597:
612:
3997:
3434:, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued in parallel for some time. As such, the Old English alphabet began to employ parts of the Roman alphabet in its construction. Futhorc influenced the emerging English alphabet by providing it with the letters
41:
3204:
words. Current standards require its use for both purposes. Therefore, apostrophes are necessary to spell many words even in isolation, unlike most punctuation marks, which are concerned with indicating sentence structure and other relationships among multiple words.
4132:, based on the Latin alphabet, introduced a number of new letters as part of a wider proposal to reform English orthography. Other proposals have gone further, proposing entirely new scripts for written English to replace the Latin alphabet such as the
3032:
The most common diacritic marks seen in
English publications are the acute (é), grave (è), circumflex (â, î, or ô), tilde (ñ), umlaut and diaeresis (ü or ï—the same symbol is used for two different purposes), and cedilla (ç). Diacritics used for
631:
3200:(ʼ) is not usually considered part of the English alphabet nor used as a diacritic, even in loanwords. But it is used for two important purposes in written English: to mark the "possessive" and to mark
4039:, although such ligatures were not used in either classical Latin or ancient Greek. These are now usually rendered as "ae" and "oe" in all types of writing, although in American English, a lone
3233:(but without cumulation). This meant that only regular nouns bearing neither could be confidently identified, and plural and possessive could be potentially confused (e.g., "the Apostles words"
3075:
and others) uses the diacritic. However, diacritics are likely to be retained even in naturalised words where they would otherwise be confused with a common native
English word (for example,
3614:, though they are largely obsolete (see "Ligatures in recent usage" below), and where they are used they are not considered to be separate letters (e.g., for collation purposes), but rather
630:
338:
during the 7th century. During the centuries that followed, various letters entered or fell out of use. By the 16th century, the present set of 26 letters had largely stabilised:
628:
4107:
3060:. Informal English writing tends to omit diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them.
3335:
The letter most commonly used in
English is E. The least used letter is Z. The frequencies shown in the table may differ in practice according to the type of text.
4839:
3229:
as the standard mark for plural + possessive). Practice settled in the 18th century; before then, practices varied but typically all three endings were written
3716:, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century. Today, the English alphabet is considered to consist of the following 26 letters:
629:
751:), but these are rare. For a letter as a letter, the letter itself is most commonly used, generally in capitalised form, in which case the plural just takes
4789:
2517:
was regarded as the 27th letter of the
English alphabet, as taught to children in the US and elsewhere. An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book
3356:
The letter Y sometimes represents a consonant (as in "young") and sometimes a vowel (as in "myth"). Very rarely, W may represent a vowel (as in "cwm", a
3063:
As such words become naturalised in
English, there is a tendency to drop the diacritics, as has happened with many older borrowings from French, such as
3642:
2501:
pilots, police and others, are designed to eliminate this potential confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.
281:
3419:
runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now
England, along with the proto-form of the language itself, by
5006:
4027:
were until the 19th century (slightly later in
American English) used in formal writing for certain words of Greek or Latin origin, such as
4747:
4212:
4206:
3536:
recorded the traditional order of the Old
English alphabet. He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first, including the
3363:
The consonant sounds represented by the letters W and Y in
English (/w/ and /j/ as in went /wɛnt/ and yes /jɛs/) are referred to as
4129:
3624:, though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form gradually becoming graphically indistinguishable from the
596:
4699:
4491:
5037:
4967:
4707:
2556:
had a number of non-Latin letters that have since dropped out of use. Some of these either took the names of the equivalent
4999:
3027:
4903:
4822:
4945:
4830:
4730:
3661:
having become phonemically-distinct – as indeed also happened in Modern
English), while ð is still used in present-day
2327:
The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants, via French, of the Latin (and Etruscan) names. (See
4843:
4666:
3665:(although only as a silent letter). Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by
5047:
4170:
17:
3180:. Some publications, particularly in UK usage, have replaced the diaeresis with a hyphen such as in co-operative.
5072:
4992:
263:
4866:"Adapting the Roman alphabet for Writing Old English: Evidence from Coin Epigraphy and Single-Sheet Characters"
4777:
2513:(&) has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, as in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011.
4785:
3391:
3286:
584:
are generally not used to write native English words, which is unusual among orthographies used to write the
5098:
2801:
4755:
3658:
3654:
3294:
argued that apostrophe is the 27th letter of the alphabet, arguing that it does not function as a form of
3183:
In general, these devices are not used even where they would serve to alleviate some degree of confusion.
2489:, are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link.
2392:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
553:
There are 5 vowel letters and 19 consonant letters—as well as Y and W, which may function as either type.
277:
273:
4182:
2402:, shifting all Middle English long vowels. Affects A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, O, P, T, and presumably Y.
3406:
3378:
The remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent
2754:(which did not become phonemically distinct until after the letter had fallen out of use). Replaced by
2687:(which did not become phonemically distinct until after the letter had fallen out of use). Replaced by
3349:
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent
3072:
3004:"s" that continued to be used alongside the modern lowercase s into the 1800s. Replaced by lowercase
2799:
688:
5103:
4176:
3067:. Words that are still perceived as foreign tend to retain them; for example, the only spelling of
173:
303:
193:
4158:
3310:
2494:
638:
311:
259:
4816:
3932:
3201:
3170:
3165:
3153:
557:
295:
120:
4507:
3713:
3615:
3611:
3353:, although I and U represent consonants in words such as "onion" and "quail" respectively.
3238:
2522:
801:
661:
The names of the letters are commonly spelled out in compound words and initialisms (e.g.,
183:
115:
8:
5062:
5042:
4164:
3565:
3395:
3318:
585:
135:
125:
4634:
4011:
Outside of professional papers on specific subjects that traditionally use ligatures in
5093:
5067:
4955:
4885:
4808:
4647:
4511:
4125:
4110:. These include proposals for the addition of letters to the English alphabet, such as
4091:
4001:
3953:
3650:
3497:
3313:. Written compound words may be hyphenated, open or closed, so specifics are guided by
3034:
2328:
178:
4984:
4272:
The letter J did not occur in Old French or Middle English. The Modern French name is
5032:
4973:
4963:
4941:
4889:
4826:
4703:
4565:
Linguistic analyses vary on how best to characterise the English possessive morpheme
3416:
3344:
2557:
2490:
2399:
621:
299:
4350:
Especially in American English, the /l/ is often not pronounced in informal speech.
4197: – Former braille used for the English language in the United States of America
5016:
4877:
4503:
4450:
4421:
4389:
4357:
4302:
4194:
4137:
4133:
3662:
3412:
3330:
3130:
2964:
2950:
2936:
2913:
2890:
2856:
2833:
2778:
2743:
2729:
2706:
2676:
2662:
2642:
2604:
2584:
2300:
2257:
2186:
2119:
2054:
2006:
1958:
1908:
1851:
1816:
1779:
1726:
1663:
1616:
1566:
1516:
1466:
1412:
1374:
1335:
1290:
1249:
1207:
1157:
1107:
1056:
1006:
954:
904:
857:
840:
90:
5057:
5027:
4487:
4483:
4327:
4260:
4244:
4188:
3291:
641:
3248:
from which they are distinguished in writing only by an apostrophe, for example
4248:
4200:
3607:
3599:
3573:
3569:
3541:
3483:
3436:
3357:
3176:
3109:
Occasionally, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to indicate the
2696:
2561:
2553:
335:
327:
291:
248:
188:
140:
130:
4911:
4179: – Manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language
3673:. Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by
2451:
5087:
4149:
4086:. These are not independent letters – although in traditional
3487:
600:
English alphabet from 1740, with some unusual letter names. Note the use of
242:
109:
4121:
4112:
4066:
used to typeset English texts contain commonly used ligatures, such as for
4029:
3637:
3620:
3507:
3505:(Æ æ) was adopted as a letter in its own right, named after a futhorc rune
3431:
3420:
3156:), they less often represent two which may be marked with a diaresis as in
2988:
2984:
2807:
2755:
2688:
2616:
3237:"those things over there are my husbands")—which undermines the logic of "
2334:
The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are:
4095:
4087:
3519:
3424:
3314:
3295:
3038:
2549:
331:
4865:
3708:
assumed the status of an independent letter. The variant lowercase form
2529:. In English and many other languages, it is used to represent the word
4881:
3996:
3625:
3533:
3517:(Œ œ) also appeared as a distinct letter, likewise named after a rune,
3218:
3197:
3089:
3083:). Rarely, they may even be added to a loanword for this reason (as in
683:
653:
2560:, since there were no Latin names to adopt, or were runes themselves (
3537:
3476:
3379:
3364:
3245:
3122:
3049:
3013:
3001:
2615:, which disappeared from the language and then reformed. Replaced by
2510:
581:
208:
4063:
4012:
3525:
3110:
2498:
269:
63:
4977:
4094:(type element) for practical reasons – but simply
3371:) by linguists, however this is a description that applies to the
3649:
Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day
3646:
677:
671:
224:
46:
4173: – Proposed reforms to English spelling to be more phonetic
3935:, but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:
3589:
3470:
3465:
4690:
4635:
On the Status of the Latin Letter Þorn and of its Sorting Order
4632:
Michael Everson, Evertype, Baldur Sigurðsson, Íslensk Málstöð,
4218:
4035:
4005:
3709:
3306:
3210:
2996:
2806:, which disappeared from the language quite early. Replaced by
601:
50:
3375:
represented by the letters and not to the letters themselves.
2790:
2309:
2069:
2015:
1917:
1672:
1166:
1062:
1015:
963:
913:
4589:
that uniquely attaches to a noun phrase's final (rather than
4577:
inflectional suffix equivalent to prepositional periphrastic
4378:
4015:, ligatures are seldom used in modern English. The ligatures
3603:
3555:
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & ⁊ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ
3350:
2078:
1967:
1738:
1261:
1216:
316:
40:
2746:
2715:
2712:
2679:
1822:
1785:
4439:
4410:
4404:
4372:
3585:
3581:
3460:
3442:
3168:
is rare but found in some well-known publications, such as
2967:
2925:
2876:
2819:
2787:
2784:
2732:
2665:
2651:
2648:
2565:
2266:
2195:
2125:
1857:
1622:
1572:
1522:
1472:
1421:
1383:
1344:
1296:
1258:
1213:
1113:
846:
322:
4023:
4017:
3595:
3513:
3501:
3427:
have survived, mostly as short inscriptions or fragments.
3129:
is used widely in poetry, e.g., in Shakespeare's sonnets.
2922:
2899:
2867:. (The letter 'w' had not yet been invented.) Replaced by
2763:
2593:
2574:
2438:, a new letter, self-explanatory (the name of Latin V was
1380:
1341:
1163:
4459:
4436:
4430:
4407:
4398:
4375:
4366:
3577:
3448:
2953:
2939:
2919:
2902:
2896:
2842:
2628:
2607:
2590:
2446:, of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French
2075:
2063:
1964:
1735:
863:
687:
in railroading). The spellings listed below are from the
4098:
choices created to optimize the legibility of the text.
5014:
4154:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3540:, then 5 additional English letters, starting with the
3225:(apostrophe alone after a regular plural affix, giving
3209:
It distinguishes (from the otherwise identical regular
4203: – Tactile alphabet invented by William Bell Wait
4209: – Chinese pronunciation of the English alphabet
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3628:
3454:
3005:
2980:
2976:
2868:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2811:
2718:
2620:
2418:, a new letter presumably vocalised like neighboring
2306:
2263:
2240:
2192:
2165:
2131:
2128:
2102:
2039:
1991:
1941:
1891:
1860:
1834:
1762:
1732:
1696:
1646:
1599:
1575:
1549:
1499:
1445:
1418:
1395:
1320:
1273:
1190:
1140:
1116:
1086:
1039:
989:
960:
937:
887:
823:
544:
536:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
4692:
MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Editors
4462:
4456:
4433:
4427:
4401:
4395:
4369:
4363:
3423:
settlers. Very few examples of this form of written
2269:
2066:
2060:
2012:
1914:
1669:
1475:
1012:
910:
268:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4453:
4424:
4392:
4360:
3606:borrowings reintroduced homographs of æ and œ into
2916:
2893:
2836:
2781:
2709:
2645:
2587:
2434:, a new letter named by analogy with the majority;
2303:
2260:
2189:
2122:
2057:
2009:
1961:
1911:
1854:
1819:
1782:
1729:
1666:
1619:
1569:
1525:
1519:
1469:
1415:
1377:
1338:
1293:
1255:
1252:
1210:
1160:
1110:
1059:
1009:
957:
907:
860:
843:
4161: – Letter names for unambiguous communication
691:. Plurals of consonant names are formed by adding
4729:Zoölogist, Minnesota Office of the State (1892).
4354:, 10th ed). Common colloquial pronunciations are
3186:
5085:
4805:Cipher Systems: The Protection of Communications
3704:, were introduced in the 16th century, and
669:, etc.), and objects named after letters (e.g.,
282:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4284:), which in most areas was later replaced with
3653:(where they now represent two separate sounds,
4954:
4569:: a noun case inflectional suffix distinct to
4167: – English spelling and punctuating rules
3117:(verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while
27:Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters
5000:
4935:
4745:
4313:In the US, an L-shaped object may be spelled
4090:, each of these ligatures would have its own
3669:, which ultimately developed into the modern
3511:. In very early Old English the o-e ligature
3452:(Ð ð) was later devised as a modification of
2462:"and Z" said when reciting the alphabet; and
667:exed out, effing, to eff and blind, aitchless
4938:Alphabetical: How Every Letter Tells a Story
4108:extend or replace the basic English alphabet
3991:
2387:the inconsistent lowering of Middle English
2357:palatalization before front vowels of Latin
2338:palatalization before front vowels of Latin
326:, the names of the first two letters in the
4628:
4626:
4247:, due to the letter's pronunciation in the
3017:, an alternative form of the lowercase "r".
2072:
5007:
4993:
4802:
4213:Burmese respelling of the English alphabet
4207:Chinese respelling of the English alphabet
4191: – Tactile writing system for English
2410:, a regular development of Medieval Latin
4728:
4106:There have been a number of proposals to
4043:has mostly supplanted both (for example,
3475:) was created by Norman scribes from the
3052:marks mainly appear in loanwords such as
4648:"The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks"
4623:
4352:(Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
3995:
3523:. Additionally, the v–v or u-u ligature
595:
4225:
3104:
2933:, used for various sounds derived from
14:
5086:
4814:
4776:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 22, 2013).
4775:
4700:Modern Humanities Research Association
4276:/ʒi/, corresponding to Modern English
4221: – Binary-to-text encoding scheme
3618:. Thorn and eth were both replaced by
2519:The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks
556:Written English has a large number of
4988:
4652:Branson, Farrar & Co., Raleigh NC
4447:(as in the nickname "Dubya") or just
4152: – Song that teaches an alphabet
4130:Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet
3949:gh (makes f or g sound (also silent))
644:speaker reciting the English alphabet
4863:
4664:
4185: – Part of a deaf sign language
4120:(Ŋ ŋ), used to replace the digraph "
3532:In the year 1011, a monk named
3415:itself was initially written in the
3125:) is pronounced with two. For this,
3028:English terms with diacritical marks
2422:to avoid confusion with established
272:. For the distinction between ,
4823:Mathematical Association of America
4667:"Accents & Accented Characters"
4101:
3244:Many common contractions have near-
3097:, from French, to distinguish from
3071:found in English dictionaries (the
2533:, plus occasionally the Latin word
2361:to Proto-Romance and Middle French
727:. Plurals of vowel names also take
24:
4929:
4803:Beker, Henry; Piper, Fred (1982).
4792:from the original on Oct 13, 2023.
4746:Fynes-Clinton, Jane (2007-04-26).
3264:, the possessive form of "it", or
3152:represent a single vowel sound (a
2544:
2470:by analogy with other consonants.
610:
25:
5115:
3968:sc (makes s sound (also a blend))
3559:
786:
334:was first written down using the
4449:
4420:
4388:
4356:
4171:English-language spelling reform
3931:Written English has a number of
2963:
2949:
2935:
2912:
2889:
2855:
2832:
2777:
2742:
2728:
2705:
2675:
2661:
2641:
2603:
2583:
2521:. Historically, the figure is a
2473:Some groups of letters, such as
2299:
2256:
2185:
2118:
2053:
2005:
1957:
1907:
1850:
1815:
1778:
1725:
1662:
1615:
1565:
1515:
1465:
1411:
1373:
1334:
1289:
1248:
1206:
1156:
1106:
1055:
1005:
953:
903:
856:
839:
652:Problems playing this file? See
626:
39:
4960:The History of English Spelling
4904:"Digraphs (Phonics on the Web)"
4896:
4876:(2). Wiley Blackwell: 115–139.
4857:
4796:
4769:
4739:
4722:
4683:
4658:
4640:
4559:
4546:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4496:
4476:
2350:, and finally to Middle French
663:tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay,
591:
264:International Phonetic Alphabet
4618:The Oxford English Dictionary,
4611:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4307:
4295:
4266:
4253:
4237:
3400:
3324:
3187:Punctuation marks within words
13:
1:
4786:Chronicle of Higher Education
4732:Report of the State Zoölogist
4604:
4215: – Burmese Transcription
3974:th (makes theta or eth sound)
3971:sh (makes ch sound without t)
3392:History of the Latin alphabet
3287:Chronicle of Higher Education
3191:
3093:but following the pattern of
3021:
76:
4840:"English letter frequencies"
4128:sound with a single letter.
3986:zh (makes j sound without d)
3940:ch (usually makes tsh sound)
3338:
3044:
2504:
2322:
665:etc.), derived forms (e.g.,
257: This article contains
7:
4962:, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
4958:; Davidson, George (2011),
4748:"Little Things that Matter"
4470:, especially in terms like
4183:Two-handed manual alphabets
4143:
3547:(⁊), an insular symbol for
3486:, and used alongside their
2466:, an American levelling of
10:
5120:
4864:Shaw, Phillip (May 2013).
4813:Table also available from
3407:Old English Latin alphabet
3404:
3389:
3385:
3342:
3328:
3309:are often used in English
3025:
2726:, used for the consonants
2659:, used for the consonants
2454:, from the Romance phrase
2430:, was taken from French);
2376:, becoming Middle English
5038:Stress and reduced vowels
5023:
4818:Cryptological Mathematics
3992:Ligatures in recent usage
3317:. Some writers may use a
3301:
3000:, an earlier form of the
2853:, used for the consonant
2537:, as in the abbreviation
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2249:
2239:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2164:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2116:
2106:
2101:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1771:
1761:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1329:
1319:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1199:
1189:
785:
782:
779:
776:
689:Oxford English Dictionary
255:
240:
230:
223:
207:
202:
164:
101:
96:
86:
82: – present
70:
58:
38:
32:
4698:(3rd ed.), London:
4230:
4177:American manual alphabet
2380:and then Modern English
302:, with each having both
174:ISO basic Latin alphabet
4815:Lewand, Robert (2000).
3590:
3471:
3466:
2329:Latin alphabet: Origins
304:uppercase and lowercase
260:phonetic transcriptions
4936:Michael Rosen (2015).
4892:– via Ebscohost.
4263:and Australian English
4159:NATO phonetic alphabet
4008:
3321:in certain instances.
2495:ICAO spelling alphabet
639:Received Pronunciation
615:
605:
298:consisting of 26
194:Saanich writing system
4870:Early Medieval Europe
4778:"Being an apostrophe"
4702:, 2013, Section 2.2,
4595:enclitic postposition
4338:in compounds such as
3999:
3641:can still be seen in
3631:in most handwriting.
3171:MIT Technology Review
3037:may be replaced with
2798:, used for the vowel
2601:, used for the vowel
614:
599:
296:Latin-script alphabet
121:Proto-Sinaitic script
5073:Phonological history
4508:Newfoundland English
4492:Commonwealth English
4226:Notes and references
4124:" and represent the
3714:early modern English
3612:Early Modern English
3144:Similarly, while in
3105:Native English words
2406:The novel forms are
219:, Latin
116:Egyptian hieroglyphs
45:An English-language
5099:English orthography
5015:Description of the
4956:Upward, Christopher
4908:phonicsontheweb.com
4556:in Scottish English
4165:English orthography
4084:⟨ffl⟩
4080:⟨ffi⟩
3977:ti (makes sh sound)
3962:qu (makes kw sound)
3692:, as distinct from
3482:in Old English and
3458:(D d), and finally
3417:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
3396:English orthography
783:Name pronunciation
586:languages of Europe
136:Old Italic alphabet
126:Phoenician alphabet
80: 16th century
4882:10.1111/emed.12012
4809:Wiley-Interscience
4673:, Monotype Imaging
4531:in British English
4522:in British English
4512:Philippine English
4259:The usual form in
4126:voiced velar nasal
4076:⟨fl⟩
4072:⟨fi⟩
4068:⟨tt⟩
4009:
3983:wr (makes r sound)
3980:wh (makes w sound)
3965:rh (makes r sound)
3959:ph (makes f sound)
3954:voiced velar nasal
3946:ck (makes k sound)
3943:ci (makes s sound)
3602:(œ) are obsolete.
3529:(W w) was in use.
3446:(Ƿ ƿ). The letter
3164:. This use of the
2491:Spelling alphabets
2368:fronting of Latin
976:/tʃeː/ > /tseː/
616:
606:
578:⟨th⟩
574:⟨sh⟩
570:⟨oo⟩
566:⟨ea⟩
562:⟨ch⟩
294:is written with a
179:Cherokee syllabary
5081:
5080:
4969:978-1-4051-9024-4
4709:978-1-78188-009-8
4665:Strizver, Ilene,
3345:English phonology
2426:(the other name,
2400:Great Vowel Shift
2372:to Middle French
2320:
2319:
1226:/haː/ > /ˈaha/
681:in printing, and
632:
289:
288:
49:written with the
16:(Redirected from
5111:
5068:Language history
5017:English language
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4951:
4940:. Counterpoint.
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4910:. Archived from
4900:
4894:
4893:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4842:. Archived from
4836:
4812:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4754:. Archived from
4752:The Courier-Mail
4743:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4697:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4644:
4638:
4630:
4621:
4615:
4598:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4514:
4504:American English
4500:
4494:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4303:Scottish English
4299:
4293:
4270:
4264:
4257:
4251:
4241:
4195:American Braille
4155:
4138:Shavian alphabet
4134:Deseret alphabet
4102:Proposed reforms
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4006:Adobe Caslon Pro
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3712:(ſ) lasted into
3660:
3656:
3643:pseudo-archaisms
3593:
3556:
3474:
3469:
3413:English language
3331:Letter frequency
3315:stylistic policy
3276:) as opposed to
3260:) as opposed to
3131:J. R. R. Tolkien
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2525:for the letters
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:successively to
2341:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
959:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
909:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
788:
774:
773:
715:in the cases of
634:
633:
622:English alphabet
613:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
306:forms. The word
285:
279:
275:
218:
215:
145:English alphabet
81:
78:
53:Regular typeface
43:
33:English alphabet
30:
29:
21:
18:English Alphabet
5119:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5104:Latin alphabets
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5048:Spelling reform
5019:
5013:
4970:
4948:
4932:
4930:Further reading
4927:
4926:
4917:
4915:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4862:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4833:
4801:
4797:
4774:
4770:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4740:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4663:
4659:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4587:edge inflection
4564:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4501:
4497:
4488:Hiberno-English
4484:British English
4481:
4477:
4452:
4448:
4423:
4419:
4391:
4387:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4328:Hiberno-English
4325:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4271:
4267:
4261:Hiberno-English
4258:
4254:
4245:Hiberno-English
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4189:English Braille
4153:
4146:
4104:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
3994:
3989:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3304:
3292:Geoffrey Pullum
3194:
3189:
3107:
3087:, from Spanish
3047:
3035:tonal languages
3030:
3024:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2934:
2915:
2911:
2892:
2888:
2858:
2854:
2835:
2831:
2780:
2776:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2727:
2708:
2704:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2606:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2547:
2545:Archaic letters
2507:
2384:. Affects Q, U.
2325:
2302:
2298:
2259:
2255:
2188:
2184:
2121:
2117:
2056:
2052:
2008:
2004:
1960:
1956:
1910:
1906:
1853:
1849:
1818:
1814:
1801:/ɛr/ > /ar/
1781:
1777:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1665:
1661:
1618:
1614:
1568:
1564:
1518:
1514:
1468:
1464:
1414:
1410:
1376:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1292:
1288:
1251:
1247:
1227:
1209:
1205:
1159:
1155:
1109:
1105:
1058:
1054:
1008:
1004:
977:
956:
952:
906:
902:
859:
855:
842:
838:
817:
812:
803:
794:
659:
658:
650:
648:
647:
646:
645:
642:British English
635:
627:
624:
617:
611:
594:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
256:
245:
233:
216:
213:
198:
167:
160:
104:
97:Related scripts
79:
73:
66:
54:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5117:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4968:
4952:
4947:978-1619027022
4946:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4895:
4856:
4832:978-0883857199
4831:
4825:. p. 36.
4811:. p. 397.
4795:
4768:
4738:
4721:
4708:
4682:
4657:
4639:
4622:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4593:) word, or an
4558:
4552:in words like
4545:
4540:in words like
4533:
4524:
4515:
4495:
4475:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4306:
4294:
4288:(rhyming with
4280:(rhyming with
4265:
4252:
4249:Irish language
4235:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4201:New York Point
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4103:
4100:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3718:
3608:Middle English
3572:, the letters
3570:Modern English
3561:
3560:Modern English
3558:
3553:
3405:Main article:
3402:
3399:
3387:
3384:
3343:Main article:
3340:
3337:
3329:Main article:
3326:
3323:
3311:compound words
3303:
3300:
3282:
3281:
3242:
3217:) the English
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3177:The New Yorker
3139:O wingëd crown
3106:
3103:
3046:
3043:
3026:Main article:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3009:
2992:
2975:. Replaced by
2872:
2815:
2759:
2692:
2624:
2554:Middle English
2546:
2543:
2506:
2503:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2385:
2366:
2355:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1722:
1717:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
985:
982:
979:
974:
971:
950:
945:
940:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
900:
895:
890:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
814:
809:
806:
799:
796:
790:
789:
784:
781:
778:
649:
636:
625:
620:
619:
618:
609:
608:
607:
593:
590:
550:
549:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
340:
336:Latin alphabet
328:Greek alphabet
292:Modern English
287:
286:
280:⟩, see
253:
252:
246:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
197:
196:
191:
189:Osage alphabet
186:
184:Scots alphabet
181:
176:
170:
168:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:Latin alphabet
131:Greek alphabet
107:
105:
103:Parent systems
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:
44:
36:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5116:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4914:on 2016-04-13
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4846:on 2008-07-08
4845:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:Lingua Franca
4779:
4772:
4758:on 2012-09-04
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4575:genitive case
4572:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4444:
4415:
4383:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4150:Alphabet song
4148:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:encyclopaedia
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:Tironian note
3539:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3039:tonal numbers
3036:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2958:
2944:
2930:
2907:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2850:
2830:
2827:(Kentish) or
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2737:
2723:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2670:
2656:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2541:(et cetera).
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2367:
2356:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2314:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2274:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:/iː ˈɡraɪka/
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2136:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1865:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1790:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1228:> /ˈakːa/
1221:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
975:
972:
968:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
918:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
875:
872:
868:
851:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
815:
810:
807:
805:
800:
797:
792:
791:
775:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
673:
668:
664:
657:
655:
643:
640:
623:
603:
598:
589:
587:
583:
559:
554:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
271:
267:
265:
261:
254:
250:
249:U+0000–U+007E
247:
244:
243:Unicode range
239:
235:
232:Unicode alias
229:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
201:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
166:Child systems
163:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:Proto-writing
106:
100:
95:
92:
89:
85:
75:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
42:
37:
31:
19:
5052:
4959:
4937:
4916:. Retrieved
4912:the original
4907:
4898:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4848:. Retrieved
4844:the original
4817:
4804:
4798:
4781:
4771:
4760:. Retrieved
4756:the original
4751:
4741:
4731:
4724:
4713:, retrieved
4691:
4685:
4675:, retrieved
4670:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4620:2nd edition.
4617:
4613:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4498:
4478:
4471:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4255:
4239:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:encyclopedia
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:encyclopædia
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
3952:ng (makes a
3930:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3680:The letters
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3636:
3632:
3619:
3563:
3548:
3544:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3488:Carolingian
3478:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3432:Latin script
3429:
3410:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3334:
3305:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3195:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3148:the letters
3146:chicken coop
3145:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:rather than
3076:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3041:or omitted.
3031:
3012:
2995:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2701:
2695:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2579:
2573:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2493:such as the
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2395:. Affects R.
2365:. Affects G.
2354:. Affects C.
2333:
2326:
2293:
2250:
2245:
2227:
2208:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2155:
2112:
2107:
2044:
1996:
1951:
1946:
1901:
1896:
1884:
1844:
1839:
1809:
1772:
1767:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1656:
1651:
1609:
1604:
1559:
1554:
1509:
1504:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1405:
1400:
1367:
1325:
1283:
1278:
1242:
1200:
1195:
1150:
1145:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1049:
1044:
999:
994:
947:
942:
897:
892:
833:
828:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
676:
670:
666:
662:
660:
651:
592:Letter names
555:
552:
321:
315:
307:
290:
276:and ⟨
258:
5043:Orthography
4581:(or rarely
4096:type design
4088:typesetting
3566:orthography
3425:Old English
3421:Anglo-Saxon
3401:Old English
3365:semi-vowels
3360:loanword).
3325:Frequencies
3296:punctuation
3213:inflection
3162:coöperation
3113:of a word:
2235:/iː ɡrɛːk/
978:> /seː/
332:Old English
251:Basic Latin
72:Time period
59:Script type
5088:Categories
4978:2011008794
4918:2016-04-07
4850:2008-06-25
4762:2013-04-07
4715:2019-06-17
4677:2019-06-17
4605:References
4571:possession
4542:hallelujah
3440:(Þ þ) and
3390:See also:
3380:consonants
3246:homographs
3221:morpheme "
3219:possessive
3202:contracted
3198:apostrophe
3192:Apostrophe
3090:yerba mate
3022:Diacritics
2947:, such as
2497:, used by
654:media help
582:Diacritics
560:, such as
5094:Alphabets
5033:Phonology
4890:163075636
4671:Fontology
4243:often in
4064:typefaces
4057:manoeuvre
4013:loanwords
4002:ligatures
3651:Icelandic
3645:such as "
3626:minuscule
3616:ligatures
3598:(æ), and
3538:ampersand
3534:Byrhtferð
3339:Phonology
3270:she would
3166:diaeresis
3158:zoölogist
3123:adjective
3111:syllables
3050:Diacritic
3045:Loanwords
3014:r rotunda
3002:lowercase
2511:ampersand
2505:Ampersand
2323:Etymology
2282:/ˈzɛːdə/
2279:/ˈzeːta/
1231:/ˈaːtʃə/
209:ISO 15924
203:ISO 15924
87:Languages
5063:Dialects
5053:Alphabet
4790:Archived
4144:See also
4136:and the
4053:maneuver
3933:digraphs
3526:double-u
3498:ligature
3496:The a-e
3477:insular
3241:" forms.
3137:, as in
2523:ligature
2499:aircraft
2436:double-u
2228:ī graeca
2211: ?
2045:double-u
818:English
795:English
558:digraphs
312:compound
308:alphabet
274:/ /
270:Help:IPA
64:Alphabet
5058:Braille
5028:Grammar
4340:es-hook
3663:Faroese
3647:Ye Olde
3564:In the
3386:History
3307:Hyphens
3274:she had
3154:digraph
3069:soupçon
2775:, etc.
2209:ui, gui
1234:/aːtʃ/
1182:/dʒeː/
1179:/dʒeː/
1081:12.70%
813:French
804:English
731:(i.e.,
717:aitches
695:(e.g.,
300:letters
262:in the
225:Unicode
91:English
47:pangram
4976:
4966:
4944:
4888:
4829:
4706:
4585:), an
4418:, and
4219:Base36
4082:, and
4051:, and
3710:long s
3373:sounds
3369:glides
3351:vowels
3302:Hyphen
3290:blog,
3258:it has
3239:marked
3211:plural
3119:cursèd
3115:cursed
3081:resume
3077:résumé
3058:façade
2997:long s
2987:, and
2539:&c
2460:i zeto
2452:izzard
2288:0.07%
2285:/zɛd/
2217:1.97%
2214:/wiː/
2205:/hyː/
2160:/ɪks/
2150:0.15%
2147:/ɛks/
2144:/iks/
2141:/ɛks/
2097:2.36%
2034:0.98%
1986:2.76%
1936:9.06%
1933:/teː/
1930:/teː/
1927:/teː/
1879:6.33%
1804:5.99%
1757:0.10%
1754:/kiw/
1751:/kyː/
1748:/kuː/
1691:1.93%
1688:/peː/
1685:/peː/
1682:/peː/
1641:7.51%
1594:6.75%
1544:2.41%
1494:4.03%
1440:0.77%
1437:/kaː/
1434:/kaː/
1431:/kaː/
1362:0.15%
1315:6.97%
1243:haitch
1237:6.09%
1185:2.02%
1176:/ɡeː/
1135:2.23%
1034:4.25%
1031:/deː/
1028:/deː/
1025:/deː/
984:2.78%
981:/seː/
973:/keː/
932:1.49%
929:/beː/
926:/beː/
923:/beː/
882:8.17%
816:Middle
808:Latin
802:Modern
798:Latin
793:Modern
777:Letter
759:(e.g.
602:long s
576:, and
278:
51:FF Dax
4886:S2CID
4696:(pdf)
4583:for X
4231:Notes
4118:engma
4062:Some
4036:cœlom
3604:Latin
3600:ethel
3584:(ƿ),
3580:(ð),
3576:(þ),
3574:thorn
3514:ethel
3484:Irish
3437:thorn
3358:Welsh
3319:slash
3284:In a
3266:she'd
3254:it is
3133:used
3065:hôtel
3054:naïve
2773:œ̄þel
2764:Ethel
2697:Thorn
2562:thorn
2558:runes
2515:&
2481:, or
2456:i zed
2408:aitch
2382:/juː/
2222:/iː/
1983:/iw/
1980:/yː/
1977:/uː/
1876:/ɛs/
1873:/ɛs/
1870:/ɛs/
1798:/ɛr/
1795:/ɛr/
1638:/oː/
1635:/oː/
1632:/oː/
1591:/ɛn/
1588:/ɛn/
1585:/ɛn/
1541:/ɛm/
1538:/ɛm/
1535:/ɛm/
1491:/ɛl/
1488:/ɛl/
1485:/ɛl/
1312:/iː/
1309:/iː/
1306:/iː/
1196:aitch
1132:/ɛf/
1129:/ɛf/
1126:/ɛf/
1078:/eː/
1075:/eː/
1072:/eː/
879:/aː/
876:/aː/
873:/aː/
787:Freq.
721:esses
711:) or
317:alpha
310:is a
266:(IPA)
236:Latin
217:(215)
4974:LCCN
4964:ISBN
4942:ISBN
4837:and
4827:ISBN
4704:ISBN
4591:head
4579:of X
4573:, a
4554:loch
4510:and
4490:and
4472:www.
4092:sort
4055:for
4047:for
4033:and
4021:and
4000:The
3698:and
3686:and
3657:and
3635:for
3610:and
3586:yogh
3582:wynn
3520:œðel
3461:yogh
3443:wynn
3430:The
3411:The
3394:and
3367:(or
3278:shed
3250:it's
3196:The
3174:and
3160:and
3150:-oo-
3099:mate
3095:café
3085:maté
3056:and
3008:now.
2991:now.
2961:and
2910:or
2886:yoch
2882:ȝogh
2877:Yogh
2874:Ȝ ȝ
2871:now.
2829:wynn
2817:Ƿ ƿ
2814:now.
2810:and
2769:ēðel
2761:Œ œ
2758:now.
2740:and
2702:þorn
2694:Þ þ
2691:now.
2673:and
2626:Ð ð
2623:now.
2619:and
2572:Æ æ
2568:).
2552:and
2509:The
2485:and
2477:and
2412:acca
2398:the
2393:/ar/
2389:/ɛr/
2378:/iw/
2374:/yː/
2370:/uː/
2363:/dʒ/
2348:/ts/
2344:/tʃ/
2251:zēta
780:Name
769:cees
767:for
725:exes
705:effs
697:bees
675:and
323:beta
320:and
214:Latn
4878:doi
4567:-'s
4502:in
4482:in
4326:in
4315:ell
4301:in
4290:kay
4286:jay
4116:or
4113:eng
4059:).
4004:of
3659:/ð/
3655:/θ/
3596:ash
3594:),
3578:eth
3568:of
3549:and
3545:ond
3508:æsc
3502:ash
3455:dee
3449:eth
3272:or
3262:its
3256:or
3227:-s'
3223:'s"
3101:).
3073:OED
2884:or
2825:ƿen
2820:Wyn
2716:ɔːr
2700:or
2638:eth
2636:or
2629:Edh
2580:æsc
2578:or
2575:Ash
2566:wyn
2550:Old
2531:and
2479:bee
2475:pee
2468:zed
2464:zee
2458:or
2444:wye
2442:);
2432:vee
2424:gee
2420:kay
2416:jay
2391:to
2359:/ɡ/
2352:/s/
2340:/k/
2331:.)
2294:zee
2246:zed
2175:wye
1997:vee
1897:tee
1885:es-
1840:ess
1823:ɔːr
1786:ɑːr
1715:que
1711:kue
1706:kew
1702:cue
1652:pee
1455:ell
1401:kay
1326:jay
1146:gee
1096:eff
995:dee
943:cee
893:bee
811:Old
771:).
765:c's
763:or
757:-'s
755:or
749:ues
745:oes
741:ies
737:ees
733:aes
729:-es
713:-es
709:ems
703:or
701:efs
684:wye
314:of
5090::
4972:,
4906:.
4884:.
4874:21
4872:.
4868:.
4821:.
4807:.
4788:.
4784:.
4780:.
4750:.
4669:,
4650:.
4625:^
4506:,
4486:,
4386:,
4379:uː
4292:).
4278:jy
4274:ji
4140:.
4122:ng
4078:,
4074:,
4070:,
3677:.
3675:gh
3667:uu
3638:th
3621:th
3551::
3493:.
3382:.
3298:.
3231:-s
3215:-s
3141:.
3011:ꝛ
2994:ſ
2989:ch
2985:gh
2983:,
2979:,
2880:,
2823:,
2808:oe
2791:əl
2771:,
2767:,
2756:th
2689:th
2634:eð
2632:,
2617:ae
2564:,
2535:et
2527:Et
2487:en
2483:em
2450:;
2448:wi
2428:jy
2414:;
2346:,
2310:iː
2196:aɪ
2180:hȳ
2173:,
2171:wy
2156:ix
2113:ex
2108:ex
2094:–
2091:–
2088:–
2079:uː
2070:əl
2031:–
2028:–
2025:–
2016:iː
1968:uː
1918:iː
1902:tē
1845:es
1810:or
1773:er
1768:ar
1739:uː
1720:qū
1713:,
1704:,
1673:iː
1657:pē
1623:oʊ
1560:en
1555:en
1510:em
1505:em
1460:el
1453:,
1451:el
1422:eɪ
1406:kā
1384:aɪ
1381:dʒ
1368:jy
1357:–
1354:–
1345:eɪ
1342:dʒ
1297:aɪ
1262:tʃ
1259:eɪ
1217:tʃ
1214:eɪ
1201:hā
1167:iː
1164:dʒ
1151:gē
1101:ef
1094:,
1092:ef
1063:iː
1016:iː
1000:dē
964:iː
948:cē
914:iː
898:bē
854:,
847:eɪ
761:Cs
753:-s
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
723:,
719:,
707:,
699:,
693:-s
678:em
672:en
637:A
588:.
580:.
572:,
568:,
564:,
330:.
77:c.
5008:e
5001:t
4994:v
4980:.
4950:.
4921:.
4880::
4853:.
4835:.
4765:.
4735:.
4718:.
4654:.
4597:.
4466:/
4463:b
4460:ʌ
4457:d
4454:ˈ
4451:/
4443:/
4440:ə
4437:j
4434:b
4431:ʌ
4428:d
4425:ˈ
4422:/
4414:/
4411:ə
4408:j
4405:ə
4402:b
4399:ʌ
4396:d
4393:ˈ
4390:/
4382:/
4376:j
4373:ə
4370:b
4367:ʌ
4364:d
4361:ˈ
4358:/
4317:.
4282:i
4041:e
4024:œ
4018:æ
3956:)
3925:z
3923:Z
3917:y
3915:Y
3909:x
3907:X
3901:w
3899:W
3893:v
3891:V
3885:u
3883:U
3877:t
3875:T
3869:s
3867:S
3861:r
3859:R
3853:q
3851:Q
3845:p
3843:P
3837:o
3835:O
3829:n
3827:N
3821:m
3819:M
3813:l
3811:L
3805:k
3803:K
3797:j
3795:J
3789:i
3787:I
3781:h
3779:H
3773:g
3771:G
3765:f
3763:F
3757:e
3755:E
3749:d
3747:D
3741:c
3739:C
3733:b
3731:B
3725:a
3723:A
3706:w
3701:i
3695:v
3689:j
3683:u
3671:w
3633:Y
3629:y
3591:ȝ
3588:(
3490:g
3479:g
3472:ȝ
3467:Ȝ
3464:(
3280:.
3268:(
3252:(
3235:;
3135:ë
3127:è
3121:(
3006:s
2981:j
2977:y
2971:/
2968:x
2965:/
2957:/
2954:j
2951:/
2943:/
2940:ɡ
2937:/
2929:/
2926:x
2923:ɒ
2920:j
2917:ˈ
2914:/
2906:/
2903:ɡ
2900:ɒ
2897:j
2894:ˈ
2891:/
2869:w
2863:/
2860:w
2857:/
2849:/
2846:n
2843:ɪ
2840:w
2837:ˈ
2834:/
2812:e
2804:/
2802:œ
2800:/
2794:/
2788:ð
2785:ɛ
2782:ˈ
2779:/
2750:/
2747:θ
2744:/
2736:/
2733:ð
2730:/
2722:/
2719:n
2713:θ
2710:ˈ
2707:/
2683:/
2680:θ
2677:/
2669:/
2666:ð
2663:/
2655:/
2652:ð
2649:ɛ
2646:ˈ
2643:/
2621:e
2611:/
2608:æ
2605:/
2597:/
2594:ʃ
2591:æ
2588:ˈ
2585:/
2440:ū
2313:/
2307:z
2304:ˈ
2301:/
2273:/
2270:d
2267:ɛ
2264:z
2261:ˈ
2258:/
2241:Z
2199:/
2193:w
2190:ˈ
2187:/
2166:Y
2135:/
2132:s
2129:k
2126:ɛ
2123:ˈ
2120:/
2103:X
2082:/
2076:j
2073:.
2067:b
2064:ʌ
2061:d
2058:ˈ
2055:/
2049:–
2040:W
2019:/
2013:v
2010:ˈ
2007:/
2001:–
1992:V
1971:/
1965:j
1962:ˈ
1959:/
1952:ū
1947:u
1942:U
1921:/
1915:t
1912:ˈ
1909:/
1892:T
1864:/
1861:s
1858:ɛ
1855:ˈ
1852:/
1835:S
1826:/
1820:ˈ
1817:/
1789:/
1783:ˈ
1780:/
1763:R
1742:/
1736:j
1733:k
1730:ˈ
1727:/
1708:,
1697:Q
1676:/
1670:p
1667:ˈ
1664:/
1647:P
1626:/
1620:ˈ
1617:/
1610:ō
1605:o
1600:O
1579:/
1576:n
1573:ɛ
1570:ˈ
1567:/
1550:N
1529:/
1526:m
1523:ɛ
1520:ˈ
1517:/
1500:M
1479:/
1476:l
1473:ɛ
1470:ˈ
1467:/
1446:L
1425:/
1419:k
1416:ˈ
1413:/
1396:K
1387:/
1378:ˈ
1375:/
1348:/
1339:ˈ
1336:/
1330:–
1321:J
1300:/
1294:ˈ
1291:/
1284:ī
1279:i
1274:I
1265:/
1256:h
1253:ˈ
1250:/
1220:/
1211:ˈ
1208:/
1191:H
1170:/
1161:ˈ
1158:/
1141:G
1120:/
1117:f
1114:ɛ
1111:ˈ
1108:/
1087:F
1066:/
1060:ˈ
1057:/
1050:ē
1045:e
1040:E
1019:/
1013:d
1010:ˈ
1007:/
990:D
967:/
961:s
958:ˈ
955:/
938:C
917:/
911:b
908:ˈ
905:/
888:B
867:/
864:æ
861:ˈ
858:/
850:/
844:ˈ
841:/
834:ā
829:a
824:A
656:.
604:.
547:z
545:Z
539:y
537:Y
531:x
529:X
523:w
521:W
515:v
513:V
507:u
505:U
499:t
497:T
491:s
489:S
483:r
481:R
475:q
473:Q
467:p
465:P
459:o
457:O
451:n
449:N
443:m
441:M
435:l
433:L
427:k
425:K
419:j
417:J
411:i
409:I
403:h
401:H
395:g
393:G
387:f
385:F
379:e
377:E
371:d
369:D
363:c
361:C
355:b
353:B
347:a
345:A
284:.
112:)
108:(
20:)
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