882:
822:
420:
of interest and will result in improved overall visibility of the respective publication. However, the validity of this assumption has not been thoroughly studied, and a recent study statistically comparing publications with or without graphical abstracts with regard to several output parameters reflecting visibility failed to demonstrate an effectiveness of graphical abstracts for attracting attention to scientific publications.
350:, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
107:
It is generally agreed that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the content of an entire paper. This is because abstracts may not be fully representative of the full report or article. Therefore, basing reference citations solely on the information present in the abstract
419:
and animated abstracts made by the authors to easily explain their papers. Many scientific publishers currently encourage authors to supplement their articles with graphical abstracts, in the hope that such a convenient visual summary will facilitate readers with a clearer outline of papers that are
99:
The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. Abstracts are occasionally inconsistent with
682:
Pavlovic, Vedrana; Weissgerber, Tracey; Stanisavljevic, Dejana; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Milicevic, Ognjen; Lazovic, Jelena Milin; Cirkovic, Andja; Savic, Marko; Rajovic, Nina; Piperac, Pavle; Djuric, Nemanja; Madzarevic, Petar; Dimitrijevic, Ana; Randjelovic, Simona; Nestorovic, Emilija; Akinyombo,
86:
Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster,
410:
abstracts alongside the text abstracts. The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a
123:
concluded that "inconsistencies in data between abstract and body and reporting of data and other information solely in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective in reducing that frequency." Other "studies comparing the
301:
Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few words. An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content.
95:
only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text.
224:. The RAS abstracts were between one and three paragraphs long. In both cases, these early abstracts were written by the learned society, not the author of the paper. Perhaps the earliest example of an abstract published alongside the paper it summarises was the 1919 paper
103:
An abstract allows one to sift through copious numbers of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to their research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance.
45:, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or
627:
Li, G; Abbade, LPF; Nwosu, I; Jin, Y; Leenus, A; Maaz, M; Wang, M; Bhatt, M; Zielinski, L; Sanger, N; Bantoto, B; Luo, C; Shams, I; Shahid, H; Chang, Y; Sun, G; Mbuagbaw, L; Samaan, Z; Levine, MAH; Adachi, JD; Thabane, L (29 December 2017).
117:, the "exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research findings in the news media" is ultimately related to inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results in many abstract conclusions. A study published in
159:, and in many cases the only information about works which have not survived to modernity comes from their epitomes which have survived. Similarly, the text of many ancient Greek and Roman plays commenced with a
124:
accuracy of information reported in a journal abstract with that reported in the text of the full publication have found claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body of the full article."
143:
The history of abstracting dates back to the point when it was felt necessary to summarise the content of documents in order to make the information contained in them more accessible. In
262:
Abstract is often expected to tell a complete story of the paper, as for most readers, abstract is the only part of the paper that will be read. It should allow the reader to give an
1007:
135:
an abstract and not about the work it summarizes: for instance, if you are writing about different styles of writing abstracts used in the sciences and humanities."
218:
launched in 1827, containing (among other things) abstracts of talks given at their monthly meetings; the full papers were published months or years later in the
131:, there are almost no circumstances in which it is acceptable to cite an abstract: "It only makes sense to cite an abstract if you are writing about the abstract
198:
of each meeting, which were referred to as 'abstracts'. The Royal
Society abstracts from 1800 – 1837 were later collated and published in the society's journal
835:
Hopewell, Sally; Clarke, Mike; Moher, David; Wager, Elizabeth; Middleton, Philippa; Altman, Douglas G; Schulz, Kenneth F; von Elm, Erik (22 January 2008).
100:
full reports. This has the potential to mislead clinicians who rely solely on the information present in the abstract without consulting the full report.
732:
Yavchitz, Amélie; Boutron, Isabelle; Bafeta, Aida; Marroun, Ibrahim; Charles, Pierre; Mantz, Jean; Ravaud, Philippe; Bero, Lisa A. (11 September 2012).
1347:
1231:
1051:
2191:
2176:
2019:
1668:
478:
305:
Sometimes, abstracts are sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background,
50:
1256:
Berry; Brunner, N; Popescu, S; Shukla, P (2011). "Can apparent superluminal neutrino speeds be explained as a quantum weak measurement?".
298:
omits references from the abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth).
1369:
Hortolà, Policarp (2008). "An ergonomic format for short reporting in scientific journals using nested tables and the Deming's cycle".
949:"The Beginnings of Indexing and Abstracting: Some Notes towards a History of Indexing and Abstracting in Antiquity and the Middle Ages"
2186:
1086:
220:
1512:
428:
Various methods can be used to evaluate abstract quality, e.g. rating by readers, checklists), and readability measures (such as
948:
553:
897:"Reporting Quality of Systematic Review Abstracts Published in Leading Neurosurgical Journals: A Research on Research Study"
1011:
524:
370:, provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. A descriptive abstract is akin to a
1084:(1827). "Observations of the Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites, taken at the Madras Observatory, in the Years 1817—1825".
1946:
1632:
1161:
2009:
1661:
837:"CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration"
578:"Reporting quality of abstracts and inconsistencies with full text articles in pediatric orthopedic publications"
1956:
532:
317:, Results, Discussion, Conclusions. Abstracts in which these subheadings are explicitly given are often called
273:
The research focus (statement of the problem(s)/specific gap in existing research/research issue(s) addressed);
68:
are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In
2232:
2206:
1586:
787:"Can the accuracy of abstracts be improved by providing specific instructions? A randomized controlled trial"
2227:
2201:
2171:
1654:
1355:
1235:
2166:
1719:
128:
2181:
2161:
734:"Misrepresentation of randomized controlled trials in press releases and news coverage: a cohort study"
209:
204:, with the first group appearing in 1832. These abstracts were generally one or more pages long. Other
200:
151:
documents from tampering were inscribed either with the full text of the document or a summary. In the
1419:
1480:
1351:
235:
17:
2196:
881:
821:
290:
The main conclusions and recommendations (i.e., how the work answers the proposed research problem).
630:"A scoping review of comparisons between abstracts and full reports in primary biomedical research"
190:
The use of abstracts to summarise science originates in the early 1800s, when the secretary of the
1033:"Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"
2098:
2042:
78:
usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.
2138:
1854:
1810:
1309:
306:
92:
1154:
Shaping written knowledge : the genre and activity of the experimental article in science
2128:
2103:
1880:
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1701:
1177:
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2083:
2037:
1925:
1885:
1870:
1275:
1126:
1095:
1060:
412:
251:
683:
Remi; Pavlovic, Andrija; Ghamrawi, Ranine; Garovic, Vesna; Milic, Natasa (12 March 2021).
8:
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684:
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383:
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46:
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An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work:
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during the early second millennium BCE, clay envelopes designed to protect enclosed
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Research
Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis
395:
321:. Abstracts that comprise one paragraph (no explicit subheadings) are often called
164:
163:
which summed up the play's plot. Non-literary documents were also abstracted: the
2108:
1905:
1895:
1842:
1825:
1751:
1485:
1081:
1046:
1032:
855:
752:
685:"How accurate are citations of frequently cited papers in biomedical literature?"
230:
2057:
2027:
1963:
1930:
1900:
1849:
1736:
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967:
791:
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glance. The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the
389:
263:
119:
1552:
1534:
Pferschy-Wenzig, EM; Pferschy, U; Wang, D; Mocan, A; Atanasov, AG (Sep 2016).
646:
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1920:
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520:
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113:
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922:
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805:
786:
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718:
681:
665:
613:
475:– commonly used structure for academic journal articles and their abstracts
155:, many texts were abstracted: summaries of non-fiction works were known as
814:
2093:
1951:
1910:
1764:
1642:
295:
176:
144:
53:
are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.
42:
179:, the pages of scholarly texts contained summaries of their contents as
1973:
1875:
1641:
ISO 214: Documentation — Abstracts for publications and documentation.
700:
508:
457:
180:
69:
1646:
1008:"What's So Abstract About Scientific Abstracts? | Inside Science"
1994:
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1989:
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It may also contain brief references, although some publications'
2004:
1968:
1915:
1402:
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483:
195:
156:
1536:"Does a Graphical Abstract Bring More Visibility to Your Paper?"
1533:
2052:
1815:
1805:
35:
1397:
1323:
895:
O'Donohoe, TJ; Dhillon, R; Bridson, TL; Tee, J (1 July 2019).
894:
2123:
1784:
1625:
Pocket Book of
Technical Writing for Engineers and Scientists
488:
472:
402:, some scientific publications, primarily those published by
213:
731:
212:(RAS) may have been the first to publish its abstracts: the
1832:
310:
1115:"On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum"
87:
platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an
1458:
1255:
834:
226:
1627:(2. ed.). London: McGraw-Hill Education – Europe.
1310:"Structured Abstracts – What are structured abstracts?"
1002:
1000:
1585:Ufnalska, Sylwia B.; Hartley, James (August 2009).
785:Pitkin, Roy M.; Branagan, Mary Ann (15 July 1998).
1368:
1052:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
997:
175:contain abstracts of legal documents. During the
111:According to the results of a study published in
2219:
1156:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
626:
1587:"How can we evaluate the quality of abstracts?"
1584:
394:During the late 2000s, due to the influence of
287:The major results/findings of the research; and
194:would record brief summaries of talks into the
784:
677:
675:
544:Gliner, Jeffrey A.; Morgan, George A. (2000).
423:
238:, which often published abstracts thereafter.
1662:
1340:
1179:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office practices
575:
479:List of academic databases and search engines
1193:Mensh, Brett; Kording, Konrad (2016-11-28).
1192:
1049:(April 1827). "On the longitude of Madras".
543:
1622:
1406:
1334:
672:
571:
569:
567:
565:
1669:
1655:
1080:
1045:
576:Kamel, SA; El-Sobky, TA (23 August 2023).
81:
34:is a brief summary of a research article,
1561:
1551:
1269:
1206:
1195:"Ten simple rules for structuring papers"
1182:. Library of Congress. 2014. p. 387.
1087:Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society
912:
864:
854:
804:
761:
751:
708:
655:
645:
603:
593:
51:services for various academic disciplines
1513:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1151:
562:
327:IMRAD is even sometimes recast as AIMRAD
1676:
1112:
415:. Moreover, some journals also include
280:(experimental research, case studies,
14:
2220:
1481:"Are graphical abstracts a good idea?"
1478:
1444:
1442:
377:
325:. Abstracts are important enough that
250:law just as any other form of written
2177:Academic databases and search engines
1650:
1232:"Journal Paper Submission Guidelines"
946:
1229:
1479:Romans, Brian (February 16, 2011).
1448:
1439:
27:Brief summary of a research article
24:
1947:Academic journal publishing reform
1616:
1455:Comparative Media Studies: Writing
947:Witty, Francis J. (October 1973).
582:Research Integrity and Peer Review
398:and retrieval systems such as the
25:
2249:
1451:"A Glance at Graphical Abstracts"
517:The Elements of Technical Writing
332:
284:, etc) used to solve the problem;
183:, as did some manuscripts of the
880:
820:
634:BMC Medical Research Methodology
548:. Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.
1578:
1527:
1500:
1472:
1412:
1362:
1302:
1249:
1223:
1186:
1170:
1145:
1113:Longden, A. C. (1 April 1919).
1106:
1074:
1039:
1025:
940:
929:
208:adopted similar practices. The
1371:Journal of Information Science
1288:10.1088/1751-8113/44/49/492001
888:
828:
778:
725:
620:
537:
502:
353:
337:
246:Abstracts are protected under
13:
1:
2207:Category:Scientific documents
1623:Finkelstein, Leo Jr. (2004).
495:
2202:Category:Academic publishing
856:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050020
753:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001308
257:
241:
49:. Abstracting and indexing
7:
1449:Bui, Lily (March 3, 2015).
435:
424:Abstract quality assessment
129:Modern Language Association
10:
2254:
2020:Indexes and search engines
1152:Bazerman, Charles (1988).
968:10.3828/indexer.1973.8.4.1
936:How do I cite an abstract?
595:10.1186/s41073-023-00135-3
387:
381:
215:Monthly Notices of the RAS
210:Royal Astronomical Society
201:Philosophical Transactions
138:
2154:
2076:
2018:
1982:
1939:
1863:
1798:
1750:
1712:
1684:
1553:10.3390/molecules21091247
1352:Colorado State University
1234:. Docstoc. Archived from
647:10.1186/s12874-017-0459-5
236:American Physical Society
1594:European Science Editing
1383:10.1177/0165551507082590
1069:the end of this abstract
2197:Style/formatting guides
2099:Scholarly communication
1799:Other publication types
1258:J. Phys. A: Math. Theor
93:bibliographic databases
82:Purpose and limitations
2139:Least publishable unit
1811:Collection of articles
1139:10.1103/PhysRev.13.241
806:10.1001/jama.280.3.267
323:unstructured abstracts
2129:Electronic publishing
2104:Scientific literature
1881:Article-level metrics
1420:"Graphical Abstracts"
914:10.1093/neuros/nyy615
108:could be misleading.
2233:Academic terminology
2172:Open-access journals
2119:Open scientific data
1926:SCImago Journal Rank
1886:Author-level metrics
1871:Acknowledgment index
1358:on 5 September 2015.
1348:"Types of Abstracts"
525:Macmillan Publishers
413:scientific community
406:, started including
362:, also known as the
360:descriptive abstract
346:, also known as the
344:informative abstract
319:structured abstracts
2228:Academic publishing
2167:Scientific journals
1678:Academic publishing
1409:, pp. 211–212.
1337:, pp. 212–214.
1280:2011JPhA...44W2001B
1230:mmm3 (2008-11-15).
1131:1919PhRv...13..241L
1100:1827MmRAS...3..106G
1065:1827MNRAS...1...13G
985:on 4 September 2021
453:Academic conference
448:Abstract management
430:Flesch Reading Ease
378:Graphical abstracts
374:in paragraph form.
368:indicative abstract
266:of the full paper.
89:academic conference
2187:Copyright policies
2182:University presses
2089:Scientific writing
1957:Citation advantage
1864:Impact and ranking
1697:Scientific journal
701:10.1042/CS20201573
384:Graphical abstract
221:Memoirs of the RAS
47:patent application
2215:
2214:
2192:Preprint policies
2162:Academic journals
2145:Publish or perish
2000:Version of record
1940:Reform and access
1742:Literature review
1508:"Video Abstracts"
555:978-0-8058-2992-1
463:Executive summary
372:table of contents
348:complete abstract
228:published in the
206:learned societies
185:Code of Justinian
153:Greco-Roman world
127:According to the
75:executive summary
16:(Redirected from
2245:
2134:Ingelfinger rule
2048:Semantic Scholar
1770:Technical report
1692:Academic journal
1671:
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1657:
1648:
1647:
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1610:
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1407:Finkelstein 2004
1404:
1395:
1394:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1354:. Archived from
1344:
1338:
1335:Finkelstein 2004
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1082:Goldingham, John
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1047:Goldingham, John
1043:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1010:. Archived from
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978:. Archived from
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396:computer storage
364:limited abstract
278:research methods
169:Ancient Egyptian
21:
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2109:Learned society
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2014:
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1906:Journal ranking
1896:Citation impact
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1752:Grey literature
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746:(9): e1001308.
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417:video abstracts
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231:Physical Review
165:Tebtunis papyri
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2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Serials crisis
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1931:Scientometrics
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Citation index
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:Poster session
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1737:Position paper
1734:
1732:Review article
1729:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:978-0072468496
1633:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1577:
1526:
1499:
1471:
1438:
1411:
1396:
1377:(2): 207–212.
1361:
1339:
1322:
1301:
1248:
1222:
1208:10.1101/088278
1185:
1169:
1163:978-0299116903
1162:
1144:
1125:(4): 241–258.
1105:
1073:
1038:
1024:
996:
962:(4): 193–198.
939:
928:
887:
827:
777:
724:
695:(5): 671–681.
671:
619:
561:
554:
536:
500:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
443:Abstract (law)
439:
437:
434:
425:
422:
390:Video abstract
382:Main article:
379:
376:
355:
352:
339:
336:
334:
333:Abstract types
331:
296:standard style
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:questionnaires
274:
264:elevator pitch
259:
256:
254:is protected.
243:
240:
140:
137:
83:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2250:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Open research
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Impact factor
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Bibliometrics
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Annual report
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Working paper
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1702:Public health
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1238:on 4 May 2009
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1014:on 2020-09-21
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
943:
937:
932:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
883:
876:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
843:
842:PLOS Medicine
838:
831:
823:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
793:
788:
781:
773:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
745:
741:
740:
739:PLOS Medicine
735:
728:
720:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
667:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
615:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
570:
568:
566:
557:
551:
547:
540:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Robert W. Bly
510:
505:
501:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
471:
469:
468:Fast abstract
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
433:
431:
421:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
297:
289:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
255:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:Royal Society
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:found in the
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
136:
134:
130:
125:
122:
121:
116:
115:
114:PLOS Medicine
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
79:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
60:
54:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1724:
1624:
1600:(3): 69–71.
1597:
1593:
1580:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1454:
1429:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1356:the original
1342:
1315:12 September
1313:. Retrieved
1304:
1264:(49): 2001.
1261:
1257:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1225:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1153:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1027:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:the original
987:. Retrieved
980:the original
959:
955:
942:
931:
904:
901:Neurosurgery
900:
890:
846:
840:
830:
799:(3): 267–9.
796:
790:
780:
743:
737:
727:
692:
688:
637:
633:
622:
585:
581:
545:
539:
516:
504:
427:
393:
367:
363:
359:
357:
347:
343:
341:
322:
318:
307:Introduction
304:
300:
293:
268:
261:
245:
229:
225:
219:
214:
199:
189:
142:
132:
126:
118:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
85:
73:
72:reports, an
64:
63:
58:
57:
55:
31:
29:
2094:Peer review
1974:#ICanHazPDF
1952:Open access
1911:Eigenfactor
1855:Proceedings
1765:White paper
1546:(9): 1247.
1519:January 24,
1492:January 24,
1464:January 24,
1431:January 24,
1094:: 106–108.
956:The Indexer
907:(1): 1–10.
519:, pg. 117.
354:Descriptive
338:Informative
177:Middle Ages
145:Mesopotamia
2238:Publishing
2222:Categories
2010:Retraction
1983:Versioning
1876:Altmetrics
1821:Biological
1242:2009-04-22
1018:2020-09-24
849:(1): e20.
640:(1): 181.
533:0020130856
509:Gary Blake
496:References
458:Annotation
388:See also:
311:Objectives
181:marginalia
161:hypothesis
70:management
56:The terms
43:proceeding
40:conference
38:, review,
1995:Postprint
1838:Monograph
1790:Lab notes
1606:0258-3127
1540:Molecules
1271:1110.2832
1217:195953236
976:239271784
588:(1): 11.
408:graphical
258:Structure
248:copyright
242:Copyright
149:cuneiform
18:Abstracts
2068:OpenAlex
2063:Paperity
1990:Preprint
1826:Chemical
1780:Pamphlet
1725:Abstract
1685:Journals
1572:27649137
1425:Elsevier
1391:39334416
989:21 April
923:30649511
875:18215107
772:22984354
719:33599711
666:29287585
614:37608346
605:10463470
521:New York
436:See also
404:Elsevier
400:Internet
173:Tebtunis
171:town of
157:epitomes
65:synopsis
32:abstract
2084:Imprint
2005:Erratum
1969:Sci-Hub
1916:h-index
1843:Chapter
1563:5283664
1296:3468441
1276:Bibcode
1199:bioRxiv
1127:Bibcode
1096:Bibcode
1061:Bibcode
866:2211558
815:9676677
763:3439420
710:8048031
657:5747940
527:, 1993.
484:Preface
366:or the
315:Methods
234:of the
196:minutes
139:History
91:. Most
2053:Scopus
2033:AMiner
1816:Patent
1806:Thesis
1713:Papers
1631:
1604:
1570:
1560:
1389:
1294:
1215:
1160:
1059:: 13.
974:
921:
873:
863:
813:
770:
760:
717:
707:
664:
654:
612:
602:
552:
531:
252:speech
59:précis
36:thesis
2155:Lists
2124:ORCID
1785:Essay
1720:Paper
1590:(PDF)
1486:Wired
1387:S2CID
1292:S2CID
1266:arXiv
1213:S2CID
983:(PDF)
972:S2CID
952:(PDF)
489:TL;DR
473:IMRAD
2043:CORE
2038:BASE
1833:Book
1629:ISBN
1602:ISSN
1568:PMID
1521:2016
1494:2016
1466:2016
1433:2016
1317:2023
1158:ISBN
991:2021
919:PMID
871:PMID
811:PMID
792:JAMA
768:PMID
715:PMID
662:PMID
610:PMID
550:ISBN
529:ISBN
511:and
358:The
342:The
276:The
120:JAMA
1558:PMC
1548:doi
1459:MIT
1379:doi
1284:doi
1203:doi
1135:doi
964:doi
909:doi
861:PMC
851:doi
801:doi
797:280
758:PMC
748:doi
705:PMC
697:doi
693:135
652:PMC
642:doi
600:PMC
590:doi
432:).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.