Abortion in the United States

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procur'd Abortions! and how many distress'd Mothers have been driven, by the Terror of Punishment and public Shame, to imbrue, contrary to Nature, their own trembling Hands in the Blood of their helpless Offspring! Nature would have induc'd them to nurse it up with a Parent's Fondness. 'Tis the Law therefore, 'tis the Law itself that is guilty of all these Barbarities and Murders. Repeal it then, Gentlemen; let it be expung'd for ever from your Books: And on the other hand, take into your wise Consideration, the great and growing Number of Batchelors in the Country, many of whom, from the mean Fear of the Expence of a Family, have never sincerely and honourably Courted a Woman in their Lives; and by their Manner of Living, leave unproduced (which I think is little better than Murder) Hundreds of their Posterity to the Thousandth Generation. Is not theirs a greater Offence against the Public Good, than mine? Compel them then, by a Law, either to Marry, or pay double the Fine of Fornication every Year.

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negative emotions than those who received a wanted abortion. At one week, 95% of people who obtained an abortion felt that having the abortion was the right decision, and at three years, over 99% felt that having the abortion had been the right decision for them. At five years, the researchers found no differences between individuals who received and those who were denied wanted abortions with respect to depression, anxiety, self-esteem, life satisfaction, post-traumatic stress disorder, or post-traumatic stress symptoms. Further, no increase in the use of alcohol or drugs was found following abortion. However, those who were denied abortions did experience other negative consequences related to mental health, including remaining in relationships marked by intimate partner violence. These data support the already existing body of evidence concluding that abortion does not harm mental health. In fact, for those obtaining a desired abortion, the emotion experienced by the majority was relief.

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increase as gestation at birth extends from 22 weeks. In accordance with prior RCOG guidance, feticide should be routinely offered from 21+6 weeks of gestation. Where the fetal abnormality is not compatible with survival, termination of pregnancy without prior feticide may be preferred by some women. In such cases, delivery management should be discussed and planned with the parents and all health professionals involved and a written care plan agreed before termination takes place. Where the fetal abnormality is not lethal and termination of pregnancy is being undertaken after 22 weeks of gestation, failure to perform feticide could result in live birth and survival, an outcome that contradicts the intention of the abortion. In such situations, the child should receive the neonatal support and intensive care that is in the child's best interest and its condition managed within published guidance for neonatal practice.

4027: 3889: 6395: 5864: 3316: 724:, an 1869 opinion piece was published arguing that instead of merely attempting to pass a law against abortion, the root cause must also be addressed. The writer stated that simply passing an anti-abortion law would be "only mowing off the top of the noxious weed, while the root remains. ... No matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; But oh! thrice guilty is he who drove her to the desperation which impelled her to the crime." To many feminists of this era, abortion was regarded as an undesirable necessity forced upon women by thoughtless men. The 21611: 6229: 2915:, the law provides that any person, with or without any vested interest, may sue anyone that performs or induces an abortion in violation of the statute, as well as anyone who "aids or abets the performance or inducement of an abortion, including paying for or reimbursing the costs of an abortion through insurance or otherwise." The law was challenged in courts, though had yet to have a full formal hearing as its September 1, 2021, enactment date came due. Plaintiffs sought an order from the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the law from coming into effect, but the Court issued a denial of the order late on September 1, 2021, allowing the law to remain in effect. While unsigned, Chief Justice 1456: 1251:(e.g. federal constitutionally-protected right), in the sense of the right of a person not to be encroached by the state. In its opinion, it listed several landmark cases where the court had previously found a right to privacy implied by the Constitution. The Court did not recognize a right to abortion in all cases, saying: "State regulation protective of fetal life after viability thus has both logical and biological justifications. If the State is interested in protecting fetal life after viability, it may go so far as to proscribe abortion during that period, except when it is necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother." 5915:, asked, "In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that states' laws which made it illegal for a woman to have an abortion up to three months of pregnancy were unconstitutional, and that the decision on whether a woman should have an abortion up to three months of pregnancy should be left to the woman and her doctor to decide. In general, do you favor or oppose this part of the U.S. Supreme Court decision making abortions up to three months of pregnancy legal?", to which 49% of respondents indicated favor while 47% indicated opposition. The Harris organization has concluded from this poll that, "49 percent now support Roe vs. Wade". 2954:". Garland further noted that the United States government has "an obligation to ensure that no state can deprive individuals of their constitutional rights." The Complaint avers that Texas enacted the law "in open defiance of the Constitution". The relief requested from the U.S. District Court in Austin, Texas includes a declaration that the Texas Act is unconstitutional, and an injunction against state actors as well as any and all private individuals who may bring a SB 8 action. The idea of asking a federal court to impose an injunction upon the entire civilian population of a state is unprecedented and has drawn eyebrows. 2728: 17696:

rights. But in spite of the Republican Party's pro-choice leadership, the GOP adopted a platform in 1976 that promised an antiabortion constitutional amendment. The party's leadership viewed the measure as a temporary political ploy that would increase the GOP's appeal among traditionally Democratic Catholics, but the platform statement instead became a rallying cry for social conservatives who used the plank to build a religiously based coalition in the GOP and drive out many of the pro-choice Republicans who had initially adopted the platform. By 2009, only 26 percent of Republicans were pro-choice.

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of the feminists expressed horror at abortion, urging abstinence instead. Not so in the 20th century. In the 19th century the medical profession was fairly united against abortion; Mohr argues that this arose from the commercial competition between the 'regulars' (men with M.D.'s) and the irregulars (women without M.D.'s). ... A key role in generating prohibition laws was played by the press, ... . By 1900 the abortion-prohibition laws were immune to questioning, as they remained until the 1960's when feminists and a new breed of physicians combined to arouse the public to the injustice of the law.

6268:, there have been numerous attempts to reverse the decision. In the 2011 election season, Mississippi placed an amendment on the ballot that redefined how the state viewed abortion. The personhood amendment defined personhood as "every human being from the moment of fertilization, cloning or the functional equivalent thereof"; if passed, it would have been illegal to get an abortion in the state. On July 11, 2012, a Mississippi federal judge ordered an extension of his temporary order to allow the state's only abortion clinic to stay open. The order was to stay in place until U.S. District Judge 1943:(BAIPA) was enacted August 5, 2002, by an Act of Congress and signed into law by George W. Bush. It asserts the human rights of infants born after a failed attempt to induce abortion. A "born-alive infant" is specified as a "person, human being, child, individual". "Born alive" is defined as the complete expulsion of an infant at any stage of development that has a heartbeat, pulsation of the umbilical cord, breath, or voluntary muscle movement, no matter if the umbilical cord has been cut or if the expulsion of the infant was natural, induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion. The 3285: 121: 2766: 580:

public controversy until the health risk of unsafe abortions by (female) unlicensed practitioners was brought to the public attention in the 19th century. James Mohr wrote that even though pre-quickening abortion was legal in the first three decades of the 19th century, only 1 in 25 to 1 in 30 pregnancies ended in abortion. By the 1850s and 1860s, this number had increased to 1 in 5 or 1 in 6. John Keown highlighted some challenges in pinning down the common law view, observing that "evidence of quickening would clearly facilitate prosecution". In the mid-18th century,

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for women throughout the reproductive cycle. In the late 1850s, one of the leaders of the nascent anti-abortion movement, a surgeon named Horatio Robinson Storer, began arguing that he didn't want the medical profession to be associated with abortion. He was able to push the relatively new American Medical Association to support his cause, and soon they were working to delegitimize midwives and enforce abortion bans. In an 1865 essay issued by order of the AMA, Storer went so far as to say of white women that 'upon their loins depends the future destiny of the nation.'

1392:, the Supreme Court in a 5–3 decision on June 27, 2016, swept away forms of state restrictions on the way abortion clinics can function. The Texas legislature enacted in 2013 restrictions on the delivery of abortions services that, it was argued by its opponents, created an undue burden for women seeking an abortion by requiring abortion doctors to have difficult-to-obtain "admitting privileges" at a local hospital and by requiring clinics to have costly hospital-grade facilities. The Court supported this argument and struck down these two provisions "facially" from 644:. This was followed by 10 of the 26 states creating similar restrictions within the next few decades, in particular by the 1860s and 1870s. The first laws related to abortion were made to protect women from real or perceived risks, and those more restrictive penalized only the provider. Criminalization did not end the practice of abortion; unlicensed doctors and midwives continued to perform them. Most of the women receiving abortions from unlicensed practitioners were poor. Women's safety continued to be a concern, especially after the highly publicized death of 8103:

Hence the cruel end they inevitably met in the genre dedicated to their story, the early American seduction novel, wherein they purchased their reclamation with their lives. This point is reinforced by a case in which Franklin, ever the pragmatist, did support single motherhood as a means to augmenting the population in the "Speech of Miss Polly Baker" (1747). Here, he cites abortion and infanticide among the extreme measures to which sexually active single women are forced by the inequitable sanctions imposed on them as opposed to their male sexual partners.

3149:, though it could be more, up to around $ 800, in other facilities. During the first trimester an in-clinic abortion cost up to around $ 800, though often less; the average cost at Planned Parenthood was about $ 600. A second trimester procedure varied depending on the stage of pregnancy. The average ranged from about $ 715 earlier in the second trimester to $ 1,500–2,000 later in the second trimester. A variety of resources from support organizations are available to contribute to the costs of the procedure, as well as travel expenses. 3980: 3503: 3088: 6476: 2475: 2354: 2396: 2312: 21013: 1108: 2291: 2414: 2142:"fetal-personhood laws", or laws originally intended to protect pregnant women and their pregnancies from external aggressors, can now also be used to prosecute women who obtain abortions, or who terminate their own pregnancies, deliberately or unintentionally – is unsettled, variable, and, in some states, unclear. States with criminal penalties that are blocked by a court, have yet to take effect, or are unenforced are denoted by a grey background. 65: 2496: 6438:, which neighbors Texas. Following the Supreme Court ruling, abortion is being gradually legalized at the state level, and as of 2022 is legal during the first trimester (before the 13th week after implantation) in eleven states and Mexico City. In an additional two states, abortion is legal for economic reasons if a woman already has 3 children; this is during the first trimester for one (Michoacan) and with no set limit for the other (Yucatán). 2333: 3061:, voted to outlaw abortion in the city, declaring Waskom a "sanctuary city for the unborn" (the first such city to designate itself as such), as state governments elsewhere in the United States were also drafting abortion bans. As of July 2019, there is no abortion clinic in the city. The Waskom ordinance has led other small cities in Texas, and as of April 2021 in Nebraska, to vote in favor of becoming "sanctuary cities for the unborn". 2375: 2270: 2207: 2517: 2249: 2189: 2167: 2228: 2435: 2653: 2554: 24: 2457: 2595: 1367:, which opponents of abortion rights referred to as "partial-birth abortion", and stipulated that anyone breaking the law would get a prison sentence up to 2.5 years. The United States Supreme Court upheld the 2003 ban by a narrow majority of 5–4, marking the first time the Court has allowed a ban on any type of abortion since 1973. The opinion, which came from justice Anthony Kennedy, was joined by Justices 1297:, which specifies "that the medical judgment may be exercised in the light of all factors—physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age—relevant to the well-being of the patient". It is by this provision for the mother's mental health that women in the U.S. legally choose abortion after viability when screenings reveal abnormalities that do not cause a baby to die shortly after birth. 673:

quickening. Patricia Cline Cohen, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara, said that these laws had come about not because society saw abortion as a crime but from a small group of doctors who had taken it upon themselves to prove to the rest of the county that pre-quickening abortion should be seen as a crime. The doctors used flawed math to convince the

4933:, using the question, "Do you think abortion should generally be legal or generally illegal during each of the following stages of pregnancy?" This same question was also asked by Gallup in March 2000 and July 1996. Polls indicates general support of legal abortion during the first trimester, although support drops dramatically for abortion during the second and third trimester. 5134:

legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances?", Americans repeatedly answer "legal only under certain circumstances". According to the poll, in any given year 48–57% say legal only under certain circumstances, 21–34% say legal under any circumstances, and 13–19% illegal in all circumstances, with 1–7% having no opinion.

3017:, anti-abortion government officials in several American states enacted or attempted to enact restrictions on abortion, characterizing it as a non-essential procedure that can be suspended during the medical emergency. The orders have led to several legal challenges and criticism by human rights groups and several national medical organizations, including the 17365:. April 25–26, 2005: "Do you think a female under age 18 should be required by state law to notify at least one parent or guardian before having an abortion?" 78% yes, 17% no. "Do you think a female under age 18 should be required by state law to get permission or consent from at least one parent or guardian before having an abortion?" 72% yes, 22% no. 17320: 2977:

pregnancies continue to be permitted. A lawsuit was immediately filed by the ACLU in opposition to the bill. At the time of enactment, Oklahoma was the only U.S. state to have passed a bill imposing such restrictions; the law made Oklahoma the first U.S. state to ban elective abortion procedures since prior to the ruling and implementation of

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trying to pass these anti-abortion laws were concerned about how abortion was a 'danger' to our society and the ways we want our country to be,' said Shannon Withycombe, a professor of history at the University of New Mexico who studies 19th-century women's health. Their tactics worked. By the 1900s, abortion was illegal in every U.S. state.

6386:, saying they have "declined to take seriously the historical claims of our brief". Joined by at least 30 other academic and scholarly institutions, they condemned "the court's misinterpretation about the history of legalized abortion" and said it has "the potential to exacerbate historic injustices and deepen inequalities in our country". 1726:

relent until he agreed. Flores admitted to police that he "accidentally, probably" hit Basoria in the face during a fight on the night of the miscarriage. Basoria told police that he was not abusive. Texas' fetal homicide law did not allow charges against the mother because she had a right to terminate pregnancy, so only Flores was charged.

2122:. This law would require states to ban abortion after 15 weeks, but it would not require states with stricter bans to allow it up to that point. Despite the view that it "gets the United States in line with other developed nations", it leaves out the fact that none of those nations ban abortion. Graham had previously introduced the 16263:"Looking at abortion rates among those ages 15 to 44, there were 28.6 abortions per 1,000 non-Hispanic Black women in 2021; 12.3 abortions per 1,000 Hispanic women; 6.4 abortions per 1,000 non-Hispanic White women; and 9.2 abortions per 1,000 women of other races, the CDC reported from those same 31 states, D.C. and New York City." 351:. Connecticut was the first state to regulate abortion in 1821; it outlawed abortion after quickening, the moment in pregnancy when the pregnant woman starts to feel the fetus's movement in the uterus, and forbade the use of poisons to induce one post-quickening. Many states subsequently passed various laws on abortion until the 16684:...The pregnancy-associated mortality rate among women who delivered live neonates was 8.8 deaths per 100,000 live births. The mortality rate related to induced abortion was 0.6 deaths per 100,000 abortions...The risk of death associated with childbirth is approximately 14 times higher than that with abortion. 1984:, and subsequent companion decisions, is that abortion is legal but may be restricted by the states to varying degrees. States have passed laws to restrict late-term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate the disclosure of abortion risk information to patients prior to the procedure. 17317: 15320: 10337:

while at the same time accommodating the State's profound interest in potential life, we will employ the undue burden analysis as explained in this opinion. An undue burden exists, and therefore, a provision of law is invalid, if its purpose or effect is to place a substantial obstacle in the path of

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This piece describes abortion practices in use from the 1600s to the 19th century among the inhabitants of North America. The abortive techniques of women from different ethnic and racial groups as found in historical literature are revealed. Thus, the point is made that abortion is not simply a 'now

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Six in 10 women who have abortions are already mothers, and half of them have two or more children, according to 2019 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "One of the main reasons people report wanting to have an abortion is so they can be a better parent to the kids they already

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poll also examined attitudes towards abortion by gender. In answer to the question, "On the subject of abortion, do you think abortion should be legal in all cases, legal in most cases, illegal in most cases or illegal in all cases?", 25% of women responded that it should be legal in "all cases", 33%

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survey found that, although 57% of polltakers considered abortion to be murder, half of that 57% believed in allowing women access to abortion. The survey also found that, overall, 65% of respondents did not believe abortion should be legal after the first trimester, including 72% of women and 58% of

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Gallup declared in May 2010 that more Americans identifying as "pro-life" is "the new normal", while also noting that there had been no increase in opposition to abortion. It suggested that political polarization may have prompted more Republicans to call themselves "pro-life". The terms "pro-choice"

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Support for the legalization of abortion has been consistently higher among more educated adults than less educated, and in 2019, 70% of college graduates support abortion being legal in all or most cases, compared to 60% of those with some college, and 54% of those with a high school degree or less.

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from carrying a child to term in the U.S. is approximately 14 times greater than the risk of death from a legal abortion. In 2012, the mortality rate from legal abortion was 0.6 abortion-related deaths per 100,000 abortions. The risk of abortion-related mortality increases with gestational age, but

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By 2011, abortion rate in the nation dropped to its lowest point since the Supreme Court legalized the procedure. According to a study performed by Guttmacher Institute, long-acting contraceptive methods had a significant impact in reducing unwanted pregnancies. There were fewer than 17 abortions for

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to seek to overturn the FDA's original approval of mifepristone. The Alliance argued that the FDA had ignored some studies that showed the medication to have harmful side effects, while the current federal administration under Joe Biden, the manufacturers of the drugs, and several doctors vouched for

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the respective disciplines of medicine, philosophy, and theology are unable to arrive at any consensus, the judiciary, at this point in the development of man's knowledge, is not in a position to speculate as to the answer." Instead, it chose to point out that historically, under English and American

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case and in the wider abortion debate in general is whether human life or personhood begins at conception, birth, or at some point in between. The Court declined to make an attempt at resolving this issue, writing: "We need not resolve the difficult question of when life begins. When those trained in

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The Court held that a right to privacy existed and included the right to have an abortion. The court found that a mother had a right to abortion until viability, a point to be determined by the abortion doctor. After viability a woman can obtain an abortion for health reasons, which the Court defined

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documented multiple recorded estimates by 19th-century physicians, which suggested that between around 15% and 35% of all pregnancies ended in abortion during that period. This era also saw a marked shift in the people who were obtaining abortions. Before the start of the 19th century, most abortions

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to accept that pre-quickening abortion should also be outlawed, leading to the raft of state laws banning abortion in the latter half of the 19th century. Doctors were also influenced by practical reasons to advocate anti-abortion laws. For one, abortion providers were usually female midwives without

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Abortion was a fairly common practice in the history of the United States, and was not always controversial. At a time when society was more concerned with the more serious consequence of women becoming pregnant out of wedlock, family affairs were handled out of public view. Abortion did not become a

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It took time for the anti-abortion movement to attract supporters, and unlike today, religious groups were not originally an active part of it. Still, momentum built as a small but influential number of physicians began arguing that licensed male doctors — as opposed to female midwives — should care

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The long silence had led us to assume that opposition to abortion had existed from time immemorial. Not so: most of the opposition to, and all of the laws against, abortion arose in the 19th century. Historian Mohr amply documents the earlier acceptance of abortion. ... In the 19th century even many

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But that view of history is the subject of great dispute. Though interpretations differ, most scholars who have investigated the history of abortion argue that terminating a pregnancy wasn't always illegal—or even controversial. ... A pregnant woman might consult with a midwife, or head to her local

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found that 40% of respondents "knew the ruling allowed states to place some restrictions on specific abortion procedures." Of those who knew of the decision, 56% agreed with the decision and 32% were opposed. An ABC poll from 2003 found that 62% of respondents thought "partial-birth abortion" should

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A July 2002 Public Agenda poll found that 44% of men and 42% of women thought that "abortion should be generally available to those who want it", 34% of men and 35% of women thought that "abortion should be available, but under stricter than limits it is now", and 21% of men and 22% of women thought

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Support for the legalization of abortion is significantly higher among more educated adults than less educated, and has been consistently so for decades. In 2019, 70% of college graduates support abortion being legal in all or most cases, as well as 60% of those with some college education, compared

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A 2022 study reviewing the literature and public opinion datasets found that 43.8% of survey respondents in the U.S. consistently support both elective and traumatic abortion, whereas only 14.8% consistently oppose abortion irrespective of the reason, and others differ in their degree of support for

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For the period 2013 – 2019, the rate of mortality from legal abortion procedures in the US was 0.43 abortion-related deaths per 100,000 reported legal abortions, lower than the rates for previous 5-year periods. In 2019, there were four identified deaths related to abortion in the US, out of 625,000

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In 2023, five women launched a class action lawsuit against the State of Texas after they were reportedly denied abortions at a clinic in the State despite grave risks to their life. Four of the women traveled out of state in order to obtain an abortion, while the fifth only received the abortion in

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for abortion rights, it assures that "every individual has a fundamental right to make decisions about the individual's reproductive health care, including the fundamental right to use or refuse contraception; a pregnant individual has a fundamental right to continue a pregnancy and give birth or to

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This chart lists only the penalties authorized specifically by the state laws which explicitly restrict (or ban) abortions. The chart does not address the risk of being prosecuted for violating any other law because of the abortion. The jurisprudence surrounding this question – whether laws such as

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and Conner's Law, was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush on April 1, 2004, allowing two charges to be filed against someone who kills a pregnant mother (one for the mother and one for the fetus). It specifically bans charges against the mother and/or doctor relating to abortion

1396:—that is, the very words of the provisions were invalid, no matter how they might be applied in any practical situation. According to the Supreme Court, the task of judging whether a law puts an unconstitutional burden on a woman's right to abortion belongs with the courts, and not the legislatures. 876:

Another patient was forced to leave the clinic halfway through a procedure after Dr. Hayat demanded more money that her husband could not afford to pay. The patient nearly died and was treated at a local hospital for severe infection caused by pieces of dismembered fetus being left in her uterus. 17

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than any other step. Many physicians concluded that if society considered it unjustifiable to terminate pregnancy after the fetus had quickened, and if quickening was a relatively unimportant step in the gestation process, then it was just as wrong to terminate a pregnancy before quickening as after

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labels, most Americans agree with some positions of each side. Support for abortion gradually increased in the U.S. beginning in the early 1970s, and stabilized during the 2010s. The abortion rate has continuously declined from a peak in 1980 of 30 per 1,000 women of childbearing age (15–44) to 11.3

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Live birth following medical termination of pregnancy before 21+6 weeks of gestation is very uncommon. Nevertheless, women and their partners should be counselled about this unlikely possibility and staff should be trained to deal with this eventuality. Instances of recorded live birth and survival

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When the Republican national convention convened in Kansas City in 1976, the party's pro-choice majority did not expect a significant challenge to their views on abortion. Public opinion polls showed that Republican voters were, on average, more pro-choice than their Democratic counterparts, a view

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States passed the first wave of abortion laws in the 1820s and 1830s. Connecticut was the first state to enact a law in 1821, followed by Missouri, Illinois, and New York. By 1840, 10 more states had passed statutes. These laws did not intend to ban abortion but to make it safer through regulation.

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delegates in 2004, 75% believed that abortion should be generally available, and 2% believed that abortion should not be permitted. The same poll showed that 49% of all Democratic voters believed that abortion should be generally available to those who want it, while 13% believed that it should not

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in 2022), the numbers of abortions in certain U.S. states changed dramatically compared to the same time period in 2020, according to the Guttmacher Institute. Abortions tripled in New Mexico and Wyoming and more than doubled in South Carolina and Kansas. For 13 states that had banned abortion, the

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to ban intact dilation and extraction, with an exemption in cases of fatal threats to the woman. Through this legislation, a doctor could face up to two years in prison and civil lawsuits for performing such a procedure. A woman undergoing the procedure could not be prosecuted under the measure. On

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was convicted of two counts of capital murder in 2005 under Texas' fetal homicide law. His girlfriend Erica Basoria testified that she had asked him to step on her stomach because her attempts to induce miscarriage on herself had been unsuccessful. Flores said he initially refused but she would not

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that instead of a 15-week ban on abortion passed by the state in 2022, that the state should follow a 1902 law, based on a pre-ratification 1864 law, that disallowed nearly any abortion except in the case of a medical emergency, though the state government repealed the 1902 law in May 2024 to allow

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as the need for female labor outweighed other concerns and bribes were often accepted in exchange for lax enforcement. Regulations were tightened after the war to encourage a return to traditional family life, until a reform movement started in the 1950s drawing attention to the public health issue

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Throughout colonial America and into the 19th century, abortions were fairly common with the help of a midwife or other women and could be obtained until the point that you could feel movement inside, according to Lauren MacIvor Thompson, a historian of early-20th-century women's rights and public

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decision that penalties for abortion violate women's rights, abortion-providers are not prosecuted even in states where abortion remains illegal under state law; there are also legal exemptions for rape and medical reasons, and a police report is not required for a rape exemption. Providers openly

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Two polls were released in May 2007 asking Americans "With respect to the abortion issue, would you consider yourself to be pro-choice or pro-life?" May 4–6, a CNN poll found 45% said "pro-choice" and 50% said pro-life. Within the following week, a Gallup poll found 50% responding "pro-choice" and

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According to the aforementioned poll, Americans differ drastically based upon situation of the pregnancy, suggesting they do not support unconditional abortions. Based on two separate polls taken May 19–21, 2003, of 505 and 509 respondents respectively, Americans stated their approval for abortion

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According to the Centers for Disease Control, in 2011, most (64.5%) abortions were performed by ≤8 weeks' gestation, and nearly all (91.4%) were performed by ≤13 weeks' gestation. Few abortions (7.3%) were performed between 14 and 20 weeks' gestation or at ≥21 weeks' gestation (1.4%). From 2002 to

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A majority of abortions are obtained by religiously identified women. According to the Guttmacher Institute, "more than 7 in 10 U.S. women obtaining an abortion report a religious affiliation (37% protestant, 28% Catholic, and 7% other), and 25% attend religious services at least once a month. The

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clinics in 2008. By 2020, medication abortions accounted for more than 50% of all abortions. In 2023, medication abortions obtained within the formal health care system had risen to 63% of all abortions, with the total percentage (which would include self-managed abortions by individuals in states

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A variety of organizations offer financial support for people seeking abortions, including travel and other expenses. Access Reproductive Care–Southeast (ARC Southeast), the Brigid Alliance, the Midwest Access Coalition (MAC), and the National Network of Abortion Funds are examples of such groups.

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On June 29, 2020, previous Supreme Court rulings banning abortion restrictions appeared to be upheld when the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the Louisiana anti-abortion law. Following the ruling, the legality of laws restricting abortion in states such as Ohio was then called into question. It was

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In May 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an Indiana state law that requires fetuses which were aborted be buried or cremated. In a December 2019 case, the court declined to review a lower court decision which upheld a Kentucky law requiring doctors to perform ultrasounds and show fetal images to

1163:, 30 states prohibited abortion without exception, 16 states banned abortion except in certain special circumstances (e.g. rape, incest, and health threat to mother), 3 states allowed residents to obtain abortions, and New York allowed abortions generally. Early that year, on January 22, 1973, the 694:

and for which there was much less compassion compared to married women who got an abortion; many of them were wealthy and paid well. Out of 54 abortion cases published in American medical journals between 1839 and 1880, over half were sought by married women, and well over 60% of the married women

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While the data from some countries are consistent with the DL hypothesis (e.g. Canada, France, Italy), several countries' data show the opposite correlation (e.g. Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Poland). In other cases crime was falling before legalization and does not decline any more quickly (twenty

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A third illustration of how speech acts distort public communication is found in the use of 'narratives' or stories. One of the celebrated stories invoked by pro-choice activists is that of seventeen year old Becky Bell...'She died' as her father put it, 'because of a parental consent law that we

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Declining white birth rates, along with the rising eugenics movement — a now-discredited pseudoscience focused on the genetic fitness of white Americans — were connected to the practice of abortion, and this helped bolster flawed, racist arguments for a total ban of the procedure. 'The physicians

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Between 2008 and 2016, the Turnaway Study followed a group of 1,000 women, two of whom died after giving birth, for five years after they sought an abortion, and compared their health and socio-economic consequences of receiving an abortion or being denied one. The study found that those who were

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delegates in 2004, 13% believed that abortion should be generally available, and 38% believed that it should not be permitted. The same poll showed that 17% of all Republican voters believed that abortion should be generally available to those who want it, while 38% believed that it should not be

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According to Gallup's long-time polling on abortion, the majority of Americans are neither strictly "pro-life" or "pro-choice"; it depends upon the circumstances of the pregnancy. Gallup polling from 1996 to 2021 consistently reveals that when asked the question, "Do you think abortions should be

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Abortion rates tend to be higher among minority women in the United States. In 2000–2001, the rates among black and Hispanic women were 49 per 1,000 and 33 per 1,000, respectively, vs. 13 per 1,000 among non-Hispanic white women. This figure includes all women of reproductive age, including women

2991:

On January 28, 2023, the Minnesota state Senate passed a bill guaranteeing women's rights to abortion and other reproductive medicine which was signed into law on January 31. The bill prohibits state and local governments from attempting to restrict access to sterilization or prenatal care, while

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that Bell's best friend said that Becky "couldn't bear telling" her parents and considered other alternatives like an out-of-state abortion. It's not known if Becky attempted the abortion by herself but it was not done safely and she died from an infection. Her parents publicly campaigned against

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a 'great, great decision.' Likewise, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, who had taken a leading role in the fight for abortion rights in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s, was solidly pro-choice. Even some of the party's conservatives, such as Senator Barry Goldwater, supported abortion

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Seven-in-ten college graduates (70%) say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, as do 60% of those with some college education. A slim majority of those with a high school degree or less education share this opinion: 54% say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 44% say it

17015:

Educational achievement is much more important than gender in determining support for broadly legal abortion, with college-educated adults – and especially college-educated women – the most supportive. This has been the case since the 1970s. Gallup's long-term abortion question – instituted two

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Unsanctioned pregnancy thus threatened the optimism of a newly developing cultural ethos that emphasized man's aptitude for self-direction. Prodigal daughters were correspondingly difficult to reconcile with the ideology of self-determination that was reinforced by welcoming home a prodigal son.

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and statutes, "the unborn have never been recognized ... as persons in the whole sense", and thus the fetuses are not legally entitled to the protection afforded by the right to life specifically enumerated in the Fourteenth Amendment. Rather than asserting that human life begins at any specific

561:

of a pregnancy, which is also how the term "abortion" is used in a legal sense. The terms "elective abortion" and "voluntary abortion" refer to the interruption of pregnancy, before viability, at the request of the woman but not for medical reasons. In medical parlance, "abortion" can refer to a

18262:

The Turnaway Study compared over 800 individuals who received a wanted abortion to those who were denied a wanted abortion because their pregnancy exceeded the gestational age limit of the abortion clinic. In the short-term, those who were denied a wanted abortion were more likely to experience

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In the decade from 2011 to 2020, during which many states increased abortion restrictions, the percentage of women nationwide who traveled out of state for an abortion increased steadily, from 6% in 2011 to 9% in 2020. Out of state travel for an abortion was much more prevalent in the 29 states

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In January 2023, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that USPS mailing of pills for medication abortion, even into states where abortion services are restricted, does not violate federal law. In 2023, online access to abortion medication by mail delivered by the US Postal Service is currently

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In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic on December 16, 2021, in light of the difficulties in accessing in-person healthcare services, the FDA approved the distribution of mifepristone via mail. In states where abortion is banned or restricted, women are able to obtain pills through ordering from

791:

By 1900, abortion was normally a felony in every state. Some states included provisions allowing for abortion in limited circumstances, generally to protect the woman's health or to terminate pregnancies arising from rape or incest. Most Americans did not view abortion as a crime, and abortions

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Some out of state travel pertains to locations of population centers in states; if large cities are close to state borders it may be common to cross borders for an abortion. For example, Delaware, which is generally supportive of abortion rights, saw 44% of residents obtain their abortions in

610:

Forgive me Gentlemen, if I talk a little extravagantly on these Matters; I am no Divine: But if you, great Men, must be making Laws, do not turn natural and useful Actions into Crimes, by your Prohibitions. Reflect a little on the horrid Consequences of this Law in particular: What Numbers of

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signed House Bill 4327. The bill bans elective abortion beginning at conception. The law also permits private citizens to file lawsuits against abortion providers who knowingly provide, perform, or induce elective abortions on a pregnant woman. Abortion in cases of rape, incest, or high-risk

2445:

Performing or attempting to perform an abortion is a first-degree felony if an unborn child ("an individual living member of the homo sapiens species from fertilization until birth, including the entire embryonic and fetal stages of development") dies as a result of the offense punishable by

6657:(c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. 7670:

While the new rules were motivated by opposition to abortion, the state experiences we highlight in our paper show that increasing access to highly effective methods of contraception (and thus preventing unintended pregnancies) is a more effective way to reduce abortion rates. Barriers to

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grounds; religious groups were not particularly active within this movement, which presaged the modern debate over women's body rights. Although many of these laws indicated the woman as a co-criminal, she was rarely prosecuted. A campaign was launched against the movement and the use and

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The annual number of legal induced abortions in the U.S. doubled between 1973 and 1979, and peaked in 1990. There was a slow but steady decline throughout the 1990s. Overall, the number of annual abortions decreased by 6% between 2000 and 2009, with temporary spikes in 2002 and 2006.

6667:(1979) defined abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal". Into the 21st century, its free, online version defines it as "artificial or spontaneous termination of a pregnancy before the embryo or foetus can survive on its own outside a woman's uterus." 1818:

the safety of the drugs and the lack of standing in the plaintiff's case. Despite this, Judge Kacsmaryk ruled for the Alliance on April 7, 2023, reversing the FDA's approval and banning mifepristone across the United States after seven days. A district judge in a separate lawsuit,

19015:... Additionally, a significantly higher proportion of women in the vaginal misoprostol group, and a marginally higher proportion of those in the oral misoprostol group, than of those in the intra-amniotic prostaglandin group had a live birth (20%, 15% and 5%, respectively) ... . 6329:

briefs, hundreds of scientists provided evidence, data, and studies, in particular the Turnaway Study, in favor of abortion rights and to rebuke arguments made to the Court that abortion "has no beneficial effect on women's lives and careers—and might even cause them harm". The

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that it should be legal in "most cases", 23% that it should be illegal in "most cases", and 17% that it should be illegal in "all cases". 20% of men thought it should be legal in "all cases", 34% legal in "most cases", 27% illegal in "most cases", and 17% illegal in "all cases".

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or in the form of parental notification. In certain situations, the parental restrictions can be overridden by a court. Mandatory waiting periods, mandatory ultrasounds and scripted counseling are common abortion regulations. Abortion laws are generally stricter in conservative

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standard for evaluating state abortion restrictions, but re-emphasized the right to abortion as grounded in the general sense of liberty and privacy protected under the constitution: "Constitutional protection of the woman's decision to terminate her pregnancy derives from the

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Texas when she was hospitalized after the fetus suffered a premature rupture of membranes. The case argues that the Texas law, which allows abortion if there is a health risk to the mother, is too vague and doctors will not perform an abortion for fear of legal repercussions.

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abortion depending on the circumstances of the abortion. 90% approve of abortion when the health of the woman is endangered, 77.4% when there is a strong chance of defects in the baby that could result from the pregnancy, and 79.5% when the pregnancy is the result of rape.

302:

This color-coded map illustrates the current legal status of elective-specific abortion procedures in each of the individual states, U.S. territories, and federal district. A colored border indicates a more stringent restriction or ban that is blocked by legal injunction.

3242:; now that the court has done so, more states are expanding eligibility to provide abortions. As of July 2022, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia and Washington allow 3363:(RU-486): 1.0% in 2000, 2.9% in 2001, 5.2% in 2002, 7.9% in 2003, 9.3% in 2004, 9.9% in 2005, 10.6% in 2006, 13.1% in 2007, 15.8% in 2008, 17.1% in 2009 (25.2% of those at less than 9 weeks gestation). Medical abortions accounted for 32% of first-trimester abortions at 2029:, at 21 weeks and 3 days gestation. Because of the split between federal and state law, legal access to abortion continues to vary by state. Geographic availability varies dramatically, with 87 percent of U.S. counties having no abortion provider. Moreover, due to the 1884:) are some of the few pieces of existing federal law that provide substantive criminal provisions either protecting or penalizing abortion. The provisions in the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act and the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act cover activity affecting 1830:, leaving mifepristone on the market but reverting efforts made by the FDA to liberalize its use over seven years. The case is expected to be ruled on by the Supreme Court. Mifepristone is used for abortion in the tenth week of pregnancy. With the fact reported by the 6446:

Although it is uncommon, women sometimes give birth in spite of an attempted abortion. Reporting of live birth after attempted abortion may not be consistent from state to state, but 38 were recorded in one study in upstate New York in the two-and-a-half years before

7754:(5th ed. 1979) ('abortion' is defined simply as 'the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child or the intentional expulsion or removal of an unborn child from the womb other than for the principal purpose of producing a live birth or removing a dead fetus'). 1667:, a sweeping government reform plan that includes banning abortions at a federal level as well as access to medical abortions drugs. Democrats used the pushback against these Republican and conservative anti-abortion goals as a point of campaigning for the election. 17016:

years after the 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling gave sweeping constitutional protection to abortion – asks Americans to say whether they believe abortion should be 'legal under any circumstances,' 'legal only under certain circumstances,' or 'illegal in all circumstances.'

15312: 2018:(28 weeks) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks". When the court ruled in 1973, the then-current medical technology suggested that viability could occur as early as 24 weeks. Advances over the past three decades allow survival of some babies born at 22 weeks. 7353: 6248:(1973) legalized it; this was due to increased physician skills, improved medical technology, and earlier termination of pregnancy. From 1940 through 1970, deaths of pregnant women during abortion fell from nearly 1,500 to a little over 100. According to the 3350:

by 34 reporting areas (excluding Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) and published in its annual

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A law that would make it illegal to perform a specific abortion procedure conducted in the last six months, or second and/or third trimester of pregnancy, known by some opponents as a partial birth abortion, except in cases necessary to save the life of the

475:

accounted for 63% of all abortions. Almost 25% of women will have had an abortion by age 45, with 20% of 30 year olds having had one. In 2019, 60% of women who had abortions were already mothers, and 50% already had two or more children. Increased access to

17385:." Retrieved January 4, 2007." Pro-life activists have disputed whether the Harris poll question is a valid measure of public opinion about Roe's overall decision, because the question focuses only on the first three months of pregnancy." See Franz, Wanda. 8154:

Legislators were concerned that women sometimes faced death or serious injuries from poison potions or dangerous instruments. Legislation generally made abortion illegal only after quickening and punished the abortionist, not the woman seeking the abortion.

1409:, was unconstitutional. Like Texas' law, the Louisiana law required certain measures for abortion clinics that, if having gone into effect, would have closed five of the six clinics in the state. The case in Louisiana was put on hold pending the result of 7611:

Conclusion: We noted a clinically and statistically significant reduction in abortion rates, repeat abortions, and teenage birth rates. Unintended pregnancies may be reduced by providing no-cost contraception and promoting the most effective contraceptive

12210: 6654:(b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. 2099:, asserted that under federal law, states do not have the right to restrict access to FDA-approved abortion pills, but Louisiana passed a law to ban mailing them. Legal experts cited as a potentially persuasive precedent the 2014 district decision in 1061:

allowed abortions only in cases where the woman's physical health was endangered. In order to obtain abortions during this period, women would often travel from a state where abortion was illegal to one where it was legal. The legal position prior to

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have an abortion and to make decisions about how to exercise that right; and a fertilized egg, embryo, or fetus does not have independent or derivative rights under the laws of the state" regardless of changes that may happen at the federal level.

1417:, and thus the law was constitutional. The Supreme Court issued an order to suspend enforcement of the law pending further review, and agreed to hear the case in full in October 2019. It was the first abortion-related case to be heard by President 6562:: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 17691:

that the convention delegates shared; fewer than 40 percent of the delegates considered themselves pro-life. The chair of the Republican National Committee, Mary Louise Smith, supported abortion rights, as did First Lady Betty Ford, who declared

15072: 903:, Finkbine had had four healthy children; during her pregnancy with her fifth child, she discovered the child might have severe deformities when born. This was likely because Finkbine had been taking sleeping pills that she was unaware contained 12715:

87.7. D. This Section does not apply to a pregnant female upon whom an abortion is committed or performed in violation of this Section and the pregnant female shall not be held responsible for the criminal consequences of any violation of this

3144:

The cost of an abortion varies depending on factors such as location, facility, timing, type of procedure, and whether or not there is insurance or some other type of financial assistance. In 2022, a medication abortion cost was about $ 580 at

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imprisonment of not less than 5 years and not more than 99 years and a maximum fine of $ 10,000; or a second-degree felony otherwise punishable by imprisonment of not less than 2 years and not more than 20 years and a maximum fine of $ 10,000.

6256:

is a hypothesis suggesting that since supporters of abortion rights cause the erosion of their own political base by having fewer children, the practice of abortion will eventually lead to the restriction or illegalization of abortion. The

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also noted that Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts, who agreed that the Louisiana anti-abortion law was unconstitutional, had previously voted to uphold a similar law in Texas which was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2016.

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Prior to 2021, abortion was legal in all U.S. states, and every state had at least one abortion clinic. Abortion is a controversial political issue, and regular attempts to restrict it occur in most states. Two such cases, originating in

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Did you know that a majority of people who have abortions are already parents? Of those who received an abortion, 60 percent had "one or more" previous children—according to 2019 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

2177:

Performing an abortion is a Class A felony punishable by imprisonment for at least 10 years up to 99 years or life. Attempting to perform an abortion is a Class C felony punishable by imprisonment for at least 1 year and 1 day up to 10

6935:, she could have opened it to the section on 'emmenagogues,' substances that provoked uterine bleeding. Though the entry did not mention pregnancy or abortion by name, it did reference 'promoting the monthly discharge from the uterus.' 12549:

18-606 (2) Every woman who knowingly submits to an abortion or solicits of another, for herself, the production of an abortion, or who purposely terminates her own pregnancy otherwise than by a live birth, shall be deemed guilty of a

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men. Further, the survey found that 85% of Americans polled supported abortion in cases of risk to a woman's physical health, 54% if the woman's mental health was at risk, and 66% if a congenital abnormality was detected in the fetus.

2118:, who had previously stated that abortion should be left up to each state, introduced legislation that would ban abortion nationwide after 15 weeks of pregnancy with exceptions for rape, incest, and the life of the patient, named the 4080:

poll, seven in ten Americans described themselves as "pro-choice" while almost two-thirds described themselves as "pro-life". The same poll found that 56% of Americans were in favor of legal access to abortion in all or some cases.

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Sec. 170A.003. Construction of Chapter. This chapter may not be construed to authorize the imposition of criminal, civil, or administrative liability or penalties on a pregnant female on whom an abortion is performed, induced, or

3200:

U.S. laws also ban federal funding of abortions for federal employees and their dependents, Native Americans covered by the Indian Health Service, military personnel and their dependents, and women with disabilities covered by

788:, including to medical students. The production, publication, importation, and distribution of such materials was suppressed under the Comstock Law as being obscene, and similar prohibitions were passed by 24 of the 37 states. 6598:

Allowance beyond this limit is made, at minimum, for an immediate threat to the woman's life. In general, states that permit limited elective abortion may allow abortion beyond that limit for some or all of the reasons listed

3193:

5 states (ID, KY, MO, ND, OK) restrict insurance coverage of abortion services in private plans: OK limits coverage to life endangerment, rape or incest circumstances; and the other four states limit coverage to cases of life

2876:", it offers only two exceptions: serious health risk to the mother or a lethal fetal anomaly. Amendments that would have added cases of rape or incest to the list of exceptions were rejected It will also make the procedure a 1413:, and was retried based on the Supreme Court's decision. While the District Court ruled the law unconstitutional, the Fifth Circuit found that unlike the Texas law, the burden of the Louisiana law passed the tests outlined in 2891:

Since Alabama introduced the first modern anti-abortion legislation in April 2019, five other states have also adopted abortion laws including Mississippi, Kentucky, Ohio, Georgia and most recently Louisiana on May 30, 2019.

1729:

In 2019 a woman in Alabama was indicted after she was shot in the stomach for intentionally causing the death of "unborn baby Jones by initiating a fight knowing she was five months pregnant". The charges were later dropped.

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hostile to abortion rights, with percentages in those states rising from 9% in 2011 to 15% by 2020, while in states supportive of abortion rights, out of state travel for abortions rose from 2% to 3% between 2011 and 2020.

3044:

issued a preliminary injunction against the FDA's ruling that would have allowed wider distribution, the Supreme Court ordered in a 6–3 decision in January 2021 to put a stay on the injunction, maintaining the FDA's rule.

3036:(RU-486), one of the two-part drug regimen to induce abortions. Since 2000, it is only available through health providers under the FDA's ruling. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, access to mifepristone was a concern, and the 1049:. The court upheld the law, deeming that "health" meant "psychological and physical well-being", essentially allowing abortion in Washington, D.C. By the end of 1972, 13 states had a law similar to that of Colorado, while 371:

decision imposed a federally mandated uniform framework for state legislation on the subject. It also established a minimal period during which abortion is legal, with more or fewer restrictions throughout the pregnancy.

14949: 6626:

California, Michigan, Ohio, and Vermont contain explicit abortion provisions within their constitutions, while Alaska, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, and North Dakota are interpreted to have such protections through court

1999:), stated: "Thus, the Committee observes that no significant legal barriers of any kind whatsoever exist today in the United States for a mother to obtain an abortion for any reason during any stage of her pregnancy." 14118: 6170:

The issue of abortion has become deeply politicized. In 2002, 84% of state Democratic platforms supported the right to having an abortion while 88% of state Republican platforms opposed it. This divergence also led to

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signed it into law. Funding for Title X rose from $ 6 million in 1971 to $ 61 million the next year, and slowly increased each year to $ 317 million in 2010, after which it was reduced by a few percent.

14420: 2052:

The legality of abortion is frequently a major issue in nomination battles for the U.S. Supreme Court. Nominees typically remain silent on the issue during their hearings, as the issue may come before them as judges.

1929:

those bills in April 1996 and October 1997 on the grounds that they did not include health exceptions. Congressional supporters of the bill argue that a health exception would render the bill unenforceable, since the

648:. Wealthier women could pay willing physicians to broadly interpret health exceptions in their favor. Euphemistic advertisements for abortifacients offered an assortment of herbal remedies. Abortions increased during 10026: (1973) "We, therefore, conclude that the right of personal privacy includes the abortion decision, but that this right is not unqualified, and must be considered against important state interests in regulation." 6215:

signed a Presidential Memorandum that repealed the restoration of Mexico City policy and also called for the United States Department of Health and Human Services to "suspend, rescind or revoke" restrictions made to

1847:

Beyond limitations pertaining to abortion in the context of federal funding, there is little federal legislation protecting or penalizing abortion in the United States. Abortion is left to each individual state. The

7888:

During the colonial period, control over reproduction, similar to most family matters, remained a private concern...Most Americans did not consider abortion legally or morally wrong as long as it occurred prior to

1246:

statute forbidding abortion except when necessary to save the life of the mother was unconstitutional. The Court arrived at its decision by concluding that the issue of abortion and abortion rights falls under the

623:

for refusing his sister-in-law from having an abortion even though it prevented him from assuming power. Early U.S. statutes did not prohibit early-term abortions: for the most part, abortion was not a crime until

16533:(2002) (13,000 out of 1.31 million abortions in 2000 were on account of rape or incest). Retrieved via InfoPlease January 7, 2007. Adapted from "Alan Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion, Facts in Brief, 2002". 13677: 3315: 6582:

Note that these allowances may have a time limit, which may be as early as cardiac-cell activity (approximately 6 weeks LMP); others may have no limit. Different allowances may have different limits in the same

678:

formal training or education. In an age where the leading doctors in the nation were attempting to standardize the medical profession, these unlicensed practitioners were considered a nuisance to public health.

11267: 1187:(12 weeks), as the threshold for state interest, such that states were prohibited from banning abortion in the first trimester but allowed to impose increasing restrictions or outright bans later in pregnancy. 18001:

Based on an analysis of the past findings, it is possible that some portion of the decline in 1990s could be attributed to the legalization of abortion. However, there is also robust research criticizing this

12202: 10089: (1973) ("If the State is interested in protecting fetal life after viability, it may go so far as to proscribe abortion during , except when it is necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother.") 6853: 7858:

Terminations of pregnancy were commonly practiced...many of the earliest court cases involved women who became pregnant before marriage and wished to avoid the shame associated with an illegitimate pregnancy.

6063:

legal reformers. The abortion-rights movement subsequently distanced from the population control movement, and responded by taking up choice-based and rights-oriented rhetoric similar to what was used in the

743:, remained the loudest voice in the anti-abortion debate, and they carried their agenda to state legislatures around the country, advocating not only anti-abortion laws but also laws against birth control on 21268: 21173: 13894: 7084: 4043:, while 28% did. The same poll found that support for abortion being generally legal was 60% during the first trimester of pregnancy, dropping to 28% in the second trimester, and 13% in the third trimester. 15128: 14703: 12018: 7671:

contraceptive access will impede further progress in reducing unintended pregnancy rates, will raise government costs for Medicaid and other social programs, and will lead to more women seeking an abortion.

15460: 14322: 6455:

of 2002, medical staff must report live birth if they observe any breathing, heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or confirmed voluntary muscle movement, regardless of whether the born-alive is non-viable

6042:

initially emphasized the national policy benefits of abortion, such as smaller welfare expenses, slower population growth, and fewer illegitimate births. The abortion-rights movement drew support from the

4038:

indicated that 48% of Americans described themselves as "pro-choice" and 48% described themselves as "pro-life". A July 2018 poll indicated that 64% of Americans did not want the Supreme Court to overturn

3197:

11 states (CO, KY, MA, MS, NE, ND, OH, PA, RI, SC, VA) restrict abortion coverage in insurance plans for public employees, with CO and KY restricting insurance coverage of abortion under any circumstances.

15064: 898:

In the early 1960s, a controversy centered around children's television host Sherri Finkbine that helped bring abortion and abortion law more directly into the American public eye. Living in the area of

14790: 10439: 6822: 4092:, found that 47% polled said that women who had an illegal abortion should face a penalty. 14% said they should face jail time, 16% said a fine or community services and 17% were not sure the penalty. 1959:

on November 5, 2003, but a federal judge blocked its enforcement in several states just a few hours after it became public law. The Supreme Court upheld the nationwide ban on the procedure in the case

16329: 12469: 12443: 11583: 780:, which made it illegal to deliver through the U.S. mail any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" material. It also prohibited producing or publishing information pertaining to the procurement of abortion, 21293: 13802: 11455: 6651:(a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician. 1031:

became the first state to legalize abortions on the request of the woman, and New York repealed its 1830 law and allowed abortions up to the 24th week of pregnancy. Similar laws were soon passed in

86:

colors or remove colored links that may impede users' ability to distinguish links from regular text, or links colored for purely aesthetic reasons. See the guides to editing for accessibility of

16512:

Some 42 facilities were originally invited to participate in the study; these include six at which a relatively large number of late abortions (those at 16 or more weeks' gestation) were performed.

8175: 17542: 14972: 13135: 13109: 3236:

to do some first-trimester abortions since the mid-1970s. More recently, several states have changed their requirements for abortion providers, anticipating that the Supreme Court would overturn

21223: 15721: 11362: 736:. Feminist opposition to abortion was much less prevalent by the 20th century, and it was feminists and physicians who came to question anti-abortion laws and raise public interest in the 1960s. 10038: 22683: 21273: 14854: 14225: 9710: 3346:

accounted for 17% of all non-hospital abortions and slightly over one-quarter of abortions before 9 weeks gestation in the United States in 2008. Medical abortions voluntarily reported to the

18789: 18758: 14670: 13440: 6617:

The second trimester is variously defined as through 27th or 28th week LMP. In Massachusetts, the law allows elective abortion up to 24 weeks from implantation, which is approx. 27 weeks LMP.

14606: 7466: 3473:

dropped from 4 in 1000 women aged 15–44 for 2017 to 0.1 for 2020, because 57% of abortion recipients went out of state in 2017, while 99% did so in 2020. In contrast, from 2017 to 2020, the

3141:

The abortion debate has also been extended to the question of who pays the medical costs of the procedure, with some states using the mechanism as a way of reducing the number of abortions.

23403: 12111: 11206: 18820: 15098: 13620: 10819: 10566: 8862: 8827: 8521: 6909: 6055:. Anti-abortion advocates and civil-rights activists accused abortion-rights supporters of intending to control the population of racial minorities and the disabled, citing their ties to 23895: 14258: 1823: 13833: 12826:

188.017. 2. A woman upon whom an abortion is performed or induced in violation of this subsection shall not be prosecuted for a conspiracy to violate the provisions of this subsection.

12318: 10597: 8060: 7433: 7155: 2907:, banning abortions as soon as cardiac activity can be detected, typically as early as six weeks into pregnancy, and often before women know they are pregnant due to the length of the 864:

procedure which was not legal in the third trimester. The baby was born alive before the procedure could be completed. She was missing an arm that had been severed during the D&E.

14291: 11961: 9869: 6956: 5811:

poll explored under what circumstances Americans believe abortion should be allowed, asking the question, "What is your personal feeling about abortion?" The results were as follows:

3450:

legalized abortion nationwide in 1973. In 1972, 41% of abortions were performed on women outside their state of residence, while in 1973 it declined to 21%, and then to 11% in 1974.

3392:

In 2024, the abortion rate for black women was nearly three times higher than for white women, while for Hispanic women, it was nearly two times higher than the rate for white women.

14544: 10755: 9537: 3966:

reported that federally mandated access to birth control had helped reduce teenage pregnancies in the U.S. by 44 percent, and had prevented more than 188,000 unintended pregnancies.

2010:" outside the womb as a measure of when the "life" of the fetus is its own (and therefore subject to being protected by the state). In the majority opinion delivered by the court in 21073: 17573: 15010: 13273: 11786: 10659: 7053: 21263: 13643: 11901: 11619: 10916: 6426:

In the wake of state abortion bans and restrictions in the United States, Americans have started traveling to Mexico for abortions, and Mexico has expressed a willingness to help.

25177: 21228: 12771:

41-41-45. (4) Any person, except the pregnant woman, who purposefully, knowingly or recklessly performs or attempts to perform or induce an abortion in the State of Mississippi...

12081: 3008: 13769: 6792: 3170:

is a federal legislative provision barring the use of federal Medicaid funds to pay for abortions except for rape and incest. The provision, in various forms, was in response to

2241:

Purposely terminating a pregnancy other than by live birth is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not less than 1 and not more than 5 years and/or a maximum fine of $ 5,000.

14941: 14358: 1810: 941:. Some women's rights activist groups developed their own skills to provide abortions to women who could not obtain them elsewhere. As an example, in Chicago, a group known as " 18584: 10786: 3389:

In 2004, the rates of abortion by ethnicity in the U.S. were 50 abortions per 1,000 black women, 28 abortions per 1,000 Hispanic women, and 11 abortions per 1,000 white women.

2957:

Colorado passed into law its Reproductive Health Equity Act in April 2022, which assures abortion rights for all citizens of the state. While the bill as passed maintained the

945:" operated a floating abortion clinic throughout much of the 1960s. Women seeking the procedure would call a designated number and be given instructions on how to find "Jane". 911:

of Arizona only allowed abortions if a pregnancy posed a threat to the woman's life. The situation gained public attention after Finkbine shared the story with a reporter from

833:

died from sepsis in 1977 following an abortion procedure at the home of a midwife who was not licensed to perform abortions. She did not go to a licensed physician because the

664:, who were the leading advocates of abortion criminalization laws, appear to have been motivated at least in part by advances in medical knowledge. Science had discovered that 23768: 18156: 14389: 14108: 13739: 8218: 2612: 992:(ACOG) issued a medical bulletin accepting a recommendation from six years earlier that clarified that "conception is the implantation of a fertilized ovum", and consequently 16283: 14412: 14019: 11839: 6131:

into the party resulting in a large and permanent shift toward support of the anti-abortion position. The Democratic Party platform considers abortion to be a woman's right.

628:, and most exceptions to this in practice were penalties imposed on practitioners if a woman under their care died as a consequence of the procedure. Within the context of a 19150: 18632: 17148: 16236: 13864: 12240: 3623:

The source of this information takes findings into account from 27 nations including the United States, and therefore, these findings may not be typical for any one nation.

1429:. The Supreme Court found the Louisiana law unconstitutional for the same reasons as the Texas one, reversing the Fifth Circuit. The judgment was supported by Chief Justice 1346:. It declares that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." The controlling word in the cases before us is 'liberty'." 18562: 14052: 12995: 10628: 8962:

Abdeltath, Rund; Arablouei, Ramtin; Caine, Julie; Kaplan-Levenson, Laine; Wu, Lawrence; Yvellez, Victor; Miner, Casey; Sangweni, Yolanda; Steinberg, Anya; George, Deborah.

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311.772 (5) Nothing in this section may be construed to subject the pregnant mother upon whom any abortion is performed or attempted to any criminal conviction and penalty

6298:, including states considered highly likely to ban abortion, "increases in travel distance are estimated to prevent 93,546 to 143,561 women from accessing abortion care." 3076:, with a population of less than 270,000, voted to ban abortion with the "sanctuary city for the unborn ordinance", becoming the largest city in the U.S. to ban abortion. 2301:

Committing an abortion is punishable by imprisonment for not less than one year and not more than ten years and/or a fine of not less than $ 10,000 or more than $ 100,000.

398:(1992), remained nominally in place, although the effective availability of abortion varied significantly from state to state, as many counties had no abortion providers. 18851: 17002: 14640: 11811: 10721: 10293: 6568:: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington. 1738: 1291:

when "necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother", even if it would cause the demise of a viable fetus. This rule was clarified by the 1973 judicial decision

728:

wing of the feminist movement refused to advocate for abortion and treated the practice as an example of the hideous extremes to which modern marriage was driving women.

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could review newly drafted rules on how the Mississippi Department of Health would administer a new abortion law. The law in question came into effect on July 1, 2012.

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procedures. Nevertheless, it has generated much controversy among pro-abortion rights advocates who view it as a potential step in the direction of banning abortion.

1936:

decision defined "health" in vague terms, justifying any motive for obtaining an abortion. Congress was unsuccessful with subsequent attempts to override the vetoes.

1077:

to document efforts to reform abortion laws, and anti-abortion groups began forming in various states in 1967. In 1968, McHugh led an advisory group which became the

1039:. In 1970, Washington held a referendum on legalizing early pregnancy abortions, becoming the first state to legalize abortion through a vote of the people. A law in 668:

inaugurated a more or less continuous process of development, which produced a new human being. Quickening was found to be not more or less crucial in the process of

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5-61-404. Prohibition. (c) This section does not: (1) Authorize the charging or conviction of a woman with any criminal offense in the death of her own unborn child.

10883: 9626: 8287: 6127:, at which they supported an anti-abortion constitutional amendment as a temporary political ploy to gain more support from Catholics; this stance brought many more 13886: 10949: 10536: 7076: 880:

Inequality in access to safe and legal abortions persists to this day whereby many women cannot afford to obtain a legal abortion; in such cases, women may turn to

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A number of other factors likely played a role in the rise of anti-abortion laws. As in Europe, abortion techniques advanced starting in the 17th century, and the

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along with other groups sued to have the rule relaxed to allow women to be able to access mifepristone at home through mail-order or retail pharmacies. While the

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Performing or attempting to perform an abortion is an unclassified felony punishable by imprisonment not to exceed 10 years and/or a maximum fine of $ 100,000.

1955:

October 21, 2003, the United States Senate passed the bill by a vote of 64–34, with a number of Democrats joining in support. The bill was signed by President

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in 1921; it would become Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1942. By the 1930s, licensed physicians performed an estimated 800,000 abortions a year.

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health. Most abortions were induced through herbal or medicinal remedies and, like other medical interventions of the time, weren't always effective or safe.

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Performing or attempting to perform an abortion is a felony punishable by imprisonment for a term not to exceed ten years and/or a maximum fine of $ 100,000.

17114:"Committed to Availability, Conflicted about Morality: What the Millennial Generation Tells Us about the Future of the Abortion Debate and the Culture Wars" 17071: 16195: 15551: 14186: 13792: 13708: 13589: 12758: 12732: 11992: 5922:

In 2011, a poll conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute found that 43% of respondents identified themselves as both "pro-life" and "pro-choice".

471:

by 2018. In 2018, 78% of abortions were performed at 9 weeks or less gestation, and 92% of abortions were performed at 13 weeks or less gestation. By 2023,

25170: 25007: 23286: 22057: 14082: 13501: 11447: 11298: 9785:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Terminology Bulletin. Terms Used in Reference to the Fetus. No. 1. Philadelphia: Davis, September 1965.

2988:

on June 24, 2022, Texas and Missouri immediately banned abortions with the exception only if the pregnancy was deemed to be particularly life-threatening.

1827: 15760: 14887: 14575: 13558: 13531: 11066: 8167: 6163:

platform (2012) states that "government should be kept out of the matter, leaving the question to each person for their conscientious consideration." The

2995:

In June 2024 abortion in Iowa was made illegal after 6 weeks of gestation, with exceptions for rape, incest, foetal abnormalities, and the mother's life.

2467:

Killing an unborn child (not defined in the statute) is a second-degree felony punishable by imprisonment for not less than 1 and not more than 15 years.

681:

Despite campaigns to end the practice of abortion, abortifacient advertising was highly effective and abortion was commonly practiced, with the help of a

25095: 24929: 23323: 21208: 21133: 21049: 19068: 17534: 16792: 13384: 13304: 13131: 13105: 12180: 10416: 8971: 7022: 6731: 6529: 3037: 2543: 989: 14980: 13956: 11352: 9289:"Consent Law Fuels Students : Abortion: The issues resulting in the 'Becky Bell-Rosie Jimenez Campaign' are driving some young women into activism" 3301:

every 1,000 women of child-bearing age. That was a 13%-decrease from 2008's numbers and slightly higher than the rate in 1973, when the Supreme Court's

3112: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of rape, incest, life or health endangerment, or severe fetal abnormality. 1757:

was approved for abortion in the United States by the FDA in September 2000. As of 2007, it was legal and available in all 50 states, Washington, D.C.,

1542:, one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the nation, banning most procedures after six weeks. On May 2, 2022, a leaked draft majority opinion for 23863: 23721: 18912: 17779: 17471: 13925: 11478:"Get abortion pills by mail in all 50 U.S. states. The help desk and Aid Access doctors are here to support you through the whole online order process" 10035: 1893: 1171:

invalidated all of these laws, and set guidelines for the availability of abortion. The decision returned abortion to its liberalized pre-1820 status.

974:

only applied to marital relationships, allowing married couples to buy and use contraceptives without government restriction. It took until 1972, with

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Intentional termination of life of an unborn human being is a class D felony punishable by imprisonment for not less than 1 and not more than 5 years.

406:

for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus". In December 2021, the

25342: 25289: 23425: 23212: 15041: 14846: 14209: 13986: 10503: 9714: 8500:

issue' that effects select women. Instead, it is demonstrated that it is a widespread practice as solidly rooted in our past as it is in the present.

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in the long term because of birth defects, and regardless of gestational age, including gestational ages which are too early for long-term viability

5691:

Gallup furthermore established public support for many issues supported by the anti-abortion community and opposed by the abortion rights community:

18781: 15791: 14662: 13436: 9680:"Debating Reproductive Rights – Reproductive Rights and Feminism, History of Abortion Battle, History of Abortion Debate, Roe v. Wade and Feminists" 8353: 6118:

represents the minority of that party. In 2006, pollsters found that 9% of Republicans favor the availability of abortion in most circumstances. Of

2424:

Performing or attempting to perform an abortion is a class C felony punishable by imprisonment for not less than 3 years and not more than 15 years.

732:

and the seduction of unmarried women were societal ills, which feminists believed caused the need to abort, as men did not respect women's right to

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represents the minority of that party. In 2006, pollsters found that 74% of Democrats favor the availability of abortion in most circumstances. Of

698:

The sense that married women were now frequently obtaining abortions worried many conservative physicians, who were almost exclusively men. In the

685:

or other women, in the mid-19th century, although they were not always safe. While the precise abortion rate was not known, James Mohr's 1978 book

18685: 17162: 15150: 12103: 11168: 11117: 9501: 2911:(which usually lasts a median of four weeks and in some cases can be irregular). In order to avoid traditional constitutional challenges based on 873:

when he appealed his conviction for assaulting the baby based on an argument that the baby had not yet been born when he attempted the procedure.

25163: 24265: 24225: 22561: 21984: 18812: 15094: 14513: 6303: 3386:

that are not pregnant. In other words, these abortion rates reflect the rate at which U.S. women of reproductive age have an abortion each year.

3325: 2014:, viability was defined as "potentially able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid. Viability is usually placed at about 1448: 427: 205: 16993:"Education Trumps Gender in Predicting Support for Abortion – College-educated adults – and especially college-educated women – most supportive" 13612: 12871:

12.1-31-12. 2. It is a class C felony for a person, other than the pregnant female upon whom the abortion was performed, to perform an abortion.

12647: 12621: 10809: 10558: 9449: 8854: 8819: 8513: 7542: 6917: 5572:

Another separate trio of polls taken by Gallup in 2003, 2000, and 1996, revealed public support for abortion as follows for the given criteria:

4715:

is +/– 4% for questions answered of the entire sample (overall figures) and may be higher for questions asked of subgroups (all other figures).

25255: 24073: 22991: 22478: 21331: 20662: 19094: 18428: 18047: 12926:

B. 3. This section does not: a. authorize the charging or conviction of a woman with any criminal offense in the death of her own unborn child.

4708: 3220:

in 1984. It has been rescinded by Democratic presidents and reinstated by Republican presidents. The policy was rescinded in 2021 by President

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Pazol, Karen; Creanga, Andreea A.; Zane, Suzanne B.; Burley, Kim D.; Jamieson, Denise J; Division of Reproductive Health (November 23, 2012).

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The following sections of this chapter do not apply to a pregnant woman who terminates her own pregnancy or kills a fetus that she is carrying

10690: 8932: 3118: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of rape, incest, life endangerment, or severe fetal abnormality. 653:

of illegal abortions, and a consensus grew in the medical community that physicians should make decisions about when health exceptions apply.

632:, Connecticut became the first state to regulate abortion by statute in 1821. Many states subsequently passed various abortion laws. In 1829, 615:

In 1716, New York passed an ordinance prohibiting midwives from providing abortion. Founding Father and Second President of the United States

24882: 24287: 23523: 22730: 22271: 22110: 17041: 15248: 13825: 12308: 11689:"18 U.S.C. § 1961, paragraph (1) thereof, subparagraph (B) therein, at the following: "...sections 1461–1465 (relating to obscene matter)..." 10589: 9861: 9795: 8042: 7423: 7145: 6761: 6039: 2238:

Performing an abortion is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not less than 2 and not more than 5 years and/or a maximum fine of $ 5,000.

1069:

In the late 1960s, a number of organizations were formed to mobilize opinion both against and for the legalization of abortion. In 1966, the

818:

died from an infection after an unsafe abortion. She lived in Indiana where parental consent was required to have a safe and legal abortion.

519:

have a right to abortion in their state constitutions, either explicitly or as interpreted by the state supreme court. Other states, such as

140: 17378: 16181: 15486: 14283: 12041:"ZOGENIX, INC. v. DEVAL PATRICK, in his official capacity as GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, et al. / ORDER / April 15, 2014" 11953: 10132: 6948: 3254:, and physicians assistants, to do some first-trimester abortions. In other states, non-physicians are not permitted to perform abortions. 2863:

provision that banned third-trimester abortions except in cases where the continuation of the pregnancy endangered a pregnant woman's life.

1765:. It was a prescription drug, and required that it could only be distributed to the public through specially qualified licensed physicians. 566:

or to an induced miscarriage before the fetus is viable. After viability, doctors call an induced miscarriage a "termination of pregnancy".

23905: 23502: 23318: 23259: 22842: 22800: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22516: 22511: 21817: 21661: 21298: 19762: 18480: 14536: 11290:"'Marea Verde' Feminist Collective Defends the Right To Decide in Mexico: "Sick and Tired of Seeing Our Sisters Go to Jail" – Ms. Magazine" 10747: 9527: 6580:: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Utah. 3068:, became the first city in Nebraska to outlaw abortion by local ordinance, declaring itself a "sanctuary city for the unborn." The city of 1944: 1774: 765: 94: 19175:

Stroh, G. (September 1, 1976). "Reported live births following induced abortion: two and one-half years' experience in Upstate New York".

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having an increasingly strong role in the Republican Party. This opposition has been extended under the Foreign Assistance Act; in 1973,

6081: 3054: 1826:, ruled that the FDA should not reverse access to mifepristone in 16 states. Kacsmaryk's ruling was partially reversed by a panel on the 19233: 17511: 16160: 13053: 13027: 12073: 6261:

is another controversial theory that posits legal abortion reduces crime because unwanted children are more likely to become criminals.

3174:, and has been routinely attached to annual appropriations bills since 1976, and represented the first major legislative success by the 25332: 24855: 24370: 24365: 24355: 23728: 23457: 22705: 17856:

Strauss, Lilo T.; Herndon, Joy; Chang, Jeani; Parker, Wilda Y.; Bowens, Sonya V.; Zane, Suzanne B.; Berg, Cynthia J.; Berg, CJ (2004).

17829:

Coble, Yank D. (1992). "Induced Termination of Pregnancy Before and After Roe v Wade: Trends in the Mortality and Morbidity of Women".

16900: 13761: 13083: 8728: 7954: 6784: 6494: 6249: 3347: 3309: 2951: 1703: 325: 198: 17389: 14918: 14344: 12942: 8674: 3630:(i. e., abortions "at 16 or more weeks' gestation"), women reported that various reasons contributed to their having a late abortion: 1317:

strict trimester framework but maintained its central holding that women have a right to choose to have an abortion before viability.

25024: 24967: 24860: 24689: 24131: 22634: 22406: 22287: 22251: 22052: 22042: 22037: 21832: 21734: 18880: 17268: 16537: 10778: 1947:

is a proposed piece of legislation that would result in criminal penalties for any practitioner who denies a born-alive infant care.

1857: 19027: 16625: 16552: 15698: 15655: 14381: 13731: 13301:"Using Abortion Pills for Safe Abortion in the USA. Self-Managed Abortion; Safe and Supported (SASS). Women Help Women Consultation" 13011:

No penalty may be assessed against the woman upon whom the abortion is performed or induced or attempted to be performed or induced.

10185: 8198: 7301: 6556:

All states allow abortion to prevent the woman's imminent death, and some if the pregnancy is a less-immediate threat to their life.

6195:

prohibited financial support to any overseas organization that performed or promoted abortions. The policy was revoked by President

3216:

Under this policy, U.S. federal funding to NGOs that provide abortion is not permitted. The policy was first announced by President

25306: 25071: 24867: 24360: 23848: 23788: 23348: 23003: 22895: 22745: 22401: 22327: 22196: 22105: 21651: 20860: 20046: 19210: 16274: 14009: 12047: 11832: 9423: 6128: 6076:, wanted to reduce rates of abortion through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care, and opposed abortion at the time of 3352: 3263: 2866: 2123: 1796: 1644: 18659: 17708: 16874: 16445: 16352: 16229: 13856: 12592: 12566: 12232: 11143: 3962:

reported that the number of abortions in the U.S. would be nearly two-thirds higher without access to birth control. In 2015, the

2872:

Alabama House Republicans passed a law on April 30, 2019, that will criminalize most abortion if it goes into effect. Dubbed the "

2322:

Performing or attempting to perform an abortion is punishable by imprisonment for not less than 1 year and not more than 10 years.

1011:

became the first state to decriminalize abortion in cases of rape, incest, or in which pregnancy would lead to permanent physical

24977: 24950: 24909: 24904: 24877: 24807: 24694: 24490: 24297: 23885: 23709: 23607: 23239: 22418: 22391: 22246: 21769: 21042: 19365: 18062: 15973: 14042: 12988: 12964: 11642: 11330: 10620: 9475: 6056: 3869:(NSFG) shows that rates of unintended pregnancy are highest among Blacks, Hispanics, and women with lower socio-economic status. 2199:

Performing or attempting to perform an abortion is punishable by imprisonment for a minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 5 years.

1742:

Vice President Kamala Harris and Minnesota Governor Tim Walz visit an abortion clinic in Saint Paul, Minnesota on March 14, 2024

1070: 130: 19124: 17344: 15342: 14144: 11385: 7922:

Hardin, Garrett (December 1978). "Abortion in America. The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900. James C. Mohr".

2021:

As of 2006, the youngest child to survive a premature birth in the United States was a girl born at Kapiolani Medical Center in

1589:, concurred in the decision to uphold the law at question as constitutional, by a 6–3 vote, and did not support overruling both 25327: 25277: 25260: 25078: 24787: 24470: 24375: 24205: 24153: 24114: 23681: 23676: 23530: 23467: 23420: 23398: 23363: 23018: 22874: 22438: 22208: 22100: 22024: 22009: 21956: 21883: 21850: 21794: 20825: 18843: 18454: 18304: 16992: 15814: 14759: 14632: 11819: 10713: 10285: 9953: 6430: 6085: 4017: 2826: 2539: 2259:

Performing an illegal abortion is a Level 5 felony punishable by imprisonment for 1 to 6 years and/or a fine of up to $ 10,000.

1904: 1388: 1265:

point, the Court declared that the state has a "compelling interest" in protecting "potential life" at the point of viability.

451: 17598: 16650:

Raymond, E. G.; Grimes, D. A. (2012). "The Comparative Safety of Legal Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States".

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Anthony Comstock: His Career of Cruelty and Crime, A Chapter from "The Champions of the Church: Their Crimes and Persecutions"

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be illegal; a similar number of respondents wanted an exception "if it would prevent a serious threat to the woman's health".

3124: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of rape, incest, or life or health endangerment. 24894: 24782: 24652: 24556: 24465: 24389: 23934: 23900: 22915: 22905: 22900: 22758: 22753: 22617: 22582: 22396: 22332: 22072: 22067: 21941: 19821: 19536: 19490: 18023: 17939: 15216: 12276: 11691: 10842: 9322: 9267: 9230: 8339: 7881: 7851: 4707:

poll examined whether Americans thought abortion should be legal or not, and found variations in opinion which depended upon

2343:

Performing an abortion is a class B felony punishable by imprisonment for at least five years and no more than fifteen years.

1248: 856:

Dr. Abu Hayat was convicted by a Manhattan Court in 1993 for performing an illegal third trimester abortion at his clinic in

756:. Criminalization of abortion accelerated from the late 1860s through the efforts of concerned legislators, doctors, and the 20850: 15903: 13327: 10253: 8548: 3533:

A 1998 study revealed that in 1987 to 1988, women reported the following as their primary reasons for choosing an abortion:

3284: 2364:

Performing an abortion is a class C felony punishable by imprisonment for a maximum of five years and/or a fine of $ 10,000.

1534:

were held in December 2021, and a decision was expected by the end of the 2021–22 Supreme Court term. On September 1, 2021,

25238: 25090: 24987: 24924: 24914: 24797: 24588: 24551: 24480: 24312: 24277: 23828: 23558: 23291: 23062: 23013: 22986: 22910: 22869: 22077: 22062: 21961: 21893: 21625: 20810: 20317: 19881: 18111: 17241: 15406: 14813: 12526: 12494: 12388: 12362: 12203:"Graham Introduces Legislation to Protect Unborn Children, Bring U.S. Abortion Policy in Line with Other Developed Nations" 7492: 4021: 3377:

abortion rate for protestant women is 15 per 1,000 women, while Catholic women have a slightly higher rate, 20 per 1,000."

877:

year old Sophie McCoy died in 1990 from an infected uterine perforation after receiving an abortion at Dr. Hayat's clinic.

455: 12401:

Section 5. No woman upon whom an abortion is performed or attempted to be performed shall be criminally or civilly liable.

10873: 9618: 8279: 2506:

Performing an abortion is a class H felony punishable by imprisonment for a maximum of 6 years and/or a fine of $ 10,000.

25265: 25046: 25034: 24972: 24729: 24220: 24119: 23716: 23375: 23271: 23155: 22233: 22125: 21946: 21845: 21764: 21739: 21724: 20830: 20430: 19956: 19876: 16526: 15282: 11765:

Report, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, on Senate Joint Resolution 3, 98th Congress, 98–149, June 7, 1983, p. 6.

10972: 10939: 10528: 9357:

was the state's willingness to fund childbirth under Medicaid for indigent women, but not abortion. The Court dealt with

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Performing an illegal abortion is a felony punishable by imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 10 years.

1679: 1658: 1401: 439:

has generally sought to restrict abortion access based on the stage of pregnancy or to criminalize abortion, whereas the

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Any person, other than the mother, who intentionally destroys the life of an unborn child is guilty of a Class H felony.

10372: 9650:"Thalidomide: The Connection Between a Statue in Trafalgar Square, a 1960s Children's Show Host and the Abortion Debate" 9333:

in which the Court did not address directly the issue of funding for abortions, the Court decided three funding cases -

7686: 5943:

In 2003, the U.S. Congress outlawed intact dilation and extraction when it passed the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. A

4050:

In January 2013, a majority of Americans believed abortion should be legal in all or most cases, according to a poll by

2731:

States in which the right to an abortion is protected, either through state law, a state supreme court ruling, or both.

1663:

the 2022 law to take precedence. Some Republicans, including allies of presidential candidate Donald Trump, have pushed

25209: 25019: 24960: 24845: 24840: 24777: 24539: 24500: 24460: 24307: 24260: 24240: 23853: 23480: 23475: 23380: 23328: 22857: 22612: 22471: 21759: 21703: 21324: 21113: 21035: 20601: 20370: 19961: 19906: 19816: 19719: 18130: 14726: 10230: 10061: 9937: 9904: 9649: 9193: 9150: 8802: 8764: 8705: 8632: 8597: 8457: 8389: 8118: 7726: 6994: 6689: 6164: 4077: 3187:

Six states require coverage in all private plans: California, Illinois, Maine, New York, Oregon, and Washington. (2021)

2573: 1977: 1605: 1586: 949: 444: 352: 43: 19662: 6207:

overruled this policy by Executive Order on January 23, 2009, and it was reinstated on January 23, 2017, by President

5900:

Most Fox News viewers favor both parental notification as well as parental consent, when a minor seeks an abortion. A

660:

of most in the medical profession with regards to sexual matters prevented the wide expansion of abortion techniques.

25337: 25294: 25243: 25061: 25041: 24992: 24982: 24850: 24772: 24749: 24709: 24573: 24563: 24440: 24415: 24322: 24302: 23780: 23570: 23296: 22678: 22445: 22428: 22322: 22317: 22163: 22135: 22047: 21999: 21903: 21878: 21840: 21789: 21784: 21163: 20641: 19459: 19438: 18911:(in Spanish). Sistema de Indicadores Estadísticos de Género – Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres. 2022. pp. 1–4. 17505: 13949:"Texas has banned abortions at about six weeks. But the time frame for pregnant patients to get one is less than two" 12913: 12887: 12702: 12676: 9113: 7964: 7119: 6452: 6160: 3963: 3934:

Increased access to birth control has been statistically linked to reductions in the abortion rate. As an element of

2714: 2696: 2634: 2581: 1940: 1834:, that more than half of abortion in the US is done with drugs, the judge's decision will have a strong consequence. 1326: 392:— but by the 1980s began to join anti-abortion Catholics to overturn the decision. That basic framework, modified in 164: 51: 16320:"Even Before Roe Was Overturned, Nearly One in 10 People Obtaining an Abortion Traveled Across State Lines for Care" 15580: 15374: 12809: 12783: 12417: 12133: 11416: 9022: 7766: 7219: 6282:

described it as landmark. A follow-up Turnaway Study was confirmed to determinate the health and economic impact of

6096:'s platform by the 1990s. Republican-led states enacted laws to restrict abortion, including abortions earlier than 3130: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of rape, incest, or life endangerment. 2678: 1349:

The Supreme Court continues to make decisions on this subject. On April 18, 2007, it issued a ruling in the case of

1043:, which allowed abortion to protect the life or health of the woman, was challenged in the Supreme Court in 1971 in 414:

provision of medication abortion pills with delivery by mail, but many states have laws which restrict this option.

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Jones, Rachel K (June 2011). "Changes in Abortion Rates Between 2000 and 2008 and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion".

11871: 9838: 7629:"New Clarity for the U.S. Abortion Debate: A Steep Drop in Unintended Pregnancy Is Driving Recent Abotion Declines" 6875: 6093: 6069: 4783: 4767: 3866: 3178:. The law requires that states cover abortions under Medicaid in the event of rape, incest, and life endangerment. 2069: 1965:

on April 18, 2007, signaling a substantial change in the Court's approach to abortion law. The 5–4 ruling said the

1078: 440: 436: 14443: 13148:(c) This section may not be construed to subject a mother to a criminal penalty for any violation of this section. 11544: 10472: 25100: 24889: 24830: 24739: 24630: 24605: 24102: 24092: 23657: 23575: 23513: 23497: 23343: 23338: 23102: 23082: 23072: 23067: 22191: 22150: 22095: 21178: 20697: 20636: 19966: 16203: 15512: 14178: 13700: 13581: 12754: 12728: 11984: 6331: 4099:

found that nearly 7 in 10 Americans disapprove of the country's abortion policies, the highest rate in 23 years.

2406:

Procurement of abortion is a class 6 felony punishable by up to two years imprisonment and/or a fine of $ 4,000.

1926: 1892:. The Comstock Act is particularly punitive as a violation is considered a predicate offense for purposes of the 1621: 21610: 17468: 16405:

Finer, Lawrence B.; Frohwirth, Lori F.; Dauphinee, Lindsay A.; Singh, Susheela; Moore, Ann M. (September 2005).

15844:

Jatlaoui, TC; Eckhaus, L; Mandel, MG; Nguyen, A; Oduyebo, T; Petersen, Emily; Whiteman, MK (November 29, 2019).

15752: 14074: 13523: 13493: 13050:"Health and Safety Code Title 2 Health Subtitle H Public Health Provisions Chapter 170A Performance of Abortion" 13024:"Health and Safety Code Title 2 Health Subtitle H Public Health Provisions Chapter 170A Performance of Abortion" 12340: 11289: 7327: 4026: 1707: 907:, a drug that increases the risk of fetal deformities during pregnancy. Though Finkbine wanted an abortion, the 435:

and allowing individual states to regulate any aspect of abortion not preempted by federal law. Since 1976, the

179: 25083: 24757: 24704: 24620: 24610: 24578: 24507: 24495: 24450: 24337: 24235: 24097: 24017: 24007: 23793: 23650: 23353: 23311: 23254: 23028: 22939: 22312: 22213: 22130: 21855: 21804: 21779: 21744: 21585: 20891: 20560: 14877: 14567: 13554: 13278: 11749: 11666: 11661: 6986: 6180: 6136: 6119: 5938: 5932: 5908: 3022: 2663: 2057: 1966: 1951: 1920: 1912: 1900: 1849: 1364: 1356: 19057: 17136: 13376: 13300: 12164: 10621:"13 states have passed so-called 'trigger laws,' bans designed to go into effect if Roe v. Wade is overturned" 10406: 10186:"Issues and Implications, Abortion Restrictions and the Drive for Mental Health Parity: A Conflict in Values?" 8963: 8082: 7014: 6721: 6114:, since the official party platform opposes abortion and considers fetuses to have an inherent right to life. 1629: 917:, who disclosed her identity in spite of her requests for anonymity. On August 18, 1962, Finkbine traveled to 603: 25231: 25186: 24699: 24615: 24546: 24517: 24455: 24345: 24317: 23961: 23333: 23226: 22464: 22423: 22411: 22297: 22158: 21989: 21923: 21913: 21822: 21749: 21317: 20222: 19811: 13948: 10843:"The Supreme Court will decide the future of the abortion pill. A timeline of how we got here | CNN Politics" 9528:"Supreme Court's overturning of Roe v. Wade will financially hurt the 'most marginalized' women, experts say" 6574:: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming. 6509: 6132: 6060: 6048: 2077: 1711: 1609: 1405:

on June 29, 2020, in a 5–4 decision that a Louisiana state law, modeled after the Texas law at the center of

1288: 793: 18905: 13917: 9374: 7982:

Abortion, Doctors and the Law: Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Abortion in England from 1803 to 1982

5904:

poll in 2005 found that 78% of people favor a notification requirement, and 72% favor a consent requirement.

837:

barring public Medicaid funding for abortions had gone into effect after surviving a statutory challenge in

25248: 25130: 25123: 25056: 24919: 24802: 24724: 24714: 24568: 24529: 24485: 24445: 24402: 24350: 24282: 24255: 24215: 24193: 24002: 23816: 23763: 23696: 23553: 23509: 23437: 23358: 23276: 23087: 22951: 22780: 22688: 22496: 22173: 22168: 21754: 21711: 20976: 20687: 19921: 19752: 19308: 17447: 17263: 13186: 13160: 9980: 7111: 6148: 6144: 6107: 3356: 3018: 1987:

The official report of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, issued in 1983 after extensive hearings on the

1785: 1675: 1671: 1649: 757: 674: 407: 335:

to the mid-19th century abortion was not an issue of significant controversy; most held to the traditional

17967:

Roeder, Oliver K.; Eisen, Lauren-Brooke; Bowling, Julia; Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Chettiar, Inimai M. (2015).

15033: 13978: 10512: 1656:, after lower courts had deemed the FDA's approval unlawful. In Arizona, the state Supreme Court ruled in 1455: 25051: 25002: 24817: 24719: 24642: 24524: 24420: 24245: 24230: 24168: 23803: 23758: 23565: 23447: 23301: 22019: 21870: 20490: 20485: 20287: 20282: 19846: 16974: 15783: 11014: 10318: 8324: 6931:

drug store for an over-the-counter patent medicine or douching device. If she owned a book like the 1855

6577: 6319: 6155:

supports legal abortion as a woman's right. While abortion is a contentious issue and the Maryland-based

6152: 6044: 3269: 1687: 1569: 1309: 1112: 394: 19642: 18759:"History, the Supreme Court, and Dobbs v. Jackson: Joint Statement from the AHA and the OAH (July 2022)" 17187: 16064:

Fjerstad, Mary; Trussell, James; Sivin, Irving; Lichtenberg, E. Steve; Cullins, Vanessa (July 9, 2009).

15423:

Kowalczyk, E. A. (1993). "Access to abortion services: Abortions performed by mid-level practitioners".

15180: 9056: 8997: 3489:

In 2019, 60% of women who had abortions were already mothers, and 50% already had two or more children.

2843:

is regulated at the state level, and 37 states require some parental involvement, either in the form of

24955: 24825: 24657: 24637: 24625: 24435: 24425: 24107: 24012: 23625: 23615: 23142: 23137: 23127: 23122: 22644: 22183: 22087: 21971: 21641: 21550: 21515: 20805: 20385: 19806: 18633:"Maxwell Faculty Experts Discuss Future Implications and Historical Context of Dobbs v. Jackson Ruling" 15158: 9288: 8723: 6559: 6276:

provided with abortion performed better, and those who were denied one suffered negative consequences.

4819: 2670: 2616: 2605: 1806: 1637: 1179:

of a woman to obtain an abortion "must be considered against important state interests in regulation".

712: 703: 432: 16771:

At every gestational age, elective abortion is safer for the mother than carrying a pregnancy to term.

14505: 13644:"Ahead of Alabama abortion bill debate, Lieutenant Governor fights against rape and incest exceptions" 6815:"Abortion Attitudes in a Post-Roe World: Findings From the 50-State 2022 American Values Atlas | PRRI" 2527:

Violation of abortion restrictions is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 14 years.

24534: 23840: 23645: 23640: 23202: 22656: 22004: 21590: 21495: 21455: 20971: 20450: 19785: 12643: 12617: 11776:"Perinatal Management of Extreme Preterm Birth before 27 weeks of gestation A Framework for Practice" 7532: 6663: 6394: 6362:. AHA and OAH jointly issued a statement against the Supreme Court's decision, which was reported by 2873: 2480: 1722: 1695: 1625: 1477: 938: 598: 540: 524: 463: 381: 83: 18607: 18241: 18157:"Overturning Roe v. Wade Could Have Devastating Health and Financial Impacts, Landmark Study Showed" 16784: 11485: 9929: 8940: 3319:

caption=Graph of U.S. abortion rates, 1973–2017, showing data collected by the Guttmacher Institute.

2880:. Twenty-five male Alabama senators voted to pass the law on May 13. The next day, Alabama governor 1227: Legal in cases of risk to woman's health, rape or incest, or likely damaged fetus (12 states). 24647: 24027: 23997: 23992: 23982: 23748: 23704: 23545: 23306: 23092: 22956: 22770: 22710: 21994: 21555: 21545: 21540: 21520: 21288: 20998: 20297: 20126: 20121: 20026: 19831: 18988:"For Second-Trimester Abortion, Women Given Misoprostol Vaginally Report the Greatest Satisfaction" 18249: 17406: 15378: 14349: 12313: 12281: 10682: 7254:; Sutton, Robbie M.; Petterson, Aino; Douglas, Karen M.; Davies, Paul G.; Sibley, Chris G. (2022). 6269: 6191:

introduced an amendment banning the use of aid money to promote abortion overseas, and in 1984 the

5887: 5715: 4835: 4334:

polling shows little change in views from 2008 to 2012; modest differences based on gender or age.

3136: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of life endangerment. 3072:, followed suit and enacted a similar ordinance outlawing abortion on April 13, 2021. In May 2021, 2401: 2359: 1691: 1683: 1633: 1613: 1082: 508: 18585:"Amicus Curiae Brief and AHA-OAH Statement on Dobbs Decision Featured in News Outlets (July 2022)" 17031: 15255: 10124: 9805: 6753: 5789:

A law requiring that the husband of a married woman be notified if she decides to have an abortion

24141: 23877: 23635: 22602: 21656: 21470: 21385: 21258: 21118: 21078: 20881: 20682: 20606: 20576: 20550: 20257: 20252: 20167: 19841: 19742: 19622: 17375: 15482: 13857:"John Roberts sides with liberals on Supreme Court to block controversial Louisiana abortion law" 11260:"Women in states that ban abortion will still be able to get abortion pills online from overseas" 9736: 8790: 8752: 8649:"Law and Everyday Death: Infanticide and the Backlash against Woman's Rights after the Civil War" 8620: 8585: 8445: 8377: 8309: 4056: 3743:

reported that women listed the following amongst their reasons for choosing to have an abortion:

3268:

Because reporting of abortions is not mandatory, statistics are of varying reliability. Both the

3243: 2856: 2727: 2674: 2317: 1617: 1045: 954: 861: 552: 467: 18736: 18563:"AHA Signs Amicus Curiae Brief in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (September 2021)" 7424:"Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020" 3888: 3232:

Qualifying requirements for performing abortions vary from state to state. Vermont has allowed

3079:

Abortion rights movements have also pushed for similar counterpart legislation in other cities.

937:

of Connecticut died trying to obtain an illegal abortion, and her photo became the symbol of an

25226: 25155: 25139: 24593: 23943: 23753: 23733: 23535: 23390: 23185: 23132: 23117: 22961: 22649: 22140: 21505: 21500: 21375: 21098: 20886: 20591: 20520: 20480: 20460: 20440: 20247: 20217: 20187: 20177: 20096: 20066: 20041: 19946: 19826: 19790: 19712: 18813:"'We're here': Mexican groups slam U.S. abortion restrictions as they help more American women" 17752: 11923: 7179:"Striving to Rollback or Protect Roe: State Legislation and the Trump-Era Politics of Abortion" 6434:

treat American travelers in several states where abortion remains technically illegal, such as

6115: 4851: 3065: 2849: 1773:, or through a network of U.S.-Mexico border organizations that includes Red Necesito Abortar, 1437:

but joined in judgment as to upholding the court's respect for the past judgment in that case.

1130: 1085:

was formed in 1969 to oppose restrictions on abortion and expand access to abortion. Following

1066:

was that abortion was illegal in 30 states and legal under certain circumstances in 20 states.

773: 717: 488: 19526: 19366:"Potassium Chloride-Induced Fetal Demise: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Efficacy and Safety" 16470:

Torres, Aida; Forrest, Jacqueline Darroch (July–August 1988). "Why Do Women Have Abortions?".

14942:"Three Texas towns vote in favor of 'sanctuary cities for the unborn,' hoping to ban abortion" 11717: 11390: 11121: 10154: 9892: 9679: 9220: 9185: 9179: 9140: 8794: 8784: 8756: 8746: 8624: 8614: 25214: 24792: 24475: 23590: 23147: 23112: 23107: 23050: 23033: 22763: 21774: 21595: 21560: 21465: 21440: 21238: 21153: 21128: 20983: 20966: 20958: 20943: 20901: 20840: 20783: 20728: 20657: 20626: 20611: 20455: 20302: 19941: 19866: 17495: 16156: 15151:"Abortion Sanctuary Cities: A Local Response to The Criminalization of Self-Managed Abortion" 14878:"Anti-abortion law spreads in East Texas as 'sanctuary city for the unborn' movement expands" 14847:"'Abortion is Freedom' billboards cause controversy in Waskom, city declared the act illegal" 13049: 13023: 10911: 10355: 10327: 10108: 10083: 10020: 9770: 9745: 8695: 8648: 8589: 8579: 8449: 8439: 8381: 8371: 7658: 6519: 6176: 6156: 4867: 4337:

The original article's table also shows by party affiliation, religion, and education level.

3057:

has sought declarations of "sanctuary cit for the unborn". In June 2019, the city council of

2501: 2419: 2296: 2096: 536: 532: 504: 20845: 16908: 14694:"The Supreme Court hands down its first anti-abortion decision of the Amy Coney Barrett era" 13079: 10045:. The Pew Charitable Trusts. June 22, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2022. Updated April 23, 2007. 9922: 8718: 8323:

Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD, Joffe C (2009).

7571:

Peipert, Jeffrey F.; Madden, Tessa; Allsworth, Jenifer E.; Secura, Gina M. (December 2012).

3100: Medicaid covers medically necessary abortion for low-income women through legislation. 120: 25144: 24272: 24146: 24037: 23415: 22847: 22827: 22775: 22725: 22666: 22597: 21580: 21530: 21510: 21485: 21475: 21460: 21450: 21435: 21415: 21390: 21380: 21370: 21138: 21083: 20993: 20906: 20896: 20773: 20763: 20748: 20672: 20616: 20535: 20530: 20505: 20375: 20272: 20202: 20151: 20131: 20061: 20036: 20021: 19931: 18518: 18197: 17386: 16904: 16545: 16324: 14910: 12938: 11614: 10373:"Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt – Opinion analysis: Abortion rights reemerge strongly" 10358: 10330: 10111: 10086: 10023: 9574: 8671: 7537: 7461: 7428: 6481: 6364: 6068:

decision. Opponents of abortion experienced a political shift. The Catholic Church and the

3959: 3740: 3339: 3305:

decision legalized abortion. The study indicated a long-term decline in the abortion rate.

3273: 3233: 3106: Medicaid covers medically necessary abortions for low-income women under court order. 2970: 2380: 2338: 2275: 2212: 2015: 1988: 1908: 1831: 1814: 1473: 913: 520: 500: 492: 19503:

76 (forthcoming 2024), University of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2023-12,

18873: 17099: 16534: 14783:"'Sanctuary city for the unborn': All-male city council in Texas town bans most abortions" 14382:"Lawsuit planned over 'extreme,' 'very dangerous' latest abortion ban, ACLU Oklahoma says" 4936:

Since the 2011 poll, support for legal abortion during the first trimester has declined.

3021:. Legal challenges on behalf of abortion providers, many of which were represented by the 2942:, sued Texas over the Texas Heartbeat Act on the basis that "the law is invalid under the 2765: 921:

to obtain a legal abortion, where it was confirmed that the fetus had severe deformities.

8: 24684: 24600: 24410: 24126: 23811: 23442: 22639: 22115: 21719: 21600: 21575: 21480: 21420: 21395: 21365: 21355: 21309: 20855: 20820: 20778: 20753: 20733: 20712: 20555: 20510: 20470: 20425: 20420: 20410: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20380: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20322: 20267: 20182: 20172: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20091: 20086: 20031: 20006: 19951: 19936: 19901: 19747: 19671: 19500: 18987: 18278: 17857: 17036: 16621: 16549: 16278: 15678: 15635: 15221: 14818: 14113: 13887:"Supreme Court's Louisiana abortion case could have implications in Ohio: Capitol Letter" 13670:"Alabama just criminalized abortions – and every single yes vote was cast by a white man" 11513: 10878: 10444: 10197: 9761: 8411: 7255: 6726: 6571: 6524: 6358: 6278: 5949: 5892: 5734:

A law requiring women seeking abortions to wait 24 hours before having the procedure done

4799: 4331: 4089: 4065: 3938:, birth control was federally subsidized for low income families in 1965 under President 3247: 3069: 2904: 2840: 2522: 2254: 2194: 2172: 1961: 1539: 1527: 1351: 1184: 976: 620: 528: 516: 472: 385: 332: 19327: 18522: 18374: 18357: 18201: 16750: 12040: 12015:"When Massachusetts tried to ban an opioid, a court said no. What about abortion pills?" 11448:"U.S. Postal Service can continue to deliver prescription abortion medication, DOJ says" 9578: 3993:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3516:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1769:

overseas online pharmacies, purchasing from pharmacies in Mexico, from services such as

23924: 23912: 23630: 23620: 23597: 23580: 22976: 22720: 22715: 22587: 21979: 21951: 21535: 21490: 21430: 21405: 21360: 21158: 21148: 21093: 21088: 20988: 20758: 20738: 20707: 20631: 20621: 20586: 20581: 20545: 20525: 20515: 20500: 20495: 20475: 20445: 20415: 20405: 20337: 20312: 20307: 20237: 20212: 20197: 20192: 20146: 20141: 20101: 20076: 20011: 19998: 19926: 19886: 19871: 19599: 19574: 19561: 19513: 19393: 19339: 19284: 19259: 19003: 18968: 18544: 18223: 18041: 17992: 17912: 17674: 16851: 16731: 16718: 16701: 16675: 16595: 16570: 16503: 16487: 16429: 16425: 16380: 16372: 16138: 16090: 16065: 15965: 15880: 15845: 15604: 15599: 15543: 14814:"Five men outlaw abortion in a Texas town, declaring a 'sanctuary city for the unborn'" 12588: 12562: 11193: 11150: 10944: 10411: 9773: 9748: 9600: 8913: 8257: 7699: 7597: 7572: 7497: 7396: 7371: 7293: 7200: 6421: 6192: 4703: 3627: 3364: 3211: 3146: 3026: 2104: 1487: 1393: 1339: 1164: 1122: 1036: 699: 496: 484: 324:, though a majority of Americans support access to abortion. Abortion laws vary widely 88: 19401: 18811:

Linares, Albinson; Telemundo, Noticias Telemundo; Gutiérrez, Maricruz (July 1, 2022).

17655:"The GOP's Abortion Strategy: Why Pro-Choice Republicans Became Pro-Life in the 1970s" 17362: 17272: 16818: 16406: 15934: 11320: 6983:

When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine and the Law in the United States, 1867–1973

6286:

being overturned, which other scholars also analyzed. According to a 2019 study, were

2931:

that they would have granted an injunction on the law until a proper judicial review.

24667: 23823: 23175: 22673: 22592: 22577: 22343: 21672: 21565: 21445: 21410: 21016: 20876: 20743: 20702: 20692: 20540: 20465: 20435: 20327: 20292: 20277: 20242: 20227: 20207: 20081: 20071: 20056: 20016: 19981: 19705: 19604: 19565: 19553: 19522: 19486: 19455: 19449: 19434: 19428: 19385: 19331: 19289: 19192: 19188: 18960: 18955: 18938: 18548: 18536: 18387: 18379: 18227: 18215: 18029: 18019: 17996: 17984: 17945: 17935: 17916: 17904: 17869: 17842: 17678: 17501: 17419: 16856: 16838: 16723: 16667: 16600: 16495: 16437: 16252: 16130: 16095: 16031: 15957: 15885: 15867: 15690: 15647: 15608: 15535: 15432: 15349: 14882: 14217: 12172: 11198: 10529:"Exclusive: Supreme Court has voted to overturn abortion rights, draft opinion shows" 10226: 9933: 9900: 9711:"Something Real: Jane and Me. Memories and Exhortations of a Feminist Ex-Abortionist" 9604: 9592: 9394: 9318: 9263: 9226: 9189: 9146: 8905: 8798: 8760: 8701: 8628: 8593: 8490: 8453: 8385: 8335: 8261: 8210: 8052: 7960: 7877: 7847: 7819: 7738: 7602: 7401: 7297: 7285: 7204: 7115: 7108:

Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment

7077:"How the Christian Right Became Prolife on Abortion and Transformed the Culture Wars" 6990: 6348: 6052: 5944: 5874: 4076:

and "pro-life" do not always reflect a political view or fall along a binary; in one

3939: 3897:

2011, the percentage of all abortions performed at ≤8 weeks' gestation increased 6%.

3175: 3014: 2440: 2233: 2134:

Currently, 13 states have criminal penalties for performing abortions, regardless of

1973: 1499: 1152: 1144: 819: 581: 317: 19343: 18405: 16735: 16679: 16507: 16142: 14973:"Hayes Center is first Nebraska town to make abortion illegal and punishable by law" 14751: 13357: 9957: 8917: 7457:"Abortion Is a Common Experience for U.S. Women, Despite Dramatic Declines in Rates" 5867:

Results of Gallup opinion poll in the U.S. since 1975, legal restriction of abortion

1601:, which had been passed in 13 states, to effectively ban abortions in those states. 24583: 24430: 24136: 23956: 22966: 22807: 22790: 22785: 22624: 22307: 21646: 21619: 21570: 21525: 21425: 21103: 20911: 20768: 20667: 20596: 20262: 20232: 20136: 20051: 19916: 19594: 19586: 19545: 19430:

When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973

19397: 19377: 19323: 19279: 19271: 19184: 18999: 18972: 18950: 18939:"Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a population-based study 1995 to 2004" 18526: 18369: 18205: 18090:"Supreme Court takes up major abortion case next term that could limit Roe v. Wade" 17976: 17896: 17838: 17666: 17602: 16997: 16846: 16830: 16713: 16659: 16590: 16582: 16479: 16421: 16364: 16122: 16085: 16077: 15969: 15949: 15875: 15857: 15594: 15584: 15547: 15527: 15455: 14354: 13377:"Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Law, With Roberts the Deciding Vote" 13215: 11713: 11188: 11180: 9582: 9565: 9386: 8897: 8735:. Retrieved July 26, 2022 – via the University Honors Program, Syracuse University. 8482: 8253: 8249: 8047: 7931: 7809: 7592: 7584: 7391: 7383: 7275: 7267: 7190: 6370: 6228: 6110:

come down on either side of the issue, the Republican Party is often seen as being

5863: 3343: 2943: 2844: 2462: 2138:. The penalties in states that have made abortion illegal vary, as outlined below. 2046: 2002:

One aspect of the legal abortion regime now in place has been determining when the

1746: 1190: 1176: 1126: 1040: 900: 881: 844: 785: 761: 748: 721: 633: 558: 512: 19632: 17887:

Levine, Phillip B. (July 1, 2005). "Is there any substance to the 'Roe effect'?".

16956: 14568:"Minnesota governor signs bill codifying 'fundamental right' to abortion into law" 12263:"Where abortion stands in your state: A state-by-state breakdown of abortion laws" 11688: 6846:"Support for legal abortion is widespread in many countries, especially in Europe" 6252:, the number of women who died in 1972 from illegal abortion was thirty-nine. The 2884:

signed the bill into law, primarily as a symbolic gesture in hopes of challenging

1881: 1877: 1873: 1853: 24292: 24068: 23966: 23738: 23038: 22971: 22740: 22661: 22607: 20948: 19976: 19896: 19861: 19757: 19033:(Report). Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. May 2010. p. 30 17709:"The New York Times/CBS News Poll 2004 Democratic National Delegate Survey (Q29)" 17625:"The New York Times/CBS News Poll 2004 Republican National Delegate Survey (Q29)" 17475: 17393: 17382: 17351: 17324: 16663: 16556: 16541: 16530: 16126: 15410: 14315:"Bill making abortion illegal starting at conception signed by Oklahoma governor" 13918:"Supreme Court affirms abortion protections, strikes down Louisiana abortion law" 11988: 11815: 11753: 11067:"Woman Indicted For Manslaughter After Death Of Her Fetus, May Avoid Prosecution" 10907:"Arizona's Democratic governor signs a bill to repeal 1864 ban on most abortions" 10590:"Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights" 10473:"Supreme Court takes up blockbuster case over Mississippi's 15-week abortion ban" 10042: 9800: 8732: 8678: 8345: 8119:"A Conversation About Abortion Between Justice Blackmun and the Founding Fathers" 8083:"Did Ben Franklin Publish a Recipe in a Math Textbook on How to Induce Abortion?" 8012:"Benjamin Franklin gave instructions on at-home abortions in a book in the 1700s" 7871: 7841: 7814: 7797: 7588: 7251: 7146:"Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights" 6593: 6565: 6172: 6089: 4712: 3935: 2935: 2928: 2908: 2135: 2092: 2007: 1996: 1885: 1869: 1861: 1495: 1481: 1469: 1426: 1380: 1372: 1322: 1140: 1074: 942: 809: 797: 593: 272: 17431: 17295: 17233: 16702:"Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States" 15403: 14413:"Oklahoma governor signs nation's strictest abortion ban. It starts immediately" 12384: 12358: 11093:"Alabama prosecutor drops charges against woman who lost fetus after being shot" 8901: 4030:

Trend percent of Americans self-identifying as either "pro-life" or "pro-choice"

3190:

Note: The following figures are from 2008 and may have changed since that time.

24762: 24662: 24045: 23180: 23170: 23165: 23160: 22832: 22695: 22629: 21908: 21729: 19971: 19499:

Cohen, David S., Donley, Greer, and Rebouché, Rachel (2023). "Abortion Pills".

18531: 18506: 18210: 18185: 17783: 15121:"Lubbock's Sanctuary City for the Unborn ordinance wins passage by wide margin" 11294: 9587: 9560: 9216: 6514: 6234: 6200: 6184: 3943: 3912: 3251: 3167: 3073: 2920: 2877: 2115: 2030: 1956: 1819: 1368: 1360: 1148: 1118: 1024: 1001: 893: 834: 740: 691: 373: 233: 19451:

The Boundaries of Her Body: The Troubling History of Women's Rights in America

18507:"Why hundreds of scientists are weighing in on a high-stakes US abortion case" 18033: 17670: 17654: 16523: 16407:"Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives" 15290: 13701:"Alabama governor signs nation's most restrictive anti-abortion bill into law" 11545:"With Dueling Rulings, Abortion Pill Cases Appear Headed to the Supreme Court" 10973:"Democrats bank on abortion in 2024 as Arizona and Florida push stakes higher" 10652:"Map: These 'trigger law' states would ban abortion only if Roe is overturned" 7491:

Sanger-Katz, Margot; Cain Miller, Claire; Bui, Quoctrung (December 14, 2021).

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intended to make changes to the state's constitution more difficult, ahead of

25321: 23743: 23043: 22852: 22487: 22374: 20916: 19891: 19836: 19095:"Three Conservative MPs beg RCMP to examine late-term abortions as homicides" 18383: 18014:

Krohn, Marvin D.; Hendrix, Nicole; Lizotte, Alan J; Hall, Gina Penly (2019).

17988: 17949: 17908: 16842: 16697: 16586: 16016: 15871: 15065:"Lubbock votes to become the state's largest 'sanctuary city for the unborn'" 14911:"Banning abortion, more Texas towns become 'sanctuary cities for the unborn'" 14698: 14221: 13793:"Supreme Court Upholds Indiana Provision Mandating Fetal Burial or Cremation" 13732:"Alabama 'has gone too far' with 'extreme' abortion bill, Pat Robertson says" 12176: 11353:"Abortion doulas in Mexico anticipate influx of U.S. women seeking abortions" 10810:"Abortion rights have won in every election since Roe v. Wade was overturned" 10099: 9398: 8993: 8056: 7289: 6383: 6291: 6111: 6073: 3951: 3929: 3217: 3058: 2061: 1932: 1889: 1865: 1779: 1293: 1276: 1058: 997: 993: 967: 959: 934: 857: 830: 781: 753: 665: 589: 585: 477: 459: 363: 343:

began at quickening, sometime between 18 and 21 weeks. It was legal prior to

336: 309: 21027: 17469:

Most Who Know of Decision Agree With Supreme Court on Partial Birth Abortion

17207: 14663:"In Texas, Oklahoma, Women Turned Away Because Of Coronavirus Abortion Bans" 12309:"Prosecuting pregnancy loss: Why advocates fear a post-Roe surge of charges" 11985:"AG Garland: States can't ban FDA-approved abortion pills on safety grounds" 8349: 7256:"Abortion Attitudes: An Overview of Demographic and Ideological Differences" 3916:

remains lower than that of childbirth through at least 21 weeks' gestation.

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In some states, these numbers can be tremendously different, for example in

1530:) that had banned any abortions after the first 15 weeks. Oral arguments to 24050: 24022: 23077: 20926: 20921: 20835: 20797: 19856: 19769: 19608: 19557: 19470: 19389: 19381: 19335: 18964: 18540: 18406:"Roe v. Wade: US Supreme Court may overturn abortion rights, leak suggests" 18391: 18219: 17873: 17491: 16860: 16834: 16727: 16671: 16604: 16441: 16134: 16099: 16066:"Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion" 16035: 15998: 15990: 15961: 15889: 15862: 15694: 15651: 15539: 15254:. National Committee for a Human Life Amendment. April 2008. Archived from 14537:"Minn. Senate passes law guaranteeing right to abortion, reproductive care" 13555:"Abortion is legal in Guam. But the closest provider is a long flight away" 11576:"Appeals court keeps abortion pill on the market but sharply limits access" 11417:"Covert network provides pills for thousands of abortions in U.S. post Roe" 11202: 10977: 9924:

The Pro-Choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict

9596: 8855:"How The Fight To Ban Abortion Is Rooted In The 'Great Replacement' Theory" 8820:"How The Fight To Ban Abortion Is Rooted In The 'Great Replacement' Theory" 8667: 8514:"How The Fight To Ban Abortion Is Rooted In The 'Great Replacement' Theory" 8494: 8214: 7823: 7742: 7606: 7405: 7387: 7360: 6534: 6489: 6325: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6123:

permitted. The Republican Party was supportive of abortion rights prior to

3360: 3033: 2916: 2836:(2020) in which several Texas and Louisiana restrictions were struck down. 1923: 1750: 1664: 1653: 1582: 1581:

grounds that a right to abortion cannot be found in the U.S. Constitution.

1547: 1465: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1376: 1334: 908: 777: 729: 657: 649: 411: 403: 389: 19590: 19293: 17780:"Statement of President Barack Obama on Rescinding the Mexico City Policy" 16931: 16499: 16157:"Get "In the Know": Questions About Pregnancy, Contraception and Abortion" 16081: 15436: 13854: 12909: 12883: 12859: 12838: 12698: 12672: 12074:"Remember When Lindsey Graham Said Abortion Should Be Left to the States?" 11643:"Democrats condemn judge's 'draconian' decision threatening abortion drug" 9390: 8909: 8486: 6092:. The Protestant influence helped make opposition to abortion part of the 4068:

yielded similar results. Moreover, 48% of Republicans opposed overturning

3906: 24327: 23858: 23195: 23097: 22837: 22700: 22456: 21936: 21898: 20931: 19196: 17980: 17149:"Americans' dissatisfaction with US abortion policies hits all-time high" 16960: 16002: 15994: 13248:"Abortion rights across the US: we track where laws stand in every state" 12413: 11864: 11610:"Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions" 11357: 10074: 7774: 7648: 7646: 6644: 6295: 6244: 6188: 4926: 4096: 4035: 3447: 3238: 3087: 2973: 2924: 2748: Abortion access protected via both state law and state Constitution 2081: 2072:, which would codify abortion rights into federal law, was introduced by 1992: 1762: 1754: 1598: 1578: 1523: 1518: 1491: 1134: 1100: 1089:, in late 1973, NARAL became the National Abortion Rights Action League. 1050: 963: 904: 869: 839: 645: 641: 629: 563: 357: 321: 75: 19549: 19275: 18358:"Predicted changes in abortion access and incidence in a post-Roe world" 8168:"How a sex scandal led to the nation's first abortion law 200 years ago" 6084:

shifted more to Protestant faiths that saw abortion rights as part of a

1183:

also established a trimester framework, defined as the end of the first

23190: 22996: 22822: 22817: 22735: 22302: 22223: 22218: 19692:

For Many Women, The Nearest Abortion Provider Is Hundreds Of Miles Away

19483:

Abortion in the American Imagination: Before Life and Choice, 1880–1940

17968: 17900: 17500:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 36, 98. 17401: 16491: 16433: 16376: 15589: 13613:"Alabama Lawmakers Move To Outlaw Abortion In Challenge To Roe V. Wade" 12527:"Title 18 Crimes and Punishments Chapter 6 Abortion and Contraceptives" 12495:"Title 18 Crimes and Punishments Chapter 6 Abortion and Contraceptives" 11184: 11169:"Abortion Incidence and Service Availability In the United States 2014" 9830: 7271: 6694: 6435: 6253: 6038:, there was a national political realignment surrounding abortion. The 5772:

A law requiring women under 18 to get parental consent for any abortion

2038: 2037:

state programs do not cover abortions; as of 2022, 17 states including

1770: 1508: 1261: 1107: 1016: 1012: 815: 733: 625: 616: 348: 344: 340: 18481:"Roe v. Wade Defined An Era. The Supreme Court Just Started A New One" 16932:

Family Planning Program Under Title X of the Public Health Service Act

16901:"Facts on Publicly Funded Contraceptive Services in the United States" 16353:"Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries" 15935:"Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008" 15581:

Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017

15513:"Abortion Incidence and Access to Services in the United States, 2008" 15217:"How to Get Help for Your Abortion Inside abortion mutual aid network" 14444:""Oklahoma governor signs into law strictest abortion ban in the U.S"" 10748:"Roe v. Wade Defined An Era. The Supreme Court Just Started A New One" 9375:"Revisiting the History of Abortion in the Wake of the Dobbs Decision" 8149:

The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia

7873:

The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia

7643: 7573:"Preventing Unintended Pregnancies by Providing No-Cost Contraception" 7280: 6242:

The risk of death due to legal abortion has fallen considerably since

6223: 3312:(CDC) reported 623,471 abortions, a 2% decrease from 636,902 in 2015. 1888:, whereas the provisions of the Comstock Act cover activity using the 1325:"—the traditional Supreme Court test for impositions upon fundamental 574: 24679: 24672: 22292: 18429:"Chief Justice John Roberts confirms draft of ruling to overturn Roe" 16754: 16228:

Leppert, Jeff Diamant, Besheer Mohamed and Rebecca (March 25, 2024).

15579:

Jones, Rachel K.; Witwer, Elizabeth; Jerman, Jenna (September 2019).

15003:"Blue Hill is second Nebraska town to outlaw abortion in city limits" 14010:"Texas 6-week abortion ban takes effect after Supreme Court inaction" 10874:"Arizona Supreme Court ruling clears way for near-total abortion ban" 7622: 7620: 6212: 4921: 3950:

to provide family planning services for those in need, and President

3658:

Woman had found it hard to make arrangements for an earlier abortion

3221: 3032:

One challenge was made against the FDA's rule on the distribution of

2821: 1620:

enshrined the right to an abortion in state constitutions, while the

772:

of the public. Later that year, Comstock successfully influenced the

725: 669: 661: 64: 19686: 19681: 19504: 18608:"Alito's Leaked Abortion Opinion Misunderstands Unenumerated Rights" 17930:

Di Tella, Rafael; Edwards, Sebastian; Schargrodsky, Ernesto (2010).

17165:. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. April 25, 2012 16483: 16368: 15953: 15531: 14179:"The Justice Department's uphill battle against Texas' abortion ban" 12165:"Graham Proposes 15-Week Abortion Ban, Seeking to Unite Republicans" 12104:"Sen. Graham introduces bill to ban abortion nationwide at 15 weeks" 11746: 11507:

Marimow, Ann E.; Kitchener, Caroline; Stein, Perry (April 7, 2023).

9897:

The Politics of Abortion and Birth Control in Historical Perspective

2681:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2120:

Protecting Pain-Capable Unborn Children from Late-Term Abortions Act

1255:

broadly to include psychological well-being. A central issue in the

22862: 22812: 21058: 20936: 19911: 19851: 19728: 18131:"Judge lets Mississippi's only abortion clinic stay open – for now" 17072:"NBC/WSJ poll: Majority, for first time, want abortion to be legal" 11325: 11144:"Medication Abortion in the United States: Mifepristone Fact Sheet" 10814: 8473:

Acevedo, Zachary P. V. (Summer 1979). "Abortion in early America".

7935: 7566: 7564: 6409: Legal during first 15 weeks LMP (first 12 weeks of pregnancy) 6309: 5901: 5808: 4698: 4051: 3466: 2966: 2881: 2073: 2042: 2034: 2022: 1950:

On October 2, 2003, with a vote of 281–142, the House approved the

1911:

have moved several times to pass measures banning the procedure of

1556: 1008: 769: 707: 313: 19211:"House Report 107-186 – Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2001" 18711:"History Organizations Lambaste Supreme Court Over Dobbs Decision" 13464:"Andrew Cuomo Signs Abortion Bill Into Law, Codifying Roe v. Wade" 10999:

Bradley, Gerard V. (2013). Keown, John; George, Robert P. (eds.).

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Hartmann, B (1997). "Population control I: Birth of an ideology".

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Do not want to be a single mother or having relationship problems

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State Medicaid coverage of medically necessary abortion services (

760:

influenced by Storer, and were facilitated by the press. In 1873,

480:

has been statistically linked to reductions in the abortion rate.

22241: 19694:(2017) – includes map showing distance to nearest abortion clinic 18782:"Arizona Women Eye Mexico for Abortions, Amid Conflicting Advice" 11662:"Abortion Funding Restrictions in Foreign Assistance Legislation" 11509:"Texas judge suspends FDA approval of abortion pill mifepristone" 10400: 10398: 10338:

a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains viability.")

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