
401:Standard English
275:Australian Kriol
256:
242:
226:
219:
204:English Alphabet
195:
183:Daly River Kriol
134:Australian Kriol
120:
35:Australian Kriol
32:
31:
21:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3047:Hawaiian Pidgin
3021:
2989:Limonese Creole
2978:Jamaican Patois
2973:Jamaican Maroon
2951:
2881:(United States)
2822:
2776:(Sierra Leone)
2762:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2659:
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2515:
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2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:mixed languages
2381:
2364:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2034:
1978:
1976:
1941:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1903:
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1385:Anglican church
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1261:British English
1241:
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1164:Quotation marks
973:digraphs and 5
933:
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306:New South Wales
290:creole language
267:
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222:
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196:
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147:
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121:
118:Language family
116:
110:: 10,000 (1991)
106:
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101:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3134:
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2427:Light Warlpiri
2423:
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2413:Gurindji Kriol
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
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2370:
2369:
2366:
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2350:
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2296:Marrku–Wurrugu
2292:
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2263:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2230:
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2217:Djambarrpuyngu
2213:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:Pitjantjatjara
2190:
2183:
2173:Western Desert
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2131:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2127:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2099:
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2079:
2072:
2065:
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2018:
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1939:External links
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1883:55.4: 491–497.
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1544:. p. 178.
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1289:Light Warlpiri
1285:Gurndji Creole
1276:
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1193:
1191:
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1119:Vowel Digraphs
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424:SVO word order
415:
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330:
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277:also known as
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210:Language codes
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49:
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26:
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1909:Bible Gateway
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1194:This section
1192:
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1179:
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1156:Question mark
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404:
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397:
395:
394:lingua franca
390:
386:
381:
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372:
368:
363:
361:
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344:
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336:
326:
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311:
307:
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299:
295:
291:
288:
287:English-based
284:
280:
276:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
234:
229:
225:
221:
218:
213:
208:
205:
202:based off of
201:
198:
194:
188:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
168:
164:
158:
155:
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109:
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88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3082:(Micronesia)
3036:
2999:(Nicaragua)
2991:(Costa Rica)
2926:Sranan Tongo
2419:
2318:Pama–Nyungan
2246:(5 families)
2110:Anindilyakwa
1977:. Retrieved
1931:
1928:Harris, John
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1779:15 September
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1727:, retrieved
1722:
1712:
1693:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1645:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1589:
1567:(1): 77–99.
1564:
1560:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1529:. p. 1.
1522:
1499:
1482:
1459:. Retrieved
1449:
1378:
1366:
1345:
1310:
1306:
1278:
1275:Creolization
1265:
1254:
1246:
1231:
1222:
1207:Please help
1195:
1173:
1143:
1142:
1118:
1117:
1069:
1068:
980:
979:
961:
934:
854:
793:
502:Inter-Dental
452:third person
433:
417:
405:
398:
382:
379:
375:
364:
339:Port Jackson
332:
282:
278:
274:
273:
262:Linguasphere
231:
177:Barkly Kriol
133:
76:Gulf Country
29:
3005:(Nicaragua)
2856:Saint Kitts
2790:West Africa
2406:Cocos Malay
2392:Angloromani
2203:Yolŋu Matha
1979:25 December
1744:"UQ eSpace"
1395:Sample text
1359:Incubator.
1348:Shakespeare
1339:Holi Baibul
931:Orthography
738:Approximant
487:Consonants
436:inflections
389:Roper River
367:Roper River
146:Early forms
108:L2 speakers
52:Roper River
3056:Melanesia
3013:(Colombia)
2928:(Suriname)
2920:(Suriname)
2912:Saramaccan
2894:(Suriname)
2851:Montserrat
2815:Pichinglis
2633:Indonesian
2580:Vietnamese
2311:Nyulnyulan
2152:Walmajarri
2095:Indigenous
2055:Australian
1773:IFLScience
1484:Ethnologue
1461:13 October
1441:References
935:The Kriol
913:Walmatjari
905:Ngarinyman
893:Rembarrnga
881:Nunggubuyu
873:Mangarrayi
869:Wandarrang
851:Vocabulary
468:Possessive
440:affixation
84:Queensland
3095:Singapore
3072:Tok Pisin
3062:(Vanuatu)
2827:Caribbean
2494:Cantonese
2354:Yangmanic
2347:Worrorran
2332:Tasmanian
2166:Warumungu
2097:languages
2047:varieties
1865:15 August
1835:15 August
1753:17 August
1729:17 August
1629:17 August
1604:17 August
1581:0172-8865
1373:Katherine
1357:Wikimedia
1249:Katherine
1225:July 2022
1196:does not
964:consonant
921:Miriwoong
901:Jaminjung
865:Ngalakgan
611:Fricative
578:Voiceless
512:Retroflex
482:Phonology
472:Reflexive
369:Mission (
302:Newcastle
233:Glottolog
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1293:Warlpiri
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1170:Dialects
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937:alphabet
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507:Alveolar
385:Anglican
360:creolize
240:krio1252
166:Dialects
78:, Lower
3090:Norfolk
3060:Bislama
2963:Bahamas
2956:Western
2918:Matawai
2868:Grenada
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2805:Liberia
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2605:Chinese
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2374:Pidgins
2358:Wagiman
2356:(incl.
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1674:26 June
1401:Genesis
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