Scots language - Knowledge

1810:, and only included reared speakers (people raised speaking Scots), not those who had learned the language. Part of the difference resulted from the central question posed by surveys: "Do you speak Scots?". In the Aberdeen University study, the question was augmented with the further clause "... or a dialect of Scots such as Border etc.", which resulted in greater recognition from respondents. The GRO concluded that there simply was not enough linguistic self-awareness amongst the Scottish populace, with people still thinking of themselves as speaking badly pronounced, grammatically inferior English rather than Scots, for an accurate census to be taken. The GRO research concluded that " more precise estimate of genuine Scots language ability would require a more in-depth interview survey and may involve asking various questions about the language used in different situations. Such an approach would be inappropriate for a Census." Thus, although it was acknowledged that the "inclusion of such a Census question would undoubtedly raise the profile of Scots", no question about Scots was, in the end, included in the 2001 Census. The Scottish Government's 480: 1560: 3500:. Consequently, this written Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English, suggesting a somewhat modified version of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries. This modern literary dialect, "Scots of the book" or Standard Scots, once again gave Scots an orthography of its own, lacking neither "authority nor author". This literary language used throughout Lowland Scotland and Ulster, embodied by writers such as Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, 920: 1435: 468: 11132: 2237: 10836: 3959: 3973: 1830:

1.2 million (24%) could speak, read and write Scots, 3.2 million (62%) had no skills in Scots and the remainder had some degree of skill, such as understanding Scots (0.27 million, 5.2%) or being able to speak it but not read or write it (0.18 million, 3.5%). There were also small numbers of Scots speakers recorded in England and Wales on the 2011 Census, with the largest numbers being either in bordering areas (e.g.

1339: 6486: 1372:. Wright had great difficulty in recruiting volunteers from Scotland, as many refused to cooperate with a venture that regarded Scots as a dialect of English, and he obtained enough help only through the assistance from a Professor Shearer in Scotland. Wright himself rejected the argument that Scots was a separate language, saying that this was a "quite modern mistake". 1591:

proponents of Scots alike. One example of the educational establishment's approach to Scots is, "Write a poem in Scots. (It is important not to be worried about spelling in this – write as you hear the sounds in your head.)", whereas guidelines for English require teaching pupils to be "writing fluently and legibly with accurate spelling and punctuation".

1799:(GRO), suggested that there were around 1.5 million speakers of Scots, with 30% of Scots responding "Yes" to the question "Can you speak the Scots language?", but only 17% responding "Aye" to the question "Can you speak Scots?". It was also found that older, working-class people were more likely to answer in the affirmative. The 3931:

wis een ettlin tae dae, whan an angel o the Lord kythed til him in a draim an said til him, "Joseph, son o Dauvit, be nane feared tae tak Mary your trystit wife intil your hame; the bairn she is cairrein is o the Halie Spírit. She will beir a son, an the name ye ar tae gíe him is Jesus, for he will sauf his fowk frae their sins."

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This is the storie o the birth o Jesus Christ. His mither Mary wis trystit til Joseph, but afore they war mairriet she wis fund tae be wi bairn bi the Halie Spírit. Her husband Joseph, honest man, hed nae mind tae affront her afore the warld an wis for brakkin aff their tryst hidlinweys; an sae he

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was that Scots had no value: "it is not the language of 'educated' people anywhere, and could not be described as a suitable medium of education or culture". Students reverted to Scots outside the classroom, but the reversion was not complete. What occurred, and has been occurring ever since, is a

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descended from the old court Scots, but with an orthography that had abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings and adopted many standard English spellings. Despite the updated spelling, however, the rhymes make it clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended. These writings also

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was set up to help individuals answer the question. The specific wording used was "Which of these can you do? Tick all that apply" with options for "Understand", "Speak", "Read" and "Write" in three columns: English, Scottish Gaelic and Scots. Of approximately 5.1 million respondents, about

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Notwithstanding the UK government's and the Scottish Executive's obligations under part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the Scottish Executive recognises and respects Scots (in all its forms) as a distinct language, and does not consider the use of Scots to be an

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of Scots, although it may have been covered superficially in English lessons, which could entail reading some Scots literature and observing the local dialect. Much of the material used was often Standard English disguised as Scots, which caused upset among proponents of Standard English and

3531:(2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the use of established eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conventions, in particular, the avoidance of the 2242: 1618:, a question in relation to the Scots language was also featured. It was found that 1,508,540 people reported that they could speak Scots, with 2,444,659 reporting that they could speak, read, write or understand Scots, approximately 45% of Scotland's 2022 population. The 1278:

rather than Scottish. They attempted to rid themselves of their Scots in a bid to establish standard English as the official language of the newly formed union. Nevertheless, Scots was still spoken across a wide range of domains until the end of the eighteenth century.

869:. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the English language used in Scotland had arguably become a distinct language, albeit one lacking a name which clearly distinguished it from all the other English variants and dialects spoken in Britain. From 1495, the term 4237:, pp. 4, 50. "Scots developed out of a mixture of Scandinavianised Northern English during the early Middle English period.... Scots originated as one form of Northern Old English and quickly developed into a language in its own right up to the seventeenth century." 4899:

The dialect of the southern counties of Scotland : its pronunciation, grammar, and historical relations; with an appendix on the present limits of the Gaelic and lowland Scotch, and the dialectical divisions of the lowland tongue; and a linguistical map of

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Other authors developed dialect writing, preferring to represent their own speech in a more phonological manner rather than following the pan-dialect conventions of modern literary Scots, especially for the northern and insular dialects of Scots.

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It has been difficult to determine the number of speakers of Scots via census, because many respondents might interpret the question "Do you speak Scots?" in different ways. Campaigners for Scots pressed for this question to be included in the

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On early English pronunciation: with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day means of the ordinary printing

4146: 1389:, whereby successive generations have adopted more and more features from Standard English. This process has accelerated rapidly since widespread access to mass media in English and increased population mobility became available after the 1425:

of Scotland's adult population) "don't really think of Scots as a language", also finding "the most frequent speakers are least likely to agree that it is not a language (58%) and those never speaking Scots most likely to do so (72%)".

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set its first Scots Language Policy in 2015, in which it pledged to support its preservation and encourage respect, recognition and use of Scots. The Scottish Parliament website also offers some information on the language in Scots.

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based in London. After the Union and the shift of political power to England, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education, as was the notion of "Scottishness" itself. Many leading Scots of the period, such as

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Since 2016, the newspaper The National has regularly published articles in the language. The 2010s also saw an increasing number of English books translated in Scots and becoming widely available, particularly those in popular

1763:-born linguist Warren Maguire has argued that some of the criteria that Gregg used as distinctive of Ulster-Scots are common in south-west Tyrone and were found in other sites across Northern Ireland investigated by the 3887:

But as he had thir things in his mind, see! an Angel o' the Lord appear't to him by a dream, sayin, "Joseph, son o' Dauvid, binna feared to tak till ye yere wife, Mary; for that whilk is begotten in her is by the Holie

1331:. Following this, some of the city's intellectuals formed the Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland. These eighteenth-century activities would lead to the creation of 1514:

along the continuum depending on the situation. Where on this continuum English-influenced Scots becomes Scots-influenced English is difficult to determine. Because standard English now generally has the role of a

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Agutter, Alex (1987) "A taxonomy of Older Scots orthography" in Caroline Macafee and Iseabail Macleod eds. The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language Presented to A. J. Aitken, Aberdeen University Press, p.

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is used before the names of seasons, days of the week, many nouns, diseases, trades and occupations, sciences and academic subjects. It is also often used in place of the indefinite article and instead of a

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During the first half of the twentieth century, knowledge of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literary norms waned, and as of 2006, there is no institutionalised standard literary form. By the 1940s, the

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Menzies (1991:42) also found that in her sample of forty secondary-school children from Easterhouse in Glasgow, there was a tendency to describe Scots words as 'slang' alongside the use of the term 'Scots'

3535:, which represented letters that were perceived to be missing when compared to the corresponding English cognates but were never actually present in the Scots word. For example, in the fourteenth century, 1846:, it was found that 1,508,540 people reported that they could speak Scots, with 2,444,659 reporting that they could speak, read, write or understand Scots, approximately 45% of Scotland's 2022 population. 1218: 1311:, who went to great lengths to get rid of every Scotticism from their writings. Following such examples, many well-off Scots took to learning English through the activities of those such as 6508: 9693: 3934:

Aa this happent at the wurd spokken bi the Lord throu the Prophet micht be fulfilled: Behaud, the virgin wil bouk an beir a son, an they will caa his name Immanuel – that is, "God wi us".

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Scots Leid Quorum performed its own research in 1995, cautiously suggesting that there were 2.7 million speakers, though with clarification as to why these figures required context.

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He scorned modern literature, spoke broad Scots from the bench, and even in writing took no pains to avoid the Scotticisms which most of his colleagues were coming to regard as vulgar.

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at the other. Scots is sometimes regarded as a variety of English, though it has its own distinct dialects; other scholars treat Scots as a distinct Germanic language, in the way that

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Whan he hed waukit frae his sleep, Joseph did as the angel hed bidden him, an tuik his trystit wife hame wi him. But he bedditna wi her or she buir a son; an he caa'd the bairn Jesus.

5955: 1691:-based fact-checking service, wrote an exploratory article in December 2022 to address misconceptions about the Scots language to improve public awareness of its endangered status. 1133:, some 200,000 Scots-speaking Lowlanders settled as colonists in Ulster in Ireland. In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to one. 1642:

The serious use of the Scots language for news, encyclopaediae, documentaries, etc., remains rare. It is reportedly reserved for niches where it is deemed acceptable, e.g. comedy,

1236:). However, with the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion. In his first speech to the 5548: 5407: 4271:

Whereas Modern Standard English is traced back to an East Midland dialect of Middle English, Modern Scots developed from a northern variety which goes back to Old Northumbrian

5878:(1996) Scots Language. A Report on the Scots Language Research carried out by the General Register Office for Scotland in 1996, Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland). 4150: 719:. Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between languages and dialects exist, they often render contradictory results. Broad Scots is at one end of a bipolar 5489: 3562:

Through the twentieth century, with the decline of spoken Scots and knowledge of the literary tradition, phonetic (often humorous) representations became more common.

1523:('roofing language'), disputes often arise as to whether the varieties of Scots are dialects of Scottish English or constitute a separate language in their own right. 10872: 1280: 11098: 10129: 5644: 3883:

Noo the nativitie o' Jesus Christ was this gate: whan his mither Mary was mairry't till Joseph, 'or they cam thegither, she was fund wi' bairn o' the Holie Spirit.

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of England came to have an increasing influence on the spelling of Scots through the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England. After the

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alongside results from Orkney and Shetland, as well as the whole of England. Murray and Ellis differed slightly on the border between English and Scots dialects.

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study in 2010 found that 85% of around 1000 respondents (being a representative sample of Scotland's adult population) claim to speak Scots to varying degrees.

10027: 5662: 7244: 5340:"Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to article 25, paragraph 2 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities" 1531: 10085: 9812: 5565: 715:, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots, particularly its relationship to 5463: 5219: 5519: 988:, and the common use of Old English remained largely confined to this area until the thirteenth century. The succeeding variety of Northern Early 6028: 1459:, when Scotland and England joined to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, there is ample evidence that Scots was widely held to be an independent 11256: 11120: 9398: 5722: 4439: 10865: 10576: 10112: 6585: 6062: 3885:

Than her guidman, Joseph, bein an upricht man, and no desirin her name sud be i' the mooth o' the public, was ettlin to pit her awa' hidlins.

1551:. Because Scotland retained distinct political, legal, and religious systems after the Union, many Scots terms passed into Scottish English. 7619: 6697: 5702: 11155: 10529: 9825: 9060: 7417: 3898:"Tak tent! a maiden sal be wi' bairn, and sal bring forth a son; and they wull ca' his name Emmanuel," whilk is translatit, "God wi' us." 2210: 10012: 1543:

Evidence for its existence as a separate language lies in the extensive body of Scots literature, its independent – if somewhat fluid –

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Ausgewählte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas: untersucht anhand der Datensammlungen des Atlas Linguarum Europae

587: 4996:"A Speach in Parliament. Anno 1603" in "The Workes of the Most High and Mightie Prince Iames, by the Grace of God" (1616), pg. 485 10616: 10611: 10092: 9970: 9031: 5368: 3553:

in the word for over 700 years, representing its omission with an apostrophe is of little value. The current spelling is usually

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The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Ulster Scots

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framework, although today in Scotland most people's speech is somewhere on a continuum ranging from traditional broad Scots to

1156: 1118:. In fourteenth-century Scotland, the growth in prestige of Early Scots and the complementary decline of French made Scots the 2016:

popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular, often of unprecedented proportions.

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The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Scotland aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Lowland Scots

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Tulloch, Graham (1980) The Language of Walter Scott. A Study of his Scottish and Period Language, London: Deutsch. p. 249

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Primary education: a report of the Advisory Council on Education in Scotland, Scottish Education Department 1946, p. 75

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replaced Scots for most formal writing in Scotland. The eighteenth-century Scots revival saw the introduction of a new

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The GRO questions, as freely acknowledged by those who set them, were not as detailed and systematic as those of the

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study of "public attitudes towards the Scots language" found that 64% of respondents (around 1,000 individuals in a

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Millar, Robert McColl (2005) Language, Nation and Power An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. pp. 90–91

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in all persons and numbers except when a single personal pronoun is next to the verb. Certain verbs are often used

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may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final. In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for

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and poems in Scots. The book contains a five-page glossary of contemporary Scots words and their pronunciations.

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Macafee, C. (2003). "Studying Scots Vocabulary". In Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (eds.).

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The status of the language was raised in Scottish schools, with Scots being included in the new national school

11246: 11049: 10432: 10375: 10318: 10165: 10080: 10075: 9980: 9940: 9500: 9171: 8907: 8897: 5310: 2086:'s translations into Scots constitute the greater part of his work, and are the main basis for his reputation. 1885:(fifteenth century). From the fifteenth century, much literature based on the Royal Court in Edinburgh and the 1335:. Scots remained the vernacular of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working-class Scots. 704:. In a Scottish census from 2022, over 1.5 million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots. 479: 19:

This article is about the distinct West Germanic language. For the dialects of English spoken in Scotland, see

5758: 1989:" is in Scots, for example. Scott introduced vernacular dialogue to his novels. Other well-known authors like 458: 11236: 11106: 11077: 10621: 10345: 10222: 9742: 9246: 9196: 9118: 8733: 8647: 8513: 4017: 3493: 2856: 2780: 2231: 1764: 1377: 1254: 1164: 914: 501: 3527:

During the twentieth century, a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented. Commenting on this,

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A course in Scots language and culture delivered through the medium of Standard English and produced by the

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Buchan Claik: The Saut and the Glaur O't: a Compendium of Words and Phrases from the North-east of Scotland

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Jane Stuart-Smith (2004). "Scottish English: phonology". In Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

4324: 3577: 3330: 2902: 2877: 2863: 1266: 881:, meaning "Irish", was used as a name for Gaelic. For example, towards the end of the fifteenth century, 6577: 5467: 10760: 10729: 10417: 9631: 9425: 9133: 9127: 8977: 8922: 8803: 6899: 6306:

Mackie, Albert D. (1952) "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now" in Smith, Sydney Goodsir ed.

5515: 5181: 2911: 2827: 2763: 2749: 2652: 2032: 1947: 1792: 1365: 6036: 847:. Before the end of the fifteenth century, English speech in Scotland was known as "English" (written 11055: 10724: 10538: 10234: 10107: 10102: 9950: 9895: 9861: 9851: 9710: 9705: 9387: 9055: 8870: 8240: 2870: 2844: 1907: 1855: 1583: 1559: 1288: 1247: 1243:"Hath not God first united these two Kingdomes both in Language, Religion, and similitude of maners?" 1102:

of Northern England and Scotland, are the suspected source of a small number of Scots words, such as

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had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England.

1052:. Scots also includes loan words in the legal and administrative fields resulting from contact with 700:

by the Scottish government, a regional or minority language of Europe, and a vulnerable language by

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And leev'd in continence wi' her till she had brocht forth her firstborn son; and ca'd his name

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Sae Joseph, comin oot o' his sleep, did as the Angel had bidden him, and took till him his wife.

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Noo, a' this was dune, that it micht come to pass what was said by the Lord throwe the prophet,

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at a time (about £200 in today's money), they were attended by over 300 men, and he was made a

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of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England. When

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Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane, eds. (2003). "A Brief History of Scots".

11082: 11072: 11039: 10385: 10097: 9678: 9593: 9565: 9541: 9381: 9306: 9241: 9021: 8972: 8825: 8813: 8620: 8584: 7852: 7845: 7797: 7567: 7538: 7507: 7470: 7395: 7152: 7065: 6926: 6888: 5897: 4817: 3734: 3532: 3528: 3501: 3481: 3340: 2971: 2885: 2722: 2713: 2673: 2136:("Our Own Language") calls "General Scots". Like all cyberpunk work, it contains imaginative 2102: 2083: 1784: 1651: 1587: 1464: 1422: 1320: 1237: 795: 607: 9475: 8085: 6960: 6407: 5437: 5103: 4122:"Fact: Scotland's official languages are English, Scots, Gaelic & British Sign Language" 1586:. Previously in Scotland's schools there had been little education taking place through the 1186:

From the mid-sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing

11176: 11136: 10982: 10954: 10667: 10370: 10227: 10187: 9900: 9876: 9722: 9668: 9655: 9256: 9100: 9095: 8959: 8941: 8753: 8698: 8589: 8569: 8538: 8411: 8271: 8017: 7835: 7427: 7254: 7216: 7211: 7085: 7032: 6790: 5826: 5687: 5645:"Council of Europe experts call on UK to boost support for regional and minority languages" 5034: 3750: 3338:

is also common, especially among older speakers in rural areas. The realisation as a trill

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Scots is sometimes used in contemporary fiction, such as the Edinburgh dialect of Scots in

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Rennie, S. (2001) "The Electronic Scottish National Dictionary (eSND): Work in Progress",

5490:"National Guidelines 5–14: ENGLISH LANGUAGE Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service" 1598:

in Scotland, the Open University's School of Languages and Applied Linguistics as well as

919: 8: 11199: 11131: 11044: 10693: 10585: 10380: 10264: 10037: 9871: 9765: 9737: 9460: 9455: 9435: 9353: 9301: 9266: 9219: 9065: 8997: 8967: 8855: 8835: 8788: 8728: 8718: 8685: 8675: 8528: 7764: 7718: 7652: 7405: 7052: 6965: 6763: 6111: 5703:"Scots speakers experience 'threats and hate speech' amid calls to 'depoliticise' Gaelic" 5623: 5604: 4032: 3536: 3497: 3460: 3218: 2809: 1966: 1959: 1861: 1843: 1815: 1736: 1619: 1615: 1418: 1347: 1115: 1099: 708: 372: 141: 95: 8075: 7920: 7167: 6651: 6504: 3459:

had become more or less standardised by the middle to late sixteenth century. After the

1614:, a question on Scots language ability was featured In the 2022 census conducted by the 11087: 10791: 10703: 10282: 10070: 9985: 9955: 9915: 9683: 9546: 9413: 9186: 9181: 9123: 9036: 8860: 8783: 8768: 8574: 8498: 8426: 8416: 8371: 8133: 8060: 7957: 7802: 7777: 7772: 7665: 7493: 7378: 7199: 6977: 6972: 6951: 6912: 6716: 6706: 6568: 6293:

McClure, J. Derrick (1985) "The debate on Scots orthography" in Manfred Görlach (ed.),

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Language and Dialect Contact in Ireland: The Phonological Origins of Mid-Ulster English

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After the seventeenth century, anglicisation increased. At the time, many of the oral

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to "boost support for regional and minority languages", including the Scots Language.

1225:"For albeit sindrie hes written of it in English, quhilk is lykest to our language..." 432: 10811: 10796: 10698: 10422: 9774: 9727: 9522: 9485: 9480: 9465: 9445: 9271: 9176: 9166: 8875: 8850: 8845: 8548: 8347: 8263: 8256: 8211: 8155: 7915: 7905: 7888: 7883: 7787: 7670: 7549: 7349: 7310: 7290: 7128: 7020: 7002: 6854: 6255:

Wilson, James (1926) The Dialects of Central Scotland, Oxford University Press. p.194

6139: 5931: 5908: 5859: 5784:"Singer wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for first time" 5740: 5346: 5289: 5185: 5141: 5014: 4962: 4937: 4858: 4787: 4613: 4507: 4260: 4230: 4197: 3742: 3476: 2934: 2891: 2700: 2690: 2250: 2227: 1834:) or in areas that had recruited large numbers of Scottish workers in the past (e.g. 1831: 1732: 1700: 1627: 1527: 1434: 1414: 1354: 1045: 791: 720: 635: 112: 6654:– The BBC Voices Project is a major, though informal, look at UK language and speech 5619: 1178:

studied the Scots language used at 15 sites in Scotland, each with its own dialect.

467: 11012: 10900: 10895: 10821: 10806: 10800: 10719: 10042: 9990: 9841: 9821: 9578: 9573: 9510: 9376: 9236: 9137: 8503: 8294: 8228: 8184: 8179: 8139: 8128: 8120: 7925: 7893: 7840: 7829: 7742: 7451: 7390: 7180: 7162: 6997: 6758: 6750: 6646: 6283:. Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association. p. xv. 3978: 3746: 3672: 3602: 3581: 3571: 3472: 3464: 3321: 2668: 2575:

Merges with vowels 15. and 8. in central dialects and vowel 2 in Northern dialects.

2254: 1994: 1978: 1974: 1503: 1390: 1332: 1187: 1119: 1017: 1005: 901:

as a name for the Lowland vernacular. The Gaelic of Scotland is now usually called

724: 716: 367: 225: 20: 10850: 8340: 5977: 5387: 5011:

A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century

4424:

Stuart-Smith, J. (2008). "Scottish English: Phonology". In Kortman; Upton (eds.).

2070:; and A. L. "Ross" Taylor, rector of Cumnock Academy – collaborated to write 1208:. As he found this hard to understand, they switched into her native French. King 11023: 10987: 10961: 10920: 10840: 10662: 10353: 10292: 10287: 10160: 9779: 9603: 9583: 9201: 9085: 8533: 8493: 8326: 8233: 8216: 8201: 8196: 8189: 7898: 7807: 7792: 7747: 7599: 7562: 7554: 7533: 7520: 7500: 7486: 7249: 7226: 7157: 7147: 7139: 6919: 5057: 4501: 4248: 4225: 4191: 4096: 4037: 3964: 2961: 2707: 2695: 2052: 2024: 2002: 1951: 1890: 1595: 1460: 1448: 1406: 1398: 1381: 1057: 1033: 902: 866: 732: 682: 654: 647: 604: 445: 192: 173: 24: 6102: 5595: 3757:

forms which are distinctive from Standard English. The regular past form of the

11150: 10966: 10910: 10647: 10358: 8614: 8508: 8488: 8440: 8332: 8206: 7876: 7643: 7582: 7361: 7318: 7275: 7192: 7187: 7076: 7026: 6877: 6783: 6776: 6456: 6195: 5062: 5058:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 4897: 4601: 4002: 3754: 3505: 3434: 2743: 2176: 2044: 1986: 1939: 1894: 1822: 1780: 1772: 1752: 1704: 1688: 1677: 1511: 1410: 1394: 1209: 1195: 1041: 989: 882: 686: 639: 551: 541: 376: 328: 307: 302: 156: 116: 91: 10475: 11225: 11018: 11005: 10915: 10734: 10254: 9960: 9945: 9935: 9607: 9371: 9311: 9280: 9156: 8564: 8406: 8162: 8113: 7930: 7869: 7782: 7687: 7625: 7572: 7456: 7383: 6630: 5912: 5464:"Scots – Teaching approaches – Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service" 3726: 3651:

into Modern Scots, but have become weak plurals in Standard Modern English –

2094: 2077: 2013: 1902: 1898: 1776: 1768: 1744: 1712: 1631: 1566: 1284: 1275: 1199: 1086: 1049: 1037: 1029: 892: 546: 536: 312: 297: 160: 148: 124: 9790: 6662: 6563: 5663:"UK urged to promote speaking of Irish and Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland" 10302: 9975: 9366: 9316: 9261: 8830: 8433: 7857: 7821: 7754: 7577: 7400: 7373: 7356: 7300: 7259: 6841: 6820: 5788: 5707: 5667: 4478: 4406: 3991: 3987: 3762: 3446: 3442: 2801: 2648: 2272: 2215: 2205: 2172: 2158: 2123: 2107: 2006: 1998: 1982: 1970: 1955: 1918: 1662: 1656: 1643: 1358: 1343: 1137: 1123: 1106:(derived from Cumbric) meaning "chimney". From the thirteenth century, the 1053: 981: 957: 933: 776: 678: 520: 515: 335: 276: 9529: 8080: 1825:

was the first to ask residents of Scotland about Scots. A campaign called

1324: 416: 10677: 10175: 9856: 8250: 8223: 8041: 7949: 7631: 7592: 7175: 6870: 6834: 6769: 6642: 4557: 3648: 3456: 3452: 3438: 2196: 2063: 1876: 1740: 1716: 1544: 1518: 1476: 1444: 1409:. By the end of the twentieth century, Scots was at an advanced stage of 1107: 997: 993: 977: 973: 969: 947: 937: 929: 826: 510: 459:(varieties: 52-ABA-aaa to -aav) 52-ABA-aa (varieties: 52-ABA-aaa to -aav) 271: 256: 144: 128: 8095: 2153:

and published in 2004. Alexander Hutchison has translated the poetry of

968:

had been established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the

10942: 8773: 8090: 8070: 7435: 7105: 6806: 6639: 6602: 4456: 4022: 3509: 2190: 2184: 2150: 1673: 1308: 1291:(1706–1782) in the eighteenth century while serving as a judge of the 1271: 1144: 769:, an English loan, occurs occasionally, especially in Ulster. The term 744: 10554: 6222:

Johnston, Paul (1997). "Regional Variation". In Jones, Charles (ed.).

6156: 4189: 3492:. This Written Scots drew not only on the vernacular, but also on the 2168: 1287:(1740–1795), described James's view of the use of Scots by his father 1219:

Some Reulis and Cautelis to Be Observit and Eschewit in Scottis Poesie

1062: 10926: 9920: 9110: 8276: 8024: 7587: 7368: 7323: 7295: 7121: 6675: 5177: 4229:, Languages of the World series, № 242 (Bow Historical Books, 2001), 3849: 3485: 2137: 2127: 1756: 1708: 1507: 1467: 1328: 1316: 1151:. Murray's results were given further publicity by being included in 805: 425: 409: 391: 120: 8632: 8100: 4633: 4190:

Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).

1574:

During the 2010s, increased interest was expressed in the language.

1338: 790:, is also used, though this is more often taken to mean the Lallans 10170: 9930: 9420: 9191: 8663: 8065: 7413: 6635: 6515:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

5408:"Knowledge of Language: Scots: Scots and Curriculum for Excellence" 5392: 4172: 4068: 3972: 2163: 2154: 2059: 1443:("Love God above all and thy neighbour as thyself"), an example of 1009: 932:

by the beginning of the 9th century in the northern portion of the

786: 697: 666: 662: 615: 352: 108: 80: 6657: 6127:

The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival

5723:"The National at the fore of dictionary updates of Scots language" 1353:

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the use of Scots as a

10999: 10993: 10297: 10277: 8106: 7702: 7604: 6607: 5887:

Steve Murdoch, Language Politics in Scotland (AUSLQ, 1995), p. 18

4606:

Language and Tradition in Ireland: Continuities and Displacements

4058: 3540: 3489: 3212: 3206: 3200: 1942:

and the North East were written down. Writers of the period were

1913: 1868: 1814:

found that 306 pupils spoke Scots as their main home language. A

1760: 1728: 1681: 1417:. Residual features of Scots are often regarded as slang. A 2010 1095: 1091: 1060:

loans are mainly for geographical and cultural features, such as

1013: 771: 753:(or "broad Scots" in English) or use a dialect name such as the " 712: 627: 623: 137: 11203: 6558: 5925: 4871: 1241: 1223: 1203: 1114:, which were proto-urban institutions first established by King 1056:, and reflected in early medieval legal documents. Contemporary 11183: 9517: 7409: 6548: 5247:"Nostra Vulgari Lingua: Scots as a European Language 1500–1700" 4147:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148" 3845: 3782: 3680: 3614: 2615:

Vowels 8a and 10 are ultimately the same vowel in Modern Scots.

1935: 1927: 1922: 1720: 1074: 701: 619: 133: 1361:. Such writers established a new cross-dialect literary norm. 10637: 7327: 5822:"Lennie Pennie: Debunking the myths about the Scots language" 3496:, and was heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of 1835: 1602:

became available online for the first time in December 2019.

1111: 1025: 1016:. Later influences on the development of Scots came from the 923:

The growth and distribution of Scots in Scotland and Ulster:

875:

was increasingly used to refer to the Lowland vernacular and

6624: 6553: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 5683:"Scots and Gaelic teaching must be strengthened says report" 3671:

of measure and quantity remain unchanged in the plural. The

1162:

Scots was studied alongside English and Scots Gaelic in the

10498: 6029:"How to fill in your questionnaire: Individual question 16" 5269:

Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800

3730: 3668: 3175: 1839: 1080: 1068: 6591: 4852: 4114: 3170:

but may occur in some words as a substitute for the older

2023:

in the use of Scots occurred, its most vocal figure being

1795:. The results from a 1996 trial before the Census, by the 689:, as the two diverged independently from the same source: 6202: 6003: 3890:"And she sall bring forth a son, and ye sal ca' his name 2067: 1234:

in English, which is the language most similar to ours...

996:. It began to further diverge from the Middle English of 6597: 6569:

a phonetic description of Scottish Language and Dialects

6441:. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press. p. 356. 1547:, and in its former use as the language of the original 891:

to refer to Gaelic and, in the early sixteenth century,

837:(modern English "Scottish"), which replaced the earlier 4647: 3745:

and verbs of motion may be dropped before an adverb or

1122:

of most of eastern Scotland. By the sixteenth century,

6437:

Beal, J. "Syntax and Morphology". In Jones, C. (ed.).

6274: 6272: 6270: 6035:. General Register Office for Scotland. Archived from 4760:"Scotslanguage.com - 550-1100 Anglo-Saxon (Pre-Scots)" 4417: 2566:

this vowel has generally merged with vowels 2, 4 or 8.

2055:. The revival extended to verse and other literature. 1048:

influences due to trade with and immigration from the

1000:

due to twelfth- and thirteenth-century immigration of

972:

by the seventh century, as the region was part of the

6226:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 510. 5140:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 51. 4934:

The Study of Dialect: An introduction to dialectology

4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 3777:, according to the preceding consonant or vowel. The 5844:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; pp. xi–xii. 5466:. Ltscotland.org.uk. 3 November 2005. Archived from 4857:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 9. 4558:"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Lawland, adj" 3954: 3343:

is obsolete and only sporadically used for emphasis.

10880: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6267: 5566:"Planning the 2022 census | Scotland's Census" 5217: 5213: 5211: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 4634:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: DOST ::" 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4289:"Scots language policy: English version - gov.scot" 3601:may be used before both consonants and vowels. The 1731:, its area is usually defined through the works of 1532:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1393:. It has recently taken on the nature of wholesale 1315:, who in 1761 gave a series of lectures on English 1140:is used to describe the Scots language after 1700. 794:. Scots in Ireland is known in official circles as 6281:The Scottish National Dictionary (SND) (1929–1976) 5104:"Aw Ae Wey – Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" 4831: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4457:"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Scots, adj" 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4246: 4193:A Practical Introduction to the History of English 1357:was revived by several prominent Scotsmen such as 804:in revivalist Ulster-Scots) or "Ullans", a recent 6581:Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung 6499:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 5311:"The Scots Continuum and Descriptive Linguistics" 5283: 5004: 5002: 4818:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language – vocabulary" 4752: 4493: 4325:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" 4283: 4281: 4279: 3683:. Modern Scots also has a third adjective/adverb 1202:and her councillors in 1560, they first used the 992:spoken in southeastern Scotland is also known as 696:Scots is recognised as an indigenous language of 11223: 6408:"Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" 6352: 6157:"Wir Ain Leed – An introduction to Modern Scots" 5930:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 263–264. 5377:, written in Scots and still part of British Law 5208: 5154: 5013:. Edinburgh: J. Donald Publishers. p. vii. 4451: 4449: 657:that was historically restricted to most of the 6177:Aitken A. J. "How to Pronounce Older Scots" in 5741:"Scotslanguage.com – Children's books in Scots" 5279: 5277: 5087:"The Dialect Dictionary: meeting in Bradford". 4770: 4600: 4368: 3848:usually take the same form as the verb root or 3549:. It is argued that, because there has been no 6453:"SND Introduction - Dialect Districts. p.xxxi" 6427:, 2001 16(2), Oxford University Press, pp. 159 5620:"The Scottish Parliament: – Languages – Scots" 4999: 4276: 3867: 2175:translated poetry and fiction from German and 1110:language spread further into Scotland via the 642:, and northern Ulster, it is sometimes called 11114: 10866: 10570: 9820: 9806: 8648: 6691: 6667: 5898:"The Scots Language in education in Scotland" 5804:"Fact check: Claims about the Scots language" 5220:"Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language" 4810: 4785: 4499: 4479:"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Doric" 4446: 2062:men – Sandy MacMillan, an English teacher at 1440:Lufe God abufe al and yi nychtbour as yi self 1240:in March 1603, King James VI and I declared, 707:Given that there are no universally accepted 581: 5302: 5274: 5044: 4423: 4411:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 3894:; for he sal save his folk frae their sins." 3594:) vs. "Give it to me" may be preferred. The 3516:among others, is well described in the 1921 3369:, do not merge. Northern dialects also have 3328:is most commonly realised as an approximant 3275: 3109:. In Mid Northern varieties an intervocalic 2076:("Child Songs"), a collection of children's 2009:also wrote in Scots or used it in dialogue. 1516: 1495: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1261:led to Scotland joining England to form the 1149:Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland 6439:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language 6224:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language 5759:"Book List: Scots books for 9–14 year olds" 5369:"Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560" 5173:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language 5082: 5080: 4531:. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 244. 4062: 3881: 3859: 3853: 3852:, especially after verbs. Examples include 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3585: 3554: 3544: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3299: 3293: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3193: 3187: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3044: 3038: 2131: 2071: 2066:; Thomas Limond, noted town chamberlain of 1965:In the eighteenth century, writers such as 1438: 1246:. Following James VI's move to London, the 1143:A seminal study of Scots was undertaken by 896: 886: 876: 870: 860: 854: 848: 842: 820: 799: 780: 758: 748: 67: 61: 55: 48: 11121: 11107: 10873: 10859: 10577: 10563: 9813: 9799: 8655: 8641: 6698: 6684: 6378:Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921). 6377: 6279:Grant, William; Murison, David D. (eds.). 6154: 6059:"Scotland's Census 2011: Standard Outputs" 4712:Companion to the Oxford English Dictionary 4697:The Stewart Kingdom of Scotland, 1371–1603 4541: 4438:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4428:. Mouton de Gruyter, New York. p. 47. 4091: 4089: 3927: 1694: 1554: 588: 574: 478: 466: 6535:Learn how and when to remove this message 6394:Doric: The Dialect of North–East Scotland 6336:, "Underwoods", London: Heinemann, p. 152 6323:, Aberdeen University Press, 1985 p. xiii 5926:T.G.K. Bryce and Walter M. Humes (2003). 5858:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 4. 5388:"Scots language being revived in schools" 5319:Association for Scottish Literary Studies 5054:inflation figures are based on data from 4792:A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue 4196:. : Universitat de València. p. 21. 3705:) indicating something at some distance. 1539:indication of poor competence in English. 1526:The UK government now accepts Scots as a 1303:However, others did scorn Scots, such as 743:Native speakers sometimes refer to their 6382:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6278: 6221: 5978:"Scottish Census Day 2011 survey begins" 5077: 4786:Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A.J. (2002). 4709: 3679:for all persons and numbers, but may be 3480:introduced what came to be known as the 2235: 2211:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 2202:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane 1911:was an early printed work in Scots. The 1558: 1530:and has recognised it as such under the 1433: 1337: 918: 10584: 6618: 6592:Dictionaries and linguistic information 6004:"Scots language – Scottish Census 2011" 5853: 5135: 4986:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 322 no. 662 4694: 4526: 4426:Varieties of English: The British Isles 4413:. Oxford University Press. p. 894. 4086: 3274:("dreary"), etc. Similar to the German 2097:from the original Greek was published. 1860:Among the earliest Scots literature is 1842:). In the 2022 census conducted by the 1680:. In 2021, the music streaming service 731:is closely linked to but distinct from 11224: 6705: 5516:"OLCreate: Scots language and culture" 4895: 4500:Buchan, Peter; Toulmin, David (1998). 4405: 4067: 3923:(William Laughton Lorimer, 1885–1967) 3320:and pronounced in all positions, i.e. 3230: 3228: 1931:, completed by Gavin Douglas in 1513. 1283:, the twentieth-century biographer of 1157:On Early English Pronunciation, Part V 785: 79: 11102: 10854: 10558: 9794: 8662: 8636: 8369: 7983: 6727: 6679: 6666: 6636:Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech 6405: 5308: 5288:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 48–49. 5244: 5169: 5101: 5055: 5008: 4931: 4896:Murray, James Augustus Henry (1873). 4658:from the original on 26 December 2019 4544:Plural Identities—singular Narratives 4351:"Endangered languages: the full list" 4348: 4149:. Conventions.coe.int. Archived from 3312: 3310: 2611: 2609: 2583: 2581: 8983:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland 6598:The Dictionary of the Scots Language 6479: 6310:, Edinburgh: Nelson, p. 123–124, 129 5872: 5612: 4956: 1797:General Register Office for Scotland 1699:In Scotland, Scots is spoken in the 1429: 950:by the beginning of the 15th century 10013:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty 7260:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 6603:Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. 6334:The Works of R. L. Stevenson Vol. 8 6194:. 22 September 2012. Archived from 6065:from the original on 5 October 2016 5958:from the original on 26 August 2020 5522:from the original on 26 August 2020 5492:. Ltscotland.org.uk. Archived from 4921:. Trübner & Co. pp. 20–21. 4028:Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech 3288:word initially or where it follows 3225: 3058:In Northern dialects, the clusters 2204:, a Scots translation of the first 1230:For though several have written of 13: 8619:Languages between parentheses are 7984: 6319:Mairi Robinson (editor-in-chief), 6089:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk 5286:A Handbook of Varieties of English 3647:("shoe/shoes") that survived from 3307: 2606: 2578: 2266:The vowel system of Modern Scots: 2019:In the early twentieth century, a 1985:continued to use Scots – Burns's " 1684:created a Scots language listing. 1626:In September 2024, experts of the 1129:From 1610 to the 1690s during the 859:at the time), whereas "Scottish" ( 14: 11268: 10250:Ulster Folk and Transport Museums 9409:Scottish Qualifications Authority 9146:Office of the Accountant of Court 9071:Member of the Scottish Parliament 6627:– books, poems and texts in Scots 6475: 6425:Literary and Linguistic Computing 6129:, Aberdeen University Press 1989. 5954:. Scotland.gov.uk. 1 April 2009. 5554:from the original on 7 July 2023. 4936:. Andre Deutsch. pp. 94–98. 4913: 4610:University of Massachusetts Press 3858:("Having a really good day") and 3473:Scottish form of Standard English 3339: 3334: 3329: 2970: 2944: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2901: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2753: 2748: 2732: 2721: 2712: 1487:('half language') in terms of an 1397:, sometimes also termed language 1364:Scots terms were included in the 1181: 1004:Middle English–speakers from the 11130: 10834: 6573:Dictionary of the Scots Language 6484: 6445: 6436: 6430: 6417: 6399: 6386: 6347:The Language of Irish Literature 6339: 6326: 6313: 6300: 6287: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6230: 6061:. National Records of Scotland. 5138:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots 4877:Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 572 4855:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots 4796:Dictionary of the Scots Language 4259:. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae: 13. 3971: 3957: 3792:but may still be differentiated 3346: 3140: 3099: 3052: 3023: 3007: 2990: 2635: 2161:produced a Scots translation of 2029:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle 1889:was produced by writers such as 1755:(especially in East Donegal and 1646:or traditions' representations. 1257:of the Bible; subsequently, the 669:after the sixteenth century; or 11252:Languages of the United Kingdom 10882:Languages of the United Kingdom 6184: 6181:. Glasgow University Press 1977 6171: 6148: 6132: 6119: 6095: 6077: 6051: 6021: 5996: 5970: 5944: 5919: 5890: 5881: 5847: 5834: 5814: 5796: 5776: 5751: 5733: 5715: 5695: 5675: 5655: 5637: 5588: 5558: 5534: 5508: 5482: 5456: 5430: 5400: 5380: 5360: 5332: 5309:Scott, Maggie (November 2007). 5261: 5238: 5129: 5120: 5095: 5027: 4990: 4975: 4950: 4925: 4907: 4889: 4880: 4734: 4718: 4703: 4688: 4670: 4640: 4626: 4594: 4572: 4550: 4535: 4520: 4471: 4342: 4317: 4299: 4013:Languages of the United Kingdom 3874:The Four Gospels in Braid Scots 3488:exists in the Standard English 2618: 2569: 2556: 2130:novel written entirely in what 2112:motion picture of the same name 787:[ˈlo̜ːlən(d)z,ˈlɑːlənz] 738: 634:). Most commonly spoken in the 23:. For the Celtic language, see 10376:Northern Ireland Sign Language 10081:Parliament of Northern Ireland 10076:Government of Ireland Act 1920 8623:of the language on their left. 6297:, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 204 5271:, Düsseldorf: Bagel. pp.70, 79 4984:Calendar State Papers Scotland 4546:. Berghahn Books. p. 107. 4529:The English dialect of Donegal 4253:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 4240: 4217: 4183: 4165: 4139: 4051: 3484:, generally occurring where a 3424: 2651:is usually conditioned by the 2157:into Scots, and in the 1980s, 1838:or the former mining areas of 1812:Pupils in Scotland Census 2008 1: 11257:Subject–verb–object languages 11242:Languages of Northern Ireland 10273:Association football (soccer) 8514:Germanic substrate hypothesis 8370: 6396:. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 79 5542:"Scottish government website" 4932:Petyt, Keith Malcolm (1980). 4349:Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011). 4079: 4018:Phonological history of Scots 3613:. Scots includes some strong 2658: 2232:Phonological history of Scots 2228:Modern Scots § Phonology 2149:was translated into Scots by 1849: 1765:Linguistic Survey of Scotland 1605: 1378:Scottish Education Department 1307:intellectuals David Hume and 1255:Authorized King James Version 1165:Linguistic Survey of Scotland 915:History of the Scots language 829:and northern version of late 612:West Germanic language family 10130:Parliamentary constituencies 8759:Colonisation of the Americas 8544:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 7235:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 6608:Scottish words – illustrated 6392:McClure, J. Derrick (2002). 6321:The Concise Scots Dictionary 5907:. Mercator-Education. 2002. 4788:"A History of Scots to 1700" 2221: 1767:. Dialects of Scots include 1577: 811: 808:merging Ulster and Lallans. 7: 10673:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance 8524:High German consonant shift 6455:. Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from 6349:, London: Macmillan, p. 134 6155:Andy Eagle (26 July 2005). 6085:"UK Government Web Archive" 5842:A Concise Ulster Dictionary 5840:Caroline I. Macafee (ed.), 4961:. Peter Lang. p. 301. 4746:The Online Scots Dictionary 4727:The British Isles about 802 4247:Sandred, Karl Inge (1983). 3994:of Scottish/British descent 3950: 3868:Sample text of Modern Scots 3749:of motion. Many verbs have 3333:, although an alveolar tap 1267:Parliament of Great Britain 1040:. Additionally, there were 709:criteria for distinguishing 10: 11273: 10098:Good Friday Agreement 1998 9431:Inventions and discoveries 9134:Supreme Courts of Scotland 7062:Westlauwers–Terschellings 6715:According to contemporary 6554:The Scots Language Society 6308:Robert Fergusson 1750–1774 5952:"Pupils in Scotland, 2008" 5182:Edinburgh University Press 4714:. Oxford University Press. 4699:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4695:Bingham, Caroline (1974). 4678:"A Brief History of Scots" 3921:The New Testament in Scots 3882: 3584:. However, the word order 3569: 3565: 3428: 3393:in Northern dialects e.g. 2653:Scottish vowel length rule 2641:Some mergers with vowel 5. 2225: 2132: 1948:Robert Sempill the younger 1853: 1481:considered Modern Scots a 1366:English Dialect Dictionary 1293:Supreme Courts of Scotland 912: 908: 18: 11192: 11164: 11143: 11065: 11032: 10975: 10888: 10830: 10784: 10743: 10712: 10686: 10630: 10594: 10516: 10455: 10398: 10344: 10311: 10263: 10213: 10209: 10200: 10151: 10142: 10108:Northern Ireland Assembly 10103:Northern Ireland Act 1998 10066: 10057: 10028:National Trust properties 10008: 9999: 9832: 9759: 9706:Scottish Episcopal Church 9654: 9602: 9564: 9555: 9388:Curriculum for Excellence 9352: 9348: 9339: 9227: 9218: 9109: 8958: 8949: 8940: 8821: 8812: 8684: 8671: 8606: 8557: 8481: 8450: 8382: 8378: 8365: 8314: 8287: 8241:Southern Schleswig Danish 8172: 8053: 8009: 8000: 7996: 7979: 7820: 7763: 7651: 7642: 7547: 7519: 7478: 7469: 7444: 7426: 7337: 7309: 7283: 7274: 7225: 7138: 7113: 7104: 7043: 6938: 6887: 6862: 6853: 6749: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6713: 6673: 6668:Links to related articles 6652:BBC Voices, Scots section 6613:Scots Language Recordings 5218:The Scottish Government. 4527:Traynor, Michael (1953). 3928: 3864:("She's awfully tired"). 3576:Modern Scots follows the 3198:(a beggar) and the names 2960: 2884: 2808: 2742: 2706: 2665: 2261: 2200:use some Scots. In 2018, 2001:and other members of the 1908:The Complaynt of Scotland 1856:Scots-language literature 1504:Scottish Standard English 1475: 1333:Scottish Standard English 725:Scottish Standard English 675:Scottish Standard English 477: 465: 451: 439: 423: 407: 389: 384: 358: 348:Official language in 346: 341: 325: 291: 249: 189: 179: 169: 101: 87: 75: 46: 39: 34: 9142:High Court of Justiciary 8519:West Germanic gemination 8473:Ancient Belgian language 8468:Germanic parent language 8412:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 7534:Austrian Standard German 6728: 6332:Stevenson, R.L. (1905). 5905:Regional Dossiers Series 5854:Maguire, Warren (2020). 4604:; Ireland, C.A. (2003). 4044: 3998:Doric dialect (Scotland) 3580:sentence structure like 3431:Northumbrian Old English 2146:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 2091:William Laughton Lorimer 1887:University of St Andrews 1637: 1545:orthographic conventions 1274:, defined themselves as 1263:Kingdom of Great Britain 984:was the language of the 980:. By the tenth century, 966:Northumbrian Old English 262:Northumbrian Old English 10776:Science fiction writers 10643:Renaissance in Scotland 10408:Christianity in Ireland 10183:Invest Northern Ireland 9716:Free Church of Scotland 9003:International relations 5170:Jones, Charles (1997). 5056:Clark, Gregory (2017). 5009:Jones, Charles (1995). 4914:Ellis, Alexander John. 4542:Nic Craith, M. (2002). 4063: 3860: 3854: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808:in Northern Scots. The 3800:in Southern Scots, and 3713: 3707: 3701: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3586: 3555: 3545: 3498:Augustan English poetry 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3300: 3294: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3194: 3188: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3045: 3039: 2564:North Northern dialects 2072: 1793:2001 UK National Census 1695:Geographic distribution 1555:Language revitalisation 1439: 1242: 1224: 1216:, observed in his work 1204: 1175:Atlas Linguarum Europae 1170:University of Edinburgh 1002:Scandinavian-influenced 960:by the mid-20th century 897: 887: 877: 871: 861: 855: 849: 843: 834: 821: 800: 781: 759: 749: 673:to distinguish it from 646:to distinguish it from 379:; also as Ulster Scots) 68: 62: 56: 49: 10504:Coat of arms of Ulster 9297:Royal Bank of Scotland 8993:Great Seal of Scotland 8580:Preterite-present verb 8463:Proto-Germanic grammar 8417:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 7529:German Standard German 7205:East Frisian Low Saxon 6380:Manual of Modern Scots 6103:"Policy action 2 of 5 5596:"Policy action 2 of 5 5249:. www.scots-online.org 4710:McArthur, Tom (1994). 3948: 3917: 3737:whereby verbs end in - 3518:Manual of Modern Scots 3276: 3250:in Northern dialects. 2624:Monophthongisation to 2562:With the exception of 2258: 2093:'s translation of the 2027:whose benchmark poem " 1991:Robert Louis Stevenson 1867:(fourteenth century), 1808:University of Aberdeen 1801:University of Aberdeen 1759:). More recently, the 1571: 1549:Parliament of Scotland 1541: 1517: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1452: 1350: 1305:Scottish Enlightenment 1301: 962: 940:, now part of Scotland 16:West Germanic language 11247:Languages of Scotland 10447:Northern Irish people 10440:Immigrant communities 10386:British Sign Language 10371:Ulster Scots language 10023:Geography and climate 9594:British Sign Language 9061:Members of Parliament 8988:Deputy First Minister 8826:Anglo-Scottish border 8794:Industrial Revolution 8585:Grammatischer Wechsel 7568:Namibian Black German 7539:Swiss Standard German 7508:Early New High German 7066:Mainland West Frisian 6927:Harlingerland Frisian 6579:Words Without Borders 6559:Scots Language Centre 6345:Todd, Loreto (1989). 6198:on 22 September 2012. 5745:www.scotslanguage.com 5438:"Exposed to ridicule" 5267:Kloss, Heinz, ²1968, 4957:Eder, Birgit (2004). 4764:www.scotslanguage.com 3925: 3878: 3876:(William Wye Smith): 3855:Haein a real guid day 3735:Northern subject rule 3533:apologetic apostrophe 3482:apologetic apostrophe 3471:in 1707 the emerging 3429:Further information: 3256:("fjord" or "lake"), 2603:depending on dialect. 2248: 2226:Further information: 1993:, William Alexander, 1562: 1536: 1437: 1423:representative sample 1341: 1297: 1212:, who in 1603 became 922: 763:". The old-fashioned 185:1,508,540 (2022) 11237:Languages of Ireland 11137:Languages of Ireland 10668:Scottish Renaissance 9877:Plantation of Ulster 9537:World Heritage Sites 8734:Wars of Independence 8590:Indo-European ablaut 8570:Germanic strong verb 8539:Germanic spirant law 7676:Southeast Limburgish 7172:Gelders-Overijssels 6801:Irish Middle English 6791:Early Modern English 6619:Collections of texts 6505:improve this article 6406:Eagle, Andy (2014). 5102:Eagle, Andy (2006). 4580:"Ethnologue – Scots" 3818:, sometimes spelled 3572:Modern Scots grammar 3033:is usually realised 2049:Edith Anne Robertson 2041:Sydney Goodsir Smith 1669:Diary of a Wimpy Kid 1612:2011 Scottish census 1596:Open University (OU) 1563:William Wye Smith's 1506:. Many speakers are 1457:Treaty of Union 1707 1153:Alexander John Ellis 1131:Plantation of Ulster 819:is a contraction of 721:linguistic continuum 691:Early Middle English 267:Early Middle English 11200:Irish Sign Language 11066:Languages by region 10841:Scotland portal 10771:Short story writers 10587:Scottish literature 10381:Irish Sign Language 9951:War of Independence 9926:Second Great Famine 9872:Flight of the Earls 9327:International trade 8881:Mountains and hills 8789:Highland Clearances 8764:Glorious Revolution 8729:Davidian Revolution 8676:Outline of Scotland 8558:Synchronic features 8529:Germanic a-mutation 8482:Diachronic features 7832:in the broad sense 7765:East Central German 7719:Lorraine Franconian 7693:Transylvanian Saxon 7653:West Central German 7428:East Low Franconian 7338:West Low Franconian 6517:footnote references 6125:William Donaldson, 6112:Scottish Government 5763:Scottish Book Trust 5649:Scottish Legal News 5624:Scottish Parliament 5605:Scottish Government 5396:. 13 February 2015. 5245:Horsbroch, Dauvit. 4730:(Map). 1:7 500 000. 4101:Scottish Government 4033:Scottish literature 3861:She's awfu fauchelt 3717:are the plurals of 3578:subject–verb–object 3461:Union of the Crowns 3244:⟨cht⟩ 3166:is seldom used for 3066:may be realised as 3031:⟨nch⟩ 2214:, was published by 2182:The strip cartoons 2110:(later made into a 1960:Lady Grizel Baillie 1844:Scottish Government 1816:Scottish Government 1620:Scottish Government 1616:Scottish Government 1510:and may be able to 1419:Scottish Government 1348:Canberra, Australia 1100:Brittonic languages 775:, a variant of the 373:Republic of Ireland 360:Recognised minority 96:Republic of Ireland 11165:Minority languages 11144:Official languages 10792:British literature 10093:Secretary of State 9956:Anglo-Irish Treaty 9906:First Great Famine 9891:Settlement of 1652 9867:Tyrone's Rebellion 9684:Church of Scotland 9476:Royal National Mòd 9414:Education Scotland 9187:Scots property law 9182:College of Justice 9091:Secretary of State 8913:Biosphere reserves 8784:Lowland Clearances 8769:1707 Acts of Union 8575:Germanic weak verb 8384:Language subgroups 7734:Pennsylvania Dutch 7683:Moselle Franconian 7661:Central Franconian 7494:Middle High German 7245:Central Pomeranian 7200:Northern Low Saxon 6913:Wangerooge Frisian 6707:Germanic languages 6658:Scots Syntax Atlas 6459:on 21 January 2012 6295:Focus on: Scotland 6192:"SND INTRODUCTION" 6159:. Scots-online.org 5928:Scottish Education 5470:on 30 October 2004 5418:on 14 October 2016 5412:Education Scotland 5375:on 26 August 2020. 5052:Retail Price Index 3779:present participle 3725:respectively. The 3667:being exceptions. 3635:("horse/horses"), 3611:possessive pronoun 3596:indefinite article 3379:⟨wr⟩ 3360:⟨wh⟩ 3282:⟨ch⟩ 3240:⟨gh⟩ 3236:⟨ch⟩ 3160:⟨se⟩ 3119:⟨th⟩ 3107:⟨th⟩ 3064:⟨gn⟩ 3060:⟨kn⟩ 2998:⟨ng⟩ 2259: 1652:children's fiction 1600:Education Scotland 1572: 1453: 1387:language attrition 1351: 1265:, having a single 1259:Acts of Union 1707 1251:Church of Scotland 1238:English Parliament 1214:James I of England 963: 711:a language from a 659:Scottish Highlands 216:North Sea Germanic 11219: 11218: 11213: 11212: 11096: 11095: 10848: 10847: 10812:Opera in Scotland 10797:Celtic literature 10552: 10551: 10512: 10511: 10423:Church of Ireland 10394: 10393: 10329:Same-sex marriage 10196: 10195: 10138: 10137: 10071:Act of Union 1800 10053: 10052: 9966:Northern Campaign 9788: 9787: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9743:Ethnic minorities 9701:Roman Catholicism 9650: 9649: 9335: 9334: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9197:Prison population 9177:Sheriff principal 9172:Solicitor General 9167:Procurator fiscal 9076:Political parties 8936: 8935: 8714:Early Middle Ages 8630: 8629: 8615:extinct languages 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8549:Great Vowel Shift 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8310: 8309: 8156:Greenlandic Norse 7975: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7906:Southern Bavarian 7889:Northern Bavarian 7865:Highest Alemannic 7816: 7815: 7550:standard variants 7465: 7464: 7311:Standard variants 7270: 7269: 7129:Middle Low German 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 6900:Saterland Frisian 6564:Scots at Omniglot 6545: 6544: 6537: 6144:978-0-907526-11-7 6033:Scotland's Census 5937:978-0-7486-1625-1 5865:978-1-4744-5290-8 5576:on 26 August 2020 5570:Scotland's Census 5496:on 6 October 2008 5444:. 7 February 2004 5347:Council of Europe 5295:978-3-11-017532-5 5191:978-0-7486-0754-9 5091:. 7 October 1895. 5089:Bradford Observer 4968:978-3-631-52873-0 4903:. Asher & Co. 4513:978-0-903065-94-8 4506:. Gordon Wright. 4266:978-91-554-1442-9 4235:978-3-89586-513-8 4223:Alexander Bergs, 4173:"Gaelic Language" 3810:negative particle 3641:("cow/cows") and 3629:("calf/calves"), 3477:literary language 3353:⟨w⟩ 3318:⟨r⟩ 3290:⟨r⟩ 3172:⟨ȝ⟩ 3164:⟨z⟩ 3156:⟨s⟩ 2986: 2985: 2937: 2894: 2628:may occur before 2552: 2551: 2282:Common spellings 2251:Christine De Luca 2246: 2119:But'n'Ben A-Go-Go 1733:Robert John Gregg 1701:Scottish Lowlands 1672:, and several by 1628:Council of Europe 1528:regional language 1430:Decline in status 1355:literary language 1289:Alexander Boswell 1253:adopted the 1611 1205:"Scottyshe toung" 1147:and published as 1046:Middle Low German 1018:Romance languages 636:Scottish Lowlands 626:(where the local 598: 597: 489: 488: 370:(as Ulster Scots) 113:Scottish Lowlands 11264: 11135: 11134: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11100: 11099: 11078:Northern Ireland 10875: 10868: 10861: 10852: 10851: 10839: 10838: 10837: 10822:Welsh literature 10807:Irish literature 10785:Related articles 10588: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10556: 10555: 10532: 10525: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10149: 10148: 10125:Local government 10064: 10063: 10043:Mourne Mountains 10038:Giant's Causeway 10006: 10005: 9991:History of Derry 9941:Home Rule crisis 9842:Annals of Ulster 9822:Northern Ireland 9815: 9808: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9768: 9689:General Assembly 9579:Scottish English 9574:Highland English 9562: 9561: 9451:Oldest buildings 9350: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9292:Renewable energy 9237:Bank of Scotland 9225: 9224: 9138:Court of Session 9119:Advocate General 9049:Military history 9027:Local government 8956: 8955: 8947: 8946: 8819: 8818: 8739:Late Middle Ages 8724:High Middle Ages 8657: 8650: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8407:Elbe (Irminonic) 8380: 8379: 8367: 8366: 8295:Mainland Gutnish 8185:Swedish dialects 8147:Middle Icelandic 8121:Middle Norwegian 8010:Historical forms 8007: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7981: 7980: 7940:South Franconian 7926:Hutterite German 7894:Central Bavarian 7714:Rhine Franconian 7649: 7648: 7479:Historical forms 7476: 7475: 7391:Surinamese Dutch 7284:Historical forms 7281: 7280: 7114:Historical forms 7111: 7110: 6863:Historical forms 6860: 6859: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6725: 6724: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6676: 6664: 6663: 6647:Scottish English 6586:Scots in Schools 6540: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6520: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6403: 6397: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6375: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6265: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6179:Bards and Makars 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6152: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5902: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5729:. 22 March 2019. 5719: 5713: 5712: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5572:. Archived from 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5414:. Archived from 5404: 5398: 5397: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5371:. Archived from 5366:See for example 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5281: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5222:. Archived from 5215: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5167: 5152: 5151: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5084: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5006: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4850: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4794:. Vol. 12. 4783: 4768: 4767: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4648:"Scots, a. (n.)" 4644: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4403: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4285: 4274: 4273: 4244: 4238: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4093: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4055: 3990:of the Canadian 3981: 3979:Languages portal 3976: 3975: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3946: 3915: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3893: 3863: 3857: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788:are now usually 3747:adverbial phrase 3716: 3710: 3704: 3673:relative pronoun 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3603:definite article 3589: 3582:Standard English 3558: 3548: 3539:spelt the Scots 3494:King James Bible 3465:Standard English 3418: 3417:("worked"), etc. 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3381:may be realised 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3319: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3223: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3113:may be realised 3112: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2974: 2948: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2905: 2890: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2757: 2752: 2736: 2725: 2716: 2663: 2662: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2545: 2532: 2519: 2506: 2493: 2480: 2467: 2454: 2441: 2428: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2376: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2298: 2293: 2269: 2268: 2255:Shetland dialect 2247: 2135: 2134: 2075: 1995:George MacDonald 1979:Robert Fergusson 1522: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1473:German linguist 1442: 1415:Lowland Scotland 1391:Second World War 1281:Frederick Pottle 1276:Northern British 1245: 1227: 1207: 1188:Standard English 1120:prestige dialect 955: 945: 927: 900: 890: 880: 874: 864: 858: 852: 846: 824: 803: 789: 784: 762: 752: 622:in the north of 608:language variety 590: 583: 576: 491: 490: 482: 470: 461: 435: 419: 412: 403: 402: 394: 368:Northern Ireland 362:language in 331: 195: 83: 71: 65: 59: 52: 32: 31: 21:Scottish English 11272: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11261: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11188: 11160: 11139: 11129: 11127: 11097: 11092: 11061: 11028: 10988:Beurla Reagaird 10976:Other languages 10971: 10962:Scottish Gaelic 10884: 10879: 10849: 10844: 10835: 10833: 10826: 10780: 10739: 10730:Scottish Gaelic 10708: 10682: 10663:Kailyard school 10626: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10553: 10548: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10508: 10451: 10433:Presbyterianism 10390: 10354:Hiberno-English 10340: 10307: 10293:Gaelic handball 10288:Gaelic football 10259: 10192: 10161:Bank of Ireland 10134: 10049: 9995: 9971:Border Campaign 9886:Confederate War 9847:Norman invasion 9828: 9819: 9789: 9784: 9771: 9764: 9747: 9646: 9598: 9584:Scottish Gaelic 9551: 9456:Performing arts 9331: 9206: 9202:Police Scotland 9105: 9086:Scotland Office 8932: 8893:Protected areas 8808: 8680: 8667: 8661: 8631: 8626: 8594: 8553: 8534:Germanic umlaut 8499:Holtzmann's law 8477: 8446: 8374: 8353: 8306: 8283: 8217:South Jutlandic 8202:Danish dialects 8168: 8049: 7992: 7963: 7945:East Franconian 7899:Viennese German 7812: 7793:Silesian German 7759: 7748:Central Hessian 7638: 7563:Namibian German 7552: 7543: 7521:Standard German 7515: 7501:New High German 7487:Old High German 7461: 7440: 7422: 7333: 7305: 7266: 7250:East Pomeranian 7240:Brandenburgisch 7227:East Low German 7221: 7148:Dutch Low Saxon 7140:West Low German 7134: 7092: 7058:Schiermonnikoog 7039: 6934: 6920:Wursten Frisian 6883: 6849: 6732: 6719: 6709: 6704: 6669: 6621: 6594: 6541: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6502: 6493:This section's 6489: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6391: 6387: 6376: 6353: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6288: 6277: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6220: 6203: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6153: 6149: 6137: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6039:on 1 March 2011 6027: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5984:. 26 March 2011 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5924: 5920: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5792:. 4 March 2021. 5782: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5282: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5226:on 1 April 2017 5216: 5209: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5184:. p. 518. 5168: 5155: 5148: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5085: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5035:"Scuilwab, p.3" 5033: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4912: 4908: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4851: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4798:. p. xxxvi 4784: 4771: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4708: 4704: 4693: 4689: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4612:. p. 159. 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4404: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4277: 4267: 4245: 4241: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4069:[skɔts] 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038:Scots Knowledge 3977: 3970: 3965:Scotland portal 3963: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3945:Matthew 1:18–21 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3916: 3914:Matthew 1:18–21 3913: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3870: 3733:adheres to the 3574: 3568: 3514:William Laidlaw 3449: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3378: 3359: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3317: 3315: 3308: 3304:("march"), etc. 3289: 3281: 3280:. The spelling 3243: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3226: 3186:. For example: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3141: 3118: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096:("knoll"), etc. 3063: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3008: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2685: 2661: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2294: 2264: 2236: 2234: 2224: 2058:In 1955, three 2053:Robert McLellan 2025:Hugh MacDiarmid 2003:Kailyard school 1952:Francis Sempill 1921:translation of 1891:Robert Henryson 1858: 1852: 1735:to include the 1723:, the northern 1697: 1654:series such as 1640: 1608: 1580: 1557: 1461:sister language 1449:John Knox House 1432: 1382:language policy 1327:of the City of 1313:Thomas Sheridan 1184: 1098:, the medieval 1058:Scottish Gaelic 1034:Parisian French 961: 953: 951: 943: 941: 925: 917: 911: 903:Scottish Gaelic 814: 741: 683:sister language 655:Celtic language 648:Scottish Gaelic 594: 485: 473: 457: 431: 415: 408: 398: 397: 390: 380: 371: 363: 361: 349: 342:Official status 332: 327: 287: 252: 245: 196: 193:Language family 191: 182: 181:Native speakers 165: 81:[skɔts] 66: 60: 54: 41: 28: 25:Scottish Gaelic 17: 12: 11: 5: 11270: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11232:Scots language 11217: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11196: 11194: 11193:Sign languages 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11140: 11126: 11125: 11118: 11111: 11103: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11052: 11050:Northern Irish 11047: 11042: 11036: 11034: 11033:Sign languages 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10885: 10878: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10855: 10846: 10845: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10794: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10747: 10745: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10648:Castalian Band 10645: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10582: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10559: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10534: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10479: 10472: 10467: 10461: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10404: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10366:Irish language 10363: 10362: 10361: 10359:Ulster English 10350: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10220: 10214: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9911:1798 Rebellion 9908: 9903: 9898: 9896:Williamite War 9893: 9888: 9882:1641 Rebellion 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9862:Tudor conquest 9859: 9854: 9852:Bruce campaign 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9818: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9795: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9770: 9769: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9681: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9498: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9358: 9356: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9287:Power stations 9284: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9162:Lord President 9159: 9154: 9149: 9131: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9007: 9006: 9005: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8978:First Minister 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8953: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8923:Municipalities 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: articles 8660: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8458:Proto-Germanic 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8376: 8375: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8333:Crimean Gothic 8322: 8320: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8207:Insular Danish 8204: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8190:Rinkebysvenska 8187: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8038: 8036:Old East Norse 8033: 8031:Old West Norse 8021: 8013: 8011: 8004: 7994: 7993: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7911:South Tyrolean 7903: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7853:High Alemannic 7850: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7826: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7695: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7657: 7655: 7646: 7644:Central German 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7585: 7583:Barossa German 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7480: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7362:French Flemish 7354: 7353: 7352: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7278: 7276:Low Franconian 7272: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7115: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7077:Westereendersk 7071: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7008: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6955: 6944: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6878:Middle Frisian 6874: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6838: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6784:Modern English 6780: 6777:Middle English 6773: 6766: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6734: 6733: 6721: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6575: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6543: 6542: 6497:external links 6492: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6476:External links 6474: 6471: 6470: 6444: 6429: 6416: 6398: 6385: 6351: 6338: 6325: 6312: 6299: 6286: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6229: 6201: 6183: 6170: 6147: 6131: 6118: 6094: 6076: 6050: 6020: 5995: 5969: 5943: 5936: 5918: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5864: 5846: 5833: 5813: 5795: 5775: 5750: 5732: 5714: 5694: 5674: 5654: 5636: 5611: 5587: 5557: 5533: 5507: 5481: 5455: 5429: 5399: 5379: 5359: 5331: 5315:The Bottle Imp 5301: 5294: 5273: 5260: 5237: 5207: 5190: 5153: 5146: 5128: 5119: 5094: 5076: 5063:MeasuringWorth 5043: 5026: 5019: 4998: 4989: 4974: 4967: 4949: 4942: 4924: 4906: 4888: 4886:Adams 1977: 57 4879: 4870: 4863: 4830: 4809: 4769: 4751: 4733: 4717: 4702: 4687: 4669: 4639: 4625: 4618: 4593: 4571: 4549: 4534: 4519: 4512: 4492: 4470: 4445: 4416: 4367: 4341: 4329:www.unesco.org 4316: 4298: 4275: 4265: 4239: 4216: 4202: 4182: 4177:cranntara.scot 4164: 4153:on 9 July 2011 4138: 4113: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4003:Glasgow patter 4000: 3995: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3968: 3952: 3949: 3942: 3926: 3911: 3879: 3869: 3866: 3842:("mightn't"). 3623:("eye/eyes"), 3567: 3564: 3543:of "taken" as 3506:David Herbison 3502:Charles Murray 3435:Middle English 3426: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3377:. The cluster 3345: 3324:. The phoneme 3306: 3268:("daughter"), 3224: 3139: 3133:, etc. may be 3098: 3051: 3049:("push"), etc. 3022: 3006: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2786: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2758: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2634: 2617: 2605: 2577: 2568: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2263: 2260: 2249:Scottish poet 2223: 2220: 2177:Medieval Latin 2084:Alexander Gray 2078:nursery rhymes 2045:Robert Garioch 1987:Auld Lang Syne 1944:Robert Sempill 1895:William Dunbar 1862:John Barbour's 1854:Main article: 1851: 1848: 1823:2011 UK census 1781:Southern Scots 1773:Northern Scots 1705:Northern Isles 1696: 1693: 1687:The Ferret, a 1678:David Walliams 1639: 1636: 1630:called on the 1607: 1604: 1579: 1576: 1569:in Braid Scots 1556: 1553: 1470:with English. 1431: 1428: 1411:language death 1395:language shift 1196:English herald 1192:William Flower 1183: 1182:Language shift 1180: 1022:ecclesiastical 990:Middle English 986:Scottish court 952: 942: 924: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 883:William Dunbar 865:) referred to 813: 810: 740: 737: 687:Modern English 640:Northern Isles 596: 595: 593: 592: 585: 578: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 552:Southern Scots 549: 544: 542:Northern Scots 539: 531: 530: 526: 525: 524: 523: 518: 513: 505: 504: 498: 497: 495:Scots language 487: 486: 483: 475: 474: 471: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 443: 437: 436: 429: 421: 420: 413: 405: 404: 395: 387: 386: 385:Language codes 382: 381: 377:County Donegal 366: 364: 359: 356: 355: 350: 347: 344: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329:Writing system 326: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 293: 289: 288: 286: 285: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 279: 255: 253: 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 199: 197: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 131: 117:Northern Isles 105: 103: 99: 98: 92:United Kingdom 89: 88:Native to 85: 84: 77: 73: 72: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11269: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11124: 11119: 11117: 11112: 11110: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11019:Scottish Cant 11017: 11015: 11014: 11010: 11008: 11007: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10864: 10862: 10857: 10856: 10853: 10843: 10842: 10829: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10742: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10725:Lowland Scots 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653:Enlightenment 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10580: 10575: 10573: 10568: 10566: 10561: 10560: 10557: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10515: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312:Social issues 10310: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10255:Ulster Museum 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9981:Peace process 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9961:Belfast Blitz 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9946:Easter Rising 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9936:Fenian Rising 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9816: 9811: 9809: 9804: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9711:Baptist Union 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9511:national flag 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9281:North Sea oil 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9157:Lord Advocate 9155: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9081:Republicanism 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8779:Enlightenment 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8665: 8658: 8653: 8651: 8646: 8644: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8565:Germanic verb 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504:Sievers's law 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451:Reconstructed 8449: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8264:Middle Danish 8261: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8140:Old Icelandic 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8114:Old Norwegian 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7932: 7931:Gottscheerish 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7870:Walser German 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836:Low Alemannic 7834: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7798:High Prussian 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783:Erzgebirgisch 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688:Luxembourgish 7686: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7626:Klezmer-loshn 7623: 7621: 7620:Scots Yiddish 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7457:Meuse-Rhenish 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384:Kleverlandish 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7345:Central Dutch 7343: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153:Stellingwarfs 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7087: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073:Wood Frisian 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6940:North Frisian 6937: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:Anglo-Frisian 6739: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645:of Scots and 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6539: 6536: 6528: 6518: 6514: 6513:inappropriate 6510: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6381: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6290: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6158: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5248: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5204: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5147:0-7486-1596-2 5143: 5139: 5132: 5123: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5083: 5081: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5036: 5030: 5022: 5020:0-85976-427-3 5016: 5012: 5005: 5003: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981:Joseph Bain, 4978: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4943:0-233-97212-9 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4866: 4864:0-7486-1596-2 4860: 4856: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4819: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4742:"cairt n. v." 4737: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4682:Scotslanguage 4679: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4619:1-55849-427-8 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4581: 4575: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4496: 4480: 4474: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4407:Aitken, A. J. 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4205: 4203:9788437083216 4199: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4070: 4065: 4061:for Scots is 4060: 4054: 4050: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3955: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3924: 3922: 3909: 3877: 3875: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3836:("daren't"), 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3811: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743:progressively 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727:present tense 3724: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3508:, James Orr, 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Acts of Union 3466: 3463:in 1603, the 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3389:, but may be 3385:, more often 3349: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3177: 3154:may be spelt 3143: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3102: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3026: 3010: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2638: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2431:i-e, y-e, ey 2430: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405:i-e, y-e, ey 2404: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2301:i-e, y-e, ey 2300: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2256: 2253:speaking the 2252: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2103:Trainspotting 2098: 2096: 2095:New Testament 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:Douglas Young 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2014:Victorian era 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903:David Lyndsay 1900: 1899:Gavin Douglas 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:Central Scots 1774: 1770: 1769:Insular Scots 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1632:UK Government 1629: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567:New Testament 1561: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:over much of 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1370:Joseph Wright 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319:. Charging a 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:James Boswell 1282: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1232:(the subject) 1231: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1200:Mary of Guise 1198:, spoke with 1197: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:Low Countries 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Auld Alliance 1036:, due to the 1035: 1031: 1030:Norman French 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 949: 939: 935: 931: 921: 916: 906: 904: 899: 894: 893:Gavin Douglas 889: 884: 879: 873: 868: 863: 857: 851: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 818: 809: 807: 802: 801:Ulstèr-Scotch 797: 793: 792:literary form 788: 783: 778: 774: 773: 768: 767: 761: 756: 751: 746: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 693:(1150–1350). 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 653: 649: 645: 644:Lowland Scots 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 618:and parts of 617: 613: 609: 606: 602: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 571: 569: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Central Scots 545: 543: 540: 538: 537:Insular Scots 535: 534: 533: 532: 528: 527: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 503: 500: 499: 496: 493: 492: 481: 476: 469: 464: 460: 456: 454: 450: 447: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428: 427: 422: 418: 414: 411: 406: 401: 396: 393: 388: 383: 378: 374: 369: 365: 357: 354: 351: 345: 340: 337: 334: 330: 324: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 290: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 269: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 258: 254: 248: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221:Anglo-Frisian 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211:West Germanic 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201:Indo-European 198: 194: 188: 184: 178: 175: 172: 168: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 106: 104: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76:Pronunciation 74: 70: 64: 58: 51: 45: 40:Lowland Scots 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 11177:Ulster Scots 11171: 11054: 11011: 11004: 10992: 10955:Ulster Scots 10949: 10925: 10904: 10832: 10622:20th century 10617:19th century 10612:18th century 10607:Early modern 10474: 10470:Coat of arms 10400:Demographics 10336:Prostitution 9976:The Troubles 9916:Act of Union 9884: / 9674:Christianity 9664:Baháʼí Faith 9588: 9557:Demographics 9501:coat of arms 9471:Prostitution 9404:Universities 9386: 9362:Architecture 9322:Unemployment 9317:Silicon Glen 9277:Oil industry 9262:Harris Tweed 9152:Crown Office 9044:Armed forces 9022:Independence 9010:Human rights 8841:Conservation 8831:Central Belt 8749:Early modern 8610: 8494:Verner's law 8439: 8434:Gotho-Nordic 8432: 8425: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8325: 8315: 8300:Fårö Gutnish 8262: 8255: 8161: 8154: 8145: 8138: 8119: 8112: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8023: 8016: 7956: 7858:Swiss German 7822:Upper German 7755:Amana German 7729:Volga German 7698:Hunsrückisch 7624: 7578:Unserdeutsch 7573:Berlinerisch 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7445:Cover groups 7401:Mohawk Dutch 7396:Jersey Dutch 7374:East Flemish 7357:West Flemish 7301:Middle Dutch 7255:Low Prussian 7127: 7120: 7086:Terschelling 7070:Clay Frisian 7045:West Frisian 7033:Wiedingharde 7025: 7013: 6973:Heligolandic 6950: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6889:East Frisian 6876: 6869: 6842:Middle Scots 6840: 6833: 6828: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6631:Scots Threap 6578: 6549:Scots-online 6531: 6522: 6507:by removing 6494: 6461:. Retrieved 6457:the original 6447: 6438: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6401: 6393: 6388: 6379: 6346: 6341: 6333: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6294: 6289: 6280: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6232: 6223: 6196:the original 6186: 6178: 6173: 6163:15 September 6161:. Retrieved 6150: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6053: 6041:. Retrieved 6037:the original 6032: 6023: 6011:. Retrieved 6007: 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5981: 5972: 5960:. Retrieved 5946: 5927: 5921: 5904: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5855: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5789:The Scotsman 5787: 5778: 5766:. Retrieved 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5727:The National 5726: 5717: 5708:The Scotsman 5706: 5697: 5686: 5677: 5668:The Guardian 5666: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5614: 5603: 5597: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5574:the original 5569: 5560: 5536: 5524:. Retrieved 5510: 5498:. Retrieved 5494:the original 5484: 5472:. Retrieved 5468:the original 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5442:The Scotsman 5441: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5416:the original 5402: 5391: 5382: 5373:the original 5362: 5350:. Retrieved 5334: 5322:. Retrieved 5314: 5304: 5285: 5268: 5263: 5251:. Retrieved 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5224:the original 5202: 5195:. Retrieved 5172: 5137: 5131: 5122: 5110:. Retrieved 5097: 5088: 5067:. Retrieved 5061: 5046: 5029: 5010: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4958: 4952: 4933: 4927: 4916: 4909: 4898: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4854: 4821:. Retrieved 4812: 4800:. Retrieved 4791: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4660:. Retrieved 4651: 4642: 4628: 4605: 4602:Tymoczko, M. 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4582:. Ethnologue 4574: 4562:. Retrieved 4552: 4543: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4502: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4473: 4461:. Retrieved 4425: 4419: 4410: 4358:. Retrieved 4355:The Guardian 4354: 4344: 4332:. Retrieved 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4293:www.gov.scot 4292: 4270: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4226:Modern Scots 4224: 4219: 4207:. Retrieved 4192: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4155:. Retrieved 4151:the original 4141: 4129:. Retrieved 4126:Scotland.org 4125: 4116: 4104:. Retrieved 4100: 4053: 3992:Metis people 3988:Bungi Creole 3936: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3880: 3873: 3871: 3844: 3785: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3702:thon/thonder 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3575: 3561: 3550: 3529:John Corbett 3526: 3522: 3517: 3450: 3447:Modern Scots 3443:Middle Scots 3348: 3284:is realised 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3142: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3101: 3054: 3043:("branch"), 3029:The cluster 3025: 3009: 2992: 2649:Vowel length 2647: 2637: 2620: 2571: 2558: 2366:ou, oo, u-e 2314:ee, e-e, ie 2265: 2216:Matthew Fitt 2209: 2206:Harry Potter 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2179:into Scots. 2173:J. K. Annand 2162: 2159:Liz Lochhead 2144: 2142: 2133:Wir Ain Leed 2124:Matthew Fitt 2117: 2116: 2108:Irvine Welsh 2101: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2057: 2018: 2011: 2007:Ian Maclaren 1999:J. M. Barrie 1983:Walter Scott 1971:Robert Burns 1967:Allan Ramsay 1964: 1956:Lady Wardlaw 1933: 1926: 1919:Middle Scots 1912: 1906: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1859: 1826: 1820: 1811: 1805: 1789: 1785:Ulster Scots 1698: 1686: 1667: 1663:Harry Potter 1661: 1657:The Gruffalo 1655: 1648: 1641: 1625: 1609: 1593: 1581: 1573: 1564: 1542: 1537: 1525: 1472: 1465:pluricentric 1454: 1374: 1368:, edited by 1363: 1359:Robert Burns 1352: 1344:Robert Burns 1302: 1298: 1233: 1229: 1217: 1185: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1148: 1142: 1138:Modern Scots 1135: 1128: 1124:Middle Scots 1103: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1054:Middle Irish 1032:, and later 982:Middle Irish 964: 958:Modern Scots 816: 815: 796:Ulster-Scots 777:Modern Scots 770: 764: 760:Buchan Claik 742: 739:Nomenclature 706: 695: 679:Modern Scots 670: 643: 632:Ulster Scots 630:is known as 614:, spoken in 600: 599: 557:Ulster Scots 521:Modern Scots 516:Middle Scots 494: 453:Linguasphere 424: 277:Middle Scots 230: 29: 11056:Old Kentish 10983:Angloromani 10933:Guernésiais 10713:By language 10678:Tartan Noir 10658:Romanticism 10492:flags issue 10476:Cú Chulainn 10418:Catholicism 10324:LGBT rights 10176:Ulster Bank 10166:Danske Bank 10120:Flags issue 9857:Black Death 9232:Agriculture 9096:Nationalism 9015:LGBT rights 8918:Environment 8799:Romanticism 8754:Reformation 8744:Renaissance 8709:Middle Ages 8704:Roman times 8699:Prehistoric 8509:Kluge's law 8489:Grimm's law 8272:Dalecarlian 8251:Perkerdansk 8224:East Danish 8042:Old Gutnish 8018:Proto-Norse 7958:Langobardic 7950:Vogtlandian 7778:Upper Saxon 7632:Lachoudisch 7593:Lotegorisch 7471:High German 7217:Westphalian 7212:Eastphalian 7176:Achterhooks 7053:Hindeloopen 6988:Bökingharde 6957:Föhr–Amrum 6871:Old Frisian 6835:Early Scots 6770:Old English 6138:Bairnsangs 6069:12 December 5962:9 September 5526:22 December 4586:9 September 4564:13 December 4560:. Dsl.ac.uk 4485:13 December 4481:. Dsl.ac.uk 4463:13 December 4459:. Dsl.ac.uk 4209:19 December 4157:9 September 3830:("can't"), 3649:Old English 3632:horse/horse 3457:Early Scots 3453:orthography 3439:Early Scots 3425:Orthography 3405:("wrong"), 3399:("wreck"), 3262:("night"), 3195:gaberlunzie 3192:("broil"), 3178:) realised 2886:Approximant 2197:Sunday Post 2064:Ayr Academy 2037:John Buchan 2021:renaissance 1882:The Wallace 1877:Blind Harry 1749:Londonderry 1717:Campbeltown 1644:Burns Night 1519:Dachsprache 1512:code-switch 1484:Halbsprache 1477:Heinz Kloss 1455:Before the 1451:, Edinburgh 1445:Early Scots 1403:convergence 1385:process of 1108:Early Scots 998:Northumbria 994:Early Scots 978:Northumbria 976:kingdom of 974:Anglo-Saxon 970:River Forth 948:Early Scots 938:Northumbria 936:kingdom of 934:Anglo-Saxon 930:Old English 831:Old English 827:Older Scots 750:braid Scots 671:Broad Scots 562:Doric Scots 511:Early Scots 272:Early Scots 257:Old English 251:Early forms 153:Londonderry 129:Campbeltown 42:Broad Scots 11226:Categories 10943:Sercquiais 10756:Dramatists 10319:Corruption 10228:integrated 9901:Penal Laws 9694:Moderators 9637:Scientists 9523:regimental 9466:Placenames 9461:Philosophy 9436:Literature 9066:Parliament 8998:Government 8968:Devolution 8951:Government 8908:Ecoregions 8898:Waterfalls 8774:Jacobitism 8341:Burgundian 8257:Old Danish 8246:Gøtudanskt 8229:Bornholmsk 8091:Vestlandsk 8071:Kebabnorsk 7808:Halcnovian 7773:Thuringian 7436:Limburgish 7406:Stadsfries 7379:Brabantian 7106:Low German 6952:Eiderstedt 6807:Fingallian 6640:Multimedia 5827:The Herald 5808:The Ferret 5768:21 October 5688:The Herald 5629:18 October 5448:18 October 5422:18 October 5253:18 October 5230:18 October 5112:18 October 4802:18 October 4652:OED online 4080:References 4023:Scotticism 3644:shae/shuin 3592:Give us it 3570:See also: 3510:James Hogg 3322:rhotically 3298:("arch"), 3117:. Initial 3084:("talk"), 2659:Consonants 2191:The Broons 2185:Oor Wullie 2151:Rab Wilson 2138:neologisms 2073:Bairnsangs 1850:Literature 1674:Roald Dahl 1606:Government 1584:curriculum 1463:forming a 1342:Statue of 1309:Adam Smith 1272:David Hume 1248:Protestant 1145:JAH Murray 1024:and legal 895:was using 885:was using 757:" or the " 745:vernacular 10927:Auregnais 10907:official) 10889:Languages 10801:mythology 10761:Novelists 10631:Movements 10428:Methodism 10346:Languages 10223:Education 10188:Transport 10001:Geography 9921:Tithe War 9679:Christmas 9632:Musicians 9627:Inventors 9566:Languages 9542:Festivals 9382:Education 9307:Transport 9247:Companies 9242:Charities 8973:Elections 8861:Highlands 8814:Geography 8621:varieties 8613:indicate 8427:Northwest 8372:Philology 8277:Elfdalian 8212:Jutlandic 8134:Icelandic 8109:(written) 8103:(written) 8081:Trøndersk 8061:Norwegian 8025:Old Norse 7846:Coloniero 7830:Alemannic 7803:Wymysorys 7671:Colognian 7666:Ripuarian 7588:Rotwelsch 7418:Midslands 7369:Zeelandic 7350:Hollandic 7324:Afrikaans 7296:Old Dutch 7122:Old Saxon 7021:Karrharde 7003:Goesharde 6984:Mainland 6717:philology 6625:ScotsteXt 6525:July 2015 6509:excessive 5913:1570-1239 5580:7 January 5352:16 August 5178:Edinburgh 4434:cite book 4360:6 October 4334:6 October 4008:Billy Kay 3850:adjective 3765:verbs is 3755:irregular 3626:cauf/caur 3486:consonant 3242:. 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