457:. Strongly critical of many aspects of American higher education, it denounced, in particular, the university lecture as a method of instruction. According to Flexner, lectures enabled colleges to "handle cheaply by wholesale a large body of students that would be otherwise unmanageable and thus give the lecturer time for research." In addition, Flexner was concerned about the chaotic condition of the undergraduate curriculum and the influence of the research culture of the university. Neither contributed to the mission of the college to address the whole person. He feared that "research had largely appropriated the resources of the college, substituting the methods and interest of highly specialized investigation for the larger objects of college teaching."
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443:. Four years later, Flexner founded a private school in which he would test his growing ideas about education. Flexner opposed the standard model of education that focused on mental discipline and a rigid structure. Moreover, "Mr. Flexner's School" did not give out traditional grades, used no standard curriculum, refused to impose examinations on students, and kept no academic record of students. Instead, it promoted small learning groups, individual development, and a more hands-on approach to education. Graduates of his school were soon accepted at leading colleges, and his teaching style began to attract considerable attention.
33:
606:, were set on creating a medical school in Newark, New Jersey. They wanted to give admissions preference to Jewish applicants in an effort to fight the rampant prejudice against Jews in the medical profession at that time. Flexner informed them that a teaching hospital and other faculties required a successful school. A few months later, in June 1930, he had persuaded the Bamberger siblings and their representatives to fund instead the development of an Institute for Advanced Study.
533:, Flexner "...exerted a decisive influence on the course of medical training and left an enduring mark on some of the nation's most renowned schools of medicine." Bonner worried that "the imposition of rigid standards by accrediting groups was making the medical curriculum a monstrosity," with medical students moving through it with "little time to stop, read, work or think." Bonner (2002) calls Flexner "the severest critic and the best friend American medicine ever had."
513:
million whites. Not only does the Negro himself suffer from hookworm and tuberculosis; he communicates them to his white neighbors, precisely as the ignorant and unfortunate white contaminates him. Self-protection not less than humanity offers weighty counsel in this matter; self-interest seconds philanthropy. The Negro must be educated not only for his sake, but for ours. He is, as far as the human eye can see, a permanent factor in the nation.
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The practice of the Negro doctor will be limited to his own race, which in its turn will be cared for better by good Negro physicians than by poor white ones. But the physical well-being of the Negro is not only of moment to the Negro himself. Ten million of them live in close contact with sixty
778:
created the
Abraham Flexner Award for Distinguished Service to Medical Education to annually recognize individuals who have made a notable contribution to American medical education. In 2020, "in light of racist and sexist writings" the AAMC renamed the award, removing Flexner's
380:) funded Flexner's studies at Harvard and his year abroad at European universities. The couple supported women's suffrage and had two daughters Jean and Eleanor. Jean went on to become one of the original employees of the United States Division of Labor Standards.
468:, who was looking for someone to lead a series of studies of professional education. The book consistently cited Pritchett in discussions of views on educational reform, and the two soon arranged to meet through the then-president of
529:
Flexner soon conducted a related study of medical education in Europe. According to Bonner (2002), Flexner's work came to be "nearly as well known in Europe as in
America." With funding from the
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764:
The
Institute for Advanced Study, which Flexner co-founded, has been conducting valuable research for over 80 years in attempt to understand the complexities of the physical world and humanity
786:
has the
Academy of Medical Educator Excellence in Medical Education Award, which was formerly named the Abraham Flexner Master Educator Award, to recognize achievement in six categories:
476:. Although Flexner had never set foot inside a medical school, he was Pritchett's first choice to lead a study of American medical education, and soon joined the research staff at the
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508:, in which he argued that if not properly trained and treated, African-Americans and the poor posed a health threat to middle/upper class European-Americans. His position was:
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642:, Flexner returned to his earlier interest in the direction and purpose of the American university, attacking distractions from serious learning, such as
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immigrants Ester and Moritz
Flexner. He was the first in his family to complete high school and go on to college. In 1886, at age 19, Flexner completed a
1327:"T-Space at The University of Toronto Libraries: Medical education in Europe; a report to the Carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching (1912)"
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led to the closure of most rural medical schools and five out of seven
African-American medical colleges in the United States given his adherence to
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in 1908. Although not a physician himself, Flexner was selected by
Pritchett for his writing ability and his disdain for traditional education.
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521:, was located in Flexner's hometown. In response to the report, some schools fired senior faculty members in a process of reform and renewal.
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1947:
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After graduating from Johns
Hopkins University in two years with a degree in classics, Flexner returned to Louisville to teach classics at
361:. Jacob ran a drugstore and used the profits from selling the establishment to attend medical school. He then practiced as a physician in
1968:
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Full text of the "Medical education in the United States and Canada; a report to the
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching"
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A physician must receive at minimum six years, preferably eight years of post-secondary education, typically in a university setting
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During his time there, Flexner helped bring over many
European scientists who would likely have suffered persecution by the rising
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231:(November 13, 1866 – September 21, 1959) was an American educator, best known for his role in the 20th century reform of
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The state government must approve the founding of any medical school and medical schools are subject to state regulation
500:, which examined the state of American medical education and led to far-reaching reform in the training of doctors. The
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272:, which brought together some of the greatest minds in history to collaborate on intellectual discovery and research.
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to commission an in-depth evaluation into 155 medical schools in the US and Canada. It was his resultant self-titled
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1979:
1778:(critically places Flexner and his contributions within the context of social and educational reform of the time)
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and his work in education has had a lasting impact on medical and higher education. The specific impacts of the
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1937:
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Flexner had three brothers named Jacob, Bernard and Simon Flexner. He also had a sister named Rachel Flexner.
1743:
1626:
Dubovsky H (1989). "The Jewish contribution to medicine. Part III. The 19th and 20th centuries in the USA".
549:, and after 1917 was its secretary. With the help of the board, he founded another experimental school, the
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372:. She was a teacher who soon became a successful playwright and children's author. The success of her play
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216:
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246:, Flexner published a critical assessment of the state of the American educational system in 1908 titled
1267:"The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report"
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643:
1678:
King DJ (1978). "The psychological training of Abraham Flexner, the reformer of medical education".
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The institute was headed by Flexner from 1930 to 1939 and it possessed a renowned faculty including
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972:(born 1956), American physician, clinical pharmaceutical scientist, academic, author and researcher
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Medical education in Europe; a report to the Carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching.
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336:. He proceeded to become a pathologist, bacteriologist and a medical researcher employed by the
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King LS (1984). "Medicine in the USA: historical vignettes. XX. The Flexner report of 1910".
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1927 "Do Americans Really Value Education?" The Inglis Lecture 1927(Harvard University Press)
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1454:"AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings"
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1008:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press Ltd. pp. 135–159.
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1100:"Abraham Flexner Papers – A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress"
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Public Education in Maryland: A Report to the Maryland Educational Survey Commission
365:. Bernard pursued a career in law and later practiced in both Chicago and New York.
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The success of Abraham Flexner's experimental schooling allowed him to help finance
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317:. He did not, however, complete work on an advanced degree at either institution.
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1939. Flexner Abraham (1939 June/November). The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge.
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398:, was founding director of the Mahoney Institute of Neurological Sciences at the
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at the Forty-second annual session held in Baltimore, Maryland, May 12–19, 1915
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305:, where he studied for only two years. In 1905, he pursued graduate studies in
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After founding and directing a college-preparatory school in his hometown of
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Medical education is based on research, specifically in the fields of human
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1182:"The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education"
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2017:
2012:
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1942:
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688: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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628:, who arrived at the Institute in 1933 under Flexner's directorship.
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Medical Education in the United States and Canada (at Google Books).
663:
1740:
The Politics of Philanthropy: Abraham Flexner and Medical Education
1480:"Academy of Medical Educator Excellence in Medical Education Award"
298:
264:
in the United States and Canada. Flexner was also a founder of the
749:
Medical research follows the same protocols as scientific research
394:
In addition to contributions by his brother Simon, their nephew,
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on November 13, 1866. He was the sixth of nine children born to
984:(1863–1946), physician, scientist, administrator, and professor
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became an independent scholar and pioneer of women's studies.
733:
Medicine has become a lucrative and well-respected profession
343:
1006:
Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America
583:, Abraham Flexner, John R. Hardin, and Herbert Maass at the
357:
Flexner also financed his sister's undergraduate studies at
1771:
Biography of Flexner from the Institute of Advanced Studies
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553:, which opened in 1917, in cooperation with the faculty at
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1816:
1529:"The historical reputation of Abraham Flexner (1866–1959)"
1404:
Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century
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oversee all the conventional medical schools in each state
631:
391:
family; however, early on he became a religious agnostic.
368:
In 1896, Flexner married a former student of his school,
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American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
1776:
Abraham Flexner and the era of medical education reform.
1562:
Bonner TN (1990). "Abraham Flexner and the historians".
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2071:
Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
1564:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
730:
Average physician quality has increased significantly
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Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
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Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
2219:
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1513:Iconoclast: Abraham Flexner and a Life in Learning
1167:, New York: The Century Company, 1908, pp. 215–216
842:Medical Education in the United States and Canada.
795:Educational Innovation and Curriculum Development
2175:
1406:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press.
1264:
937:I Remember: The Autobiography of Abraham Flexner
260:, published in 1910, that sparked the reform of
2066:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
870:National Conference of Charities and Correction
792:Outstanding Teaching Contribution or Mentorship
564:
418:, in 1959 at 92 years of age. He was buried in
404:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1724:The Social Transformation of American Medicine
1149:. Institute for Advanced Study. Archived from
1089:, New York: SImon and Schuster, 1960, pp. 2–4.
978:(1908–2003), American historian and biographer
2224:Directors of the Institute for Advanced Study
1802:
1765:Amy E. Wells: "Flexner, Abraham (1866–1959)."
1391:
541:Between 1912 and 1925, Flexner served on the
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727:on American and Canadian medicine include:
453:In 1908, Flexner published his first book,
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2158:Issues in higher education inside the U.S.
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1428:"Association of American Medical Colleges"
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784:University of Kentucky College of Medicine
338:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
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789:Educational Leadership and Administration
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
434:
2214:American people of German-Jewish descent
2041:Association of American Medical Colleges
1046:Bonner, Thomas Neville (February 1998).
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776:Association of American Medical Colleges
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1708:Abraham Flexner: A Flawed American Icon
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920:Universities: American, English, German
640:Universities: American, English, German
633:Universities: American, English, German
446:
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2061:Liaison Committee on Medical Education
1818:Medical education in the United States
1460:from the original on November 17, 2020
1333:from the original on November 23, 2015
1307:from the original on December 31, 2022
1265:Claydon E, McAlister VC (March 2012).
1128:
1116:from the original on February 12, 2017
1045:
810:'s hospital district was named by the
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1490:from the original on October 24, 2020
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1767:In: Encyclopedia of Education. 2002.
1384:Universities American English German
1241:Black Physicians and Black Hospitals
1220:from the original on August 31, 2021
1179:
994:
686:adding citations to reliable sources
657:
460:His book attracted the attention of
798:Educational Evaluation and Research
519:Louisville National Medical College
13:
2163:Physician shortage inside the U.S.
2051:National Resident Matching Program
1505:
1434:from the original on April 2, 2015
1363:from the original on April 2, 2015
814:in November 1978 to honor Flexner.
14:
2260:
2234:Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
2194:20th-century American biographers
1758:
1087:Abraham Flexner: An Autobiography
827:The American College: A Criticism
483:
248:The American College: A Criticism
239:in the United States and Canada.
2076:American Osteopathic Association
1610:10.1097/00001888-199802000-00014
1546:10.1097/00001888-198901000-00007
1387:. Oxford University Press. 1930.
1359:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1065:10.1097/00001888-199802000-00014
801:Faculty Development in Education
662:
650:, and other student activities.
517:Ironically, one of the schools,
334:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
320:
2229:Johns Hopkins University alumni
2204:20th-century American educators
1593:"Searching for Abraham Flexner"
1472:
1446:
1420:
1375:
1345:
1319:
1180:Beck, Andrew H. (May 5, 2004).
1048:"Searching for Abraham Flexner"
818:
673:needs additional citations for
496:In 1910, Flexner published the
374:Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch
154:
1938:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1912:International medical graduate
1511:Bonner, Thomas Neville, 2002.
1329:. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca.
1258:
1232:
1157:
1092:
884:1916 (with Frank P. Bachman).
865:"Is Social Work a Profession?"
1:
2244:Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
2239:Rockefeller Foundation people
1744:University of Wisconsin Press
1692:10.1080/00223980.1978.9923481
1628:South African Medical Journal
1515:. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
988:
929:Issue 179, pp. 544–552.
348:
38:
2036:American Medical Association
1886:Continuing medical education
1247:. p. 24. Archived from
812:Louisville Board of Aldermen
757:American Medical Association
600:Bamberger's department store
585:Institute for Advanced Study
571:Institute for Advanced Study
565:Institute for Advanced Study
275:
266:Institute for Advanced Study
217:Institute for Advanced Study
7:
963:
441:Louisville Male High School
402:and a former editor of the
10:
2265:
2209:American education writers
1854:Graduate medical education
1004:Brown, E. Richard (1980).
893:1918 (with F.B. Bachman).
755:The state branches of the
624:government. This included
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400:University of Pennsylvania
97:Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
2199:American male biographers
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1907:Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
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1680:The Journal of Psychology
1283:10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x
1109:. April 2010. p. 4.
833:November 9, 2019, at the
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644:intercollegiate athletics
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250:. His work attracted the
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1203:10.1001/jama.291.17.2139
470:Johns Hopkins University
409:
332:'s medical education at
303:Johns Hopkins University
281:Early life and education
201:Johns Hopkins University
106:Johns Hopkins University
2137:William Stewart Halsted
1738:Wheatley, S. C., 1989.
1706:Nevins, Michael, 2010.
1663:10.1001/jama.251.8.1079
1357:Encyclopædia Britannica
806:Abraham Flexner Way in
596:Caroline Bamberger Fuld
547:General Education Board
396:Louis Barkhouse Flexner
946:July 28, 2012, at the
939:. Simon and Schuster.
905:The Burden of Humanism
588:
543:Rockefeller Foundation
531:Rockefeller Foundation
515:
435:Experimental schooling
416:Falls Church, Virginia
387:Flexner grew up in an
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82:Falls Church, Virginia
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370:Anne Laziere Crawford
346:
205:Rockefeller Institute
143:Anne Laziere Crawford
1576:10.1093/jhmas/45.1.3
1398:Barzansky, Barbara;
1165:The American College
1153:on October 12, 2009.
976:James Thomas Flexner
682:improve this article
455:The American College
448:The American College
424:Louisville, Kentucky
315:University of Berlin
287:Louisville, Kentucky
285:Flexner was born in
244:Louisville, Kentucky
209:University of Berlin
119:University of Berlin
63:Louisville, Kentucky
2142:Andrew Taylor Still
1876:Board certification
1721:Starr, Paul, 1982.
1686:(1st Half): 131–7.
1254:on October 2, 2016.
1107:Library of Congress
868:Proceedings of the
808:downtown Louisville
559:Columbia University
525:Influence on Europe
478:Carnegie Foundation
466:Carnegie Foundation
464:, president of the
340:from 1901 to 1935.
252:Carnegie Foundation
2102:Specialty colleges
1933:Doctor of Medicine
1591:Bonner TN (1998).
1527:Bonner TN (1989).
648:student government
589:
537:New Lincoln School
420:Cave Hill Cemetery
355:
311:Harvard University
213:Harvard University
115:Harvard University
94:Cave Hill Cemetery
74:September 21, 1959
2249:Medical educators
2171:
2170:
2029:Regulatory bodies
1716:978-1-4502-6086-2
1597:Academic Medicine
1533:Academic Medicine
1484:meded.med.uky.edu
1353:"Abraham Flexner"
1197:(17): 2139–2140.
1163:Abraham Flexner,
1147:"Abraham Flexner"
1052:Academic Medicine
913:Oxford University
909:Taylorian Lecture
714:
713:
706:
359:Bryn Mawr College
262:medical education
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191:Medical education
177:Scientific career
52:November 13, 1866
16:American educator
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615:John von Neumann
555:Teachers College
414:Flexner died in
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237:higher education
187:Higher education
169:Louis B. Flexner
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1727:. Basic Books.
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1506:Further reading
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970:Charles Flexner
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954:A biography of
948:Wayback Machine
879:A Modern School
835:Wayback Machine
821:
771:
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626:Albert Einstein
594:and his sister
592:Louis Bamberger
587:on May 22, 1939
581:Albert Einstein
579:Left to right:
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462:Henry Pritchett
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389:Orthodox Jewish
382:Eleanor Flexner
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229:Abraham Flexner
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675:verification
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18:
2189:1959 deaths
2184:1866 births
1832:Pre-medical
1570:(1): 3–10.
1539:(1): 17–8.
506:germ theory
352: 1895
42: 1910
2178:Categories
1948:Comparison
1869:Fellowship
1859:Internship
1058:(2): 164.
989:References
741:physiology
611:Kurt Gödel
604:Felix Fuld
474:Ira Remsen
378:1901 novel
363:Louisville
307:psychology
56:1866-11-13
2111:Reformers
1881:Licensure
1864:Residency
1842:Clerkship
276:Biography
270:Princeton
165:Relatives
1895:Pathways
1494:July 23,
1488:Archived
1458:Archived
1438:April 1,
1432:Archived
1402:(1992).
1367:April 1,
1361:Archived
1331:Archived
1305:Archived
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1215:Archived
1211:15126445
1111:Archived
964:See also
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941:Fulltext
927:Harpers,
831:Archived
347:Flexner
299:classics
171:(nephew)
37:Flexner
2001:Level:
1926:Degrees
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233:medical
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1973:Step:
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907:. The
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863:1915.
855:1912.
847:1910.
839:1910.
824:1908.
769:Honors
654:Legacy
430:Career
183:Fields
137:Spouse
84:, U.S.
65:, U.S.
2090:Lists
1969:USMLE
1957:Exams
1252:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
1185:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
779:name.
410:Death
153:(
149:
1964:MCAT
1916:MBBS
1748:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1696:PMID
1667:PMID
1650:JAMA
1636:PMID
1615:PMID
1580:PMID
1551:PMID
1517:ISBN
1496:2021
1466:2020
1440:2015
1408:ISBN
1369:2015
1339:2012
1313:2012
1297:PMID
1226:2012
1207:PMID
1190:JAMA
1122:2017
1070:PMID
1010:ISBN
782:The
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743:and
717:The
622:Nazi
613:and
295:B.A.
235:and
71:Died
49:Born
2013:2PE
2008:2CE
1985:2CS
1980:2CK
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