Abraham Lincoln and slavery

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should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not that we be not judged.... The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh!" If we shall suppose that American Slavery is one of those offences which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South, this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offence came.... Fondly do we hope — fervently do we pray — that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether."

612:, a Presbyterian minister and editor of a newspaper with strong anti-slavery views. "The mood of Illinois when an angry mob killed Lovejoy was pro-slavery, but not only in Illinois. The state legislatures of Connecticut and New York in the mid-1830s passed resolutions stating that slavery was accepted in the U.S. Constitution and that no state had a right to interfere". Lincoln himself had been one of only six in the Illinois House of Representatives to vote against a resolution saying "That we highly disapprove of the formation of abolition societies ... That the right of property in slaves, is sacred ... That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, against the consent of the citizens of said District...." "Six weeks later, he and Representative Dan Stone filed a protest to the passage of the resolution—a rarely used device to register strong disagreement". 912:

people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will for ever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race. I say upon this occasion I do not perceive that because the white man is to have the superior position the negro should be denied every thing. I do not understand that because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife. My understanding is that I can just let her alone. I am now in my fiftieth year, and I certainly never have had a black woman for either a slave or a wife.

478:. Many abolitionists emphasized the sinfulness of slave owners, but Lincoln did not. Lincoln tended not to be judgmental. In his 1854 Peoria, Illinois, speech, he said, "I have no prejudice against the Southern people. They are just what we would be in their situation. If slavery did not now exist amongst them, they would not introduce it. If it did now exist amongst us, we should not instantly give it up." In 1865, in his second inaugural address, he said, "It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not that we be not judged," and he urged "malice toward none" and "charity for all." Nonetheless, Lincoln suggested, God had judged the nation — "both North and South" — for the "offence" of slavery. 1053:

abolish slavery in a state where it already existed. In his First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, Lincoln explained that while he had not seen the amendment and took no position on amendments in general, "holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable." The Corwin amendment was a late attempt at reconciliation but it was doomed to fail because southerners knew that it would not stop the federal government from adopting a host of antislavery policies that did not violate the Federal Consensus. Most significantly, the Corwin amendment would not have interfered with Lincoln's plan to ban the expansion of slavery into the federal territories, which was one of the main points of contention between pro- and anti-slavery factions.

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the Union, not freeing slaves as a humanitarian gesture. It was one of Lincoln's most skillful public relations efforts, even if it has cast longstanding doubt on his sincerity as a liberator." Historian Richard Striner argues that "for years" Lincoln's letter has been misread as "Lincoln only wanted to save the Union." However, within the context of Lincoln's entire career and pronouncements on slavery this interpretation is wrong, according to Striner. Rather, Lincoln was softening the strong Northern white supremacist opposition to his imminent emancipation by tying it to the cause of the Union. This opposition would fight for the Union but not to end slavery, so Lincoln gave them the means and motivation to do both at the same time. In his 2014 book,

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all slaves within this state who shall, at the time aforesaid, be under the age of ten years, shall be free when they arrive at the age of twenty-one years; and all slaves over ten and under twenty-one years shall be free when they arrive at the age of twenty-five years; and no slave shall be permitted to come into the State for permanent residence therein." Lincoln considered this satisfactory, writing, "the admission of the new state, turns that much slave soil to free; and thus, is a certain, and irrevocable encroachment upon the cause of the rebellion." West Virginia was granted statehood on June 20, 1863, and went on to fully abolish slavery on February 3, 1865, roughly three months before the end of the war.

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soldiers to do, in saving the Union. Does it appear otherwise to you? But negroes, like other people, act upon motives. Why should they do any thing for us, if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they must be prompted by the strongest motive—even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept.... then, there will be some black men who can remember that, with silent tongue, and clenched teeth, and steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have helped mankind on to this great consummation; while, I fear, there will be some white ones, unable to forget that, with malignant heart, and deceitful speech, they strove to hinder it.

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amendments that would make it easier for the federal government to pressure states to abolish slavery on their own, including compensation, a gradual timetable for abolition, and subsidies for blacks willing to colonize themselves outside the United States. None of those constitutional amendments came close to passage. But by 1863 Lincoln had other ways of pressuring the state to abolish slavery: By refusing to return slaves who escaped from loyal masters in loyal states, and by enlisting slaves from loyal states into the Union Army with the promise of emancipation, the Lincoln administration systematically undermined slavery in many of the Southern states.

1087:. The care Lincoln took to distinguish legal from extralegal emancipation was reaffirmed in May 1862, after Hunter issued two emancipation proclamations covering the areas his troops recently occupied "along the Carolina, Georgia, and Florida coast." The first proclamation, which was legal, freed "all persons of color lately held to involuntary servitude by enemies of the United States." The second proclamation declared all the slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina "to be 'forever free,' not just those belonging to disloyal masters." That second proclamation, like Frémont's, went beyond the law, and Lincoln reversed it, as he had Frémont's. 666:

annexation, some slaves may be sent to Texas and continued in slavery, that otherwise might have been liberated. To whatever extent this may be true, I think annexation an evil." He then explained, "I hold it to be a paramount duty of us in the free states, due to the Union of the states, and perhaps to liberty itself (paradox though it may seem) to let the slavery of the other states alone; while, on the other hand, I hold it to be equally clear, that we should never knowingly lend ourselves directly or indirectly, to prevent that slavery from dying a natural death—to find new places for it to live in, when it can no longer exist in the old."

1216: 398: 769:, could enable slavery to spread into the free states. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Lincoln first responded to Taney in a speech soon after the decision was handed down, arguing that Taney's decision falsified history and corrupted the nation's founding documents, particularly given Taney's unsupportable effort to read black people entirely out of the founding of the nation. 1294:

of the colored troops, constitute the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion; and that, at least one of those important successes, could not have been achieved when it was, but for the aid of black soldiers. Among the commanders holding these views are some who have never had any affinity with what is called abolitionism, or with republican party politics; but who hold them purely as military opinions. I submit these opinions as being entitled to some weight against the objections, often urged, that emancipation, and arming the blacks, are unwise as military measures, and were not adopted, as such, in good faith.

27: 529:. It provided that, on January 1, 1863, in the states still in rebellion, the enslaved people would be freed. On January 1, 1863, as promised, he issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, which declared "that all persons held as slaves" in "States and parts of States ... in rebellion against the United States" on that day "are, and henceforward shall be free." The proclamation immediately freed on paper millions of the enslaved, but it had little practical effect until the Union Army was present. Week by week, as the army advanced, more slaves were liberated. The last were freed in Texas on " 835: 392: 1852: 1107:

restoration of the Union. Southern leaders denounced Lincoln as a bloodthirsty revolutionary whose emancipation policies proved that the secessionists were right all along about those they labeled "Black Republicans." Northern Democrats, meanwhile, denied that emancipation was a "military necessity," as Lincoln and the Republicans claimed it was. But Lincoln never deviated from his official position, that because the Constitution recognized slavery in the states, the only constitutional justification for freeing slaves was military necessity.

942:. The Garrisonians emphasized that the document permitted and protected slavery and was therefore "an agreement with hell" that should be rejected in favor of immediate emancipation. Lincoln deeply supported the Constitution and rejected this position. Instead, he adopted and promoted the mainstream anti-slavery position of the new Republican party. It argued that the Constitution could and should be used to eventually end slavery, but that the Constitution gave the national government no authority to abolish slavery in the 849: 1259:

But the abrasion was no mere incident; it was the policy of emancipation. Beginning in mid-1863 Lincoln intensified the pressure on all the slave states, and in early 1864 the policy began to pay off. Between January 1864 and January 1865, three slave states abolished slavery, all under intense pressure from the federal government. By the time the House of Representatives sent the Thirteenth Amendment to the states for ratification, the ratio of free to slave states was 27:9, or the needed three-quarters.

1118:. While the initial act did not make any determination on the final status of escaped slaves who fled to Union lines, the Second Confiscation act did, stating that escaped or liberated slaves belonging to anyone who participated in or supported the rebellion "shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves." The act also prohibited anyone in the military from returning escaped slaves to their masters, even if the slaves had escaped from a 973: 1537:. Together, they arranged his famous meeting of August 14, 1862, with a deputation of black Washingtonians, whom he told, "without the institution of Slavery and the colored race as a basis, the war could not have an existence. It is better for us both, therefore, to be separated." Civil War historian Jonathan W. White wrote of this meeting, "Few moments in Lincoln’s presidency appear as regrettable as this one.... Lincoln’s words were terribly condescending." Lincoln biographer 1031:, a series of constitutional amendments intended to coax the Confederate states into returning to the Union. President-elect Lincoln rejected the Crittenden Compromise out of hand because it would have permitted the expansion of slavery, stating "I will suffer death before I will consent or will advise my friends to consent to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege of taking possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." 8425: 1439: 1757:, Lincoln stated that the "physical difference between the white and black races ... will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality". He added that "there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I, as much as any other man, am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race." On August 22, 1862, he said to a delegation of five black men whom he'd invited to the White House: 8437: 1692:, dated July 1, 1864, claims that Lincoln had "sloughed off" colonization, though attributes that change to the president's frustration with corrupt contractors rather than to any philosophical departure. In the fall of 1864, Lincoln wrote Attorney General Edward Bates to inquire whether the legislation of 1862 allowed him to continue pursuing colonization and to retain Mitchell's services irrespective of the loss of funding. General 1103:

legally return fugitive slaves to their owners. By then the sentiment for a more radical approach to emancipation had been building, and in July Congress authorized the president to issue a more general emancipation proclamation, freeing all the slaves in all areas in rebellion. A few days after Lincoln signed the law—known as the Second Confiscation Act—he drafted the first version of what would become his Emancipation Proclamation.

2139:"When Congress passed the DC Emancipation Act in April 1862, giving compensation to 'loyal' owners, Coakley successfully petitioned for his wife and children, since he had purchased their freedom in earlier years. He was one of only a handful of black Washingtonians to make a claim like this. The federal government paid him $ 1489.20 for eight slaves that he 'owned' (he had claimed their value at $ 3,300)." White, Jonathan W., 557:

soil", that is in their own lands abroad, to which they would move pursuant to voluntary colonization. In the last years of his life, however, Lincoln's views changed. In March 1864, writing to the governor of Louisiana, and in April 1865, in his last public speech, which led directly to his assassination, Lincoln supported voting rights in the United States for some African Americans. He was the first U.S. President to do so.

2354:, Lincoln wrote, "I think the negro is included in the word 'men' used in the Declaration of Independence. I believe the declara that 'all men are created equal' is the great fundamental principle upon which our free institutions rest; that negro slavery is violative of that principle...." Yet, he added, "I have expressly disclaimed all intention to bring about social and political equality between the white and black races". 436: 1419:, issued on September 22, 1862, Lincoln stated, "That it is my purpose, upon the next meeting of Congress to again recommend ... tendering pecuniary aid to the free acceptance of all slave-states, so called, the people whereof may not then be in rebellion against the United States, and which states, may then have voluntarily adopted, or thereafter may voluntarily adopt, immediate, or gradual abolishment of slavery...." 999:. Lincoln was opposed to the expansion of slavery into the territories, but agreed with nearly all Americans, including most radical abolitionists, that the federal government was prevented by the Constitution from abolishing slavery in states where it already existed. His plan was to halt the spread of slavery and to offer monetary compensation to slave owners in states that agreed to gradually end slavery (see 553:, however, writes, "One problem with this explanation is that Lincoln's advocacy of colonization predated not only his presidency but his emergence as an antislavery politician". Foner also writes, "For many white Americans, including Lincoln, colonization represented a middle ground between the radicalism of the abolitionists and the prospect of the United States existing permanently half-slave and half-free". 1551:'s suggestion of compulsory colonization, but decided to ask Congress, in his second annual message of December 1, 1862, to pass an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to promote black resettlement by treaty with putative host states. Legislators' lack of response drove Lincoln thereafter to his own public silence on colonization, though he quietly continued to pursue colonization schemes, and in two waves. 1140:, in which the editor asked why Lincoln had not yet issued an emancipation proclamation, as he was authorized to do by the Second Confiscation Act. In his reply Lincoln differentiated between "my view of official duty"—that is, what he can do in his official capacity as President—and his personal views. Officially he must save the Union above all else; personally he wanted to free all the slaves: 537:

freeing enslaved people it deprived the South of labor, and it allowed African American people to "be received into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln worried about the consequences of his action, fearing an endemic racial divide in the nation. Nonetheless, during his second presidential campaign, he ran on a platform to forever abolish slavery by constitutional amendment.

1361:, to immediately abolish slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. He wrote in his letter of acceptance that "it would make a fitting and necessary conclusion" to the war and would permanently join the causes of "Liberty and Union." He won re-election on this platform in November, and in December, 1864, Lincoln worked to have the House approve the amendment. 1311:

so think, and feel. And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling." Lincoln further explained that he had eventually determined that military emancipation and the enlistment of black soldiers were necessary for the preservation of the Union, which was his responsibility as president.

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I bite my lip and keep quiet. In 1841 you and I had together a tedious low-water trip, on a steamboat from Louisville to St. Louis. You may remember, as I well do, that from Louisville to the mouth of the Ohio, there were, on board ten or a dozen slaves shackled together with irons. That sight was a continued torment to me, and I see something like it every time I touch the

1750:: "To apply 20th century beliefs and standards to an America of 1858 and declare Abraham Lincoln a 'racist' is a faulty formula that unfairly distorts Lincoln's true role in advancing civil and human rights. By the standards of his time, Lincoln's views on race and equality were progressive and truly changed minds, policy and most importantly, hearts for years to come." 1828:, who acted during the trip as valet, messenger, and bodyguard. Johnson was afterward employed by the White House and then as messenger in the Treasury Department. The two men called on each other for favors. When Johnson contracted fever, probably from Lincoln, and died in 1864, Lincoln satisfied Johnson's family debts and paid for his burial and tombstone in 812:

loyalty to the Constitution and the Union.... How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation we began by declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes." When the

1602:. The president hoped to overcome these complications by having Congress provide for a treaty with Colombia for African American emigration, much as he outlined in his second annual message, but he shelved the Chiriquí project over the New Year of 1863 when he learned that its stakeholders included not only a personal friend, 1499:, Lincoln articulated two motifs of his support for colonization: first, the unwillingness of "the great mass of white people" to accept black equality, and second, on a note of qualification, Liberia's liability to be overwhelmed by any sizable influx of immigrants. Accordingly, he supported the colonization program of 1423:

bonds ... and afterwards reintroducing or tolerating slavery therein, shall refund to the United States the bonds so received, or the value thereof, and all interest paid thereon." Giving the states the option to reintroduce slavery meant that Lincoln was offering to end the war without slavery ever permanently ending.

1327:", which offered Southern states a chance to peacefully rejoin the Union if they abolished slavery and collected loyalty oaths from 10 percent of their voting population. Before the end of the war, Louisiana. Arkansas, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia, abolished slavery. In addition, the Union loyalist, 1035:"principle or idea" "in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. (Great applause.) It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men, and that all should have an equal chance. (Cheers.)" 1792:

Without this primary and essential condition to success his efforts must have been vain and utterly fruitless. Had he put the abolition of slavery before the salvation of the Union, he would have inevitably driven from him a powerful class of the American people and rendered resistance to rebellion impossible.

458:, was complex and politically challenging. In addition, there was the unanswered question, which Lincoln had to deal with, of what would become of the four million slaves if liberated: how they would earn a living in a society that had almost always rejected them or looked down on their very presence. 1835:

When Lincoln arrived at the White House, for the first time in his life he lived within a large community of free African Americans employed there. Many had previously been enslaved or were descendants of slaves, and their success as free people may have influenced Lincoln's own thinking. Lincoln is

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Douglass attested to Lincoln's genuine respect for him and other blacks, and to the wisdom of Lincoln's course of action in obtaining both the preservation of the Union (his sworn duty as president) and the freeing of the slaves. In an 1876 speech at the unveiling of the Freedmen's Monument in Memory

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During his presidency, Lincoln took a reasoned course which helped the federal government both destroy slavery and advance the cause of black suffrage. For a man who had denied both reforms four years earlier, Lincoln's change in attitude was rapid and decisive. He was both open-minded and perceptive

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claimed that Lincoln approached him in 1865, a few days before his assassination, to talk about reviving colonization in Panama. Since the mid-twentieth century, historians have debated the validity of Butler's account, as Butler wrote it years after the fact and was prone to exaggerating his prowess

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After revoking Hunter's attempt at emancipation, Lincoln issued a statement explaining that Hunter had issued his proclamation without Lincoln's knowledge or approval, and the authority to free slaves in the rebel states was held only by the President, not his generals. He concluded by referring to a

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On February 22, 1861, at a speech in Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lincoln reconfirmed that his convictions sprang from the sentiment expressed in the Declaration of Independence, which was also the basis of the continued existence of the United States since that time, namely, the

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of North Carolina of December 15, 1860, which was soon published in newspapers, Lincoln wrote that the "only substantial difference" between North and South was that "You think slavery is right and ought to be extended; we think it is wrong and ought to be restricted." Lincoln repeated this statement

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If all earthly power were given to me, ... y first impulse would be to free all the slaves, and send them to Liberia, — to their own native land. But a moment's reflection would convince me that whatever of high hope (as I think there is) there may be in this, in the long run, its sudden execution is

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Lincoln addresses the changes to his positions and actions regarding emancipation in an 1864 letter to Albert G. Hodges. In that letter, Lincoln states his moral opposition to slavery, writing, "I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. I can not remember when I did not

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The war has certainly progressed as favorably for us, since the issue of proclamation as before. I know as fully as one can know the opinions of others, that some of the commanders of our armies in the field who have given us our most important successes, believe the emancipation policy, and the use

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Lincoln had begun pressuring the border states to abolish slavery in November 1861, with no success. In 1862 he began to warn the states that if they did not abolish slavery on their own, the institution would succumb to the "incidents of war" and would be undermined by "mere friction and abrasion".

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citizens desired 'to avoid the unsatisfactory' terms of the Final Emancipation Proclamation 'and to have peace again on the old terms' (i.e., with slavery intact), they should rally ... to vote in an 'election of members of the members of the Congress of the United States'...." Thus, Lincoln may not

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to end the interstate slave trade, thereby crippling the steady movement of slavery from the economically stagnant southeast to the growing southwest. Congress could recognize free blacks as full citizens and insist on due process rights to protect fugitive slaves from being captured and returned to

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I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races —that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white

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there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man. I agree with Judge Douglas he is not my equal

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You know I dislike slavery, and you fully admit the abstract wrong of it.... I also acknowledge your rights and my obligations under the Constitution in regard to your slaves. I confess I hate to see the poor creatures hunted down and caught and carried back to their stripes and unrequited toil; but

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writes, "Lincoln's agreement to represent Matson has been called ... the 'most profound mystery ever to confound Lincoln specialists'...." Burlingame speculates that, "despite his antislavery convictions, Lincoln accepted the Matson case in keeping with what became known in England as the 'cab-rank'

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The Conkling letter was dated August 26, 1863, the month after two great Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, but also at a time when Americans were reading the first reports of black troops fighting courageously in battles at Milliken's Bend and Battery Wagner. It was also in the summer of

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You say you will not fight to free negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you; but, no matter. Fight you, then, exclusively to save the Union. I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. Whenever you shall have conquered all resistance to the Union, if I shall urge

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wrote: "Unknown to Greeley, Lincoln composed this after he had already drafted a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which he had determined to issue after the next Union military victory. Therefore, this letter was, in truth, an attempt to position the impending announcement in terms of saving

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So as not to alienate the border states, Lincoln was careful to ensure that his generals followed the letter of the law. He encouraged General James K. Lane in western Missouri to emancipate thousands of slaves of disloyal masters who came voluntarily within his lines. But in eastern Missouri, when

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is one of the most discussed aspects of his life. Lincoln frequently expressed his moral opposition to slavery in public and private. "I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong," he stated. "I can not remember when I did not so think, and feel." However, the question of

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You and we are different races. We have between us a broader difference than exists between almost any other two races. Whether it is right or wrong I need not discuss, but this physical difference is a great disadvantage to us both, as I think your race suffer very greatly, many of them by living

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One eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war.... It may seem strange that any men

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to have a constitutional plan for gradual emancipation as a condition of statehood. In response, West Virginia passed the Willey Amendment, which declared "The children of slaves born within the limits of this State after the fourth day of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, shall be free; and

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asserted that Lincoln's desire to reassert the saving of the Union as his sole war goal was in fact crucial to his claim of legal authority for emancipation. Since slavery was protected by the Constitution, the only way that he could free the slaves was as a tactic of war—not for its own sake. But

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or any other slave border. It is not fair for you to assume that I have no interest in a thing which has, and continually exercises, the power of making me miserable. You ought rather to appreciate how much the great body of the Northern people do crucify their feelings, in order to maintain their

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His great mission was to accomplish two things: first, to save his country from dismemberment and ruin; and, second, to free his country from the great crime of slavery. To do one or the other, or both, he must have the earnest sympathy and the powerful cooperation of his loyal fellow-countrymen.

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to any unsubstantiated claim that historical actors did not mean what they said; and the inadequacy, for a deportationist target audience, of Lincoln's adherence to African American consent. The author of the one book-length study of black colonization during the Civil War era, Sebastian N. Page,

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When the House passed the 13th amendment on January 31, 1865, Lincoln signed the amendment, although this was not a legal requirement, and said in a speech the next day, "He thought all would bear him witness that he had never shrunk from doing all that he could to eradicate slavery by issuing an

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Having won re-election to the presidency in November 1864 on a platform of abolishing slavery, Lincoln and several members of his cabinet embarked on a sustained lobbying effort to get the abolition amendment through the House of Representatives. The amendment abolishing slavery everywhere in the

887:, which would give the citizens of a territory the right to decide if slavery would be legal there. Douglas criticized Lincoln as being inconsistent, saying he altered his message and position on slavery and on the political rights of freed blacks in order to appeal to the audience before him, as 556:

Until late in his life, Lincoln wanted human rights — the rights listed in the Declaration of Independence (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) and the natural right to eat the bread they earn with their own hands — for black people, but civil rights, such as the vote, "only on their own

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Although Lincoln stated in the Emancipation Proclamation that he "sincerely believed to be an act of justice," he issued it as a "military necessity," because he believed that the U.S. Constitution would not permit it on any other basis. The Emancipation Proclamation was a war tactic, because by

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Lincoln focused on what he saw as a more politically practical goal: preventing the expansion of slavery into the new Western territories, which, if it occurred, could lead to new slave states, and if it were prevented would eventually lead to slavery's demise. He supported excluding slavery from

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In his December 1, 1862, Annual Message to Congress, Lincoln proposed a constitutional amendment that would provide federal compensation, in the form of interest-bearing U.S. bonds, to any state that voluntarily abolished slavery before the year 1900. It also provided, "Any State having received

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Because the Constitution could sanction emancipation only under the president's war powers, freeing slaves could be justified only as a means of suppressing the Southern rebellion and winning the war. As a result, until the very end of the war, Lincoln claimed that the purpose of the war was the

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directly. However, multiple tactics were available to support the long-term strategy of using the Constitution as a battering ram against the peculiar institution. First, Congress could block the admission of any new slave states. That would steadily move the balance of power in Congress and the

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I thought that in your struggle for the Union, to whatever extent the negroes should cease helping the enemy, to that extent it weakened the enemy in his resistance to you. Do you think differently? I thought that whatever negroes can be got to do as soldiers, leaves just so much less for white

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At the time that Lincoln published this letter, he seemingly had already chosen the third of the three options he named: He was waiting for a Union victory to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which would announce that he would free some but not all the slaves on January 1, 1863.

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off South Carolina, and in western Missouri. In December the Lincoln administration announced its emancipation policy in a series of annual reports by the president and by several of his cabinet secretaries. By January Lincoln himself declared that no federal authority, civil or military, could

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But a constitutional amendment has to be ratified by three-fourths of the states. There were too many slave states and not enough free states for a constitutional amendment to be ratified, so even as he was preparing to issue his Emancipation Proclamation he proposed a series of constitutional

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was passed by Congress before Lincoln became President and was ratified by three states but was abandoned once the Civil War began. It would have reaffirmed what historians call the Federal Consensus—the nearly universal belief that under the Constitution the federal government had no power to

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Impressed by the strength of anti-black racism, especially in his home states of Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky, Lincoln concluded that, because whites would never allow blacks to live in America as equals, they would be better off migrating voluntarily to a country outside the United States,

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unequivocally regarded Lincoln as sharing "the prejudices of his white fellow-countrymen against the Negro", but also observed of Lincoln that "in his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color." According to Douglass, Lincoln "was preeminently the white man's

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issued a decree emancipating the slaves of disloyal owners in areas the Union did not control, Lincoln ordered the general to revise his decree to conform with the law. Lincoln promoted Lane to brigadier general but would later fire Frémont for corruption and military incompetence. In western

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President Lincoln advocated that slave owners be compensated for emancipated slaves. On March 6, 1862, President Lincoln, in a message to the U.S. Congress, proposed that Congress adopt a Joint Resolution stating that "any state which may adopt gradual abolishment of slavery" should be given

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in favor of slavery, reads in part, "As a good thing, slavery is strikingly perculiar , in this, that it is the only good thing which no man ever seeks the good of, for himself. Nonsense! Wolves devouring lambs, not because it is good for their own greedy maws, but because it is good for the

665:

One of the earliest examples of Lincoln's written views on slavery comes from an 1845 letter Lincoln wrote to his friend Williamson Durley, concerning the annexation of Texas. In it, Lincoln said he took no position on annexation, but he added, "It is possibly true, to some extent, that with

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of Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and Missouri, urged that their respective states adopt emancipation legislation that compensated slave owners. On July 14, 1862, President Lincoln sent a bill to Congress that would have allowed the Treasury to issue bonds at 6% interest to states for slave

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Lincoln signed an agreement on June 13, 1863, with John Hodge of British Honduras, which authorized colonial agents to recruit ex-slaves and transport them to Belize from the approved ports of Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. Later that year the Department of the Interior sent

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Acts, intimating that he would not sign those bills unless they contained such a provision. Once Congress had passed this legislation, which it reinforced with a $ 600,000 fund for colonization, Lincoln appointed his old collaborator, James Mitchell, to an ad hoc position within the

1519:

In his first annual message to Congress (now known as the State of the Union Address), of December 3, 1861, Lincoln advised Congress to provide for the colonization of free African American people, even if it required the United States to acquire further territory. He encouraged the

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Lincoln came to appreciate the role that black troops played in this process. In the end some 180,000 blacks served in the Union Army, a disproportionate number of them from the states that ended up abolishing slavery. He made his feeling clear in an eloquent letter a year later to

964:. Pro-slavery elements considered the Republican strategy to be much more dangerous to their cause than radical abolitionism, and Lincoln's election was met by secession. Indeed, the Republican strategy mapped the "crooked path to abolition" that prevailed during the Civil War. 1586:, to lead the expedition and choose pioneers from the 13,700 African Americans who applied to join him. Lincoln also signed a contract with Ambrose W. Thompson, the leaseholder of the tract in question, which allowed for tens of thousands of African Americans to immigrate. The 517:

of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri to do likewise, because that would eliminate their incentive to secede from the Union to join the Confederacy. Their secession might result both in the North losing the Civil War and in the continued existence of slavery.

1144:

I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was." If there be those who would not save the Union, unless they could at the same time

903:

in many respects-certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without the leave of anybody else, which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal of every living man."

1799:

aking him for all in all, measuring the tremendous magnitude of the work before him, considering the necessary means to ends, and surveying the end from the beginning, infinite wisdom has seldom sent any man into the world better fitted for his mission than Abraham

1684:

The question of when Lincoln abandoned colonization, if ever, has aroused debate among historians. The government funded no more colonies after the rescue of the Ile à Vache survivors in early 1864, and Congress repealed most of the colonization funding that July.

1349:. He said, according to Douglass, "I want you to set about devising some means of making them acquainted with it , and for bringing them into our lines," thereby making emancipation an accomplished fact before a potential next administration could take office. 684:

rule—stipulating that lawyers must accept the first client who hails them—and with the prevailing Whig view that lawyers should try to settle disputes in an orderly fashion through the courts, trusting in the law and the judges to assure that justice was done."

1836:

said to have showed these employees "a peculiar care and solicitude," and it was noted, perhaps surprisingly, that Lincoln treated them "like people". "He 'sympathized with us colored folks,' one former servant said, 'and we loved him.'" White House usher

711:

and allowed territories to decide for themselves whether they would allow slavery. Lincoln was morally opposed to slavery and politically opposed to any expansion of it. At issue was its extension into the western territories. On October 16, 1854, in his

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the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do

1795:

Viewed from the genuine abolition ground, Mr. Lincoln seemed tardy, cold, dull, and indifferent; but measuring him by the sentiment of his country, a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to consult, he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined....

1114:, which abolished slavery in Washington, D.C. Two months later, on June 19, Congress banned slavery in all federal territories, fulfilling Lincoln's 1860 campaign promise to ban the expansion of slavery. On July 17, Congress passed the second of the 1091:

congressional resolution passed in March that stated the federal government's intent to provide compensation to assist states that were willing to voluntarily abolish slavery and encouraged all slave states to come up with a plan to carry it out.

1575:), would both fail, albeit at different stages of their development, because of Lincoln's initial proclivity for pursuing colonization through U.S.- based concessionaires rather than the sovereign states that had granted them their leases. 1617:, an island off Haiti. Although the White House subsequently remade the agreement with more trustworthy partners than Kock, the new contractors retained Kock as the supervisor of the settlement, for which more than 400 freed slaves sailed from 1466:. Other historians, such as Phillip W. Magness, Richard Blackett, Phillip Paludan, and Mark E. Neely, Jr., have challenged that contention by highlighting the quiet, even secretive basis of most of Lincoln's colonization activity; the lack of 1719:

for some blacks, stating "It is also unsatisfactory to some that the elective franchise is not given to the colored man. I would myself prefer that it were now conferred on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers."

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whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors; and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of

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with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. (Slavery in the District of Columbia was not ended until 1862, during Lincoln's presidency, when there were no Southern senators.)

1745:

Known as the Great Emancipator, Lincoln was a complicated figure who wrestled with his own views on race. Through changing times, successive generations have interpreted Lincoln's views on African Americans differently. According to

7522: 502:(except for Missouri). Lincoln suggested that if slavery were allowed to spread it would block free labor from settling in the new states and, as a result, the entire nation would soon become ever more dominated by slave owners. 1462:. Historians have disputed his motivation, with scholars such as James McPherson, David Reynolds, and Allen Guelzo arguing that Lincoln advocated colonization of the freedpeople in order to assuage racist concerns about the 9360: 1074:, and two days later Lincoln's War Department issued instructions emancipating all the slaves who came within Union lines from disloyal states or owners. By the end of the year thousands of slaves were being emancipated. 1597:

Lincoln suspended the project in early October 1862, before a single ship had sailed, ostensibly because of diplomatic protests by the governments of Central America, but really because of the uncertainty caused by the

1065:

began in April 1861, and by the end of May the Lincoln administration approved a policy of not returning fugitive slaves who came within Union lines from disloyal states. Such slaves were deemed "contraband of war," or

1697:

as a general. Recently discovered documents prove that Butler and Lincoln did indeed meet on April 11, 1865, though whether and to what extent they talked about colonization is not recorded except in Butler's account.

1582:, then an outlying part of Colombia. The settlers would mine coal to supply the U.S. Navy, and might even secure isthmian transit from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The president appointed the U.S. senator for Kansas, 646:, whose official position was that freedom was "national," the natural condition of all areas under the direct sovereignty of the Constitution, whereas slavery was "exceptional" and local. Earlier, as a member of the 820:." When it comes to this, I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty,—to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy. 4226: 777:(transcribed after the fact by Lincoln himself), Lincoln pointed out the immense difficulties of such a task as an obstacle to finding an easy way to quickly end slavery. In a debate in August 1858, he said: 8891: 724:

zeal for the spread of slavery, I can not but hate. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world."

773:

ideally in Central America or the Caribbean. He had little faith in the program of the American Colonization Society, whose goal was to colonize American blacks in Liberia, on the West African coast. In a

540:

According to Michael Lind, Lincoln was for most of his life a moderate Northern mainstream white supremacist and proponent of black colonization abroad in Panama, Haiti, and Liberia. An ardent follower of

6398: 4648: 2329:, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, p. 37. This sentence also appears (with differences only in punctuation) in Foner, Eric, "Lincoln and Colonization", in Foner, Eric, ed., 1395:." None did. The only area of the country that would ever receive compensated emancipation would be Washington, D.C. Because Washington, D.C., was under federal jurisdiction, Congress was able pass the 8728: 2825: 907:

Publicly, Lincoln said he was not advocating Negro suffrage in speeches both in Columbus, Ohio, on September 16, 1859, and in Charleston, Illinois, on September 18, 1858, stating on the latter date:

1407:

for the inconveniences public and private, produced by such a change of system". Congress adopted the resolution. On July 12, 1862, President Lincoln, in a conference with congressmen from the four

454:

what to do about it and how to end it, given that it was so firmly embedded in the nation's constitutional framework and in the economy of much of the country, even though concentrated in only the

1664:, a free African American clerk who supported colonization, to investigate the site for the government. The scheme petered out when John Usher refused to release funds to the would-be pioneers of 1391:

The Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, provided no compensation to slave owners, but previously, President Lincoln had made numerous proposals to the loyal border states to agree to "

716:, Lincoln declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated as he sought the presidency. Speaking in his Kentucky accent, with a very powerful voice, he said that the Kansas-Nebraska Act's " 4144: 757:

would end all disputes over slavery in the favor of Southern slaveholders, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy to support the

4212: 1656:(Suriname). Lincoln believed that by dealing with the comparatively stable European empires, he could avoid some of the problems that had plagued his earlier contracts with private interests. 2034: 1808:; one of his long-time neighbors, Jameson Jenkins (who may have been born a slave), had come from North Carolina and was publicly implicated in the 1850s as a Springfield conductor on the 1003:). He was considered a moderate within the Republican party in taking the position that slavery should be put on a course of "ultimate extinction" with the help of the federal government. 3631: 1471:

argues that Lincoln believed in colonization to his death, but that the policy failed due to the corruption, controversy, and the inadequate African American interest that it generated.

1365:

emancipation proclamation." He pointed out that the emancipation proclamation did not complete the task of eradicating slavery; "But this amendment is a King's cure for all the evils ."

1247:, for an opinion as to whether slaves freed through a war-related proclamation of emancipation could be re-enslaved once the war was over. Bates had to work through the language of the 2351: 6659: 4662: 8848: 8475: 4178: 654:, Lincoln issued a written protest of the Assembly's passage of a resolution stating that slavery should not be abolished in the District of Columbia. In 1841, he won a court case ( 2152: 1840:, who became an "intimate friend," was often the first person Lincoln asked to review parts of his writings and speeches, likely including drafts of the Emancipation Proclamation. 1753:

Lincoln's primary audience was white (male) voters. Lincoln's views on slavery, race equality, and African-American colonization are often intermixed. During the 1858 debates with

9367: 8743: 9178: 8678: 8633: 8548: 8011: 3285: 525:, Lincoln used the power granted to the president under Article II, section 2, of the U.S. Constitution as "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" to issue the preliminary 9452: 9183: 9173: 8588: 8553: 9656: 6911: 6689: 9213: 7984: 1251:

decision to arrive at an answer, but he finally concluded that they could indeed remain free. Still, a complete end to slavery would require a constitutional amendment.

4675: 9570: 8181: 6256: 9589: 5512: 9126: 7058: 7517: 4725: 4404: 545:, he envisioned an all-white United States without slavery. Leading Lincoln scholars, however, do not see Lincoln as a white supremacist and view his support for 7758: 1688:

Lincoln left no surviving statements in his own hand on the subject during the last two years of his presidency. An entry in the diary of presidential secretary

6034:"Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1. General Correspondence. 1833-1916: Edward Bates to Abraham Lincoln, Wednesday, November 30, 1864 (Opinion on James Mitchell)" 9121: 8965: 8908: 7465: 1358: 174: 8468: 6383: 4491: 4357: 3792: 3647: 3606: 2781: 2471: 1724:, a Southerner and outspoken Confederate sympathizer, attended the speech and became determined to kill Lincoln for supporting citizenship for blacks. Booth 1377:, describing it as not only the cause of the Civil War, but claiming that, as an offense to God, it drew God's righteous judgment against the entire nation. 1011:

In a letter to Senator Lyman Trumbull on December 10, 1860, Lincoln wrote, "Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery." In a letter to

9692: 8818: 3956:

The war powers derive from Article II, section 2, which provides, "The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States...."

7443: 1640:

A critic of the "contract colonies," the commissioner of emigration, James Mitchell, encouraged Abraham Lincoln to promote African American emigration to

691:, which, if it had been adopted, would have banned slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico. Lincoln, in collaboration with abolitionist Congressman 8803: 7709: 7676: 7601: 7542: 7334: 97: 4331: 642:

Lincoln, the leader most associated with the end of slavery in the United States, came to national prominence in the 1850s, following the advent of the

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Lincoln, having gotten the constitutional amendment to abolish slavery through Congress, began his second term. He discussed slavery throughout his

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that carried the risk that when the war ended, so would the justification for freeing the slaves. Late in 1862, Lincoln asked his Attorney General,

9097: 9061: 8896: 8461: 4459: 2420:"Lincoln & Race. Michael Lind, reply by James M. McPherson. In response to: What Did He Really Think About Race? from the March 29, 2007 issue" 1196:

Nevertheless, "From mid-October to mid-November 1862, he sent personal envoys to Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. His envoys bore tidings" that

976:"The Rail Candidate": Lincoln's 1860 candidacy is depicted as held up by the slavery issue—a slave on the left and party organization on the right. 422: 1487:. In 1852, he made his first recorded remarks on African American resettlement in a eulogy for the president of the ACS (and national statesman), 608:, and in the address he spoke about slavery. Seven weeks earlier, a mob in Alton, Illinois, across the river from St. Louis, Missouri, had killed 8886: 7930: 7233: 3095: 3074: 3032: 2956: 2658: 2474: 1953:"In the extreme Northern part of Illinois he can proclaim as bold and radical Abolitionism as ever Giddings, Lovejoy, or Garrison enunciated...." 1315:

United States was ratified by every state that had abolished slavery during the war, and it became part of the Constitution on December 6, 1865.

898:

Lincoln stated that Negroes had the rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the first of the Lincoln–Douglas debates, saying:

4305: 3053: 703:

After leaving Congress in 1849 Lincoln largely ignored politics to concentrate on his law practice. He was drawn back by the firestorm over the

9464: 9353: 9203: 7972: 7201: 7176: 5941: 5697: 5648: 5497: 5410: 5361: 5286: 5140: 5093: 4857: 4808: 3149: 1430:

in 1865, Lincoln met with Confederate leaders and proposed a "fair indemnity," possibly $ 500,000,000, in compensation for emancipated slaves.

3271:"'Letter to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855' in 'The Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, v. 2' | Northern Illinois University Digital Library" 9273: 8853: 8201: 8088: 7606: 7460: 2200: 1374: 248: 4712: 8863: 8838: 8121: 7947: 7593: 4872: 1613:

By way of substitute, on New Year's Eve, 1862, Lincoln arranged with a New Orleans businessman, Bernard Kock, to establish a colony on the

243: 1227:, which announced that, on January 1, 1863, he would, under his war powers, free all slaves in states still in rebellion. Lincoln scholar 9318: 9041: 7909: 1715:

In his second term as president, on April 11, 1865, Lincoln gave his last public speech. In it, for the first time publicly, he promoted

1357:

When Lincoln accepted the nomination for the Union party for president in June 1864, he called for the first time for the passage of the

6283: 1625:, and an ever-growing mistrust between the administration and its contractors doomed the colony. In February 1864, at Lincoln's behest, 9031: 8759: 8543: 7357: 939: 933: 139: 9687: 8221: 7492: 7305: 6596: 1736:

to the needs of his nation in a postwar era. Once committed to a principle, Lincoln moved toward it with steady, determined progress.

2116: 960:

bondage. Finally, the government could use patronage powers to promote the anti-slavery cause across the country, especially in the

9543: 8995: 8241: 7823: 7818: 7624: 7394: 7338: 6399:"Frederick Douglass on Abraham Lincoln: The Writer and Abolitionist Remembers the President in Library of Congress Primary Sources" 4122:

Lincoln's Gamble: The Tumultuous Six Months that Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed the Course of the Civil War

4097:

Lincoln's Gamble: The Tumultuous Six Months that Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed the Course of the Civil War

1534: 1511:(until 1860, better-known Republicans than Lincoln), who rejected Liberia in favor of closer destinations in the American tropics. 1342: 996: 989: 984:

was the trigger for secession by Southern states. The debate before 1860 was mainly focused on the Western territories, especially

981: 880: 786:

According to historian Paul Escott, Lincoln favored a system of gradual emancipation that would allow for controlled management of

222: 208: 61: 1973:"Speech of Wendell Phillips, Esq., at the New England Anti-Slavery Convention, Wednesday, May 30th, 1860. Phonographic report for 9682: 9646: 9626: 8903: 8823: 7806: 7453: 7325: 3464: 1587: 916:

This might have been a strategy speech used to gain voters, as Douglas had accused Lincoln of favoring negroes too much as well.

619:. She was the daughter of a slaveholder in Kentucky, but she never owned slaves herself and came to oppose slavery as an adult. 585:. Lincoln later noted that this move was "partly on account of slavery" but mainly due to his father's problems with the unclear 227: 9498: 8176: 7967: 7962: 7738: 7379: 369: 187: 9313: 9263: 9076: 7778: 7629: 7588: 7362: 7044: 7016: 6943: 6871: 6730: 6485: 6458: 6219: 6129: 5963: 5917: 5884: 5851: 5769: 5673: 5624: 5473: 5386: 5337: 5262: 5229: 5196: 5163: 5116: 5069: 5020: 4907: 4833: 4633: 4501: 4079: 3941: 3826: 3802: 3657: 3616: 2915: 2885: 2791: 2764: 1922: 1885: 1817: 1110:

All throughout 1862, the Lincoln administration took several direct actions against slavery. On April 16, Lincoln signed the

305: 144: 6977:

Douglass and Lincoln: How a Revolutionary Black Leader and a Reluctant Liberator Struggled to End Slavery and Save the Union

2639: 9223: 9066: 8693: 8658: 7811: 7788: 415: 117: 9268: 9218: 9208: 8913: 8778: 8733: 8638: 8598: 8211: 8191: 7801: 7796: 7753: 7558: 7225: 1701: 1599: 1492: 1483:(ACS), Lincoln had helped transfer a donation to the latter during his residency in Washington, D.C., as a member of the 741:

held that Black people were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. In addition, Taney struck down the

597: 506: 475: 280: 213: 6878: 5712: 5015:. William Alan Blair, Karen Fisher Younger, eds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2009. pp. 45–74. 4196: 3448: 9417: 9146: 8698: 8688: 8683: 8663: 8246: 8145: 8108: 7681: 7563: 6654:

Chaput, Erik J. "The Bitter Fruit of Freedom: Struggles over Land, Labor, and Citizenship in the Age of Emancipation."

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church, which had strict moral standards and opposed alcohol, dancing, and slavery. The family moved north across the

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President" and also, "emphatically the black man’s President: the first to show any respect to their rights as men".

1149:

slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time

1130:

On August 22, 1862, Lincoln published a letter in response to an editorial titled "The Prayer of Twenty Millions" by

467: 295: 7433: 4426: 1816:. In 1861, President-elect Lincoln called on Jenkins to give him a ride to the train depot, where Lincoln delivered 9651: 9531: 8918: 8828: 8648: 8643: 8518: 8126: 8004: 7884: 7838: 7512: 3998: 1725: 985: 696: 643: 352: 347: 4598: 1070:." On August 6, 1861, Congress declared the forfeiture of contrabands to be permanent by passing the first of the 9526: 9278: 8738: 8703: 8608: 8583: 8231: 8068: 7989: 7977: 7952: 7532: 7527: 3852: 3345: 3301: 2321:

Foner, Eric, "Abraham Lincoln, Colonization, and the Rights of Black Americans", in Richard Follett, Eric Foner,

2196: 1578:

For over a year from October 1861, Lincoln hoped to found a black colony in the Chiriquí district of what is now

1328: 1268: 1067: 505:

After Lincoln was elected, the departure of the Southern members of Congress made it finally possible to abolish

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and limited suffrage for African Americans, which he had earlier opposed. Former slave and leading abolitionist

1676:

banned the recruitment of "contraband" freedpeople for fear that the Confederacy would deem this a hostile act.

1541:

took a more favorable view of Lincoln's remarks to his visitors, finding one statement "remarkably empathetic."

1307:

1863 that Lincoln initiated his intensified effort to get various slave states to abolish slavery on their own.

513:

of 1862 provided partial compensation to slave owners, paid out of federal funds. Lincoln hoped to persuade the

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you to continue fighting, it will be an apt time, then, for you to declare you will not fight to free negroes.

680: 6761:(2010). "Lincoln and Emancipation: Constitutional Theory, Practical Politics, and the Basic Practice of Law". 5513:"Misconstrued Mission: Expansionism and Black Colonization in Mexico and Central America during the Civil War" 3576: 9583: 9405: 9392: 9131: 9010: 9005: 8718: 8623: 8563: 8538: 8508: 8498: 7935: 7731: 7349: 7298: 6422: 4335: 3426: 3127: 2692: 2583: 2047: 1870: 1825: 1480: 1455: 774: 128: 6351: 6154: 4166: 3674: 3546: 3516: 2248: 9636: 9597: 9399: 9283: 9136: 8881: 8858: 8843: 8795: 8573: 8503: 8484: 8381: 8083: 8040: 7922: 7686: 6815: 3929: 1875: 1669: 637: 633: 566: 450: 364: 76: 6568: 746: 499: 9631: 9447: 9328: 8948: 8708: 8016: 7858: 7748: 7644: 7578: 7475: 4686:

Lowell H. Harrison, "Lincoln and Compensated Emancipation in Kentucky." in Douglas Cantrell et al. eds.,

4571: 2526: 1829: 1521: 1495:, who had come to Springfield, Illinois, to rekindle that state's colonization movement. In 1854, in his 1484: 868: 102: 81: 4446: 2730: 790:. Nonetheless, Lincoln was instrumental in forging antislavery voters into a potent political movement. 9235: 9166: 9156: 9102: 9071: 9036: 9000: 8713: 8668: 8568: 8441: 7497: 7246: 5044: 2399: 2322: 2167: 1335: 1271:

and applied for statehood for part of western Virginia into the Union as a new state. Lincoln required

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Lincoln and the Politics of Slavery: The Other Thirteenth Amendment and the Struggle to Save the Union

6377: 5560:"Abraham Lincoln and Colonization: An Episode That Ends in Tragedy at L'Ile a Vache, Haiti, 1863-1864" 5008:

Mark E. Neely, Jr., "Colonization and the Myth That Lincoln Prepared the People for Emancipation," in

3840:

Lincoln and the Politics of Slavery: The Other Thirteenth Amendment and the Struggle to Save the Union

3099: 3078: 3036: 2708: 2670: 9430: 9288: 9141: 8339: 8021: 7671: 7666: 7423: 5795:"The British Honduras Colony: Black Emigrationist Support for Colonization in the Lincoln Presidency" 4539: 4309: 3270: 3057: 3023: 1981: 1857: 1771: 1504: 1463: 1416: 1345:

and the potential for a new administration that would end the war without emancipation, he turned to

1224: 1210: 1201:

have ruled out the first option he expressed to Greeley: saving the Union without freeing any slave.

651: 526: 317: 164: 71: 4383: 3161: 1594:, also issued Pomeroy $ 25,000 from the colonization fund, to pay for transportation and equipment. 1094:

By the end of 1861 tens of thousands of slaves were emancipated as they crossed into Union lines at

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Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

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The Black Man's President: Abraham Lincoln, African Americans, & the Pursuit of Racial Equality

5314:

The Black Man's President: Abraham Lincoln, African Americans, & the Pursuit of Racial Equality

3332:"First Debate: Ottawa, Illinois - Lincoln Home National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)" 1865: 1529: 1427: 1404: 1392: 1223:

On September 22, 1862, exactly one month after writing this letter, Lincoln issued his preliminary

1000: 290: 7537: 3735: 3124:"Abraham Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point: Getting Right with the Declaration of Independence" 1939: 9472: 9108: 9051: 8291: 7773: 7073: 7036: 4033: 2932: 2600: 2537: 2506: 2066: 2023: 1959: 1554: 920: 766: 704: 582: 570: 546: 487: 391: 7404: 6315: 6172: 4071: 4065: 3767: 3761: 3710: 3704: 3491: 3485: 3402: 3396: 980:

The Republican Party was committed to restricting the growth of slavery, and its victory in the

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Mark E. Neely, "Abraham Lincoln and Black Colonization: Benjamin Butler's Spurious Testimony,"

4543: 4155: 3689: 3591: 3561: 3531: 2838: 750: 730: 455: 7160: 6448: 6293: 4747: 4701:

Rebels on the Border: Civil War, Emancipation, and the Reconstruction of Kentucky and Missouri

1914: 1908: 26: 9603: 9560: 9056: 9046: 8960: 8813: 8375: 8333: 8309: 8226: 8166: 7957: 7240: 7183: 6790: 6475: 6279: 4167:

Lincoln, Abraham, Opinion on the Admission of West Virginia into the Union, December 31, 1862

3933: 3923: 2391: 2000: 1952: 1837: 1805: 1784: 1747: 1665: 1500: 1028: 1017: 616: 605: 593: 439: 6912:"How Abe Lincoln Lost the Black Vote: Lincoln and Emancipation in the African American Mind" 5616:

Slavery, Race and Conquest in the Tropics: Lincoln, Douglas, and the Future of Latin America

5255:

Slavery, Race and Conquest in the Tropics: Lincoln, Douglas, and the Future of Latin America

4030:

The South vs. The South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War

3331: 2419: 2004: 662:, and her children who claimed she had already been freed and could not be sold as a slave. 9548: 9515: 9510: 9490: 9308: 8943: 8808: 8285: 7768: 6703: 6232: 6083:

Magness, Phillip W. (Winter 2008). "Benjamin Butler's Colonization Testimony Reevaluated".

5713:"The Lincoln Administration's Negotiations to Colonize African Americans in Dutch Suriname" 4743: 4599:"Our Documents - Transcript of President Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address (1865)" 4025: 3157: 2756: 1809: 876: 659: 4191:

Allen C. Guelzo, "Defending emancipation: Abraham Lincoln and the Conkling letter, 1863."

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Danoff, Brian. "Lincoln and the 'Necessity' of Tolerating Slavery before the Civil War."

6517:

Basler, Roy P. (1972). "Did President Lincoln Give the Smallpox to William H. Johnson?".

6320: 6288: 2933:"House Divided Speech - Lincoln Home National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)" 2092: 1649: 1645: 1603: 1234: 742: 708: 495: 474:

charged that, if elected, Lincoln would waste four years trying to decide whether to end

300: 9345: 6058:

Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major General Benj. F. Butler: Butler's Book

834: 816:

get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes and foreigners and

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before leaving Springfield for the last time. Accompanying Lincoln to Washington was a

1775: 1767: 1693: 1661: 1346: 1267:

Early in the war, several counties of Virginia that were loyal to the Union formed the

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Springfield, Mailing Address: 413 S. 8th Street; Us, IL 62701 Phone:492-4241 Contact.

1079: 521:

On September 22, 1862, having waited until the North won a significant victory in the

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Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment

7030: 6984: 6316:"The President's Colonization Scheme. His interview with a committee of colored men" 9435: 8928: 8753: 8345: 8116: 7639: 7448: 7104: 6890: 6770: 6526: 6092: 5806: 5724: 5571: 5524: 5436: 4983: 4944: 4739: 3244: 1641: 1614: 1568: 1544:

During a series of three cabinet meetings of late September 1862, Lincoln rebuffed

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One of several failed colonization attempts during Lincoln's presidency was on the

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to Indiana, where slavery was not allowed, and made a new start in then Perry, now

471: 169: 92: 4971: 3232: 3219:. "What Shall We Do with the Negro?": Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America 1770:

progressed, Lincoln advocated or implemented anti-slavery policies, including the

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What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President

6843: 6821: 6744: 6635: 5810: 5764:. Sebastian N. Page. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 10, 24–38. 5440: 4047: 3994: 3906:"President Lincoln's Proclamation Overruling Hunter's Emancipation, May 19, 1862" 3183: 2971: 2905: 2870: 2729:, Volume One, p. 252, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press (2008). 2490: 2478: 2276:

What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President

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among us, while ours suffer from your presence. In a word we suffer on each side.

1754: 1673: 1653: 1479:

Probably present at the 1845 founding of a short-lived Illinois auxiliary to the

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A fragment from Lincoln dated October 1, 1858, refuting theological arguments by

884: 872: 840: 679:) representing a slave owner (Robert Matson) seeking to recover fugitive slaves. 446: 149: 41: 6719:"What Shall We Do with the Negro?": Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America 6021:

Colonization after Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement

5843:

Colonization After Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement

5761:

Colonization After Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement

5189:"What Shall We Do with the Negro?": Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America 4899:

Colonization after Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement

1161:

either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing

549:

as intended in part to make emancipation more palatable to racist white people.

8453: 8415: 8408: 8369: 8315: 8268: 8260: 8133: 8046: 7879: 7656: 7482: 7255: 7078:

The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution

6758: 6751: 6326: 5794: 5575: 4002: 3460: 3445:

The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution

3366:"Vespasian Warner's recount of events leading up to the Lincoln–Douglas Debate" 2901: 2153:"Appeal to Border State Representatives to Favor Compensated Emancipation," in 1986: 1583: 1467: 1131: 1012: 848: 738: 688: 609: 483: 192: 66: 5927: 5683: 5483: 5396: 5347: 5126: 5079: 4902:. Sebastian N. Page. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 118–20. 4843: 2997:

Basker, James (2023). "Introduction". In Basker, James; Scary, Nicole (eds.).

2839:"Scott v. Sandford: The Court's Most Dreadful Case and How It Changed History" 1438: 9671: 9504: 9409: 9377: 9240: 8990: 8933: 8321: 8073: 7372: 7132:

A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

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A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

6139: 6106: 5973: 5894: 5861: 5846:. Sebastian N. Page. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 37–54. 5818: 5779: 5736: 5634: 5583: 5536: 5301:

A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

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A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

2141:

A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

1804:

In his past, Lincoln lived in a middle-class, racially mixed neighborhood of

1704: 1629: 1334:

On June 28, 1864, President Lincoln signed into law Congress's repeal of the

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Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865

6707: 6006: 4794: 2605:

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865

8363: 8063: 7994: 7896: 7661: 7634: 7507: 7409: 7059:"The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes Toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation" 7004: 6601: 6546: 6194: 5663: 5463: 5376: 5327: 5059: 4823: 3966: 3192: 1707:

suggested that Lincoln intended to revive colonization in his second term.

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Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War: Selected Writing and Speeches

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Page, Sebastian N. (2011). "Lincoln and Chiriquí Colonization Revisited".

5010: 4897: 4280: 3980: 3373: 1458:(resettlement) of African Americans outside the United States, notably in 1412:

emancipation compensation to slave owners. The bill never came to a vote.

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Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race

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Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era

4932: 4774: 3919: 3905: 2517:, Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012, p. 304. 2171: 1618: 1454:

Like many self-styled moderates, Abraham Lincoln supported the voluntary

1178:

whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do

1099: 1095: 758: 687:

While a congressman from Illinois in 1846 to 1848, Lincoln supported the

673:) for harboring the fugitive slave John Hauley. In 1847, he lost a case ( 6957:

Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment

6662: 4475:

Nagler, Jorg (2009). "Abraham Lincoln's Attitudes on Slavery and Race".

4145:

Appeal to Border State Representatives to Favor Compensated Emancipation

1153:

slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle

435: 9478: 9293: 8357: 7152: 6934:

Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President

6879:"Defending Emancipation: Abraham Lincoln and the Conkling Letter, 1863" 6740: 6538: 6120:

Lincoln, Abraham (2009). Henry Louis Gates Jr; Donald Yacovone (eds.).

6033: 5875:

Lincoln, Abraham (2009). Henry Louis Gates Jr; Donald Yacovone (eds.).

5591: 5559: 5544: 4306:"Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864" 4207:

For the full text, see Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Donald Yacovone, eds.

2973:

A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War

1821: 1636:

Second-Wave Schemes: Emigration to the European West Indies (1862-1864)

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Lincoln was nominated as the Republican candidate for president in the

938:

Two diametrically opposed anti-slavery positions emerged regarding the

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Inside Lincoln's White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay

3880:

Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War

3309: 3187: 6257:"Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma: Emancipation and Black Suffrage", 3882:, Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2007, p. 99. 3019: 1731:

In analyzing Lincoln's position historian Eugene H. Berwanger notes:

1386: 972: 943: 749:, as a limitation on slave owners' property rights that exceeded the 6530: 5528: 4688:

Kentucky through the Centuries: A Collection of Documents and Essays

4427:"Constitutional Convention, Virginia (1864) – Encyclopedia Virginia" 2048:

Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address March 4, 1865, read aloud

1555:

First-wave schemes: "contract colonies" in Latin America (1861-1864)

879:(which was decided by the Illinois legislature). Douglas advocated " 533:" (June 19, 1865), which became a federal holiday on June 17, 2021. 6423:"Lincoln Home – The Underground Railroad in Lincoln's Neighborhood" 5987:

Hay, John (1999). Michael Burlingame; John R. T. Ettlinger (eds.).

4281:"Freedmen and Southern Society Project: Chronology of Emancipation" 2558: 1985:. Boston, Massachusetts. 8 June 1860. pp. 1 and 2 – via 1716: 1689: 1622: 1560: 817: 498:

of 1820, which had banned slavery from all new states north of the

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Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America

3867:

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America

3123: 2659:"Lincoln's First Freed Slave A Review of Bailey v. Cromwell, 1841" 2327:

Slavery's Ghost: The Problem of Freedom in the Age of Emancipation

8387: 7085:

The Scorpion's Sting: Antislavery and the Coming of the Civil War

6428:. National Park Service – US Dept. of the Interior. February 2008 5191:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 22–25. 2342:

Lind, Michael (2004), ch. 6, "Race and Restoration," pp. 191-232.

1459: 1083:

Missouri, Lincoln replaced Frémont with an abolitionist general,

7256:"Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress" 5879:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. lii–lxiv. 4726:"State of the Union Address: Abraham Lincoln (December 1, 1862)" 4723:

The Annual Message to Congress was the equivalent of the modern

4358:"Tennessee State Convention: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished" 4243:, 1990, "If Slavery is not wrong, nothing is Wrong", pp. 316–318 7251:

Four short videos intended for school instruction (grades 5–8).

5991:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 217. 3233:"Abraham Lincoln and the Triumph of an Antislavery Nationalism" 2907:

Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate

2515:

The Essential Paul Simon: Timeless Lessons for Today's Politics

1579: 601: 494:. The Act was a radical departure from the previous law of the 5958:. New York: Fordham University Press. 2011. pp. 215–230. 5158:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 182–184. 2308:

Foner, Eric, "Lincoln and Colonization", in Foner, Eric, ed.,

1679: 8849:

Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

6672:

Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership

6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6193:

In 1864, Lincoln had made the same suggestion in a letter to

6124:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. lv–lx. 4873:"The 1619 Project's Outrageous, Lying Slander of Abe Lincoln" 3925:

Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership

1572: 1447: 1323:

On December 8, 1863, Lincoln used his war powers to issue a "

486:

in the 1840s. His 1850s activism was in reaction to the 1854

9657:

African-American heritage of presidents of the United States

4567:

Gienapp, William E., "Abraham Lincoln and the Border States"

4405:"Education from LVA: Convention Resolved to Abolish Slavery" 4067:

Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery

3821:. New York: Anchor Books edition/Random House, 2009 (2010). 3290:, the capitalization, italicization, and punctuation differ. 2646:. Vol. 3. New York: Current Literature. pp. 26–27. 2089:"Missouri Compromise: Primary Documents in American History" 1910:

Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery

1648:

at large. Separately, the U.S. minister to the Netherlands,

753:'s powers under the Constitution. Although Taney hoped that 6697:

Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race

2249:"1619 (podcast). Episode 1: The Fight for a True Democracy" 875:, during Lincoln's unsuccessful campaign for a seat in the 470:. But in 1860, he was attacked as not abolitionist enough: 7273:"Abraham Lincoln Quotes About Slavery (Including Sources)" 6866:

Second edition, 2022. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

6265: 4676:

Congressional Joint Resolution on Compensated Emancipation

2584:""Ever True and Loyal:" Mary Todd Lincoln as a Kentuckian" 2057: 2055: 1621:, Virginia. Lack of shelter on the island, an outbreak of 967: 466:

As early as the 1850s, Lincoln was widely perceived as an

9375: 3675:"Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" 3096:"The progress of Abraham Lincoln's opposition to slavery" 6379:

Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself

3967:"Emancipation in the Federal Territories, June 19, 1862" 1524:'s insertion of voluntary colonization clauses into its 6986:

Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 1861–1865

2233:"Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday," 2052: 1491:. The next year, he helped an Indiana colonizationist, 1187:

duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed

1165:

slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing

745:, which prohibited slavery in territories north of the 5956:

Lincoln Revisited: New Insights from the Lincoln Forum

2331:

Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World

2310:

Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World

1559:

The president's two best-known colonization projects,

1359:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1006: 947:

Electoral College in favor of freedom. Congress could

6746: