Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

2097:"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have 3595:. As early as the 1850s, a time when most political rhetoric focused on the sanctity of the Constitution, Lincoln redirected emphasis to the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of American political values—what he called the "sheet anchor" of republicanism. The Declaration's emphasis on freedom and equality for all, in contrast to the Constitution's tolerance of slavery, shifted the debate. As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech of early 1860, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself." His position gained strength because he highlighted the moral basis of republicanism, rather than its legalisms. Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state. Burton (2008) argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated. 3300:

Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, and instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate spokesmen, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. However, the Confederacy's hope that cotton exports would compel European interference did not come to fruition, as Britain found alternative sources of cotton and experienced economic growth in industries that did not rely on cotton. Though the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately end the possibility of European intervention, it rallied European public opinion to the Union by adding abolition as a Union war goal. Any chance of a European intervention in the war ended with the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, as European leaders came to believe that the Confederate cause was doomed.

934:" from Pennsylvania who had been sympathetic to the South, to preside over the country until that time. President Buchanan declared that secession was illegal but denied that the government had any power to resist it. Lincoln had no official power to act while the secession crisis escalated. Nevertheless, Lincoln was barraged with advice. Many wanted him to provide reassurances to the South that its interests were not being threatened. Realizing that soothing words on the rights of slaveholders would alienate the Republican base, while taking a strong stand on the indestructibility of the Union would further inflame Southerners, Lincoln chose a policy of silence. He believed that, given enough time without any overt acts or threats to the South, Southern unionists would carry the day and bring their states back into the Union. At the suggestion of a Southern merchant who contacted him, Lincoln did make an indirect appeal to the South by providing material for Senator 2285:, which effectively neutralized the Confederate naval threat. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton, especially New Orleans, Mobile, and Charleston. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service. Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of few lives in combat. Practically, the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless (although it was sold to Union traders), costing the Confederacy its main source of income. Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well. The measure of the blockade's success was not the few ships that slipped through, but the thousands that never tried it. Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports. 1093: 1417:, Seward's chief political rival. Chase was the leader of the more radical faction of Republicans that sought to abolish slavery as quickly as possible. Seward, among others, opposed the selection of Chase because of both his strong antislavery record and his opposition to any type of settlement with the South that could be considered an appeasement of slaveholders. Chase surreptitiously sought the 1864 Republican nomination, and he frequently worked to undermine Lincoln's re-election, but Lincoln nonetheless retained Chase due to Chase's competence as Secretary of the Treasury and popularity among Radical Republicans. Chase offered his resignation in June 1864 due to a dispute over an appointment, and Lincoln, having just been renominated for president, accepted Chase's resignation. Lincoln replaced Chase with 1544: 2971:, the first having become law in the final months of Buchanan's tenure. These tariff acts raised import duties considerably compared to previous tariff rates, and they were designed to both raise revenue and protect domestic manufacturing against foreign competition. During the war, the tariff also helped manufacturers off-set the burden of new taxes. Compared to pre-war levels, the tariff would remain relatively high for the remainder of the 19th century. Throughout the war, members of Congress would debate whether to raise further revenue primarily through increased tariff rates, which most strongly affected rural areas in the West, or increased income taxes, which most strongly affected wealthier individuals in the Northeast. 1058:. As a result of the threat, the travel schedule was altered, tracks were closed to other traffic, and the telegraph wires even cut to heighten security. Lincoln and his entourage passed through Baltimore's waterfront at around 3 o'clock in the early morning of February 23, and arrived safely in the nation's capital a few hours later. The unannounced departure from the published schedule, along with the unconventional attire Lincoln wore to keep a low profile, led to critics and cartoonists accusing him of sneaking into Washington in disguise. Lincoln met with Buchanan and Congressional leaders shortly after arriving in Washington. He also worked to complete his cabinet, meeting with Republican Senators to obtain their feedback. 1126:

declared that secession was "the essence of anarchy" and it was his duty to "hold, occupy, and possess the property belonging to the government". Focusing on those within the South who were still on the fence regarding secession, Lincoln contrasted "persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union as it exists" versus "those, however, who really love the Union." In his closing remarks Lincoln spoke directly to the secessionists, and asserted that no state could secede from the Union "upon its own mere motion" and emphasized the moral commitment that he was undertaking to "preserve, protect, and defend" the laws of the land. He then concluded the address with a firm but conciliatory message:

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voting requirements should be determined by the states. He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists, reluctant secessionists, and forward-looking former Confederates. But time and again during the war, Lincoln, after initial opposition, had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans.... Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves.... It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage, along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death."

3414: 3142:, a Copperhead Democrat from Ohio, emerged as one of the most prominent critics of the war. General Ambrose Burnside arrested Vallandigham in May 1863 after the latter strongly criticized the draft and other wartime policies. A military commission subsequently sentenced Vallandigham to imprisonment until the end of the war, but Lincoln intervened to have Vallandigham released into Confederate territory. Ohio Democrats nonetheless nominated Vallandigham for governor in June 1863. Vallandigham's defeat in the 1863 election, along with Democratic electoral defeats elsewhere in 1863, represented a major victory for Lincoln and the Republicans as it signified public support for the war. 558: 2532: 3022:, which represented a compromise between those who favored a more progressive tax structure and those who favored a flat tax. The act established a five percent tax on incomes greater than $ 600, a ten percent tax on incomes above $ 10,000, and raised taxes on businesses. In early 1865, Congress passed another tax increase, levying a tax of ten percent on incomes above $ 5000. By the end of the war, the income tax constituted about one-fifth of the revenue of the federal government. The federal inheritance tax would remain in effect until its repeal in 1870, while the federal income tax would be repealed in 1872. 35: 1953: 187: 1410:

President-elect Hamlin, acting on Lincoln's behalf, offered the position to him. Seward had been deeply disappointed by his failure to win the 1860 Republican presidential nomination, but he agreed to serve as Lincoln's Secretary of State. By the end of 1862, Seward had emerged as the dominant figure in Lincoln's cabinet, though the Secretary of State's conservative policies on abolition and other issues alienated many within the Republican Party. Despite pressure from some congressional leaders to fire Seward, Lincoln retained his Secretary of State for the duration of his presidency.

3342:, spending hundreds of millions of pounds on them. They were staffed by sailors and officers on leave from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. Navy captured one of the fast blockade runners, it sold the ship and cargo as prize money for the American sailors, then released the crew. During the war, blockade runners delivered the Confederacy 60 percent of its weapons, 1/3 of the lead for its bullets, 3/4 of ingredients for its powder, and most of the cloth for its uniforms, lengthening the Civil War by two years and costing an additional 400,000 lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides. 1840: 3520: 2185: 2767:, he could, "as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion", emancipate the slaves in the states in rebellion. On July 22, 1862, Lincoln read to his cabinet a preliminary draft of a proclamation calling for emancipation of all slaves in the Confederacy. As the Union had suffered several defeats in the early part of the war, Seward convinced Lincoln to announce this emancipation plan after a significant Union victory so that it would not seem like a move of desperation. Lincoln waited two months until after the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam. 2901: 552: 2294: 2452: 1658: 2166:. He defined the war as an effort dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. The emancipation of slaves was now part of the national war effort. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end as a result of the losses, and the future of democracy in the world would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Lincoln concluded that the Civil War had a profound objective: a new birth of freedom in the nation. 1078: 2824: 1449:. Nonetheless, by Inauguration Day the competing factions realized that it was important to business interests that at least some Pennsylvanian be in Lincoln's cabinet, and Cameron was made Secretary of War. Historian William Gienapp believed that the final selection of Cameron for this soon-to-be-critical position was a clear indicator that Lincoln did not anticipate a civil war. Feeling that Cameron was not capable of handling the War Department, Lincoln tactfully removed Cameron in January 1862 by appointing him as the 3207:, ostensibly as the legitimate government of Virginia. In the following year, the people of West Virginia voted to secede from Virginia, and a new state constitution was written. Despite the opposition of some cabinet members who believed that the partition of Virginia posed constitutional issues, Lincoln supported the actions of West Virginia Unionists, and he signed a bill admitting West Virginia as a state. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Later, through its ruling in the 1871 case of 1745:. Fox presented a plan for a naval resupply and reinforcement of the fort. The plan had been approved by Scott during the last month of the previous administration, but Buchanan had rejected it. On March 15, Lincoln asked each cabinet member to provide a written answer to the question, "Assuming it to be possible to now provision Fort-Sumter, under all circumstances, is it wise to attempt it?" Only Blair gave his unconditional approval to the plan. No decision was reached, but Lincoln personally dispatched Fox, 780: 151: 2644: 1141: 2515: 881: 3026:

from contractors providing faulty goods to the Union army. During this time, any person who submitted a false claim would have to pay double the amount of the government's damages plus $ 2,000 per false claim. The False Claims Act has been amended several times with a notable amendment being made in 1986 when Congress strengthened the law, and it still remains a model of a successful whistleblower law that works to deter contractors from defrauding the government.

9643: 8966: 2929:, which gave Congress primary responsibility for writing the laws while the executive enforced them. Lincoln and Secretary of the Treasury Chase contributed to the drafting and passage of some legislation, but congressional leaders played the dominant role in formulating domestic policy outside of military affairs. Throughout his presidency, Lincoln vetoed only four bills passed by Congress; the only important one was the Wade-Davis Bill. 2779:, which were mostly under federal control at the time of the Proclamation. Despite these exemptions and the delayed effect of the proclamation, the Emancipation Proclamation added a second purpose of the war, making its goal ending slavery as well as restoring the Union. The Proclamation was well received by most Republicans, but many Democrats strongly disapproved, and the latter party won several victories in the 1862 midterm elections. 8978: 9653: 982: 1758:

non-committal, Cameron was not in attendance, and Seward and Smith opposed resupply. Later that day Lincoln gave Fox the order to begin assembling a squadron to reinforce Fort Sumter. Lincoln's policy of re-supplying Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens was designed to deny the right of secession without resorting to violence, which he hoped would allow the administration maintain support among both Northerners and Southern Unionists.

1998: 2154:, the Battle of Gettysburg is often referred to as a turning point in the war. Though the battle ended with a Confederate retreat, Lincoln was dismayed that Meade had failed to destroy Lee's army. Feeling that Meade was a competent commander despite his failure to pursue Lee, Lincoln allowed Meade to remain in command of the Army of the Potomac. The Eastern Theater would be locked in a stalemate for the remainder of 1863. 1741:, the army's chief engineer, said that simply reinforcing the fort was not possible, although Secretary of the Navy Welles disagreed. Scott advised Lincoln that it would take a large fleet, 25,000 troops, and several months of training in order to defend the fort. On March 13, Postmaster General Blair, the strongest proponent in the cabinet for standing firm at Fort Sumter, introduced Lincoln to his brother-in-law, 2386:, effectively destroying Hood's army. Lincoln authorized the Union army to target the Confederate infrastructure—such as plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to shatter the South's morale and weaken its economic ability to continue fighting. Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched east with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his " 1110:, who advised Lincoln to omit the phrase "to reclaim the public property and places which have fallen". He also asked his former rival (and Secretary of State-designate) William Seward to review it. Seward exercised his due diligence by presenting Lincoln with a six-page analysis of the speech in which he offered some 49 suggested changes, of which the president-elect incorporated 27 into the final draft. 2796:, implemented a labor system in which free blacks worked as laborers on white-owned plantations. This model, which paid blacks wages but also represented a continuation of plantation agriculture, was adopted throughout much of the occupied South. Banks also presided over the ratification of a new state constitution that banned slavery, but did not guarantee free blacks the right to vote. 2731:, which authorized court proceedings to confiscate the slaves of anyone who participated in or aided the Confederate war effort. The act however, did not specify whether the slaves were free. In April 1862, Lincoln signed a law abolishing slavery in Washington, D.C., and, in June, he signed a law abolishing slavery in all federal territories. The following month, Lincoln signed the 957:, a Republican on the special House committee, saying that Kellogg should "entertain no proposition for a compromise in regard to the extension of slavery. The instant you do, they have us under again; all our labor is lost, and sooner or later must be done over. Douglas is sure to be again trying to bring in his . Have none of it. The tug has to come & better now than later." 1881:, which provided access to key rivers and served as a gateway to Tennessee and the Midwest. Hoping to avoid upsetting the delicate balance in the state, Lincoln publicly ordered military leaders to respect Kentucky's declared neutrality, but quietly provided support to Kentucky Unionists. The Confederates were the first to violate this neutrality, seizing control of the town of 2324:

spare this man. He fights." In March 1864, Grant was summoned to Washington to succeed Halleck as general-in-chief, while Halleck took on the role of chief-of-staff. Meade remained in formal command of the Army of the Potomac, but Grant would travel with the Army of the Potomac and direct its actions. Lincoln also obtained Congress's consent to reinstate for Grant the rank of

3390:. In October 1862, fearing that a re-unified United States would threaten his restored French empire, Napoleon III proposed an armistice and joint mediation of the American Civil War by France, Britain, and Russia. However, this proposal was declined by the other European powers, who feared alienating the North. Napoleon's bellicose stance towards Russia in the 1863 3395:

Maximilian's rule grew. With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the U.S. increased pressure on France to withdraw from Mexico, and the French presence in the Western hemisphere would be a major foreign policy issue for Lincoln's successor. In 1866, France withdrew its forces from Mexico, and Maximilian was captured by republican forces and executed in 1867.

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Proclamation, declaring free the slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion. The proclamation did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slaveholding border states that had remained in the Union; nor did it apply to Tennessee or West Virginia, both of which were largely under the control of Union forces. Also specifically exempted were

1937:, instead proposing a strike against Virginia which would end the war with one climactic battle. After Scott retired in late 1861, Lincoln appointed McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies. McClellan, a young West Point graduate, railroad executive, and Pennsylvania Democrat, took several months to plan and attempt his 2836:

Lincoln's reconstituted Southern governments. Disagreements within Congress prevented the passage of any Reconstruction bill or the recognition of governments in Arkansas and Louisiana. As the war came to a close, Lincoln indicated an openness to some of the proposals of the Radical Republicans, and he signed a bill creating the

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professional officers resisted civilian control, while many state militias sought to act autonomously. Knowing that success in the war required the support of local officials in mobilizing soldiers, Lincoln used patronage powers and personal diplomacy to ensure that Northern leaders remained devoted to the war effort.

2601:. Due to the city's important location, the fall of Petersburg would likely lead to the fall of Richmond, but Grant feared that Lee would decide to move South and link up with other Confederate armies. In March 1865, with the fall of Petersburg appearing imminent, Lee sought to break through the Union lines at the 2566:, a personal friend of both Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, unsuccessfully encouraged Lincoln to make a diplomatic visit to Richmond. Blair had advocated to Lincoln that the war could be brought to a close by having the two opposing sections of the nation stand down in their conflict, and reunite on grounds of the 1406:

Republican nomination. He did not shy away from surrounding himself with strong-minded men, even those whose credentials for office appeared to be much more impressive than his own. Though the cabinet appointees held different views on economic issues, all opposed the extension of slavery into the territories.

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majorities in both houses of Congress, Lincoln believed that he could permanently end the institution of slavery in the United States. Though he had largely avoided becoming involved in congressional legislative processes, Lincoln gave the ratification struggle his full attention. Rather than waiting for the

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support for Chase backfired as they generated a groundswell of support for Lincoln's re-nomination, and Chase announced in early 1864 that he was not a candidate for the presidential nomination. After Chase decided not to run, anti-slavery activists cast about for a new candidate. In May 1864, a group led by

2485:, Frederick Douglass, and Charles Sumner, decided to support Lincoln over Frémont, as they believed that Frémont's candidacy would ultimately help Democrats more than the abolitionist cause. Frémont himself eventually endorsed this view, and he withdrew from the race in favor of Lincoln in September 1864. 2855:

Unlike Sumner and other Radicals, Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation. He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land. He believed, as most Republicans did in April 1865, that the

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and journalists like Horace Greeley. The same month that Lincoln signed the Second Confiscation Act, he also privately decided that he would pursue emancipation as a war goal. Although, before the war, Lincoln accepted the consensus that the federal government did not have the power to interfere with

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Confederate leaders hoped that a McClellan victory would lead to the beginning of peace negotiations, potentially leaving an independent Confederacy in place. The Republicans mobilized support against the Democratic platform, calling it "The Great Surrender to the Rebels in Arms." Lincoln won a major

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met at the end of August, nominating General George McClellan as its presidential candidate. The divided Democrats adopted a platform calling for peace with the Confederacy, but McClellan himself favored continuing the war. McClellan agonized over accepting the nomination, but after the Union victory

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Lincoln's re-election prospects grew brighter after the Union Navy seized Mobile Bay in late August and General Sherman captured Atlanta a few weeks later. These victories relieved Republicans' defeatist anxieties, energized the Union-Republican alliance, and helped to restore popular support for the

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of the impending re-supply of the fort. The message was delivered to Governor Pickens on April 8. The information was telegraphed that night to Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond. The Confederate cabinet was already meeting to discuss the Sumter crisis, and on April 10 Davis decided to

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of Indiana, a former Whig representing the same type of Midwestern constituency as Lincoln. His critics faulted him for some of his railroad ventures, accused him of being a Doughface, and questioned his intellectual capacity for a high government position. In the end, Smith's selection for Secretary

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We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth-stone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the

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Goodwin (2005), p. xvi; Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 719–720. Goodwin writes, "Every member of this administration was better known, better educated, and more experienced in public life than Lincoln." Burlingame quotes Lincoln as saying, after he was advised not to select someone to a cabinet post

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conducted since the 1940s, Lincoln is consistently ranked in the top three, often as the greatest president of the United States. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after Washington. In presidential

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to Britain while Britain exported manufactured items and munitions. British trade with the Confederacy was limited, with a trickle of cotton going to Britain and hundreds of thousands of munitions slipped in by numerous small blockade runners. The British textile industry depended on cotton from the

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in June 1864. The Confederacy lacked reinforcements, so Lee's army shrank with every costly battle. Lincoln and the Republican Party mobilized support for the draft throughout the North and replaced the Union losses. As Grant continued to wear down Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. After

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In November 1863, Lincoln was invited to Gettysburg to dedicate the first national cemetery and honor the soldiers who had fallen. His Gettysburg Address became a core statement of American political values. Defying Lincoln's prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say

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to provide oversight of military operations. Throughout the war, the committee would investigate generals deemed incompetent or insufficiently aggressive. Aside from the committee's activities, Congress would generally defer to Lincoln's leadership throughout the war. A group of congressmen known as

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On February 11, 1861, Lincoln boarded a special train that over the course of the next two weeks would take him to the nation's capital. Lincoln spoke several times each day during the train trip. While his speeches were mostly extemporaneous, his message was consistent: he had no hostile intentions

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and prohibit it in territories north of that latitude, with newly admitted states deciding on the status of slavery within their borders. Congress would be forbidden from abolishing slavery in any state (or the District of Columbia) or interfering with the domestic slave trade. Despite pressure from

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Holzer (2008) p. 69; Gienapp (2002) pp. 74–75; Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 p. 702. Burlingame writes, "Lincoln's unwillingness to make a public declaration may have been a mistake. Such a document might have allayed fears in the Upper South and Border States and predisposed them to remain in the Union

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South, but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics. With the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, the Civil War became a war against slavery that most British supported.

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In the aftermath of the attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and began to imprison suspected Confederate sympathizers. In 1861, Seward set up a special office in the State Department designed to monitor internal security, and the federal government and local police officers worked

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to oversee "national banks," which would be subject to federal, rather than state, regulation. In return for investing a third of their capital in federal bonds, these national banks were authorized to issue federal banknotes. After Congress imposed a tax on private banknotes in March 1865, federal

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in U.S. history. The act created a flat tax of three percent on incomes above $ 800 ($ 27,100 in current dollar terms). This taxation of income reflected the increasing amount of wealth held in stocks and bonds rather than property, which the federal government had taxed in the past. As the average

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After the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln and Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase faced the challenge of funding the war. Congress quickly approved Lincoln's request to assemble a 500,000-man army, but initially resisted raising taxes to pay for the war. After the Union defeat at the First Battle

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nominated Lincoln for president. Though Hamlin hoped to be re-nominated as vice president, the convention instead nominated Andrew Johnson, the military governor of Tennessee. Lincoln had refused to weigh in on his preferred running mate, and the convention chose to nominate Johnson, a Southern War

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Grant was one of the few senior generals that Lincoln did not know personally, and the president was not able to visit the Western Theater of the war. Nonetheless, Lincoln came to appreciate the battlefield exploits of Grant. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't

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on January 1, 1863, which he did. Following the battle, McClellan resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's retreating and exposed army. The mid-term elections in 1862 brought the Republicans severe losses due to sharp disfavor with the administration over its failure to deliver a speedy

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Lincoln believed that Southern threats of secession were mostly bluster and that the sectional crisis would be defused, as it had in 1820 and 1850. However, many Southerners were convinced that assenting to Lincoln's presidency and the restriction of slavery in the territories would ultimately lead

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and most of the remaining counties in the North, but he won just two of the 996 Southern counties. Nationwide, Lincoln took 39.8 percent of the popular vote, while Douglas won 29.5 percent of the popular vote, Breckenridge won 18.1 percent, and Bell won 12.6 percent. 82.2 percent of eligible voters

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met in April 1860, but adjourned after failing to agree on a candidate. A second convention met in June and nominated Stephen Douglas as the presidential nominee, but several pro-slavery Southern delegations refused to support Douglas, as they demanded a strongly pro-slavery nominee. These Southern

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to also kill Secretary of State Seward and Vice President Johnson. They hoped to revive the Confederate cause by creating chaos through destabilizing the federal government. Although Booth succeeded in killing Lincoln, the larger plot failed. Seward was attacked, but recovered from his wounds, and

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Although they remained out of the war, the European powers, especially France and Britain, factored into the American Civil War in various ways. European leaders saw the division of the United States as having the potential to eliminate, or at least greatly weaken, a growing rival. They looked for

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in the United States. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. Before Lincoln's presidency, Thanksgiving, while a regional holiday in New England since the 17th century, had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on

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This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground

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in December. Not only had Burnside been defeated on the battlefield, but his soldiers were disgruntled and undisciplined. Desertions during 1863 were in the thousands and they increased after Fredericksburg. The defeat also amplified the criticisms of Radical Republicans such as Lyman Trumbull and

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In January 1862, Lincoln, frustrated by months of inaction, ordered McClellan to begin the offensive by the end of February. When McClellan still failed to launch his attack, members of Congress urged Lincoln to replace McClellan with McDowell or Frémont, but Lincoln decided to retain McClellan as

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On April 15, following the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln declared that a state of rebellion existed and called up a force of seventy-five thousand state militiamen to serve three-month terms. While Northern states rallied to the request, border states such as Missouri refused to provide soldiers.

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Lincoln also took action against rampant fraud during the civil war, by enacting the False Claims Act in 1863. This law, also known as the "Lincoln Law," made it possible for private citizens to file false claims qui tam lawsuits on behalf of the U.S. government and also protect the US government

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on election night. In an effort to create a cabinet that would unite the Republican Party, Lincoln attempted to reach out to every faction of his party, with a special emphasis on balancing former Whigs with former Democrats. Lincoln's eventual cabinet would include all of his main rivals for the

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Lincoln's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion. The European aristocracy (the dominant class in every major country) was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed."

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As the war continued, many in the North came to resist the sacrifices required by the war, and recruiting declined. After state and local efforts failed to furnish the troops necessary for the war, Congress instituted a draft through passage of the March 1863 Enrollment Act. The conscription act

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to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment as soon as possible. After an extensive lobbying campaign by Lincoln and Seward, the House narrowly cleared the two-thirds threshold in a 119–56 vote. The Thirteenth Amendment was sent to the states for ratification, and Secretary of State Seward proclaimed its

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As Southern states were subdued, critical decisions had to be made as to the leadership and policies of these states. Louisiana, which had a larger slave population than other Confederate states occupied early in the war, became the center of discussion regarding Reconstruction under Lincoln and

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Throughout the first year and a half of his presidency, Lincoln made it clear that the North was fighting the war to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. Though unwilling to publicly declare the abolition of slavery as a war goal, Lincoln considered various plans that would provide for the

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led a covert campaign for Chase's nomination. Much of the support for Chase came from abolitionists who were frustrated by Lincoln's unwillingness to push for the immediate end of slavery and his willingness to work with conservative Unionist leaders in the South. Pomeroy's attempts to galvanize

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On March 28, Scott recommended that both Pickens and Sumter be abandoned, basing his decision more on political than military grounds. The next day a deeply agitated Lincoln presented Scott's proposal to the cabinet. Blair was now joined by Welles and Chase in supporting reinforcement. Bates was

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took part in the contentious election, the second highest turnout in U.S. history. Despite Republican success in the presidential election, the party failed to win a majority in either house of Congress, although after the Southern states seceded, Lincoln governed with a majority in both houses.

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divided the powers and greatly diminished any chance of a joint European intervention. The United States refused to recognize Maximilian's government and threatened to drive France out of the country by force, but it did not become directly involved in the conflict even as Mexican resistance to

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the military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for the Republicans in the rural areas of New England and the upper Midwest, but it lost votes in the cities and the lower Midwest. After the 1862 mid-term elections,

1897:

to ensure Union control of the area, but Frémont alienated many in the state by declaring martial law and issuing a proclamation freeing slaves that belonged to rebels. Lincoln removed Frémont and reversed the order, but Missouri emerged as the most problematic of the border states for Lincoln.

1125:

and spoke favorably about a pending constitutional amendment that would preserve slavery in the states where it currently existed. He also assured the states that had already seceded that the federal government would not "assail" (violently attack) them. After these assurances, however, Lincoln

3553:

The successful reunification of the states had consequences for the name of the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used, sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular, without any particular grammatical consistency. The Civil War was a

2835:

Even as they cooperated on most other issues, Lincoln and congressional Republicans continued to clash over Reconstruction policies after the 1864 election. Many in Congress sought far-reaching reforms to Southern society that went beyond the abolition of slavery, and they refused to recognize

2770:

Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, five days after the Battle of Antietam. It provided that, in any states in rebellion on January 1, 1863, the slaves would be free. Lincoln kept his promise, and, on January 1, 1863, he issued the Final Emancipation

1816:

to curry favor with various groups, especially Democrats. On its return in July 1861, Congress supported Lincoln's war proposals, providing appropriations for the expansion of the army to 500,000 men. Organizing the army would prove to be a challenge for Lincoln and the War Department, as many

1021:

in the nation's capital. The convention submitted to Congress a seven-point constitutional amendment proposal similar in content to the earlier Crittenden Compromise. The proposal was rejected by the Senate and never considered by the House. The second effort was a "never-never" constitutional

3017:

Despite these new measures, funding the war continued to be a difficult struggle for Chase and the Lincoln administration. The government continued to issue greenbacks and borrow large amounts of money, and the United States national debt grew from $ 65 million in 1860 to $ 2 billion in 1866.

2876:

in 1864, Lincoln told the party that he would seek to ratify a constitutional amendment that would abolish slavery in the United States. After winning re-election, Lincoln made ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment (as it would become known) a top priority. With the aid of large Republican

876:

for president. Breckinridge and Bell would primarily contest the South, while Lincoln and Douglas would compete for votes in the North. Republicans were confident after these party conventions, with Lincoln predicting that the fractured Democrats stood little chance of winning the election.

2268:

In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late.

3114:

Chief Justice Taney asserted that only Congress had the right to suspend habeas corpus. In a message to Congress delivered in July 1861, Lincoln responded by arguing that his actions had been constitutional and necessary given the threat posed by the Confederacy. Congress later passed the

1775:

Lincoln also called Congress into a special session to begin in July. Though an in-session Congress could potentially affect his freedom of action, Lincoln needed Congress to authorize funds to fight the war. On the advice of Winfield Scott, Lincoln asked a political ally to offer General

1812:(Peace Democrats) advocated peace with the Confederacy. From the start, it was clear that bipartisan support would be essential to success in the war effort, and any action, such as the appointment of generals, could alienate factions on both sides of the aisle. Lincoln appointed several 2808:, Lincoln sought to find a middle ground, calling for the emancipation of Confederate slaves and the re-integration of Southern states once ten percent of voters in a state took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to respect emancipation. Radical Republicans countered with the 2940:, which had previously held the record for most public acts passed. The 38th Congress, meeting from 1863 to 1865, passed 411 public acts. Many of these bills were designed to raise revenue for funding the war, as federal expenses increased seven-fold in the first year of the Civil War. 1409:

The first cabinet position filled was that of Secretary of State. It was tradition for the president-elect to offer this, the most senior cabinet post, to the leading (best-known and most popular) person of his political party. William Seward was that man and in mid-December 1860, Vice

3263:

in late 1861 to make sure there was no escalation into a war with Britain. Seward's main role was to keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy. He was successful after indicating to London and Paris that Washington would declare war on them if they supported Richmond.

1981:

commander of Army of the Potomac over either potential replacement. He did, however, remove McClellan as general-in-chief of the army in May, leaving the office vacant. McClellan moved against Confederate forces in March, and the Army of Potomac fought the bloody-but-inconclusive

836:, Lincoln finished second to Seward, but Seward was unable to clinch the nomination. Ignoring Lincoln's strong dictate to "make no contracts that bind me", his managers maneuvered to win Lincoln's nomination on the third ballot of the convention. Delegates then nominated Senator 2459:

With Democratic gains in the 1862 and 1863 midterm elections, Lincoln felt increasing pressure to finish the war before the end of his term in early 1865. Hoping to rally unionists of both parties, Lincoln urged Republican leaders to adopt a new label for the 1864 election: the

2138:

in June 1863. Lee hoped that Confederate victories in the offensive would empower Lincoln's political opponents and convince the North that the Union could not win the war. After Hooker failed to stop Lee in the early stages of his advance, Lincoln replaced Hooker with General

2504:

told the president directly that his "re-election was an impossibility." Acknowledging this, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that, if he should lose the election, he would nonetheless defeat the Confederacy by an all-out military effort before turning over the White House:

2871:

In December 1863, a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery was introduced in Congress; though the Senate voted for the amendment with the necessary two-thirds majority, the amendment did not receive sufficient support in the House. On accepting the

2544:

was the largest that any presidential candidate had won since Andrew Jackson's 1832 re-election. Republican victories extended to other races, as the party gained dominant majorities in both houses of Congress and Republicans won nearly all of the gubernatorial races.

2749:

Union victories in 1861 and 1862 secured the border states, which in turn freed Lincoln's hand to pursue more aggressive anti-slavery policies. Additionally, many Northerners came to support abolition during the war due to the influence of religious leaders like

748:

Following his death, Lincoln was portrayed as the liberator of the slaves, the savior of the Union, and a martyr for the cause of freedom. Political historians have long held Lincoln in high regard for his accomplishments and personal characteristics. Alongside

1105:

Lincoln, aware that his inaugural address would be delivered in an atmosphere filled with fear and anxiety, and amid an unstable political landscape, sought guidance from colleagues and friends as he prepared it. Among those whose counsel Lincoln sought was

1440:

as the Secretary of War. Cameron was one of the most influential public leaders in the crucial political state of Pennsylvania, but he was also alleged to be one of the most corrupt. He was opposed within his own state by the faction led by Governor-elect

2840:. Established as a temporary institution, the Freedmen's Bureau was designed to provide food and other supplies to free blacks in the South, and was also authorized to grant confiscated land to former slaves. Lincoln did not take a definitive stand on 2355:. Even though they had the advantage of fighting on the defensive, the Confederate forces had a similarly high level of casualties. The high casualty figures alarmed many in the North, but, despite the heavy losses, Lincoln continued to support Grant. 3275:

to support the Union, while the other European powers had varying degrees of sympathy for the Confederacy. Washington's policy was a success: all foreign nations were officially neutral throughout the Civil War, and none recognized the Confederacy.

2924:

domestic manufacturing against foreign competition. With the secession of several Southern states, the Republicans dominated both houses of Congress and were free to implement the party's economic agenda. Lincoln adhered to the Whig understanding of

2029:

to replace McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, but Burnside, who was close friends with McClellan, declined the post. Pope's forces moved South towards Richmond, and in late August, the Army of Virginia met the Confederate army in the

1872:

remained a critical part of the Union. Lincoln continued to suppress Southern sympathizers in the state, but historian Ronald White also notes Lincoln's forbearance in refusing to take harsher measures. Maryland's election of Unionist Governor

2886:

adoption on December 18, 1865. With the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, some abolitionist leaders viewed their work as complete, though Frederick Douglass believed that "slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot."

3051:

in May 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost. Under the act, settlers would be granted 160 acres of public land if they invested five years into developing the land. The

1973:

the Radical Republicans often became frustrated with Lincoln's conduct of the war and reluctance to immediately push abolition, but Lincoln was able to maintain good relations with many of the Radical Republican leaders, including Senator

3544:

2008, C-SPAN 2009 and C-SPAN 2017. Generally, the top three presidents are rated as 1. Lincoln; 2. George Washington; and 3. Franklin D. Roosevelt, although Lincoln and Washington, and Washington and Roosevelt, are occasionally reversed.

1796:

from prison. While Lincoln struggled to maintain order in Maryland and other border states, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee all seceded from the Union. North Carolina was the last state to secede, doing so on May 20.

1766:

demand the surrender of the fort and bombard it if the demand was refused. An attack on the fort was initiated on April 12, and the fort surrendered the next day. The relief expedition sent by the Union arrived too late to intervene.

2617:, who was positioned in North Carolina, while Grant sought to force the surrender of Lee's army. On April 5, Lincoln visited the vanquished Confederate capital. As he walked through the city, white Southerners were stone-faced, but 11509: 11504: 3123:

included various exemptions and allowed potential draftees to pay for substitutes, but it nonetheless proved unpopular in many communities and among many state and local leaders. Opposition to the draft was especially strong among

2803:

sought the withdrawal of the Emancipation Proclamation and amnesty for the Confederates. By contrast, Radical Republicans like Sumner argued that rebel Southerners had lost all rights by attempting to secede from the Union. In his

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of July 1863 saw mobs attack soldiers, policemen, and African Americans, and was only subdued after Lincoln diverted soldiers from the Gettysburg Campaign. Rejecting calls to institute martial law in the city, Lincoln appointed

1753:

to South Carolina to assess the situation. The recommendations that came back were that reinforcement was both necessary, since secessionist feeling ran high and threatened the fort, and feasible, despite Anderson's misgivings.

2998:, but rather by the promise of the United States government to honor their value. By the end of the war, $ 450 million worth of greenbacks were in circulation. Congress also passed the Revenue Act of 1862, which established an 3202:

while Lincoln was in office. The first, West Virginia, had been part of Virginia before the start of the American Civil War. In the June 1861 Wheeling Convention, delegates from several counties in western Virginia formed the

2705:

I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was".... My paramount object in this struggle

1619:

died in 1864, Lincoln appointed former Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase to the position of Chief Justice. Lincoln's appointments gave Northern Unionists a majority on the Court. Lincoln also appointed 27 judges to the

953:, and the domestic slave trade. However he made it clear that he was unalterably opposed to anything which would allow the expansion of slavery into any new states or territories. On December 6, Lincoln wrote to Congressman 2264:

in November, driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee. The capture of Chattanooga left Georgia vulnerable to attack, raising the possibility of a Union march to the Atlantic Ocean, which would divide the Confederacy.

973:

Seward, Lincoln refused to support the compromise. Still opposed to the expansion of slavery into the territories, Lincoln privately asked Republican Senators to oppose the compromise, and it failed to pass Congress.

672:

Lincoln was called on to handle both the political and military aspects of the Civil War, facing challenges in both spheres. As commander-in-chief, he ordered the suspension of the constitutionally-protected right to

665:. After being sworn in as president, Lincoln refused to accept any resolution that would result in Southern secession from the Union. The Civil War began weeks into Lincoln's presidency with the Confederate attack on 1867:

of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would join the Confederacy. Of these four states, Lincoln was least concerned about Delaware, which had a proportionally large pro-Union population. Due to its location,

1779:

command of the Union forces, but Lee chose to serve the Confederacy. Union soldiers in Southern states burned federal facilities to prevent Southern forces from taking control of them, while Confederate sympathizers

815:

of New York had, Lincoln believed that he could emerge as the Republican presidential nominee at the convention after multiple ballots. Lincoln spent much of 1859 and 1860 building support for his candidacy, and his

2143:. Lee led his army into Pennsylvania, and was followed by Meade's Army of the Potomac. While many in the North fretted over Lee's advance, Lincoln saw the offensive as an opportunity to destroy a Confederate army. 7779:

Volume Two concentrates on Lincoln the person - his conversation, his personality, his daily tasks, his marriage, his sense of humour - and covers his life from the period of the Emancipation Proclamation to his

3056:, also enacted in 1862, provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The law gave each member of Congress 30,000 acres of public land to sell, with proceeds funding the establishment of 2816:" indicating that they had never and never would support a rebellion against the United States. As the Wade–Davis Bill interfered with Lincoln's plans for the readmission of Louisiana and Arkansas, Lincoln 3258:

as Secretary of State, and left most diplomatic issues in his portfolio. However, Lincoln did select some of the top diplomats as part of his patronage policy. He also closely watched the handling of the

2594:—to discuss terms to end the war. Lincoln refused to allow any negotiation with the Confederacy as a coequal; his sole objective was an agreement to end the fighting and the meetings produced no results. 1701:

By the time Lincoln assumed office seven states had declared their secession and had seized federal property within their bounds, but the United States retained control of major military installations at

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As the Civil War continued, freeing the slaves became an important wartime measure for weakening the rebellion by destroying the economic base of its leadership class. In August 1861, Lincoln signed the

3314:

Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy, but public opinion tended to favor the United States. Large scale trade continued in both directions with the United States, with the Americans

3046:

Many of the bills passed by the 37th and 38th Congress were designed at least in part to pay for the war, but other bills instituted long-term reforms in areas unrelated to revenue. Congress passed the

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Johnson's would-be assassin fled Washington upon losing his nerve. With the failure of the plot to assassinate Johnson, Johnson succeeded Lincoln, becoming the 17th President of the United States.

3172:

who were accused of killing innocent farmers, Lincoln conducted his own personal review of each of these warrants, eventually approving 39 for execution (one was later reprieved). In his final two

2697:. Abolitionists criticized Lincoln for his slowness in moving from his initial position of non-interference with slavery to one of emancipation. In an August 1862 letter to anti-slavery journalist 697:

recognized the legal freedom of the 3.5 million slaves then held in Confederate territory and established emancipation as a Union war goal. In 1865, Lincoln was instrumental in the passage of the

6752: 1457:, a staunchly Unionist pro-business conservative Democrat who moved toward the Radical Republican faction. Stanton worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official. 1520:

of the Interior had much to do with his campaign efforts on behalf of Lincoln and their friendship. Smith would serve less than two years before resigning due to poor health. He was replaced by

2130:. Despite possessing a larger army, the Union suffered another major loss at Chancellorsville, though the Confederates also suffered a high number of casualties, including the death of General 949:

formed special committees to address the unfolding crisis. Lincoln communicated with various Congressmen that there was room for negotiation on issues such as fugitive slaves, slavery in the

1121:. He opened by attempting to reassure the South that he had no intention or constitutional authority to interfere with slavery in states where it already existed. He promised to enforce the 12160: 3536:

ranking polls conducted in the United States since 1948, Lincoln has been rated at the very top in the majority of polls: Schlesinger 1948, Schlesinger 1962, 1982 Murray Blessing Survey,

1054:

to investigate reports that secessionists might try to sabotage the railroad along the route. In conducting his investigation Pinkerton obtained information that indicated to him that an

3180:

and federal Indian policy. However, as the war to preserve the Union was Lincoln's primary concern, he simply allowed the system to function unchanged for the balance of his presidency.

2578:. Though wary of peace efforts which could threaten his goal of emancipation, Lincoln did eventually agree to meet with the Confederates. On February 3, 1865, Lincoln and Seward held a 2541: 1145: 3562:, which were ratified after Lincoln's death but were made possible by the Civil War, changed the nature of the Constitution. The Union victory and the subsequent Supreme Court case of 5459: 2158:

here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, following ratification of the

2974:

The revenue measures of 1861 proved inadequate for the funding of the war, forcing Congress to pass further bills designed to generate revenue. In February 1862, Congress passed the

758: 5222: 3267:

The U.S. and the CSA both recognized the vital importance of foreign powers, as a European intervention could greatly aid the Confederate cause, much as French intervention in the

926:

Following Lincoln's victory, all the slave states began to consider secession. Lincoln was not scheduled to take office until March 4, 1861, leaving incumbent Democratic President

1969: 1726: 2689:

eventual abolition of slavery and explored the idea of compensated emancipation, including one proposal that would have seen all Delaware slaves freed by 1872. He also met with

2034:, which was another major Union defeat. Following the battle, Lincoln turned to McClellan again, placing him in command of the Army of Virginia as well as the Army of Potomac. 1949:

and then overland to the Confederate capital. McClellan's repeated delays frustrated Lincoln and Congress, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington.

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boosted Union morale, breaking the pessimism that had set in throughout 1864. Hood's forces left the Atlanta area to menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the

2188:

Despite several defeats in the Eastern Theater, the Union experienced success in the Western Theater, taking control of Tennessee and the Mississippi River by the end of 1863.

840:

from Maine for vice president. The party platform opposed the extension of slavery into the territories but pledged not to interfere with it in the states. It also endorsed a

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amendment on slavery, that would shield domestic institutions of the states from Congressional interference and from future constitutional amendments. Commonly known as the

2831:. The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended." 2621:

greeted him as a hero, with one admirer remarking, "I know I am free for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him". On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at

5876: 10886: 9748: 8525: 3982: 3119:, which provided congressional authorization to the president to suspend habeas corpus and placed limits on the administration's ability to indefinitely hold prisoners. 6262: 9689: 8722: 3232:. Nebraska's constitutional convention voted against statehood, while voters in Colorado rejected the proposed state constitution, so of those three territories, only 2101:— that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 2394:, Georgia in December 1864. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman turned North through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Lee's army from the south. 2926: 1552: 2625:

and the war was effectively over. Following Lee's surrender, other rebel armies soon did as well, and there was no subsequent guerrilla warfare as had been feared.

11519: 11514: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 8058: 8299: 6295: 681:

in order to suppress Confederate sympathizers. He also became the first president to institute a military draft. As the Union faced several early defeats in the

3378:

of France sought to re-establish a French empire in North America, with Mexico at the center of an empire that he hoped would eventually include a canal across

2497:

of the Confederacy, and also endorsed open immigration policies, the construction of a transcontinental railroad, and the establishment of a national currency.

8006: 3532: 2866: 698: 334: 5529:

Freedom: a documentary history of emancipation 1861–1867: selected from the holdings of the National Archives of the United States. The destruction of slavery

3010:

structure to the federal income tax, implementing a tax of five percent on incomes above $ 10,000. To collect these taxes, Congress created the Office of the

2756: 2500:

By August, Republicans across the country were experiencing feelings of extreme anxiety, fearing that Lincoln would be defeated. The outlook was so grim that

5561: 4124:

that was "a great deal bigger" than Lincoln, "Well, do you know of any other men who think they are bigger than I am? I want to put them all in my cabinet."

3296:. However, many in Europe also hoped for a quick end to the civil war, for both humanitarian purposes and due to the economic disruption caused by the war. 12180: 7567: 2421:

is said to have shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!", but this is commonly regarded as apocryphal. Afterward, Grant created the

2336:. Lincoln strongly approved of Grant's new strategy, which focused on the destruction of Confederate armies rather than the capture of Confederate cities. 912: 7984: 12114: 8250: 8217: 8142: 8083: 7875: 1533: 257: 6742: 3360:, in which the United States finally was given $ 15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by British-built warships. 2273:" was dead, as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton. The Confederate Navy briefly challenged Union naval supremacy by building an 12175: 8727: 2417:, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed position; at one point during the skirmish Captain 1013:

In February 1861, two final political efforts were made to preserve the Union. The first was made by a group of 131 delegates sent by 21 states to a

2045:

in September 1862. The ensuing Union victory was among the bloodiest in American history, but it enabled Lincoln to announce that he would issue an

11901: 11894: 9558: 582: 12104: 11984: 9764: 9711: 9568: 9277: 8471: 3075:

In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as

2949: 2912:

In the decades prior to the Civil War, Southern congressmen had blocked the passage of various economic proposals, including federal funding for

2622: 2332:. Grant ordered Meade to destroy Lee's army, while he ordered General Sherman, now in command of Union forces in the Western Theater, to capture 1047: 9257: 1098:

Headlines on the day of Lincoln's inauguration portended hostilities with the Confederacy, Fort Sumter being attacked less than six weeks later.

11853: 9682: 9533: 8513: 5975: 2812:, a Reconstruction plan that included protections for the rights of freed African Americans and required fifty percent of voters to swear the " 1985:

at the end of May. Following the battle, Robert E. Lee took command of Confederate forces in Virginia, and he led his forces to victory in the

17: 3777:

when hostilities broke out. But it might also have wrecked the Republican coalition and doomed his administration to failure before it began."

2464:. By the end of 1863, Lincoln had won the respect of many, but his re-nomination was not assured, as no president had won a second term since 11409: 9528: 8742: 8629: 8147: 8001: 3249: 1641: 408: 2150:

on July 1. The battle, fought over three days, resulted in the highest number of casualties in the war. Along with the Union victory in the

701:, which made slavery unconstitutional. Lincoln also presided over the passage of important domestic legislation, including the first of the 10533: 10513: 10493: 10473: 10453: 10433: 10413: 10393: 10373: 10353: 10333: 10313: 10293: 10273: 10253: 10233: 10213: 10193: 10173: 10153: 10133: 10113: 10093: 10073: 10053: 10033: 10013: 9993: 9973: 9603: 9578: 9543: 9518: 8662: 8488: 8134: 3327:, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys en route to Europe. The incident aroused public outrage in Britain; the government of 1118: 761:

both by scholars and the public as one of the top three greatest American presidents, often as the greatest president in American history.

403: 11941: 11829: 9523: 8450: 3213:, the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the consents necessary to become a separate state. 3572:

by the states. In addition to ending slavery, the Reconstruction Amendments enshrined Constitutional clauses promoting racial equality.

3323:

A serious diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain arose late in 1861. The Union Navy intercepted a British mail ship, the

938:

to insert into his own public address. Republicans praised Trumbull's address, Democrats assailed it, and the South largely ignored it.

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were all nominated by Lincoln and confirmed by the Senate in 1862. Congress added a tenth seat on the Court through the passage of the

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Mexico. While the official justification was the collection of debts, France eventually established a puppet state under the rule of

3356:, over vehement protests from the United States. The controversy would ultimately be resolved after the Civil War in the form of the 3309: 3034: 2175: 2163: 1907: 1430: 1422: 1092: 690: 682: 618:

on April 14, 1865 and death the next morning, 42 days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently established

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Following the secession of four states after the Battle of Fort Sumter, one of Lincoln's major concerns was that the slave-holding

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was well received by eastern elites. Lincoln positioned himself in the "moderate center" of his party; he opposed the expansion of

792: 774: 714: 638: 382: 368: 221: 104: 99: 11946: 11155: 11000: 10552: 9800: 9656: 9623: 9618: 9608: 9593: 9016: 8347: 7994: 7866: 3193: 3164:

continued during the Civil War, as American settlers continued to push west. In 1862, Lincoln sent General Pope to put down the "

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While Grant's campaign continued, General Sherman led Union forces from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals

1761:

With the Fort Sumter mission ready to go, Lincoln sent State Department clerk Robert S. Chew to inform South Carolina Governor

1010:

of Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri still remained part of the union.

942: 529: 347: 7453: 5999: 3986: 2192:

Compared to the eastern theater of the war, Lincoln exercised less direct control over operations that took place west of the

2106:

Following the Battle of Fredericksburg, Lincoln reassigned Burnside to the western theater and replaced Burnside with General

12109: 12006: 11819: 8319: 8170: 8129: 7903: 7683:

The Presidents vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News

7669: 7640: 7527: 7485: 7443: 7414: 7316: 7231: 7139: 7116: 6981: 6957: 6919: 6871: 6272: 5571: 5541: 5249: 3408: 3157: 2844:, stating only that "very intelligent blacks" and those that had served in the military should be granted the right to vote. 1503:

Lincoln tasked Vice President-elect Hamlin with finding someone from a New England state for the cabinet. Hamlin recommended

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of Kentucky, the chairman of the special Senate committee, proposed a package of six constitutional amendments, known as the

465: 304: 3458:. The mortally wounded president was immediately examined by a doctor in the audience and then carried across the street to 3424:(1868), depicting together those who visited the dying president throughout the night and early morning of April 14–15, 1865 9716: 9628: 8352: 8329: 6473: 5370:

Harris, William C. (Winter 2000). "The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln's Presidential Leadership".

4330: 3383: 3093: 2873: 2461: 2249: 718: 575: 277: 85: 3501:

retraced, with a few alterations, Lincoln's 1,654 miles (2,662 km) 1861 journey as president-elect. He was buried at

2851:

notes that no one knows what Lincoln would have done about Reconstruction had he served out his second term, but he adds,

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in addition to Republicans. Though Lincoln feared he might lose the contest, he defeated his former subordinate, General

641:, in which he won a plurality of the popular vote in a four-candidate field. Almost all of Lincoln's votes came from the 440: 373: 7686: 7620: 4076: 12049: 11814: 11399: 11370: 10642: 9377: 8787: 8686: 8649: 8222: 8104: 7272: 3136:

to oversee New York City, and Dix allowed the city to hold civilian trials on those who had participated in the riots.

2405:

crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General

2325: 2126:

and other locations. In April 1863, Hooker began his offensive towards Richmond, and his army encountered Lee's at the

2025:

from the Western Theater of the war to take command as general-in-chief of the army. Shortly thereafter, Lincoln asked

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Having succeeded in rallying the North against secession, Lincoln next determined to attack the Confederate capital of

1785: 1729:

Gustavus Fox, a U.S. Navy veteran, became a key figure in the Navy Department after his role in the Fort Sumter crisis.

1637: 1574: 1564: 1461: 1450: 674: 445: 272: 1977:. Congressional Democrats, on the other hand, tended to oppose Lincoln's policies regarding both the war and slavery. 11991: 11783: 11265: 10618: 10582: 9307: 9227: 8777: 8737: 8712: 8567: 8262: 8114: 7959: 7577: 7553: 7506: 7393: 7355: 7331: 7302: 7251: 7192: 7171: 7095: 7054: 7034: 7014: 6939: 6081: 5700: 5354: 4384: 3879: 3569: 3369: 3116: 1027: 916: 889: 825: 662: 455: 7974: 7793: 1877:

in November 1861 ensured that Maryland would remain part of the Union. Perhaps even more critical than Maryland was

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significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century. Legal historian

3107:, an officer of the Maryland militia who had cut telegraph lines leading to Washington. In the subsequent case of 733:. Months after the election, Grant would essentially end the war by defeating the Confederate army led by General 11834: 11748: 11713: 10666: 10624: 10600: 10594: 9447: 9397: 9327: 9267: 9247: 9127: 9097: 9047: 8772: 8609: 8530: 8518: 8493: 8073: 8068: 7617:

Congress at War: How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America

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With the secession of several states, Lincoln's Republicans enjoyed large majorities in both houses of Congress.

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Rating the Presidents, A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent

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the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.

2493:

Democrat, in order to boost the party's appeal to Unionists of both parties. The party platform called for the

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The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World

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majority with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won every county in

3413: 2071:, who believed that Lincoln had mishandled the war, particularly with regards to his selection of generals. 1595:. Despite the vacancies, Lincoln did not nominate a replacement for any of the justices until January 1862. 11889: 11778: 11668: 11633: 11583: 11568: 10697: 10672: 10636: 10570: 9467: 9347: 9317: 9207: 9187: 9107: 8922: 8624: 8581: 8463: 8227: 6011: 3080: 2904:

While Lincoln is usually portrayed bearded, he first grew a beard in 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old

2422: 2014: 1402: 1007: 654: 524: 236: 135: 130: 7750:

Volume One covers Lincoln's life as far as Gettysburg, focusing mainly on his presidential administration.

2605:, but the Confederate assault was repulsed. On April 2, Grant launched an attack that became known as the 1039:

towards the South, disunion was not acceptable, and he intended to enforce the laws and protect property.

969: 12165: 12001: 11916: 11870: 11698: 11593: 11573: 10900: 10660: 10648: 10556: 9437: 9407: 9147: 9077: 9009: 8557: 8399: 8289: 8232: 8185: 8119: 8016: 6566: 2937: 2933: 2882: 2878: 2634: 2371: 2110:, who had served in several battles of the eastern theater. With the war dragging on, Lincoln signed the 1715: 267: 262: 241: 3103:

together to suppress those suspected of actively supporting the Confederacy. Among those imprisoned was

2013:

In late June 1862, while the Army of the Potomac was fighting the Seven Days Battles, Lincoln appointed

1587:

had left a vacant seat on the Supreme Court. Two more vacancies arose in early 1861 due to the death of

630:, which dominated his presidency and resulted in the end of slavery. He was succeeded by Vice President 11921: 11758: 10678: 9487: 9477: 9457: 9427: 9237: 9087: 8982: 8038: 6343:

Neill F. Sanders, " 'When A House Is on Fire': The English Consulates and Lincoln's Patronage Policy."

6267:. The Pruett Series (10th ed.). WestWinds Press An imprint of Graph Arts Books. pp. 145–148. 3268: 2895: 2764: 2606: 2205: 2159: 2127: 1843:"Running the 'Machine'": an 1864 political cartoon takes a swing at Lincoln's administration—featuring 1150: 1122: 800: 650: 623: 543: 519: 496: 483: 319: 9157: 7969: 6670: 3897:

Lincoln and the Politics of Slavery: The Other Thirteenth Amendment and the Struggle to Save the Union

2760: 2481:

nominated John C. Frémont for president. Most abolitionist leaders and Radical Republicans, including

1893:

controlled access to key rivers and had a large pro-Confederate population. Lincoln appointed General

1583:

had done much to invigorate the Republican cause in the North. When Lincoln took office, the death of

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Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War,

3216:

The second state admitted to the Union while Lincoln was president was Nevada. Congress approved an

1131:

chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

811:

in the 1858 Senate election in Illinois. Though he lacked the broad support that Republican Senator

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A political cartoon of Vice President Andrew Johnson (a former tailor) and Lincoln, 1865, entitled

2735:, which declared that all Confederate slaves taking refuge behind Union lines were to be set free. 2732: 2728: 2579: 2398: 2348: 2298: 2257: 2063: 1833: 1543: 1468:

of Maryland, who was popular among anti-slavery and border state Democrats, became Lincoln's first

1107: 1043: 1014: 450: 8078: 6516:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 3169: 2964:

urban worker made approximately $ 600 per year, the income tax burden fell primarily on the rich.

1836:, the Confederate army dealt the Union a major defeat, ending any hope of a quick end to the war. 685:, Lincoln cycled through numerous military commanders during the war, finally settling on General 11733: 11688: 11628: 11603: 11558: 11325: 11220: 9497: 8832: 8314: 3466: 3271:

had helped the United States gain its independence. At the start of the war, Russia was the lone

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protested vehemently, while the American public cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis, known as the

2050:

end to the war, as well as rising inflation, new taxes, rumors of corruption, the suspension of

1113:

Lincoln's first presidential inauguration occurred on March 4, 1861, on the East Portico of the

11911: 11643: 11608: 11200: 11170: 9968: 9123: 9002: 8619: 8443: 8284: 7785: 7498:

The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson-The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation

3955: 3387: 3199: 3076: 2602: 2571: 2482: 2414: 2201: 1781: 1579: 995: 646: 642: 7404: 6243: 5690: 4017: 186: 11996: 11768: 11723: 10208: 9353: 8916: 8874: 8850: 8767: 8707: 8498: 6728:(Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2001), pp. 1–32; Ridings, Jr., William J. and Stuart B. McIver, 5533: 3871: 3720: 3662: 3289: 3057: 2913: 2583: 2563: 2352: 2193: 2055:

Lincoln, frustrated with McClellan's continued inactivity, replaced McClellan with Burnside.

1982: 1809: 1738: 1652: 1612: 1600: 1512: 1473: 1114: 1084: 965: 845: 754: 710: 3519: 2425:

and put Sheridan in command. Sheridan quickly repelled Early and suppressed the Confederate

2224:. The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the March 1862 12026: 12016: 11285: 11280: 11270: 11120: 11115: 11024: 11006: 10994: 10982: 10970: 10964: 10184: 10164: 9988: 9984: 9938: 9373: 8826: 8309: 7040: 6967: 6945: 6000:

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/civil/legacy/2011/04/22/C-FRAUDS_FCA_Primer.pdf

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of the war. In October 1863, Lincoln appointed Grant as the commander of the newly created

2217: 2147: 2058:

Against the advice of the president, Burnside prematurely launched an offensive across the

1485: 1418: 1340: 1235: 946: 861: 6996:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

3497:. Funeral services were held in Washington, D.C., and then at additional locations as the 2936:, which met from 1861 to 1863, passed 428 public acts, more than double the number of the 1488:. Missouri provided the other border state cabinet member in the form of Attorney General 795:

held up by the slavery issue with a slave on the left and party organization on the right.

8: 11979: 11190: 10928: 9960: 9947: 9843: 9726: 9303: 9223: 8844: 8820: 8412: 8393: 8369: 8124: 7940: 7708: 6648: 6465: 3438: 3019: 2987: 2956: 2809: 2610: 2558: 2383: 2225: 2184: 2135: 2080: 1957: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1584: 1577:

in the period before Lincoln took office, and their unpopular ruling in the 1857 case of

985:

Following the admission of Kansas in 1861, there were 19 free states and 15 slave states.

817: 726: 460: 6318: 1933:

and eventually secede from Virginia. With Lincoln's support, McClellan rejected Scott's

1507:

of Connecticut, a former Democrat who had served in the Navy Department under President

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quickly earned Lincoln's attention, winning the first significant Union victory at the

2151: 2091: 2084: 2059: 2042: 1986: 1961: 1946: 1938: 1882: 1821: 1762: 1746: 1711: 1633: 1596: 961: 808: 742: 730: 627: 470: 357: 314: 114: 9778: 6726:

Reassessing The Presidency, The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom

5378:(1). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library: 30–61. 3033:

in February 1863, as well as a second banking act in 1864. Those acts established the

2900: 2540:

victory, taking 55% of the popular vote and 212 of the 233 electoral votes. Lincoln's

2134:. Following the Confederate victory, Lee decided to take the offensive, launching the 1894: 824:

into the territories but accepted the consensus that the federal government could not

12021: 11355: 11330: 11310: 11260: 11235: 11215: 11205: 11165: 11140: 11042: 10940: 10803: 10791: 10779: 10761: 10725: 10588: 10364: 10344: 10328: 10308: 10228: 10108: 10004: 9895: 9882: 9860: 9856: 9782: 9443: 9393: 9323: 9263: 9243: 9233: 9093: 9043: 8814: 8747: 8700: 8599: 8406: 8387: 8028: 7930: 7768: 7739: 7665: 7636: 7630: 7587: 7573: 7549: 7542: 7523: 7502: 7481: 7439: 7410: 7389: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7327: 7312: 7298: 7281: 7268: 7262: 7247: 7241: 7227: 7188: 7182: 7167: 7161: 7135: 7112: 7091: 7085: 7069: 7066:

The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois

7050: 7044: 7030: 7010: 6977: 6953: 6935: 6915: 6867: 6604: 6488:

Kinley J. Brauer, "British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,"

6469: 6268: 6077: 5696: 5567: 5537: 5383: 5350: 5245: 5206: 3875: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3255: 3161: 3109: 2921: 2668: 2664: 2473: 2430: 2426: 2391: 2367: 2344: 2340: 2329: 2244:, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the 2131: 1886: 1874: 1852: 1844: 1829: 1813: 1789: 1521: 1516: 1446: 1390: 1204: 812: 750: 7806: 7457: 7288: 5223:

Lincoln, Memorandum concerning his probable failure of re-election, August 23, 1864.

3864: 3655: 3224:

to form a state government in March 1864; similar legislation was also approved for

3068:

of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States'

2472:. Chase emerged as the most prominent potential intra-party challenger, and Senator 2339:

Two months after being promoted to general-in-chief, Grant embarked upon his bloody

1077: 11384: 11379: 11290: 11210: 11185: 11175: 11048: 10958: 10821: 10797: 10749: 10713: 10028: 9964: 9951: 9921: 9908: 9830: 9817: 9283: 9273: 9253: 9213: 9163: 9113: 9063: 8886: 8657: 8180: 7989: 7790:

The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

7756: 7729: 7698: 7613: 7432: 7365: 7132:

Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861.

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slavery in the states where it existed, he now believed that, under his power as "

11463: 11394: 11315: 11255: 11150: 11145: 11130: 11125: 11110: 10952: 10934: 10922: 10916: 10875: 10827: 10773: 10224: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10104: 10024: 10008: 9869: 9821: 9804: 9795: 9791: 9383: 9363: 9333: 9193: 9173: 8594: 8304: 8255: 8043: 7908: 7855: 7813: 7761: 7733: 7723: 7537: 7517: 7496: 7081: 7023: 7004: 6861: 6520: 5949: 5527: 5097: 4114:

Paludan (1994), pp. 35–41; Gienapp (2002), pp. 75–76; Donald (1995), pp. 261–263.

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banknotes would become the dominant form of paper currency in the United States.

3007: 2800: 2789: 2694: 2693:

and other black leaders, discussing the possibility of a colonization project in

2656: 2609:, which ended with Lee's retreat from Petersburg and Richmond. In the subsequent 2567: 2310: 1917:

After the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln summoned Major General

1828:

led a force of 30,000 men south, where he met a force led by Confederate General

1750: 1560: 1414: 1223: 1185: 1051: 1003: 954: 837: 788: 741:

in April 1865, five days after the surrender of Lee, left the final challenge of

600: 309: 201: 34: 11434: 7818: 4338: 2714:

either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing

1722:, stating that his troops would run out of provisions within four to six weeks. 1042:

Rumors abounded during the course of the trip of various plots to kill Lincoln.

852:, and policies designed to encourage the settlement of public land in the West. 12074: 12069: 11906: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11300: 11250: 11078: 11060: 11018: 10815: 10809: 10767: 10424: 10404: 10068: 10064: 10048: 10044: 9886: 9808: 9463: 9343: 9313: 9203: 9183: 9153: 9103: 8956: 8949: 8910: 8856: 8809: 8801: 8674: 8587: 8420: 8197: 8023: 7157: 6747: 6217: 3576: 3564: 3555: 3524: 3482: 3459: 3421: 3357: 3133: 2968: 2841: 2698: 2598: 2465: 2375: 2363: 2229: 2179: 2111: 1974: 1825: 1805: 1734: 1477: 1426: 1378: 1247: 1055: 991: 935: 927: 702: 631: 352: 226: 6358:

Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power

3127:, urban laborers, and others who could not afford to pay for substitutes. The 2037:

Shortly after McClellan's return to command, General Lee's forces crossed the

1839: 12144: 12079: 11404: 11345: 11230: 11054: 10785: 10324: 10304: 10264: 10244: 10204: 10188: 10168: 9912: 9899: 9873: 9433: 9403: 9143: 9073: 8862: 8614: 7913: 7678: 7381: 7145: 5347:

What Shall We Do with the Negro? Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America

5202: 4084: 3584: 3498: 3433: 3346: 3104: 3048: 2813: 2660: 2123: 2107: 2068: 2038: 2022: 1934: 1926: 1856: 1848: 1801: 1793: 1776: 1508: 1504: 1454: 1437: 1359: 1278: 1266: 865: 860:

Democrats held a separate convention that nominated incumbent Vice President

734: 722: 6411:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

2643: 1140: 150: 11424: 11419: 11340: 11320: 11275: 11225: 11195: 11160: 11084: 11066: 10851: 10839: 10731: 10719: 10707: 10524: 10504: 10484: 9834: 9483: 9473: 9453: 9423: 9083: 8904: 8604: 8535: 8437: 8202: 8175: 8048: 7950: 3470: 3375: 3332: 3260: 3236:

became a state during Lincoln's presidency. It did so on October 31, 1864.

3217: 2986:

issued by the federal government of the United States since the end of the

2905: 2676: 2501: 2278: 2140: 2115: 2098: 1742: 1707: 1489: 1297: 968:. The compromise would protect slavery in federal territories south of the 669:, a federal installation located within the boundaries of the Confederacy. 491: 7703:

Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War

7073: 6074:

Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails

5272:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 4392: 4020:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 11443: 11438: 11429: 11414: 11389: 11375: 11240: 11036: 10946: 10845: 10743: 10464: 10448: 10444: 10428: 10408: 10284: 10268: 10248: 10148: 9413: 8838: 8481: 7720: 7626: 7563: 6694:. James Lindgren. November 16, 2000. International World History Project. 4065:

Miller (2008), p. 25; Gienapp (2002), pp. 78–79; White (2005), pp. 87–90.

3451: 3429: 3350: 3316: 3272: 2817: 2772: 2406: 2402: 2282: 2270: 2233: 2002: 1719: 1703: 1616: 1588: 1493: 1309: 990:

to the extinction of slavery in the United States. On December 20, 1860,

893: 829: 666: 168: 119: 7716: 2582:

with three representatives of the Confederate government—Vice President

2252:, giving him command of the Western Theater. Grant and Generals Hooker, 1657: 11365: 11335: 11295: 11180: 10869: 10863: 10833: 10508: 10488: 10368: 10348: 10088: 10084: 9133: 9053: 8898: 7163:

A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War

7150:

Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President

6991: 6493: 5686: 5557: 3985:. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from 3697: 3588: 3029:

Hoping to stabilize the currency, Chase convinced Congress to pass the

2999: 2848: 2823: 2514: 2293: 1784:

in Baltimore. To ensure the security of the capital, Lincoln suspended

1693: 880: 7654: 7309:

Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War

4972:

Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War

4926: 4924: 4571:

Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War

2908:(Lincoln as a symbol of his opposition to war, never grew a mustache). 1425:. The aging Fessenden resigned in February 1865 and was replaced with 998:

in the next forty days. In February, these Southern states formed the

11072: 10468: 10388: 9493: 5525: 3486: 2776: 931: 779: 7819:

The Lincoln Collection: Original Signed Documents and Correspondence

7184:

Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War

7064:

Graebner, Norman (1959). "Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman".

3983:"The 19th Presidential Inauguration: Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1861" 3689: 3168:" in Minnesota. Presented with 303 execution warrants for convicted 3002:

that affected nearly every commodity, as well as the first national

2488:

Despite recent setbacks in the Western Theater of the war, the June

1026:, the measure was approved by Congress, but was not ratified by the 12129: 11350: 10857: 10528: 10384: 10288: 9667: 6769:... a new meaning was conferred on our country's name ... 4952:

Surdam, David G. (1998). "The Union Navy's blockade reconsidered".

4921: 4232:

Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 733–737; Donald (1995), pp. 266–267.

3676:

Luthin, Reinhard H. (July 1994). "Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff".

2983: 2618: 1436:

The most problematic cabinet selection made by Lincoln was that of

1146:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

1083:

The March 4, 1861, inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in front of the

981: 678: 7824: 4308:

Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 742–744; Paludan (1994), pp. 42–43.

2881:

to convene in March, Lincoln pressed the lame duck session of the

2553:

Following the Overland Campaign, Grant's army reached the town of

2118:

in U.S. history. The draft law sparked harsh reactions, including

1997: 653:, Lincoln ran on a political platform opposed to the expansion of 622:

elected to the presidency. Lincoln successfully presided over the

8928: 3335:, by releasing the two diplomats, who had been seized illegally. 3079:. Lincoln is also largely responsible for the institution of the 2333: 1941:. The campaign's objective was to capture Richmond by moving the 821: 7635:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 3087: 2597:

Grant ground down the Confederate army across several months of

2535:

Frank Bellew caricature of Lincoln following his 1864 reelection

1992: 1413:

Lincoln's choice for Secretary of the Treasury was Ohio Senator

1006:

as provisional president. Despite the formation of the CSA, the

7544:

The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words

6261:

Benson, Maxine; Smith, Duane A.; Ubbelohde (December 4, 2015).

3540:

1982 poll, Schlesinger 1996, C-SPAN 1996, Ridings-McIver 1996,

3293: 3233: 2995: 2639:

Reconstruction Era § Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction

2575: 2208:, to coordinate support with Unionists in Kentucky and Eastern 2204:, and Henry Halleck, Frémont's replacement as commander of the 1989:, which effectively brought the Peninsula Campaign to a close. 1808:

of Tennessee also supported many of Lincoln's policies, though

1725: 1472:. Blair came from a prominent political family, as his father, 7693:

Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion

4317:

Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 739–742; Paludan (1994), p. 42.

3568:

ended debate regarding the constitutionality of secession and

7632:

Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership

6605:"Today in History – April 14: Lincoln Shot at Ford's Theater" 5806: 5804: 5802: 5774: 5772: 5166: 5164: 4858: 3956:"Affairs of the Nation / The Change of Administration To-Day" 3895:

Crofts, Daniel W. (2016). "Chapter 6: The Corwin Amendment".

2528:

in Atlanta, he accepted the nomination with a public letter.

1511:. Other influential Republicans concurred, and Welles became 807:

presidential candidate following his narrow loss to Democrat

12161:

United States government oversight of the American Civil War

7124:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

6536:

The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War.

5070: 5058: 4882: 4870: 4846: 3548: 3450:

and two guests. Lincoln was shot in the back of his head by

1921:

to replace McDowell. McClellan had won minor battles in the

1153:, showing Lincoln and several members of his cabinet in 1864 6764: 5723: 5721: 5180: 5178: 5176: 2991: 2297:

President Lincoln (center right) with, from left, Generals

6735: 5799: 5769: 5161: 4290:

Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 p. 725–726; Paludan (1994) p. 42.

3786:

Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 701–702; Thomas (1952) p. 27.

3745: 3743: 2647:

Lincoln met with his Cabinet for the first reading of the

2220:

and earning a national reputation with his victory at the

7006:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877

6218:"Today in History – June 20: Mountaineers Always Freemen" 4261:

Stanton, the Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War

3636: 3634: 3280:

ways to exploit the inability of the U.S. to enforce the

1421:, a Radical Republican who had served as Chairman of the 645:, as the Republicans held little appeal to voters in the 7285:

The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties

5718: 5173: 4007:

Burlingame, vol. 2 (2008), p. 60; Gienapp (2002), p. 78.

3349:, built two warships for the Confederacy, including the 2382:, and General Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the 2281:, but the Union responded by building its own ship, the 2228:. In April 1862, U.S. Naval forces under the command of 1680: States that permitted slavery, but did not secede 1515:. For the position of Interior Secretary, Lincoln chose 7767:. Vol. Two. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 7738:. Vol. One. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 7046:

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

6863:

By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War

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where he died at 7:22 a.m. the following morning.

2718:

slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing

864:

of Kentucky for president. A group of former Whigs and

661:. His election served as the immediate impetus for the 7426:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U. S. Navy

7324:

Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Politics and Policy

6743:"Presidential Proclamation-Civil War Sesquicentennial" 5976:"How A Law From The Civil War Fights Modern-Day Fraud" 3631: 2867:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1885:, while the Union would capture the important town of 7326:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 6298:. Elko, Nevada: Elko Daily Free Press. April 14, 2011 5692:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

5563:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

5102:

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self

2169: 888:

Lincoln carried all but one Northern state to win an

7592:

Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln

7569:

Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America

7386:

Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years

7224:

Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief.

6460:

Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).

6260: 6090: 4407: 2978:, which authorized the minting of $ 150 million of " 2366:

along the way. Sherman's victory in the September 2

1056:

attempt on Lincoln's life would be made in Baltimore

913:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

689:, who had led the Union to several victories in the 9024: 6732:(Citadel Press, Kensington Publishing Corp., 2000). 5241:

To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party

4105:

Holzer (2008), pp. 59–60; McClintock (2008), p. 42.

3558:argues that Union victory in the Civil War and the 3508: 3493:through April 21, when his coffin was taken to the 1686: States of the Union where slavery was banned 1534:

List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln

7760: 7541: 7216:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 5349:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 201–202. 3863: 3654: 3338:British financiers built and operated most of the 3145: 1968:In response to Bull Run, Congress established the 1912: 1117:. Prior to taking the oath, Lincoln delivered his 27:U.S. presidential administration from 1861 to 1865 6671:"President Abraham Lincoln's White House Funeral" 5845: 5843: 3465:Booth had also plotted with fellow conspirators, 2347:, given high Union losses at battles such as the 12142: 6704:"Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest President" 3948: 3936:Gienapp (2002) p. 77; Thomas (1952) pp. 243–244. 3725:Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections 1668: States that seceded before April 15, 1861 7424:Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). 7090:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. 6914:. Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5908: 5906: 4038:Gienapp (2002), p. 78; Miller (2008), pp. 9–10. 3420:, designed by John B. Bachelder and painted by 3183: 2950:Economic history of the United States Civil War 2829:The 'Rail Splitter' At Work Repairing the Union 1674: States that seceded after April 15, 1861 1496:, the older brother of Lincoln's close friend, 1048:Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad 994:voted to secede, and six other Southern states 7664:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois UP. 7423: 6459: 5840: 5526:Freedmen and Southern Society Project (1982). 5238:Richardson, Heather Cox (September 23, 2014). 4864: 4533:Donald (1996), pp. 315, 331–333, 338–339, 417. 3846: 3821: 3819: 3661:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2916:, support for higher education, and increased 2260:led the Union to another major victory at the 1492:. Bates resigned in 1864, and was replaced by 1401:Lincoln began the process of constructing his 1033: 9683: 9010: 7840: 7428:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 6244:"Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)" 5762: 5760: 5244:. Philadelphia: Basic Books. pp. 48–49. 4169:Donald (1995), p. 264; Paludan (1994), p. 37. 3088:Domestic dissent and Confederate sympathizers 2943: 2628: 1993:Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg 1642:Military leadership in the American Civil War 576: 7364: 6892:Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (9 vols.) 6783:"How the Civil War Changed the Constitution" 6774: 6651:. Washington, D.C.: Architect of the Capitol 6649:"The Lincoln Catafalque at the U.S. Capitol" 5903: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 3758:McPherson (2008) p. 9; Thomas (1952) p. 229. 3721:"1860 Presidential General Election Results" 3523:Lincoln's image is carved into the stone of 2738: 2343:. This campaign is often characterized as a 2146:The Confederate and Union armies met at the 12181:1865 disestablishments in the United States 11942:National Republican Congressional Committee 6403: 6296:"Civil War history and the birth of Nevada" 5231: 4974:(University of South Carolina Press, 2001). 4720: 4074: 3816: 3533:surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents 2927:separation of powers under the Constitution 2683: 2510:that he cannot possibly save it afterwards. 1925:, and those victories had allowed Unionist 1737:, the top-ranking general in the army, and 1460:Lincoln appointed two individuals from the 12032:High School Republican National Federation 9690: 9676: 9652: 9017: 9003: 7847: 7833: 7264:President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman 6906: 6883:Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings 6513: 6455: 6453: 6439: 6437: 6076:. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 48. 5877:"The First National Income Tax, 1861–1872" 5757: 5679: 5372:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 5266:"Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections" 5258: 5237: 4385:"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges" 4373:. University Press of America. p. 56. 4325: 4323: 4083:. U. Michigan and Drexel U. Archived from 3767:Thomas (1952) p. 226; Holzer (2008) p. 68. 3152:Native Americans in the American Civil War 2443:Abraham Lincoln 1864 presidential campaign 2062:and was stunningly defeated by Lee at the 1901: 907:Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln 771:Abraham Lincoln 1860 presidential campaign 583: 569: 33: 7210: 7201: 7166:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 6780: 5861: 5076: 5064: 4888: 4876: 4852: 4377: 4362: 4010: 3899:. The University of North Carolina Press. 3657:The Oxford History of the American People 3549:Redefining the republic and republicanism 3310:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 3250:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897 3064:to aid farming in the United States. The 3035:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 2967:Lincoln also signed the second and third 2562:Lincoln won reelection in November 1864, 2176:Western theater of the American Civil War 1970:Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War 1908:Eastern theater of the American Civil War 683:Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 12176:1861 establishments in the United States 12125:Timeline of modern American conservatism 11957:Republican Attorneys General Association 11952:National Republican Senatorial Committee 8451:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 8360:1860 United States presidential election 7380: 7374:Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure 7204:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 7063: 6859: 6709: 6071: 4930: 4368: 4259:Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, 3591:have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of 3518: 3432:, April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was 3412: 2899: 2889: 2822: 2642: 2548: 2530: 2513: 2450: 2447:1864 United States presidential election 2292: 2183: 1996: 1951: 1838: 1724: 1661:1861 United States Secession Crisis map. 1656: 1611:, and Lincoln appointed a War Democrat, 1527: 1476:, had served as an adviser to President 1139: 980: 879: 778: 775:1860 United States presidential election 11947:National Republican Redistricting Trust 7755: 7728: 7494: 7340: 7321: 7243:Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography 7121: 7039: 6697: 6646: 6450: 6434: 6316: 5874: 4320: 3713: 3649: 3254:Lincoln named his main political rival 3194:West Virginia in the American Civil War 3006:. The Revenue Act of 1862 also added a 2860: 2490:1864 National Union National Convention 2328:, which no U.S. officer had held since 54:March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 14: 12143: 12065:Republican National Coalition for Life 8648: 8280:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial 7586: 7448: 7260: 7236: 7144: 7080: 6966: 6944: 6889: 6880: 6755:from the original on February 17, 2021 5369: 5344: 4951: 4801: 3894: 3861: 3675: 3643: 3515:Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln 2288: 2196:. At the end of 1861, Lincoln ordered 2074: 921: 12007:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 9671: 8998: 8320:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site 7936:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 7828: 7659: 7562: 7536: 7402: 7180: 7156: 7027:Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America 7002: 6990: 6866:. New York, New York: Da Capo Press. 6012:"What Is The False Claims Act? | FAQ" 5685: 5556: 4461:Burlingame vol. 2 (2008) pp. 108–110. 4452:Burlingame vol. 2 (2008) pp. 102–107. 3813:Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 712–718. 3804:Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 708–709. 3409:Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln 2613:, Lee sought to link up with General 2236:. Grant won further victories at the 1627: 1573:Southern Democrats had dominated the 1068:First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 1061: 9697: 8338:Republican National Convention, 1856 6317:Edwards, Jerome (October 21, 2009). 4443:Burlingame vol. 2 (2008) pp. 99–101. 3575:In recent years, historians such as 3094:Opposition to the American Civil War 2390:". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at 2232:captured the important port city of 900: 7854: 7651:The Presidents: A Reference History 7625: 7406:Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man 7087:Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President 6647:Wolanin, Barbara (April 15, 2015). 6462:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling 3870:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 3489:of the White House and then in the 3246:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 2525:1864 Democratic National Convention 2523:administration's war strategy. The 2518:1864 Electoral College vote results 2455:Lincoln and Johnson campaign poster 2436: 976: 857:1860 Democratic National Convention 834:1860 Republican National Convention 764: 284:16th President of the United States 69: 24: 12050:Republican Main Street Partnership 8688:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State 7600: 7572:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7049:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6952:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5226:Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln 4187:Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, p. 737. 4018:"Abraham Lincoln:Domestic Affairs" 3288:in 1861, while France established 2570:in attacking the French-installed 2170:Western theater and naval blockade 1638:List of American Civil War battles 1575:Supreme Court of the United States 1565:Chief Justice of the United States 637:Lincoln took office following the 25: 12197: 12171:Presidencies of the United States 11992:Congressional Hispanic Conference 8568:Association of Lincoln Presenters 8007:13th Amendment abolishing slavery 7800: 7347:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 5695:. W. W. Norton. pp. 334–36. 3436:while attending a performance of 3428:Shortly after 10:00 p.m. on 3418:The Last Hours of Abraham Lincoln 3370:France and the American Civil War 3239: 3176:Lincoln called for reform of the 3117:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863 2955:of Bull Run, Congress passed the 2782: 2590:, and Assistant Secretary of War 1733:At a meeting on March 7, General 1135: 917:Origins of the American Civil War 832:. On the first ballot of the May 11962:Republican Governors Association 10501:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 9651: 9642: 9641: 8976: 8965: 8964: 8546:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 8069:State of the Union Address, 1863 7662:Lincoln and the Election of 1860 7480:. Southern Illinois University. 7109:Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency 7068:. University of Illinois Press. 6836: 6827: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6781:Finkelman, Paul (June 2, 2015). 6718: 6706:. Gallup Inc. February 28, 2011. 6663: 6640: 6615: 6597: 6584: 6559: 6550: 6541: 6528: 6507: 6498: 6482: 6425: 6416: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6363: 6350: 6337: 6310: 6288: 6254: 6236: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6004: 5993: 5968: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5915: 5894: 5852: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5790: 5781: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5709: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5550: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5465: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5363: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5216: 5196: 5187: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5091: 5082: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4964: 4945: 4936: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4711: 4263:(1962), pp. 71, 87, 229–30, 385. 4081:Internet Public Library 2 (IPL2) 3509:Historical reputation and legacy 3405:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 3398: 3190:Nevada in the American Civil War 3014:within the Treasury Department. 3012:Commissioner of Internal Revenue 2990:. Greenbacks were not backed by 1542: 1091: 1076: 803:congressman, emerged as a major 556: 550: 185: 149: 9026:Presidents of the United States 8977: 8531:Illinois Centennial half dollar 8472:Presidential Library and Museum 8148:Second inaugural address (1865) 7607:Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln 7287:(1992). Pulitzer Prize winner. 5211:The Collapse of the Confederacy 4702: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4353: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4127: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4001: 3975: 3966: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3888: 3855: 3837: 3828: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3205:Restored Government of Virginia 3146:Conflicts with Native Americans 3072:, which was completed in 1869. 3070:First transcontinental railroad 3060:. Another 1862 law created the 3054:Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act 2874:National Union Party nomination 2114:, which provided for the first 2021:. On July 11, Lincoln summoned 1913:1861 and the Peninsula campaign 1692: U.S. territories, under 721:ticket, which was supported by 12055:Republican Majority for Choice 11883:Steering and Policy Committees 8635:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln 8192:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co. 8135:First inaugural address (1861) 8120:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858) 7870:President of the United States 7715:(1890), 10 volumes; online at 7454:"Abraham Lincoln: A Biography" 7350:. University Press of Kansas. 6976:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 6852: 6594:, New York: Basic Books, 2021. 6323:The Online Nevada Encyclopedia 6016:Kohn, Kohn & Colapinto LLP 4337:. July 1, 2015. Archived from 3866:The Impending Crisis 1848–1861 3731: 3704: 3669: 3622: 3613: 3604: 2041:into Maryland, leading to the 1646: 1000:Confederated States of America 729:of the Democratic Party, in a 707:Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 612:president of the United States 18:Abraham Lincoln administration 13: 1: 12151:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 12120:International Democracy Union 8300:Cottage at the Soldier's Home 8273:Little Pigeon Creek Community 7821:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 7695:(Simon & Schuster, 2014). 7516:White, Ronald C. Jr. (2009). 7267:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7246:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7206:. New York: Ballantine Books. 7187:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 6072:Schaffer, Jeffrey P. (1999). 4371:Presidents and their Justices 3598: 2982:." Greenbacks were the first 2651:draft on July 22, 1862. L–R: 1622:United States district courts 1480:, while his younger brother, 599:began on March 4, 1861, when 597:presidency of Abraham Lincoln 49:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 8923:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith 8630:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 8625:Lincoln Trail State Memorial 8054:National Academy of Sciences 7807:Lincoln Administration links 7478:Abraham Lincoln: A Biography 7261:Miller, William Lee (2008). 7202:McPherson, James M. (1988). 6567:"Emperor of Mexico executed" 6514:David Keys (June 24, 2014). 6490:Journal of Southern History, 6413:(2014), pp. 8 (quote), 69–70 5875:Pollack, Sheldon D. (2014). 5104:. New York, 1993, pp. 64–65. 4825:Wills, pp. 20, 27, 105, 146. 3454:and Confederate sympathizer 3184:States admitted to the Union 2792:. Butler and his successor, 2759:of the Army and Navy" under 2017:to command the newly-formed 1769: 1567:, 1864 – 1873 713:. He ran for re-election in 711:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 7: 12002:Republican Jewish Coalition 11917:Republican Governance Group 8558:Abraham Lincoln Association 8290:Lincoln-Berry General Store 8218:Political career, 1849–1861 8125:Cooper Union Address (1860) 8115:House Divided speech (1858) 8017:Department of the Northwest 7685:(Dutton, 2020) pp. 69–82. 7495:Weisman, Steven R. (2002). 7472: 7376:. Dodd, Mead & Company. 7295:The Last Best Hope of Earth 6932:Lincoln and the First Shot. 6492:(1972) 38#1 pp. 49–64 6207:Paludan (1994), pp. 161–162 6180:Paludan (1994), pp. 117–118 6171:Paludan (1994), pp. 226–227 6153:Paludan (1994), pp. 213–214 6144:Paludan (1994), pp. 192–195 6135:Paludan (1994), pp. 190–191 6126:Paludan (1994), pp. 191–192 6053:Paludan (1994), pp. 115–116 6044:Paludan (1994), pp. 114–115 5939:Weisman (2002), pp. 99–101. 5849:Paludan (1994), pp. 109–110 5819:Paludan (1994), pp. 113–114 5810:Paludan (1994), pp. 111–112 5778:Paludan (1994), pp. 108–109 5715:Donald (1996), pp. 562–563. 5658:Paludan (1994), pp. 306–309 5649:Paludan (1994), pp. 302–303 5640:Paludan (1994), pp. 280–282 5604:Paludan (1994), pp. 238–239 5595:Paludan (1994), pp. 155–157 5498:Paludan (1994), pp. 144–145 5489:Paludan (1994), pp. 125–126 5335:Thomas (2008), pp. 422–424. 5317:Paludan (1994), pp. 289–291 5299:Paludan (1994), pp. 284–285 5290:Paludan (1994), pp. 290–291 5193:Paludan (1994), pp. 271–272 5170:Paludan (1994), pp. 270–273 5158:Paludan (1994), pp. 268–269 5149:Paludan (1994), pp. 261–262 5113:Donald (1996), pp. 516–518. 5010:Donald (1996), pp. 490–492. 4942:Paludan (1994), pp. 120–121 4816:Donald (1996), pp. 460–466. 4744:Donald (1996), pp. 429–431. 4717:Donald (1996), pp. 389–390. 4654:Paludan (1994), pp. 142–143 4645:Paludan (1994), pp. 103–105 4627:Donald (1996), pp. 349–352. 4618:Donald (1996), pp. 318–319. 4281:Paludan (1994), pp. 287–288 4205:Paludan (1994), pp. 286–287 4196:Paludan (1994), pp. 266–268 4160:Paludan (1994), pp. 169–176 3962:. March 4, 1861. p. 1. 3628:Donald (1996), pp. 247–250. 3382:. In December 1861, France 3174:annual messages to Congress 2799:After 1862, Democrats like 2635:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 2580:conference at Hampton Roads 2372:Franklin-Nashville Campaign 2262:Third Battle of Chattanooga 2250:Division of the Mississippi 2164:Declaration of Independence 1624:during his time in office. 1615:, to fill that seat. After 1431:Comptroller of the Currency 1034:Arrival in Washington, D.C. 941:In December 1860, both the 884:1860 electoral vote results 793:1860 presidential candidacy 757:, he has been consistently 258:Political career, 1849–1861 10: 12202: 12156:1860s in the United States 11922:Republican Study Committee 7975:Overland Campaign strategy 7713:Abraham Lincoln: A History 7660:Green, Michael S. (2011). 7604: 7548:. New York: Random House. 7515: 7322:Nichols, David A. (1999). 7126:. Oxford University Press. 5930:Weisman (2002), pp. 90–91. 5921:Weisman (2002), pp. 84–88. 5912:Weisman (2002), pp. 81–82. 5900:Weisman (2002), pp. 40–42. 5837:Weisman (2002), pp. 37–38. 5796:Weisman (2002), pp. 30–35. 5787:Weisman (2002), pp. 27–28. 5727:White (2009), pp. 653–654. 5676:White (2009), pp. 671–672. 5631:White (2009), pp. 611–613. 5586:White (2009), pp. 517–519. 5516:White (2009), pp. 516–517. 5507:White (2009), pp. 495–496. 5480:White (2009), pp. 492–493. 5450:White (2009), pp. 509–511. 5441:White (2009), pp. 458–459. 5423:Donald (1995) pp. 576, 580 5414:White (2009), pp. 667–670. 5396:White (2009), pp. 656–657. 5326:White (2009), pp. 636–637. 5184:White (2009), pp. 632–635. 5140:White (2009), pp. 614–615. 5131:White (2009), pp. 592–593. 5122:White (2009), pp. 554–555. 5055:White (2009), pp. 640–641. 5046:White (2009), pp. 631–632. 5019:White (2009), pp. 629–630. 5001:White (2009), pp. 617–620. 4983:White (2009), pp. 547–549. 4933:, pp. 288–89, 296–98. 4918:White (2009), pp. 593–594. 4909:White (2009), pp. 610–611. 4900:White (2009), pp. 600–601. 4865:Symonds & Clipson 2001 4843:White (2009), pp. 472–474. 4834:White (2009), pp. 462–463. 4798:White (2009), pp. 576–581. 4789:White (2009), pp. 571–576. 4780:White (2009), pp. 557–561. 4771:White (2009), pp. 555–556. 4762:White (2009), pp. 535–538. 4753:White (2009), pp. 525–527. 4735:White (2009), pp. 518–521. 4690:White (2009), pp. 505–508. 4681:White (2009), pp. 496–497. 4672:White (2009), pp. 481–486. 4663:White (2009), pp. 471–472. 4609:White (2009), pp. 440–441. 4600:White (2009), pp. 438–439. 4591:White (2009), pp. 448–456. 4582:White (2009), pp. 429–435. 4560:White (2009), pp. 443–445. 4551:White (2009), pp. 427–428. 4542:White (2009), pp. 444–445. 4524:White (2009), pp. 424–425. 4515:White (2009), pp. 408–417. 4506:White (2009), pp. 406–407. 4369:Clouatre, Douglas (2012). 4299:White (2009), pp. 648–649. 4250:White (2009), pp. 461–462. 4142:Stahr (2012), pp. 214–217. 3945:White (2009), pp. 382–384. 3825:White (2009), pp. 361–369. 3795:Thomas (1952) pp. 229–230. 3749:White (2009), pp. 351–354. 3737:White (2009), pp. 350–351. 3678:American Historical Review 3640:White (2009), pp. 325–329. 3619:White (2009), pp. 307–316. 3610:White (2009), pp. 291–293. 3512: 3402: 3367: 3307: 3303: 3269:American Revolutionary War 3243: 3187: 3149: 3091: 3041: 2959:, which imposed the first 2947: 2944:Fiscal and monetary policy 2896:Union (American Civil War) 2893: 2864: 2765:United States Constitution 2742: 2710:to save the Union, and is 2632: 2629:Slavery and Reconstruction 2607:Third Battle of Petersburg 2440: 2206:Department of the Missouri 2173: 2160:United States Constitution 2128:Battle of Chancellorsville 2078: 1905: 1788:in Maryland and ignored a 1650: 1631: 1531: 1453:. Cameron was replaced by 1151:Francis Bicknell Carpenter 1065: 910: 904: 870:Constitutional Union Party 799:Lincoln, who was a former 768: 639:1860 presidential election 12097: 12060:Republican Liberty Caucus 12040: 11970: 11932: 11863: 11852: 11807: 11546: 11532: 11472: 11103: 11094: 10885: 10688: 10551: 9747: 9707: 9637: 9509: 9032: 8944: 8845:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln 8800: 8768:Parliament Square, London 8563:Abraham Lincoln Institute 8460: 8378: 8328: 8241: 8208:Medical and mental health 8156: 8140:Gettysburg Address (1863, 8092: 8059:Department of Agriculture 7965:Emancipation Proclamation 7889: 7862: 6896:New Brunswick, New Jersey 6547:Herring, pp. 225, 243–244 6504:Stahr (2012) pp. 307–323. 6117:Paludan (1994), pp. 75–78 6108:Paludan (1994), pp. 70–75 5384:2027/spo.2629860.0021.104 5028:McPherson (2009), p. 113. 4636:Paludan (1994), pp. 97–99 4470:Paludan (1994), pp. 64–66 4359:Paludan (1994), pp. 12–13 4272:Paludan (1994), pp. 41–42 4178:Paludan (1994), pp. 37–40 4151:Paludan (1994), pp. 37–38 4133:Paludan (1994), pp. 36–37 3909:Gienapp (2002) pp. 76–77. 3862:Potter, David M. (1976). 3834:Paludan (1994), pp. 33–35 3560:Reconstruction Amendments 3505:in Springfield on May 4. 3460:Petersen's Boarding House 3363: 3210:Virginia v. West Virginia 3129:New York City draft riots 3062:Department of Agriculture 2775:and 13 named parishes of 2745:Emancipation Proclamation 2739:Emancipation Proclamation 2649:Emancipation Proclamation 2542:proportion of the popular 2419:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 2047:Emancipation Proclamation 2032:Second Battle of Bull Run 1923:Western Virginia campaign 1609:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 1482:Francis Preston Blair Jr. 1374:Secretary of the Interior 1372: 1368: 1349: 1322: 1318: 1291: 1287: 1260: 1256: 1219:Secretary of the Treasury 1217: 1213: 1194: 1175: 1159: 960:In mid-December, Senator 850:transcontinental railroad 695:Emancipation Proclamation 663:outbreak of the Civil War 325:Emancipation Proclamation 165: 145: 125: 113: 92: 76: 64: 45: 41: 32: 11830:Northern Mariana Islands 8839:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III 8681:Abraham Lincoln: The Man 8263:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial 7980:Hampton Roads Conference 7501:. Simon & Schuster. 7436:Lincoln and His Admirals 7409:. Simon & Schuster. 7122:Herring, George (2008). 6900:Rutgers University Press 6692:"Ranking Our Presidents" 6673:. Abraham Lincoln Online 5532:. CUP Archive. pp. 5471:McPherson (1988), p. 356 5345:Escott, Paul D. (2009). 5308:White (2009), pp. 641–6. 5228:, vol. 7, p. 514 (1953). 4954:Naval War College Review 4726:Nevins vol 6 pp. 318–322 4434:Symonds (2008) pp.10–11. 3972:White (2005), pp. 67–70. 3178:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3098:American Civil War spies 2733:Confiscation Act of 1862 2729:Confiscation Act of 1861 2684:Early actions on slavery 2399:Valley Campaigns of 1864 2349:Battle of the Wilderness 2258:William Tecumseh Sherman 2064:Battle of Fredericksburg 1834:First Battle of Bull Run 1429:, who had served as the 1423:Senate Finance Committee 783:"The Rail Candidate", a 503:Assassination and legacy 194:This article is part of 8913:(17th-century ancestor) 8833:William Wallace Lincoln 8315:Lincoln Pioneer Village 8130:Farewell Address (1861) 8039:Fanny McCullough letter 7970:West Virginia statehood 7960:Habeas Corpus suspended 7786:Richardson, Heather Cox 7519:A. Lincoln: A Biography 6912:Abraham Lincoln: A Life 6890:Basler, Roy P. (1953). 6881:Basler, Roy P. (1946). 6860:Anderson, Bern (1989). 6842:Orville Vernon Burton, 5745:Paludan (1994), pp. 6–7 5667:Foner (1988), pp. 68–69 5622:Foner (1988), pp. 48–50 5613:Foner (1988), pp. 55–60 4416:McPherson (2008) p. 13. 4389:Federal Judicial Center 2820:the bill in late 1864. 2495:unconditional surrender 2222:Battle of Fort Donelson 1902:Eastern theater to 1864 1593:John Archibald Campbell 1591:and the resignation of 787:illustration depicting 484:The Suicide's Soliloquy 263:Lincoln–Douglas debates 11912:Problem Solvers Caucus 9124:William Henry Harrison 8620:Lincoln Heritage Trail 8605:Lincoln Park (Chicago) 8504:Photographs of Lincoln 8444:O Captain! My Captain! 7705:(Penguin Press, 2022). 7403:Stahr, Walter (2012). 6724:Densen, John V., ed., 6611:. Library of Congress. 6347:(1981) 83#4 pp 579–59. 6162:Paludan (1994), p. 199 6099:Donald (1996), p. 471. 6062:Paludan (1994), p. 116 6035:Paludan (1994), p. 113 5950:"The False Claims Act" 5858:Paludan (1994), p. 111 5828:Weisman (2002), p. 85. 5766:Donald (2001), p. 137. 5432:Donald (1996), p. 589. 5405:Donald (1996), p. 565. 5088:Thomas (2008), p. 434. 5037:Donald (1996), p. 501. 4992:Thomas (2008), p. 315. 4488:Current (1963) p. 123. 4241:Gienapp (2002), p. 76. 4214:Weisman (2002), p. 91. 3528: 3425: 3388:Maximilian I of Mexico 3077:Yosemite National Park 2909: 2858: 2832: 2724: 2680: 2603:Battle of Fort Stedman 2536: 2519: 2512: 2483:William Lloyd Garrison 2456: 2423:Army of the Shenandoah 2401:, Confederate general 2320: 2202:Department of the Ohio 2189: 2103: 2010: 1965: 1860: 1730: 1698: 1580:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1154: 1133: 986: 885: 796: 745:the nation to others. 647:Southern United States 643:Northern United States 364:Presidential elections 11997:Log Cabin Republicans 9354:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8919:(great-granddaughter) 8917:Mary Lincoln Beckwith 8875:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby 8851:Jessie Harlan Lincoln 8728:Hodgenville, Kentucky 8708:Emancipation Memorial 8166:Early life and career 8100:Lyceum address (1838) 8084:Judicial appointments 8029:National Banking Acts 8024:Homestead Act of 1862 7763:Lincoln the President 7735:Lincoln the President 7649:Graff, Henry F., ed. 7342:Paludan, Phillip Shaw 7181:Klein, Maury (1997). 7102:Second edition, 2022. 7041:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 6968:Donald, David Herbert 6946:Donald, David Herbert 6824:Foner (2010), p. 215. 6224:. Library of Congress 6198:Nichols, pp. 207–232. 5754:Paludan (1994), p. 27 4807:Bulla (2010), p. 222. 4699:Goodwin, pp. 478–480. 4479:Current (1963) p. 108 4425:Paludan (1994), p. 59 4223:Paludan (1994) p. 43. 4056:Miller (2008), p. 25. 3927:Holzer (2008) p. 378. 3918:Gienapp (2002) p. 77. 3651:Morison, Samuel Eliot 3522: 3416: 3368:Further information: 3308:Further information: 3244:Further information: 3200:admitted to the Union 3188:Further information: 3150:Further information: 2914:internal improvements 2903: 2894:Further information: 2890:Other domestic issues 2865:Further information: 2853: 2826: 2761:Article II, section 2 2703: 2701:, Lincoln explained: 2646: 2633:Further information: 2584:Alexander H. Stephens 2564:Francis Preston Blair 2549:Confederate surrender 2534: 2517: 2507: 2454: 2378:defeated Hood at the 2313:of events aboard the 2296: 2194:Appalachian Mountains 2187: 2174:Further information: 2095: 2079:Further information: 2000: 1983:Battle of Seven Pines 1955: 1906:Further information: 1859:, Lincoln and others. 1842: 1728: 1660: 1653:Battle of Fort Sumter 1651:Further information: 1632:Further information: 1613:Stephen Johnson Field 1601:Samuel Freeman Miller 1559:engraved portrait of 1532:Further information: 1528:Judicial appointments 1513:Secretary of the Navy 1474:Francis Preston Blair 1355:Secretary of the Navy 1143: 1128: 1115:United States Capitol 1085:U.S. Capitol Building 984: 966:Crittenden Compromise 883: 846:internal improvements 782: 755:Franklin D. Roosevelt 614:, and ended upon his 520:Historical reputation 222:Early life and career 157:Seal of the president 12027:Republicans Overseas 12017:Teen Age Republicans 11820:District of Columbia 10221:1964 (San Francisco) 10181:1956 (San Francisco) 9717:National Union Party 9374:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8827:Edward Baker Lincoln 8753:Louisville, Kentucky 8489:Artifacts and relics 8353:National Union Party 8310:Lincoln Sitting Room 8110:"Lost Speech" (1856) 8105:Peoria speech (1854) 7941:War based income tax 7709:Nicolay, John George 7614:Bordewich, Fergus M. 7222:McPherson, James M. 7009:. Harper & Row. 7003:Foner, Eric (1988). 6973:Lincoln Reconsidered 6556:Herring, pp. 252–253 6466:Taylor & Francis 6431:Herring, pp. 242–246 6422:Herring, pp. 235–236 6400:Herring, pp. 240–241 6391:Herring, pp. 224–229 6382:Herring, pp. 226–229 6371:Lincoln in the World 4047:White (2005), p. 85. 3710:Paludan (1994), p. 5 3345:A British shipyard, 3284:. Spain invaded the 3198:Two new states were 3140:Clement Vallandigham 3081:Thanksgiving holiday 3066:Pacific Railway Acts 3031:National Banking Act 3018:Congress passed the 3008:progressive taxation 2861:Thirteenth Amendment 2462:National Union Party 2218:Battle of Fort Henry 2162:, but with the 1776 2148:Battle of Gettysburg 1706:near Charleston and 1451:ambassador to Russia 1419:William P. Fessenden 1341:William Dennison Jr. 1236:William P. Fessenden 1008:slave-holding states 951:District of Columbia 862:John C. Breckinridge 699:Thirteenth Amendment 11980:College Republicans 10401:2000 (Philadelphia) 10141:1948 (Philadelphia) 10101:1940 (Philadelphia) 9918:1900 (Philadelphia) 9827:1872 (Philadelphia) 9775:1856 (Philadelphia) 9727:Fourth Party System 9304:William Howard Taft 9224:Rutherford B. Hayes 8907:(great-grandfather) 8863:Nancy Hanks Lincoln 8821:Robert Todd Lincoln 8783:U.S. Capitol statue 8733:Indianapolis relief 8610:Lincoln Park (D.C.) 8509:Cultural depictions 8413:Sic semper tyrannis 8394:Our American Cousin 8285:Lincoln's New Salem 8186:Boat lifting patent 7921:Second inauguration 7876:U.S. Representative 7474:Thomas, Benjamin P. 7450:Thomas, Benjamin P. 7370:Current, Richard N. 7307:Neely, Mark E. Jr. 7293:Neely, Mark E. Jr. 7238:Miller, William Lee 7212:McPherson, James M. 7024:Gienapp, William A. 6929:Current, Richard N. 6908:Burlingame, Michael 6590:Shawcross, Edward, 6360:(2014). pp 138–169. 6325:. Nevada Humanities 5736:Foner (1988), p. 67 4087:on October 11, 2011 3989:on January 12, 2017 3439:Our American Cousin 3347:John Laird and Sons 3058:land-grant colleges 3020:Revenue Act of 1864 2988:American Revolution 2957:Revenue Act of 1861 2659:, Abraham Lincoln, 2611:Appomattox Campaign 2588:Robert M. T. Hunter 2559:Siege of Petersburg 2384:Battle of Nashville 2289:Grant takes command 2226:Battle of Pea Ridge 2200:, commander of the 2136:Gettysburg campaign 2081:Gettysburg campaign 2075:Gettysburg campaign 2009:, January 31, 1863) 2001:"Manager Lincoln" ( 1943:Army of the Potomac 1931:Wheeling Convention 1919:George B. McClellan 1718:, the commander at 1585:Peter Vivian Daniel 1445:and party chairman 1160:The Lincoln cabinet 1046:, president of the 922:Threat of secession 818:Cooper Union speech 727:George B. McClellan 415:State of the Union 400:Inaugural speeches 12166:American Civil War 12012:Republicans Abroad 11877:Legislative Digest 10341:1988 (New Orleans) 10281:1976 (Kansas City) 10261:1972 (Miami Beach) 10241:1968 (Miami Beach) 10041:1928 (Kansas City) 9905:1896 (Saint Louis) 9892:1892 (Minneapolis) 9737:Sixth Party System 9732:Fifth Party System 9722:Third Party System 9294:Theodore Roosevelt 8893:Mary Lincoln Crume 8869:Sarah Bush Lincoln 8758:Newark, New Jersey 8695:Lincoln the Lawyer 8431:Lincoln catafalque 8370:1860 campaign song 8268:Lincoln State Park 8251:Lincoln Birthplace 8012:Dakota War of 1862 7904:First inauguration 7812:2015-08-01 at the 7588:Wilson, Douglas L. 7282:Neely, Mark E. Jr. 7106:Harris, William C. 6844:The Age of Lincoln 6751:. April 12, 2011. 6319:"Nevada Statehood" 6264:A Colorado History 5462:, August 22, 1862. 5079:, pp. 825–30. 5067:, pp. 812–15. 4891:, pp. 637–38. 4879:, pp. 405–13. 4855:, pp. 404–05. 4569:Mark E. Neely Jr, 4497:Klein pp. 399–400. 4331:"Past Secretaries" 3960:The New York Times 3529: 3503:Oak Ridge Cemetery 3426: 3286:Dominican Republic 3230:Nebraska Territory 3226:Colorado Territory 2961:federal income tax 2920:rates designed to 2910: 2833: 2794:Nathaniel P. Banks 2788:military governor 2757:Commander in Chief 2752:Henry Ward Beecher 2691:Frederick Douglass 2681: 2615:Joseph E. Johnston 2572:Emperor Maximilian 2537: 2520: 2457: 2411:Battle of Monocacy 2380:Battle of Franklin 2360:Joseph E. Johnston 2326:Lieutenant General 2321: 2242:Siege of Vicksburg 2190: 2152:Siege of Vicksburg 2092:Gettysburg Address 2085:Gettysburg Address 2060:Rappahannock River 2043:Battle of Antietam 2011: 1987:Seven Days Battles 1966: 1962:Battle of Antietam 1947:Virginia Peninsula 1939:Peninsula campaign 1861: 1814:political generals 1763:Francis W. Pickens 1747:Stephen A. Hurlbut 1731: 1699: 1634:American Civil War 1628:American Civil War 1597:Noah Haynes Swayne 1470:Postmaster-General 1324:Postmaster General 1200:Secretary of State 1155: 1123:fugitive slave law 1062:First inauguration 1050:, hired detective 1028:state legislatures 1002:(CSA) and elected 987: 962:John J. Crittenden 886: 809:Stephen A. Douglas 797: 628:American Civil War 396:Speeches and works 315:American Civil War 12138: 12137: 12093: 12092: 12022:Young Republicans 11890:Senate Conference 11848: 11847: 11528: 11527: 9840:1876 (Cincinnati) 9665: 9664: 9444:George H. W. Bush 9394:Lyndon B. Johnson 9324:Warren G. Harding 9264:Benjamin Harrison 9244:Chester A. Arthur 9234:James A. Garfield 9094:John Quincy Adams 9044:George Washington 8992: 8991: 8815:Mary Todd Lincoln 8796: 8795: 8778:U.S. Capitol bust 8743:Lincoln, Nebraska 8702:Young Abe Lincoln 8640:White House ghost 8600:Lincoln, Nebraska 8407:John Wilkes Booth 7946:Seaports blockade 7931:Confiscation Acts 7757:Randall, James G. 7730:Randall, James G. 7699:Lowenstein, Roger 7671:978-0-8093-3035-5 7642:978-0-87249-400-8 7529:978-1-4000-6499-1 7487:978-0-8093-2887-1 7444:978-0-19-531022-1 7433:Symonds, Craig L. 7416:978-1-4391-2118-4 7388:. Harvest Books. 7317:978-1-107-03626-0 7232:978-1-59420-191-2 7140:978-0-7432-8947-4 7117:978-0-7006-1520-9 6983:978-0-375-72532-6 6959:978-0-684-82535-9 6921:978-0-8018-8993-6 6873:978-0-306-80367-3 6765:National Archives 6274:978-0-87108-323-4 5573:978-0-393-06618-0 5543:978-0-521-22979-1 5460:To Horace Greeley 5251:978-0-465-02431-5 5207:Brooks D. Simpson 4970:David G. Surdam, 4341:on April 22, 2021 4077:"Abraham Lincoln" 4075:Summers, Robert. 3593:republican values 3456:John Wilkes Booth 3256:William H. Seward 3162:American frontier 3110:Ex parte Merryman 3084:irregular dates. 2838:Freedmen's Bureau 2669:William H. Seward 2474:Samuel C. Pomeroy 2431:Shenandoah Valley 2413:, Early attacked 2368:Battle of Atlanta 2341:Overland Campaign 2330:George Washington 2132:Stonewall Jackson 1889:. Like Kentucky, 1875:Augustus Bradford 1845:William Fessenden 1830:P.G.T. Beauregard 1522:John Palmer Usher 1517:Caleb Blood Smith 1399: 1398: 1391:John Palmer Usher 1205:William H. Seward 1119:inaugural address 901:Transition period 890:Electoral College 842:protective tariff 813:William H. Seward 751:George Washington 693:. 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Grant 9164:Millard Fillmore 9114:Martin Van Buren 9064:Thomas Jefferson 9019: 9012: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8980: 8979: 8968: 8967: 8957:Andrew Johnson → 8950:← James Buchanan 8925:(great-grandson) 8887:Mordecai Lincoln 8738:Laramie, Wyoming 8658:Lincoln Memorial 8646: 8645: 8541:Five-dollar bill 8181:Spot Resolutions 8034:Thanksgiving Day 7990:Ten percent plan 7985:Tour of Richmond 7849: 7842: 7835: 7826: 7825: 7782: 7766: 7752: 7691:Holzer, Harold. 7675: 7653:(3rd ed. 2002) 7646: 7595: 7583: 7559: 7547: 7538:White, Ronald C. 7533: 7522:. Random House. 7512: 7491: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7456:. 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Stanton 2592:John A. Campbell 2557:, beginning the 2479:Wendell Phillips 2437:Election of 1864 2388:March to the Sea 2345:war of attrition 2275:ironclad warship 2254:George H. Thomas 2238:Battle of Shiloh 2214:Ulysses S. Grant 2198:Don Carlos Buell 2027:Ambrose Burnside 2019:Army of Virginia 1958:George McClellan 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1546: 1498:Joshua Fry Speed 1486:William Dennison 1466:Montgomery Blair 1464:to his cabinet. 1443:Andrew G. Curtin 1329:Montgomery Blair 1293:Attorney General 1262:Secretary of War 1157: 1156: 1108:Orville Browning 1095: 1080: 1024:Corwin Amendment 1015:Peace Conference 977:Deepening crisis 785:Currier and Ives 765:Election of 1860 687:Ulysses S. Grant 677:in the state of 620:Republican Party 585: 578: 571: 560: 559: 554: 466:Farewell address 348:2nd inauguration 330:Ten percent plan 305:1st inauguration 268:Views on slavery 253:Spot Resolutions 207: 206: 204: 197: 189: 182: 181: 178: 177: 172: 171: 153: 52: 50: 37: 30: 29: 21: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12186:Abraham Lincoln 12141: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12089: 12042: 12036: 11972: 11966: 11934: 11928: 11855: 11844: 11803: 11539: 11537: 11524: 11473:Chair elections 11468: 11090: 10989:D. B. Henderson 10977:T. J. Henderson 10902: 10899: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10881: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10684: 10557:administrations 10555: 10547: 10441:2008 (St. Paul) 10421:2004 (New York) 9766: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9703: 9699: 9696: 9666: 9661: 9633: 9559:F. D. Roosevelt 9511: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9384:John F. Kennedy 9364:Harry S. Truman 9334:Calvin Coolidge 9194:Abraham Lincoln 9174:Franklin Pierce 9034: 9028: 9023: 8993: 8988: 8940: 8881:Abraham Lincoln 8853:(granddaughter) 8847:(granddaughter) 8792: 8788:Wabash, Indiana 8713:Brooklyn relief 8668:reflecting pool 8644: 8595:Lincoln Highway 8575:Abraham Lincoln 8462: 8456: 8374: 8324: 8305:Lincoln Bedroom 8256:Knob Creek Farm 8243: 8237: 8223:Religious views 8203:Lincoln's beard 8158: 8152: 8088: 8044:Birchard Letter 7909:Perpetual Union 7885: 7858: 7856:Abraham Lincoln 7853: 7814:Wayback Machine 7803: 7798: 7775: 7746: 7672: 7643: 7609: 7603: 7601:Further reading 7598: 7580: 7556: 7530: 7509: 7488: 7463: 7461: 7460:on May 29, 2012 7417: 7396: 7358: 7334: 7275: 7254: 7195: 7174: 7158:Jaffa, Harry V. 7098: 7057: 7017: 6984: 6960: 6922: 6874: 6855: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6779: 6775: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6627:The White House 6621: 6620: 6616: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6533: 6529: 6521:The Independent 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6468:. p. 321. 6458: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6356:Kevin Peraino, 6355: 6351: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5956:. June 17, 2019 5954:www.justice.gov 5948: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5879: 5873: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566:. W.W. Norton. 5555: 5551: 5544: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5221: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5098:G. Edward White 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3860: 3856: 3852:Morison p. 609. 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3690:10.2307/1850218 3674: 3670: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3579:, Herman Belz, 3551: 3538:Chicago Tribune 3517: 3511: 3495:B&O Station 3491:Capitol Rotunda 3481:Lincoln's body 3475:George Atzerodt 3411: 3403:Main articles: 3401: 3380:Central America 3372: 3366: 3329:Lord Palmerston 3312: 3306: 3290:a puppet regime 3282:Monroe Doctrine 3252: 3242: 3196: 3186: 3156:Conflicts with 3154: 3148: 3125:Irish Americans 3100: 3090: 3044: 3004:inheritance tax 2969:Morrill Tariffs 2952: 2946: 2898: 2892: 2869: 2863: 2810:Wade–Davis Bill 2801:Reverdy Johnson 2790:Benjamin Butler 2785: 2747: 2741: 2695:Central America 2686: 2657:Salmon P. Chase 2641: 2631: 2568:Monroe Doctrine 2551: 2449: 2441:Main articles: 2439: 2291: 2182: 2172: 2104: 2094: 2087: 2077: 2007:Harper's Weekly 1995: 1945:by boat to the 1915: 1910: 1904: 1895:John C. Frémont 1772: 1743:Gustavus V. Fox 1716:Robert Anderson 1697: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1655: 1649: 1644: 1630: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1561:Salmon P. Chase 1554: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1536: 1530: 1415:Salmon P. Chase 1224:Salmon P. Chase 1186:Abraham Lincoln 1138: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1070: 1064: 1052:Allan Pinkerton 1036: 1019:Willard's Hotel 1004:Jefferson Davis 979: 970:36°30′ parallel 955:Orlando Kellogg 924: 919: 909: 903: 838:Hannibal Hamlin 828:slavery in the 789:Abraham Lincoln 777: 769:Main articles: 767: 691:Western Theater 626:victory in the 601:Abraham Lincoln 589: 557: 555: 548: 504: 501: 397: 394: 365: 362: 344: 341: 310:Hannibal Hamlin 296: 293: 285: 282: 249: 246: 218: 203:Abraham Lincoln 202: 200: 199: 198: 195: 193: 169:Library website 167: 166: 161: 160: 158: 155: 154: 141: 140: 139: 133: 109: 84: 55: 53: 48: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12199: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12075:Liberty Caucus 12072: 12070:ConservAmerica 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12046: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11976: 11974: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11938: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11907:Freedom Caucus 11899: 11898: 11897: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11867: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11842: 11840:Virgin Islands 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11815:American Samoa 11811: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11749:South Carolina 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11714:North Carolina 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11550: 11548: 11541: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11107: 11105: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10907: 10905: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10704: 10702: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10561: 10559: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10542:2028 (Houston) 10538: 10537: 10536: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10361:1992 (Houston) 10358: 10357: 10356: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10301:1980 (Detroit) 10298: 10297: 10296: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10201:1960 (Chicago) 10198: 10197: 10196: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10161:1952 (Chicago) 10158: 10157: 10156: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10121:1944 (Chicago) 10118: 10117: 10116: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10061:1932 (Chicago) 10058: 10057: 10056: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10001:1920 (Chicago) 9998: 9997: 9996: 9981:1916 (Chicago) 9978: 9977: 9976: 9957:1912 (Chicago) 9954: 9944:1908 (Chicago) 9941: 9931:1904 (Chicago) 9928: 9915: 9902: 9889: 9879:1888 (Chicago) 9876: 9866:1884 (Chicago) 9863: 9853:1880 (Chicago) 9850: 9837: 9824: 9814:1868 (Chicago) 9811: 9798: 9788:1860 (Chicago) 9785: 9771: 9769: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9672: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9649: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9515: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9491: 9481: 9471: 9464:George W. Bush 9461: 9451: 9441: 9431: 9421: 9411: 9401: 9391: 9381: 9371: 9361: 9351: 9344:Herbert Hoover 9341: 9331: 9321: 9314:Woodrow Wilson 9311: 9301: 9291: 9281: 9271: 9261: 9251: 9241: 9231: 9221: 9211: 9204:Andrew Johnson 9201: 9191: 9184:James Buchanan 9181: 9171: 9161: 9154:Zachary Taylor 9151: 9141: 9131: 9121: 9111: 9104:Andrew Jackson 9101: 9091: 9081: 9071: 9061: 9051: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9033:Presidents and 9030: 9029: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9007: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8974: 8961: 8960: 8953: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8911:Samuel Lincoln 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8857:Thomas Lincoln 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8723:D.C. City Hall 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8675:Mount Rushmore 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8654: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8588:Here I Grew Up 8584: 8579: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8553:Postage stamps 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8421:Petersen House 8418: 8417: 8416: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8390: 8388:Ford's Theater 8384: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8247: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8198:Baltimore Plot 8195: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8171:Black Hawk War 8168: 8162: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8009: 8004: 8002:Foreign policy 7999: 7998: 7997: 7995:Reconstruction 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7816: 7802: 7801:External links 7799: 7797: 7796: 7783: 7773: 7753: 7744: 7726: 7711:and John Hay. 7706: 7696: 7689: 7679:Holzer, Harold 7676: 7670: 7657: 7647: 7641: 7623: 7610: 7605:Main article: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7584: 7578: 7560: 7554: 7534: 7528: 7513: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7470: 7446: 7430: 7421: 7415: 7400: 7394: 7382:Sandburg, Carl 7378: 7366:J. G., Randall 7362: 7356: 7338: 7332: 7319: 7305: 7291: 7289:online version 7279: 7274:978-1400041039 7273: 7258: 7252: 7234: 7220: 7208: 7199: 7193: 7178: 7172: 7154: 7146:Holzer, Harold 7142: 7128: 7119: 7103: 7096: 7078: 7061: 7055: 7037: 7021: 7015: 7000: 6988: 6982: 6964: 6958: 6942: 6926: 6920: 6904: 6887: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6835: 6833:Jaffa, p. 263. 6826: 6817: 6808: 6806:Jaffa, p. 399. 6799: 6787:New York Times 6773: 6748:whitehouse.gov 6734: 6717: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6662: 6639: 6614: 6596: 6583: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6527: 6506: 6497: 6481: 6474: 6449: 6443:Howard Jones, 6433: 6424: 6415: 6409:Don H. Doyle, 6402: 6393: 6384: 6375: 6362: 6349: 6345:Lincoln Herald 6336: 6309: 6287: 6273: 6253: 6235: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6089: 6082: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6028: 6003: 5992: 5967: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5902: 5893: 5860: 5851: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5768: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5717: 5708: 5701: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5572: 5558:Foner, Eric C. 5549: 5542: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5398: 5389: 5362: 5355: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5257: 5250: 5230: 5215: 5195: 5186: 5172: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5090: 5081: 5077:McPherson 1988 5069: 5065:McPherson 1988 5057: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4963: 4944: 4935: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4889:McPherson 1988 4881: 4877:McPherson 1988 4869: 4857: 4853:McPherson 1988 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4406: 4376: 4361: 4352: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4009: 4000: 3974: 3965: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3887: 3880: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3739: 3730: 3712: 3703: 3684:(4): 609–629. 3668: 3642: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3565:Texas v. White 3556:Paul Finkelman 3550: 3547: 3525:Mount Rushmore 3510: 3507: 3444:Ford's Theatre 3422:Alonzo Chappel 3400: 3397: 3365: 3362: 3358:Alabama Claims 3317:shipping grain 3305: 3302: 3241: 3240:Foreign policy 3238: 3185: 3182: 3166:Sioux Uprising 3147: 3144: 3134:John Adams Dix 3089: 3086: 3043: 3040: 2948:Main article: 2945: 2942: 2891: 2888: 2862: 2859: 2842:black suffrage 2784: 2783:Reconstruction 2781: 2743:Main article: 2740: 2737: 2699:Horace Greeley 2685: 2682: 2630: 2627: 2599:trench warfare 2550: 2547: 2466:Andrew Jackson 2438: 2435: 2376:John Schofield 2364:John Bell Hood 2290: 2287: 2246:turning points 2230:David Farragut 2180:Union blockade 2171: 2168: 2116:military draft 2112:Enrollment Act 2089: 2088: 2076: 2073: 2052:habeas corpus, 1994: 1991: 1975:Charles Sumner 1914: 1911: 1903: 1900: 1853:William Seward 1826:Irvin McDowell 1806:Andrew Johnson 1771: 1768: 1739:John G. Totten 1735:Winfield Scott 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1648: 1645: 1629: 1626: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1478:Andrew Jackson 1427:Hugh McCulloch 1397: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1379:Caleb B. Smith 1376: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1248:Hugh McCulloch 1244: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1137: 1136:Administration 1134: 1097: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1035: 1032: 1017:, held at the 992:South Carolina 978: 975: 936:Lyman Trumbull 928:James Buchanan 923: 920: 905:Main article: 902: 899: 872:and nominated 766: 763: 743:reconstructing 719:National Union 703:Homestead Acts 632:Andrew Johnson 591: 590: 588: 587: 580: 573: 565: 562: 561: 549: 547: 546: 540: 539: 533: 532: 527: 522: 516: 515: 510: 502: 500: 499: 494: 489: 488: 487: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 413: 412: 411: 406: 395: 393: 392: 391: 390: 379: 378: 377: 376: 363: 361: 360: 358:Reconstruction 355: 353:Andrew Johnson 350: 342: 340: 339: 338: 337: 335:13th Amendment 332: 327: 322: 312: 307: 302: 294: 292: 291: 283: 281: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 247: 245: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 196:a series about 192: 190: 174: 173: 163: 162: 156: 148: 147: 146: 143: 142: 136:Andrew Johnson 134: 131:James Buchanan 128: 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 111: 110: 108: 107: 102: 96: 94: 90: 89: 86:National Union 78: 74: 73: 66: 62: 61: 43: 42: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12198: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12085:The Wish List 12083: 12081: 12080:Ripon Society 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11969: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11931: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11856:organizations 11851: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11789:West Virginia 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11694:New Hampshire 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11654:Massachusetts 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11542: 11535: 11531: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10960: 10957: 10954: 10951: 10948: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10924: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10693: 10687: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10667:G. H. W. Bush 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10599: 10596: 10593: 10590: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10575: 10572: 10569: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10365:G. H. W. Bush 10362: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10345:G. H. W. Bush 10342: 10339: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10329:G. H. W. Bush 10326: 10322: 10321:1984 (Dallas) 10319: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10309:G. H. W. Bush 10306: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9759: 9752: 9746: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9693: 9688: 9686: 9681: 9679: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9658: 9650: 9648: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9604:G. H. W. Bush 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9579:L. B. Johnson 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9508: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9434:Ronald Reagan 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9404:Richard Nixon 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9144:James K. Polk 9142: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9074:James Madison 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9013: 9008: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8985: 8984: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8883:(grandfather) 8882: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763:New York City 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Lincoln Prize 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8536:Lincoln penny 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8426:State funeral 8424: 8422: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8380:Assassination 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7914:Lincoln Bible 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7845: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7579:0-671-86742-3 7575: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7555:0-8129-7046-2 7551: 7546: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7508:0-684-85068-0 7504: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7395:0-15-602611-2 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7357:0-7006-0671-8 7353: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7333:0-252-06857-2 7329: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7303:0-674-51125-5 7300: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7253:0-375-40158-X 7249: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7194:0-679-44747-4 7190: 7186: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7173:0-8476-9952-8 7169: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7099: 7097:0-8028-3872-3 7093: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7056:0-684-82490-6 7052: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7035:0-19-515099-6 7032: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7016:0-06-015851-4 7012: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6941: 6940:0-88133-498-7 6937: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6845: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6803: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6672: 6666: 6650: 6643: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6428: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6297: 6291: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6204: 6195: 6186: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6096: 6094: 6085: 6083:0-89997-244-6 6079: 6075: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5996: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5907: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5855: 5846: 5844: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5722: 5712: 5704: 5702:9780393340662 5698: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5513: 5504: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5402: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5356:9780813927862 5352: 5348: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5213:(2001) p. 80. 5212: 5208: 5204: 5203:Mark Grimsley 5199: 5190: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4939: 4932: 4931:Anderson 1989 4927: 4925: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4867:, p. 92. 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4004: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3881:0-06-131929-5 3877: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3843:Klein p. 239. 3840: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585:Vernon Burton 3582: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3570:Nullification 3567: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3499:funeral train 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3399:Assassination 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3311: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:Santee Dakota 3167: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3105:John Merryman 3099: 3095: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3049:Homestead Act 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2938:27th Congress 2935: 2934:37th Congress 2930: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2887: 2884: 2883:38th Congress 2880: 2879:39th Congress 2875: 2868: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2818:pocket vetoed 2815: 2814:Ironclad Oath 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661:Gideon Welles 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2543: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2319:in March 1865 2318: 2317: 2312: 2311:1868 painting 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2277:known as the 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:New York City 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:Joseph Hooker 2102: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2069:Benjamin Wade 2065: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:Potomac River 2035: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2023:Henry Halleck 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Anaconda Plan 1932: 1928: 1927:West Virginia 1924: 1920: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1865:border states 1858: 1857:Gideon Welles 1854: 1850: 1849:Edwin Stanton 1846: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:War Democrats 1798: 1795: 1794:John Merryman 1791: 1787: 1786:habeas corpus 1783: 1778: 1777:Robert E. Lee 1767: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1659: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:James K. Polk 1506: 1505:Gideon Welles 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:border states 1458: 1456: 1455:Edwin Stanton 1452: 1448: 1447:A. K. McClure 1444: 1439: 1438:Simon Cameron 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360:Gideon Welles 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1279:Edwin Stanton 1277: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1267:Simon Cameron 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1094: 1086: 1079: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Samuel Felton 1040: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 983: 974: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 918: 914: 908: 898: 895: 891: 882: 878: 875: 871: 867: 866:Know Nothings 863: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 794: 790: 786: 781: 776: 772: 762: 760: 756: 752: 746: 744: 740: 739:assassination 736: 735:Robert E. Lee 732: 728: 724: 723:War Democrats 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:habeas corpus 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:assassination 613: 610: 606: 602: 598: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 566: 564: 563: 553: 545: 544:Topical guide 542: 541: 538: 535: 534: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513:State funeral 511: 509: 508:Assassination 506: 505: 498: 495: 493: 490: 485: 481: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456:House Divided 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 399: 398: 389: 386: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 290: 287: 286: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 215: 214: 205: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 170: 164: 152: 144: 138: → 137: 132: 129:← 124: 121: 118: 116: 112: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 87: 82: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Assassination 51: 44: 40: 36: 31: 19: 12115:Bibliography 11875: 11754:South Dakota 11744:Rhode Island 11739:Pennsylvania 11719:North Dakota 10564: 10553:Presidential 10540: 10461:2012 (Tampa) 9765:presidential 9749:Presidential 9529:T. Roosevelt 9498:2021–present 9484:Donald Trump 9474:Barack Obama 9454:Bill Clinton 9424:Jimmy Carter 9197: 9084:James Monroe 9035:presidencies 8981: 8969: 8955: 8948: 8905:Joseph Hanks 8871:(stepmother) 8773:Philadelphia 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8586: 8574: 8494:Bibliography 8438:Lincoln Tomb 8392: 8295:Lincoln Home 8190: 8176:Matson Trial 8049:Bixby letter 7952: 7890: 7789: 7778: 7762: 7749: 7734: 7712: 7702: 7692: 7682: 7661: 7650: 7631: 7627:Cox, LaWanda 7616: 7591: 7568: 7564:Wills, Garry 7543: 7518: 7497: 7477: 7464:September 8, 7462:. Retrieved 7458:the original 7435: 7425: 7405: 7385: 7373: 7346: 7323: 7308: 7294: 7284: 7263: 7242: 7223: 7215: 7203: 7183: 7162: 7149: 7131: 7123: 7108: 7086: 7065: 7045: 7026: 7005: 6995: 6972: 6949: 6931: 6911: 6891: 6882: 6862: 6846:(2008) p 243 6843: 6838: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6802: 6790:. Retrieved 6786: 6776: 6768: 6763:– via 6757:. Retrieved 6746: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675:. Retrieved 6665: 6653:. Retrieved 6642: 6630:. 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Retrieved 4393:the original 4388: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4355: 4343:. Retrieved 4339:the original 4334: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4085:the original 4080: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4012: 4003: 3991:. Retrieved 3987:the original 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3890: 3865: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3656: 3645: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3592: 3581:John Diggins 3574: 3563: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3483:lay in state 3480: 3471:David Herold 3467:Lewis Powell 3464: 3437: 3434:assassinated 3427: 3417: 3376:Napoleon III 3373: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3333:Trent Affair 3324: 3322: 3313: 3298: 3278: 3266: 3261:Trent Affair 3253: 3220:authorizing 3218:enabling act 3215: 3208: 3197: 3155: 3138: 3121: 3108: 3101: 3074: 3045: 3028: 3024: 3016: 2973: 2966: 2953: 2931: 2911: 2906:Grace Bedell 2870: 2854: 2846: 2834: 2828: 2798: 2786: 2769: 2748: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2687: 2677:Edward Bates 2596: 2552: 2538: 2521: 2508: 2502:Thurlow Weed 2499: 2487: 2458: 2415:Fort Stevens 2396: 2357: 2338: 2322: 2314: 2305:and Admiral 2279:CSS Virginia 2267: 2191: 2156: 2145: 2141:George Meade 2105: 2099:died in vain 2096: 2057: 2051: 2036: 2012: 2006: 1979: 1967: 1956:Lincoln and 1929:to hold the 1916: 1862: 1819: 1799: 1773: 1760: 1756: 1732: 1708:Fort Pickens 1700: 1578: 1572: 1502: 1490:Edward Bates 1459: 1435: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1298:Edward Bates 1144: 1129: 1112: 1104: 1041: 1037: 1012: 988: 959: 940: 925: 887: 854: 830:slave states 798: 747: 737:. Lincoln's 671: 636: 596: 594: 537:Bibliography 492:Bixby letter 461:Cooper Union 288: 68: 47: 11933:Fundraising 11854:Affiliated 11835:Puerto Rico 11669:Mississippi 11584:Connecticut 11306:Summerfield 11081:(2019–2023) 11075:(2015–2019) 11069:(2007–2015) 11063:(1999–2007) 11057:(1995–1999) 11051:(1981–1995) 11045:(1973–1981) 11039:(1965–1973) 11033:(1959–1965) 11027:(1939–1959) 11021:(1931–1939) 11015:(1925–1931) 11009:(1919–1925) 11003:(1911–1919) 10997:(1903–1911) 10991:(1899–1903) 10985:(1895–1899) 10979:(1891–1895) 10973:(1889–1891) 10967:(1883–1889) 10961:(1881–1883) 10955:(1879–1881) 10949:(1877–1879) 10943:(1875–1877) 10937:(1869–1875) 10925:(1863–1869) 10919:(1861–1863) 10913:(1860–1861) 10872:(2003–2007) 10866:(1996–2003) 10860:(1985–1996) 10854:(1980–1985) 10848:(1979–1980) 10842:(1977–1979) 10836:(1969–1977) 10830:(1959–1969) 10824:(1953–1959) 10812:(1952–1953) 10806:(1949–1952) 10800:(1944–1949) 10794:(1941–1944) 10788:(1940–1941) 10782:(1933–1940) 10776:(1929–1933) 10770:(1924–1929) 10764:(1918–1924) 10758:(1913–1918) 10752:(1911–1913) 10746:(1908–1911) 10740:(1897–1908) 10734:(1891–1897) 10728:(1885–1891) 10722:(1884–1885) 10716:(1862–1884) 10710:(1859–1862) 10690:U.S. Senate 10681:(2017–2021) 10675:(2001–2009) 10669:(1989–1993) 10663:(1981–1989) 10657:(1974–1977) 10651:(1969–1974) 10645:(1953–1961) 10639:(1929–1933) 10633:(1923–1929) 10627:(1921–1923) 10621:(1909–1913) 10615:(1901–1909) 10609:(1897–1901) 10603:(1889–1893) 10597:(1881–1885) 10585:(1877–1881) 10579:(1869–1877) 10573:(1865–1868) 10567:(1861–1865) 9758:conventions 9414:Gerald Ford 8810:Family tree 8748:Los Angeles 8482:Lincoln/Net 7882:(1847–1849) 7872:(1861–1865) 6992:Foner, Eric 6853:Works cited 6632:February 3, 6576:January 13, 5687:Foner, Eric 4335:www.doi.gov 4091:December 9, 3577:Harry Jaffa 3430:Good Friday 3273:great power 2773:New Orleans 2665:Caleb Smith 2407:Lew Wallace 2403:Jubal Early 2397:During the 2353:Cold Harbor 2316:River Queen 2283:USS Monitor 2271:King Cotton 2234:New Orleans 2120:draft riots 2003:Thomas Nast 1810:Copperheads 1792:to release 1790:court order 1720:Fort Sumter 1704:Fort Sumter 1647:Fort Sumter 1617:Roger Taney 1605:David Davis 1589:John McLean 1494:James Speed 1310:James Speed 894:New England 868:formed the 667:Fort Sumter 659:territories 649:. A former 605:inaugurated 451:Lost Speech 343:Second term 159:(1850–1894) 120:White House 88:(1864–1865) 83:(1861–1864) 12145:Categories 11784:Washington 11704:New Mexico 11699:New Jersey 11574:California 11385:Fahrenkopf 11380:Fahrenkopf 11301:Gabrielson 10911:Pennington 10901:Conference 10887:U.S. House 10708:J. P. Hale 10698:Conference 10673:G. W. Bush 10643:Eisenhower 10425:G. W. Bush 10405:G. W. Bush 10185:Eisenhower 10165:Eisenhower 9614:G. W. Bush 9569:Eisenhower 9519:Washington 9510:Presidency 9134:John Tyler 9054:John Adams 8899:John Hanks 8718:Cincinnati 8461:Legacy and 8244:and places 7899:Transition 7891:Presidency 7774:0306807556 7745:0306807548 6248:Justia.com 5884:Tax Lawyer 4399:August 11, 3599:References 3589:Eric Foner 3513:See also: 3092:See also: 3000:excise tax 2980:greenbacks 2849:Eric Foner 2847:Historian 2623:Appomattox 2586:, Senator 2555:Petersburg 2427:guerrillas 2374:. General 2212:. General 1960:after the 1751:Ward Lamon 1694:Union Army 911:See also: 848:such as a 805:Republican 709:, and the 530:Depictions 471:Gettysburg 388:Convention 374:Convention 300:Transition 295:First term 289:Presidency 81:Republican 12105:Primaries 12041:Factional 11971:Sectional 11808:Territory 11794:Wisconsin 11759:Tennessee 11664:Minnesota 11639:Louisiana 11540:territory 11538:state and 11425:Gillespie 11410:Nicholson 11346:R. Morton 11326:T. Morton 11211:Rosewater 11201:Hitchcock 11191:Cortelyou 11013:Longworth 10876:McConnell 10756:Gallinger 10613:Roosevelt 10534:primaries 10514:primaries 10494:primaries 10474:primaries 10454:primaries 10434:primaries 10414:primaries 10394:primaries 10374:primaries 10354:primaries 10334:primaries 10314:primaries 10294:primaries 10274:primaries 10254:primaries 10234:primaries 10225:Goldwater 10214:primaries 10194:primaries 10174:primaries 10154:primaries 10134:primaries 10114:primaries 10094:primaries 10074:primaries 10054:primaries 10034:primaries 10014:primaries 9994:primaries 9989:Fairbanks 9974:primaries 9939:Fairbanks 9935:Roosevelt 9926:Roosevelt 9767:primaries 9512:timelines 9494:Joe Biden 9488:2017–2021 9478:2009–2017 9468:2001–2009 9458:1993–2001 9448:1989–1993 9438:1981–1989 9428:1977–1981 9418:1974–1977 9408:1969–1974 9398:1963–1969 9388:1961–1963 9378:1953–1961 9368:1945–1953 9358:1933–1945 9348:1929–1933 9338:1923–1929 9328:1921–1923 9318:1913–1921 9308:1909–1913 9298:1901–1909 9288:1897–1901 9278:1893–1897 9268:1889–1893 9258:1885–1889 9248:1881–1885 9228:1877–1881 9218:1869–1877 9208:1865–1869 9198:1861–1865 9188:1857–1861 9178:1853–1857 9168:1850–1853 9158:1849–1850 9148:1845–1849 9138:1841–1845 9118:1837–1841 9108:1829–1837 9098:1825–1829 9088:1817–1825 9078:1809–1817 9068:1801–1809 9058:1797–1801 9048:1789–1797 8464:memorials 8330:Elections 8228:Sexuality 8159:and views 7926:Civil War 7759:(1997) . 7732:(1997) . 6948:(1996) . 6759:April 26, 6677:April 21, 6655:April 21, 6369:Peraino, 6021:April 27, 5985:April 27, 5960:April 27, 3487:East Room 3446:with his 2984:banknotes 2777:Louisiana 2210:Tennessee 2015:John Pope 1832:. At the 1770:Early war 1712:Pensacola 1395:1863–1865 1383:1861–1862 1364:1861–1865 1345:1864–1865 1333:1861–1864 1314:1864–1865 1302:1861–1864 1283:1862–1865 1271:1861–1862 1240:1864–1865 1228:1861–1864 1209:1861–1865 1190:1861–1865 1181:President 932:doughface 874:John Bell 731:landslide 525:Memorials 320:The Union 248:Political 237:Sexuality 12130:Trumpism 11985:Chairmen 11902:Factions 11864:Congress 11779:Virginia 11729:Oklahoma 11709:New York 11684:Nebraska 11674:Missouri 11659:Michigan 11649:Maryland 11634:Kentucky 11614:Illinois 11589:Delaware 11579:Colorado 11569:Arkansas 11459:McDaniel 11435:Martínez 11371:Richards 11286:Brownell 11281:Spangler 11266:Hamilton 11261:Fletcher 11171:Campbell 11166:Clarkson 11136:Chandler 11079:McCarthy 11055:Gingrich 10894:Speakers 10822:Knowland 10631:Coolidge 10607:McKinley 10601:Harrison 10589:Garfield 10025:Coolidge 10009:Coolidge 9922:McKinley 9909:McKinley 9896:Harrison 9883:Harrison 9857:Garfield 9756:national 9647:Category 9549:Coolidge 9524:McKinley 8971:Category 8901:(cousin) 8877:(sister) 8865:(mother) 8859:(father) 8526:Currency 8499:Birthday 8093:Speeches 7810:Archived 7721:Volume 2 7717:Volume 1 7629:(1981). 7590:(1999). 7566:(1993). 7540:(2005). 7476:(2008). 7452:(1952). 7438:(2008). 7384:(1974). 7372:(1955). 7344:(1994). 7311:(2017). 7297:(1993). 7240:(2002). 7214:(1991). 7160:(2000). 7148:(2004). 7111:(2007). 7084:(1999). 7043:(2005). 6994:(1970). 6970:(2001). 6910:(2008). 6792:July 14, 6753:Archived 6494:in JSTOR 6373:pp 3–16. 5689:(2011). 5560:(2010). 4345:March 8, 4024:April 9, 3993:April 9, 3653:(1965). 3374:Emperor 2619:freedmen 2392:Savannah 2240:and the 1891:Missouri 1883:Columbus 1879:Kentucky 1870:Maryland 1822:Richmond 1804:such as 1663:Legend: 1563:, sixth 679:Maryland 217:Personal 93:Election 70:See list 12110:Debates 12098:Related 11799:Wyoming 11774:Vermont 11679:Montana 11619:Indiana 11599:Georgia 11594:Florida 11564:Arizona 11554:Alabama 11534:Parties 11464:Whatley 11454:Priebus 11430:Mehlman 11420:Racicot 11415:Gilmore 11405:Barbour 11395:Yeutter 11390:Atwater 11311:Roberts 11256:Sanders 11141:Cameron 11126:Claflin 11116:Raymond 11087:(2023–) 11085:Johnson 11067:Boehner 11061:Hastert 11031:Halleck 11007:Gillett 10941:McCrary 10929:Pomeroy 10889:leaders 10878:(2007–) 10846:Stevens 10828:Dirksen 10810:Bridges 10744:E. Hale 10738:Allison 10732:Sherman 10726:Edmunds 10720:Sherman 10714:Anthony 10692:leaders 10625:Harding 10571:Johnson 10565:Lincoln 10129:Bricker 10105:Willkie 10005:Harding 9965:Sherman 9952:Sherman 9848:Wheeler 9809:Johnson 9805:Lincoln 9792:Lincoln 9779:Frémont 9751:tickets 9712:History 9609:Clinton 9574:Kennedy 9544:Harding 8983:Outline 8931:(horse) 8929:Old Bob 8889:(uncle) 8650:Statues 8233:Slavery 8079:Cabinet 8064:Pardons 7794:excerpt 7792:(1997) 7621:excerpt 7619:(2020) 7226:(2008) 7134:(2008) 7029:(2002) 6950:Lincoln 6934:(1963) 6609:loc.gov 6571:HISTORY 6222:loc.gov 5980:NPR.org 5209:, eds. 3698:1850218 3663:602–605 3485:in the 3384:invaded 3353:Alabama 3304:Britain 3160:on the 3042:Reforms 2922:protect 2763:of the 2429:in the 2409:in the 2334:Atlanta 2299:Sherman 1964:in 1862 1887:Paducah 1696:control 1403:cabinet 996:seceded 826:abolish 822:slavery 717:on the 657:in the 655:slavery 607:as the 65:Cabinet 12043:groups 11973:groups 11935:groups 11734:Oregon 11689:Nevada 11629:Kansas 11604:Hawaii 11559:Alaska 11449:Steele 11444:Duncan 11439:Duncan 11376:Laxalt 11331:Miller 11321:Alcorn 11271:Martin 11246:Huston 11236:Butler 11221:Wilcox 11216:Hilles 11176:Carter 11146:Jewell 11131:Morgan 11111:Morgan 11104:Chairs 11049:Michel 11043:Rhodes 11025:Martin 10995:Cannon 10965:Cannon 10959:Keifer 10935:Blaine 10931:(1869) 10923:Colfax 10903:chairs 10818:(1953) 10804:Wherry 10792:McNary 10786:Austin 10780:McNary 10774:Watson 10768:Curtis 10750:Cullom 10700:chairs 10661:Reagan 10637:Hoover 10595:Arthur 10591:(1881) 10465:Romney 10445:McCain 10429:Cheney 10409:Cheney 10369:Quayle 10349:Quayle 10325:Reagan 10305:Reagan 10229:Miller 10149:Warren 10109:McNary 10085:Landon 10069:Curtis 10065:Hoover 10049:Curtis 10045:Hoover 9985:Hughes 9969:Butler 9913:Hobart 9887:Morton 9870:Blaine 9861:Arthur 9835:Wilson 9822:Colfax 9796:Hamlin 9783:Dayton 9599:Reagan 9594:Carter 9564:Truman 9554:Hoover 9539:Wilson 8895:(aunt) 8817:(wife) 8802:Family 8663:statue 8591:mosaic 8577:(1960, 8477:Papers 8213:Poetry 8143:event) 7955:Affair 7780:death. 7771: 7742: 7687:online 7668: 7655:online 7639: 7576: 7552: 7526: 7505: 7484: 7442: 7413: 7392: 7354: 7330: 7315: 7301: 7271: 7250: 7230: 7191: 7170: 7138: 7115: 7094: 7074:428674 7072: 7053: 7033: 7013: 6980: 6956: 6938: 6918: 6870: 6538:(2004) 6472: 6447:(1999) 6271: 6080: 5699: 5570: 5540: 5353: 5248: 3878: 3696: 3587:, and 3473:, and 3364:France 3294:Mexico 3234:Nevada 2996:silver 2918:tariff 2576:Mexico 2307:Porter 2256:, and 1782:rioted 1749:, and 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1640:, and 1603:, and 1165:Office 947:Senate 759:ranked 705:, the 478:Poetry 446:Peoria 441:Lyceum 409:Second 242:Patent 232:Health 227:Family 11764:Texas 11644:Maine 11609:Idaho 11547:State 11366:Brock 11361:Smith 11341:Bliss 11336:Burch 11296:Scott 11291:Reece 11276:Walsh 11231:Adams 11186:Payne 11181:Hanna 11156:Jones 11151:Sabin 11019:Snell 10870:Frist 10852:Baker 10840:Baker 10834:Scott 10798:White 10762:Lodge 10679:Trump 10649:Nixon 10583:Hayes 10577:Grant 10529:Vance 10525:Trump 10509:Pence 10505:Trump 10489:Pence 10485:Trump 10449:Palin 10269:Agnew 10265:Nixon 10249:Agnew 10245:Nixon 10209:Lodge 10205:Nixon 10189:Nixon 10169:Nixon 10145:Dewey 10125:Dewey 10029:Dawes 9874:Logan 9844:Hayes 9831:Grant 9818:Grant 9629:Biden 9624:Trump 9619:Obama 9584:Nixon 8937:(dog) 8841:(son) 8835:(son) 8829:(son) 8823:(son) 8582:1988) 8514:films 8400:opera 8242:Homes 7953:Trent 7724:vol 6 5880:(PDF) 3694:JSTOR 3452:actor 3325:Trent 2303:Grant 1710:near 943:House 930:, a " 624:Union 404:First 77:Party 11825:Guam 11769:Utah 11724:Ohio 11624:Iowa 11520:2024 11515:2023 11510:2021 11505:2019 11500:2017 11495:2015 11490:2013 11485:2011 11480:2009 11400:Bond 11356:Bush 11351:Dole 11316:Hall 11251:Fess 11241:Work 11226:Hays 11206:Hill 11161:Quay 11121:Ward 11073:Ryan 11037:Ford 11001:Mann 10983:Reed 10971:Reed 10953:Frye 10947:Hale 10917:Grow 10864:Lott 10858:Dole 10816:Taft 10655:Ford 10619:Taft 10469:Ryan 10389:Kemp 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Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

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