223:. Abu'l-Hasan tried to win Ibn Tulun over by offering him a large cash gift, but Ibn Tulun refused. For the next four years, the two men conducted a struggle for power both within Egypt, as well as through their relatives and envoys at the Abbasid court. Ibn Tulun emerged the victor from this contest: in 871 he overthrew and imprisoned Abu'l-Hasan, confiscated his possessions, and took over the fiscal administration of Egypt himself.
216:, and depriving the Christian clergy of their traditional tax privileges and exemptions. As a result, he became both the most powerful, as well as the most hated man in Egypt, and was constantly escorted by a hundred young bodyguards.
2172:
2147:
2075:
122:
2122:
2232:
2102:
260:("Book of Companionship and Conversation"), while scattered poems and anecdotes concerning his life are preserved in various collections and historical works.
2177:
2132:
1194:
966:
831:
2207:
428:
2217:
2212:
2227:
1319:
1141:
1487:
363:
1214:
1309:
2237:
385:
351:
1101:
1219:
1106:
996:
466:
421:
511:
566:
1836:
1467:
861:
856:
763:
152:(r. 847–861), he rose further. The Caliph esteemed his ability as a poet, and appointed him to oversee seven
1344:
1026:
801:
1224:
1156:
1961:
1131:
1076:
1071:
811:
758:
414:
1766:
1633:
1359:
1091:
606:
536:
1723:
1575:
1434:
1339:
1304:
886:
541:
2090:
1981:
1941:
1583:
1525:
1515:
1399:
1379:
976:
931:
778:
616:
167:
This disgrace did not last long, and soon he was released and appointed as fiscal administrator (
2222:
2137:
2080:
1563:
1384:
1031:
1021:
866:
546:
161:
372:
2112:
2070:
1986:
1771:
1603:
1314:
1121:
916:
836:
683:
673:
496:
339:
2202:
1946:
1906:
1791:
1653:
1638:
1394:
1066:
1016:
941:
926:
921:
816:
783:
768:
748:
621:
526:
506:
226:
Abu'l-Hasan was released and sent to Syria (871/2), where he took up again his old post as
129:
origin. Both were distinguished men of letters and rose to prominence at the court of the
8:
2167:
2157:
2127:
2085:
2065:
2021:
1876:
1841:
1786:
1608:
1284:
991:
738:
708:
556:
1299:
190:. To boost the province's revenue, he took a series of measures, including doubling the
2107:
1831:
1801:
1776:
1751:
1477:
1442:
1369:
1209:
1061:
1006:
896:
891:
806:
773:
723:
703:
688:
461:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2117:
2054:
1996:
1956:
1856:
1643:
1598:
1424:
1151:
1126:
1111:
871:
793:
743:
693:
581:
437:
395:
347:
98:
109:. He is best known for his unsuccessful power struggle for control of Egypt against
2097:
2016:
1971:
1901:
1821:
1746:
1731:
1658:
1648:
1628:
1204:
1146:
846:
718:
713:
655:
631:
626:
601:
335:
252:
1896:
1886:
1826:
1756:
1713:
1668:
1663:
1593:
1588:
1540:
1136:
1096:
986:
753:
586:
551:
220:
134:
110:
86:
2026:
2006:
1931:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1851:
1736:
1613:
1507:
1497:
1414:
1234:
1161:
981:
971:
851:
698:
380:
376:
187:
183:
126:
106:
219:
His fall began in
September 868, with the arrival of a new governor of Egypt,
2196:
2011:
2001:
1911:
1861:
1811:
1781:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1535:
1447:
1404:
1274:
1244:
1199:
1171:
1036:
1001:
936:
521:
485:
399:
368:
231:
175:
149:
102:
1294:
244:. He was then brought to Egypt, where he died, still imprisoned, in 883/4.
234:. In 877, however, Ibn Tulun took over Syria as well, and upon his entry in
1991:
1966:
1951:
1921:
1916:
1816:
1806:
1708:
1698:
1678:
1623:
1472:
1334:
1239:
1166:
1046:
946:
901:
841:
571:
501:
247:
213:
179:
1056:
2031:
1976:
1936:
1866:
1741:
1693:
1530:
1520:
1492:
1462:
1374:
1269:
1051:
1041:
1011:
906:
678:
636:
591:
561:
531:
516:
961:
1926:
1846:
1703:
1618:
1482:
1457:
1419:
1409:
1364:
1289:
1279:
1264:
1259:
1229:
1181:
1116:
1086:
911:
821:
596:
450:
209:
137:. Abu'l-Hasan first appears as director of the department of the army (
1452:
1354:
1329:
1249:
1081:
951:
881:
733:
728:
145:
406:
1796:
1389:
1349:
1254:
956:
235:
130:
576:
1324:
1186:
876:
344:
The
Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
238:
Abu'l-Hasan was imprisoned and forced to pay a ransom of 600,000
212:(instead of the longer solar year), imposing a state monopoly on
1761:
611:
284:
282:
280:
278:
276:
274:
272:
240:
170:
157:
205:
196:
139:
269:
186:. From there he moved, probably in 861, to the same post in
83:
Abu’l-Ḥasan Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Mudabbir
20:
Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad ibn
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Mudabbir
346:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.
313:
97:, was a senior courtier and fiscal administrator for the
303:
301:
299:
297:
2053:
164:, seeing in him a dangerous rival, had him imprisoned.
294:
340:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"
362:
2233:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
2194:
422:
256:reports that he was the author of a now lost
91:أبو الحسن أحمد بن محمد بن عبدالله بن المدبّر
429:
415:
386:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
360:
288:
394:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 879–880.
334:
319:
307:
230:for Damascus and Jordan, as well as for
174:, "supervisor of the land tax") for the
101:, serving in the central government, in
76:(Book of Companionship and Conversation)
160:. In 854, however, the current vizier,
2195:
208:, demanding the payment of taxes each
2052:
1561:
653:
483:
448:
436:
410:
2055:National literatures of Arab states
90:
13:
2208:Officials of the Abbasid Caliphate
14:
2249:
2218:Syria under the Abbasid Caliphate
2213:Egypt under the Abbasid Caliphate
258:Kitāb al-Mujālasa wa ’l-mudhākara
74:Kitāb al-Mujālasa wa ’l-mudhākara
2228:Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate
204:)—a move widely denounced as un-
484:
467:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
156:, possibly as a sort of deputy
567:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
1:
764:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
654:
263:
121:Abu'l-Hasan and his brother,
116:
7:
1225:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib
342:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
93:) commonly simply known as
10:
2254:
2238:9th-century Iranian people
1562:
759:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
361:Gottschalk, H. L. (1971).
328:
49:Poet, Fiscal Administrator
31:Possibly of Persian origin
2061:
2048:
1767:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
1722:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1506:
1433:
1180:
792:
666:
662:
649:
492:
479:
457:
444:
69:
61:
53:
45:
35:
25:
18:
1157:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli
1526:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi
977:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
832:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi
617:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
512:Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād
449:
200:and raising new taxes (
148:(ruled 842–847). Under
1032:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari
1022:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya
537:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah
162:Ubayd Allah ibn Khaqan
1772:Abdur Rahman Kashgari
1604:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
1305:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
1122:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
684:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
674:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
497:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
1947:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
1907:Mohamed Said Raihani
1792:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
1639:Suleyman al-Boustani
1468:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
1017:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
942:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa
922:Abu Mansur al-Azhari
817:Abu Firas al-Hamdani
779:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a
769:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari
749:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr
622:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
527:Al-Khirniq bint Badr
2022:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
1877:Ihsan Abdel Quddous
1609:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq
992:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
867:Baha' al-din Zuhair
739:Layla al-Akhyaliyya
607:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
557:Antarah ibn Shaddad
547:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl
291:, pp. 879–880.
125:, were possibly of
1832:Abdul Rahman Munif
1802:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel
1777:Muhammad al-Maghut
1752:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
1478:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1443:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
1062:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
897:Al-Hariri of Basra
892:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan
837:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
774:Dorayd bin Al Soma
704:Maysun bint Bahdal
542:'Alqama ibn 'Abada
462:Namara inscription
322:, pp. 92, 94.
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
1997:Ibrahim Nasrallah
1957:Ibrahim al-Mazini
1857:Saadallah Wannous
1654:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
1644:Butrus al-Bustani
1599:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1425:Ibn Abi al-Khisal
1310:ibn Hani al-Azdi
1152:Usama ibn Munqidh
1127:Sharif al-Murtaza
1112:Al-Sharif al-Radi
1072:Al-Sarī al-Raffā’
872:Bashshar ibn Burd
744:Suraqah al-Bariqi
694:Hassan ibn Thabit
645:
644:
582:Laila bint Lukaiz
507:Afira bint 'Abbad
475:
474:
438:Arabic literature
364:"Ibn al-Mudabbir"
336:Bianquis, Thierry
123:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
99:Abbasid Caliphate
80:
79:
2245:
2050:
2049:
2017:Mourid Barghouti
1972:Nazik Al-Malaika
1902:Abdellatif Laabi
1822:Ghassan Kanafani
1747:Sonallah Ibrahim
1732:Nawal El Saadawi
1659:Abdallah Marrash
1649:Ahmad Zaki Pasha
1629:Qustaki al-Himsi
1572:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1300:Lubna of Córdoba
1205:Maria Alphaizuli
1092:Laylā bint Ṭarīf
847:Ahmad al-Tifashi
719:Jarir ibn Atiyah
714:Suraqa bin Malik
709:Jamil ibn Ma'mar
664:
663:
651:
650:
632:Aktham ibn Saifi
627:Zuhayr ibn Janab
481:
480:
446:
445:
431:
424:
417:
408:
407:
403:
366:
357:
323:
317:
311:
305:
292:
286:
253:Kitāb al-Fihrist
92:
16:
15:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2057:
2036:
1897:Mohammed Bennis
1887:Mohamed Choukri
1827:Ghada al-Samman
1757:Mahmoud Darwish
1718:
1714:Tawfiq al-Hakim
1669:Maryana Marrash
1664:Francis Marrash
1594:Nasif al-Yaziji
1589:Maruf al Rusafi
1566:
1545:
1541:Ahmed Ben Triki
1502:
1429:
1184:
1176:
1137:Yaqut al-Hamawi
1007:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
987:Yunus ibn Habib
932:ibn al-Mudabbir
788:
754:Waddah al-Yaman
724:Ka'b bin Zuhayr
689:Fadl Ashsha'ira
658:
641:
587:Mahd al-Aadiyya
552:Amr ibn Kulthum
488:
471:
453:
440:
435:
354:
331:
326:
318:
314:
306:
295:
289:Gottschalk 1971
287:
270:
266:
221:Ahmad ibn Tulun
144:) under Caliph
119:
111:Ahmad ibn Tulun
95:Ibn al-Mudabbir
40:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:Samih al-Qasim
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Omar Abu Risha
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Youssef Rzouga
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Leila Abouzeid
1889:
1884:
1882:Alaa Al Aswany
1879:
1874:
1872:Leila Aboulela
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Colette Khoury
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Abbās al-Aqqād
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Naguib Mahfouz
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Naoum Mokarzel
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Al-Qalqashandi
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Ibn al-Kattani
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Ibn Abd Rabbih
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Ibn al-Shajari
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:Rabia of Basra
979:
974:
972:Aban al-Lahiqi
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
852:Abu al-Atahiya
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
809:
804:
798:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
699:Ibn Abi Hasina
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
668:
660:
659:
647:
646:
643:
642:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
490:
489:
477:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
442:
441:
434:
433:
426:
419:
411:
405:
404:
358:
352:
330:
327:
325:
324:
312:
293:
267:
265:
262:
118:
115:
78:
77:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
27:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2250:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Tax officials
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Yusuf al-Khal
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Elia Abu Madi
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Waciny Laredj
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Zakaria Tamer
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Ibrahim Tuqan
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Nizar Qabbani
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Kahlil Gibran
1687:
1685:
1684:Mikhail Naimy
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Hafez Ibrahim
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Ibn al-Wannan
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Ibn Al Ouardy
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Ibn al-Yayyab
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Ibn al-Khatib
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Ibn al-Zaqqaq
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Al-Rumaikiyya
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Al Suhrawardi
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Ibn al-Anbari
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Bint al-Mahdī
800:
799:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
669:
667:Early Islamic
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Imru' al-Qais
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:
487:
482:
478:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
413:
412:
409:
401:
397:
393:
389:
387:
382:
378:
374:
373:Ménage, V. L.
370:
365:
359:
355:
353:0-521-47137-0
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:
321:
320:Bianquis 1998
316:
310:, p. 92.
309:
308:Bianquis 1998
304:
302:
300:
298:
290:
285:
283:
281:
279:
277:
275:
273:
268:
261:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:districts of
177:
173:
172:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:al-Mutawakkil
147:
143:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
84:
75:
72:
70:Notable works
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
34:
28:
24:
17:
2148:Saudi Arabia
2091:Copto-Arabic
1992:Saadi Yousef
1967:Safa Khulusi
1952:Hasan Tawfiq
1922:Alifa Rifaat
1917:Tahar Djaout
1817:Emile Habibi
1807:Sinan Antoon
1724:Contemporary
1709:Taha Hussein
1699:Jurji Zaydan
1679:Ahmed Shawqi
1624:Ameen Rihani
1473:Ibn al-Wardi
1360:al-Shushtari
1335:Umm Al-Kiram
1240:Ibn al-Abbar
1220:Al-Rukuniyya
1167:Ibn al-Nafis
1097:Al-Tha'alibi
1047:Ibn Qutaybah
947:Al-Mutanabbi
927:ibn al-Mahdi
902:Ibn al-Farid
857:ibn al-'Amid
826:
807:Ibn al-Ahnaf
572:Hatim al-Tai
502:Adi ibn Zayd
391:
384:
343:
315:
257:
251:
248:Ibn al-Nadim
246:
239:
227:
225:
218:
214:caustic soda
201:
195:
191:
168:
166:
153:
138:
120:
113:in 868–871.
94:
82:
81:
73:
65:Abbasid Arab
2203:880s deaths
2032:Fadwa Tuqan
1977:Ahmed Matar
1962:al-Jawahiri
1942:Amal Donqol
1937:Salah Jahin
1867:Tayeb Salih
1742:Yusuf Idris
1694:Farah Antun
1634:al-Kawakibi
1531:Hanna Diyab
1508:Ottoman era
1493:Ibn Khaldun
1463:Ibn Battuta
1375:Ibn al-Arif
1270:Ibn Khafaja
1052:Dik al-Jinn
1042:Al-Qasabani
1012:Al-Mubarrad
997:Al-Farahidi
967:Al-Armanazi
907:Ibn al-Rumi
887:Al-Isfahani
862:Al-Hamadani
827:Al-Mudabbir
794:Abbasid era
784:al-Mufaddal
679:Al-Farazdaq
637:Al-Munakhal
532:Al-Shanfara
517:Al-Hujayjah
486:Pre-Islamic
390:Volume III:
381:Schacht, J.
377:Pellat, Ch.
62:Nationality
29:9th century
2197:Categories
2123:Mauritania
1927:Ali Douagi
1847:Hanna Mina
1837:Al Gosaibi
1704:May Ziadeh
1619:Ahmad Rida
1584:El Baroudy
1516:Al-Nabulsi
1488:al-Nafzawi
1483:Ibn Nubata
1458:Ibn Manzur
1435:Mamluk era
1420:Ibn Tufayl
1410:Ibn Jubayr
1380:Ibn Wahbun
1365:Abu Madyan
1295:Ibn Zaydún
1290:Ibn Zamrak
1280:Ibn Quzman
1265:Ibn Juzayy
1260:Ibn Bassam
1230:Ibn Hamdis
1195:Abu Ja'far
1182:Al-Andalus
1172:Ibn 'Adlan
1117:Ibn Hayyus
1107:al-Tawhīdī
1102:Al-Daylami
1087:Al-Tughrai
1067:Ibn Bakkar
1002:Al-Shafi'i
937:Al-Ma'arri
912:Ibn Duraid
822:Abu Tammam
597:Al-Nabigha
264:References
210:lunar year
46:Occupation
2138:Palestine
1987:al-Sayyab
1982:Al-Bayati
1453:Al-Busiri
1400:al-Fazazi
1385:Ibn Abdun
1355:Ibn Arabi
1345:Yusuf III
1340:Yusuf III
1330:Al-Tutili
1250:Ibn Amira
1215:Buthaina
1210:Ibn Ammar
1147:Al-Hallaj
1082:Niftawayh
1027:Al-Zahiri
952:Abu Nuwas
917:al-Zajjaj
882:Al-Busiri
842:Al-Asma'i
734:Kuthayyir
729:Al-Khansa
656:Classical
522:Al-Ḥurqah
400:495469525
369:Lewis, B.
232:Palestine
169:ʿāmil al-
146:al-Wathiq
117:Biography
2081:Djibouti
1797:Said Akl
1390:Avempace
1370:al-Rundi
1350:Ibn Hazm
1285:Ibn Sahl
1255:Ibn Baqi
1132:Al Uyuni
962:Shāriyah
957:Al-Jahiz
592:Mu'aqqir
562:Al-A'sha
383:(eds.).
338:(1998).
236:Damascus
194:and the
180:Damascus
142:al-jaysh
131:Abbasids
54:Language
2168:Tunisia
2153:Somalia
2128:Morocco
2113:Lebanon
2076:Comoros
2071:Bahrain
2066:Algeria
1842:Echebbi
1395:al-Baji
1325:Qasmuna
1187:Maghreb
1077:Al-Suli
877:Buhturi
329:Sources
241:dirhams
206:Quranic
135:Samarra
127:Persian
2173:U.A.E.
2108:Kuwait
2103:Jordan
1762:Adunis
1564:Modern
1521:Fuzûlî
1320:Nazhun
612:Tarafa
398:
392:H–Iram
379:&
350:
192:kharāj
184:Jordan
176:Syrian
171:kharāj
158:vizier
154:dīwāns
87:Arabic
57:Arabic
2178:Yemen
2163:Syria
2158:Sudan
2143:Qatar
2118:Libya
2086:Egypt
1576:Nahda
1315:Muhya
1057:‘Inān
577:Labīd
367:. In
228:ʿāmil
202:mukūs
197:jizya
188:Egypt
140:dīwān
107:Egypt
103:Syria
41:Egypt
39:883/4
2133:Oman
2098:Iraq
1185:and
396:OCLC
348:ISBN
182:and
105:and
36:Died
26:Born
451:Old
250:'s
133:at
2199::
388:.
375:;
371:;
296:^
271:^
89::
430:e
423:t
416:v
402:.
356:.
85:(
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