564:). The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na) is a commonly cotransported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient. In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen. Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the
313:
489:) comprise a large and diverse protein family, often functioning as ATP-driven pumps. Usually, there are several domains involved in the overall transporter protein's structure, including two nucleotide-binding domains that constitute the ATP-binding motif and two hydrophobic transmembrane domains that create the "pore" component. In broad terms, ABC transporters are involved in the import or export of molecules across a cell membrane; yet within the protein family there is an extensive range of function.
645:. But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly: only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger. The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or "spikes" and enables rapid recovery. This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes, which need not be active all the time (constitutively), but may exist to meet specific, intermittent needs.
2126:
607:
500:), the ABC transporter PhABCG1 is involved in the active transport of volatile organic compounds. PhABCG1 is expressed in the petals of open flowers. In general, volatile compounds may promote the attraction of seed-dispersal organisms and pollinators, as well as aid in defense, signaling, allelopathy, and protection. To study the protein PhABCG1, transgenic petunia
227:. There are two forms of active transport, primary active transport and secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the proteins involved are pumps that normally use chemical energy in the form of ATP. Secondary active transport, however, makes use of potential energy, which is usually derived through exploitation of an
963:
Story of
Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes.” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx.
239:. The difference between passive transport and active transport is that the active transport requires energy, and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient, whereas passive transport requires no cellular energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient.
190:
treatment is sodium-glucose cotransporters. These transporters were discovered by scientists at the
National Health Institute. These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat. The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose
522:
BY2 cells and is expressed in the presence of microbial elicitors. NtPDR1 is localized in the root epidermis and aerial trichomes of the plant. Experiments using antibodies specifically targeting NtPDR1 followed by
Western blotting allowed for this determination of localization. Furthermore, it is
517:
Additionally in plants, ABC transporters may be involved in the transport of cellular metabolites. Pleiotropic Drug
Resistance ABC transporters are hypothesized to be involved in stress response and export antimicrobial metabolites. One example of this type of ABC transporter is the protein NtPDR1.
492:
In plants, ABC transporters are often found within cell and organelle membranes, such as the mitochondria, chloroplast, and plasma membrane. There is evidence to support that plant ABC transporters play a direct role in pathogen response, phytohormone transport, and detoxification. Furthermore,
745:
are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process. Substances that enter the cell via signal mediated electrolysis include proteins, hormones and growth and stabilization factors. Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the
72:
uses ATP to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining a concentration gradient essential for cellular function. Active transport is highly selective and regulated, with different transporters specific to different molecules or ions. Dysregulation of active
1455:
et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose
304:) ions exist in the cytosol of plant cells, and need to be transported into the vacuole. While the vacuole has channels for these ions, transportation of them is against the concentration gradient, and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps, or proton pumps.
93:
of molecules moving down a gradient, active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance. Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as
508:
expression levels. In these transgenic lines, a decrease in emission of volatile compounds was observed. Thus, PhABCG1 is likely involved in the export of volatile compounds. Subsequent experiments involved incubating control and transgenic lines that expressed
637:, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out. This antiporter mechanism is important within the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in order to keep the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm low. Many cells also possess
324:
Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane. Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as
547:
created by pumping ions in/out of the cell. Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated, increases
513:
to test for transport activity involving different substrates. Ultimately, PhABCG1 is responsible for the protein-mediated transport of volatile organic compounds, such as benzyl alcohol and methylbenzoate, across the plasma membrane.
1391:
in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport . Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill
768:
Exocytosis involves the removal of substances through the fusion of the outer cell membrane and a vesicle membrane. An example of exocytosis would be the transmission of neurotransmitters across a synapse between brain cells.
583:
presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.
258:, meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient, utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion (mostly Na, K or H ions) down its concentration gradient.
2010:
950:
Inzucchi, Silvio E et al. “SGLT-2 Inhibitors and
Cardiovascular Risk: Proposed Pathways and Review of Ongoing Outcome Trials.” Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 12.2 (2015): 90–100. PMC. Web. 11 Nov.
231:
gradient. The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient. This involves pore-forming
368:. The sodium-potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na ions out of the cell for every two K ions moved into the cell. Other sources of energy for primary active transport are
622:
In an antiporter two species of ions or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane. One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration, which yields the
1403:
transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined and extended encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.
737:. In the case of endocytosis, the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell. The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch, known as a vesicle, inside the
269:) and transport them across the cell membrane. Because energy is required in this process, it is known as 'active' transport. Examples of active transport include the transportation of
73:
transport can lead to various disorders, including cystic fibrosis, caused by a malfunctioning chloride channel, and diabetes, resulting from defects in glucose transport into cells.
388:
to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient. An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in
700:
This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it. Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose, causing
1687:
Zhou, L; Cryan, EV; D'Andrea, MR; Belkowski, S; Conway, BR; Demarest, KT (1 October 2003). "Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT2)".
1556:"Depolarization-induced calcium responses in sympathetic neurons: relative contributions from Ca entry, extrusion, ER/mitochondrial Ca uptake and release, and Ca buffering"
1603:
Wright, EM; Loo, DD; Panayotova-Heiermann, M; Lostao, MP; Hirayama, BH; Mackenzie, B; Boorer, K; Zampighi, G (November 1994). "'Active' sugar transport in eukaryotes".
2007:
68:
Active transport is essential for various physiological processes, such as nutrient uptake, hormone secretion, and nerve impulse transmission. For example, the
65:, which allows molecules or ions to move down their concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without energy.
265:
the concentration gradient), specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required. These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules (e.g.,
1335:; Miller, D.; Bihler, I. (1961). "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars". In Kleinzeller, A.; Kotyk, A. (eds.).
1281:
1036:
1511:
Strehler, EE; Zacharias, DA (January 2001). "Role of alternative splicing in generating isoform diversity among plasma membrane calcium pumps".
1468:
Yu, SP; Choi, DW (June 1997). "Na-Ca exchange currents in cortical neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate".
261:
If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration (i.e., in the opposite direction as, or
191:
transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems. The first of these membrane transport proteins was named
2163:
972:
812:
761:
In pinocytosis, cells engulf liquid particles (in humans this process occurs in the small intestine, where cells engulf fat droplets).
523:
likely that the protein NtPDR1 actively transports out antimicrobial diterpene molecules, which are toxic to the cell at high levels.
1340:
641:, which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important
2136:
164:
Rosenberg (1948) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations, but later it would be redefined.
254:, two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane. Antiport and symport processes are associated with
2107:
1920:
1067:
106:. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into
2293:
1018:
661:
from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration (against its
989:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell
Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 15.6,
427:
induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient.
1947:
Paston, Ira; Willingham, Mark C. (1985). Endocytosis. Springer, Boston, MA. pp 1–44. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6904-6_1.
1058:
Reese, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2014).
1002:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell
Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Chapter 15,
2130:
1952:
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669:
266:
223:
of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its
493:
certain plant ABC transporters may function in actively exporting volatile compounds and antimicrobial metabolites.
2156:
1318:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular
Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
1305:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular
Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
778:
486:
1730:
Poppe, R; Karbach, U; Gambaryan, S; Wiesinger, H; Lutzenburg, M; Kraemer, M; Witte, OW; Koepsell, H (July 1997).
734:
793:
288:. Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the
45:. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active transport:
1936:
Transport into the Cell from the Plasma
Membrane: Endocytosis – Molecular Biology of the Cell – NCBI Bookshelf
2313:
277:
into the cell by the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the
1935:
38:
200:
2149:
841:
Berlin: Reimer. (Vol. 1, Part 1, 1848; Vol. 1, Part 2, 1849; Vol. 2, Part 1, 1860; Vol. 2, Part 2, 1884).
284:
Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts exist in very dilute
1199:
2362:
2261:
1289:
1044:
255:
1235:"NtPDR1, a plasma membrane ABC transporter from Nicotiana tabacum, is involved in diterpene transport"
2357:
544:
69:
1911:
Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert (2014).
2256:
697:
630:
565:
536:
412:
381:
176:
58:
1165:"Emission of volatile organic compounds from petunia flowers is facilitated by an ABC transporter"
684:
is located in the small intestines, heart, and brain. It is also located in the S3 segment of the
2038:
783:
1337:
Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960
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540:
289:
224:
130:
50:
42:
2223:
2208:
2090:
Lodish H.; Berk A.; Zipursky S.L.; Matsudaira P.; Baltimore D.; Darnell J.; LĂłpez D. (2000).
908:"On accumulation and active transport in biological systems. I. Thermodynamic considerations"
448:
317:
212:
180:
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658:
569:
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285:
220:
123:
1915:(Tenth Addition ed.). United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 137.
1234:
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to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one.
8:
2182:
219:
and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not, either because the
168:
1834:
1748:
1731:
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2172:
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1876:
Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (2007). "Active sugar transport in health and disease".
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246:, one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is
82:
62:
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1383:
1266:
941:"Jens C. Skou - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 11 Nov 2017
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and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation.
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2060:
2008:
Cell : Two Major Process in Exchange Of Materials Between Cell And Environment
1974:
1885:
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the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of
1433:
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1363:
1246:
1194:
1184:
1132:
1124:
919:
878:
868:
642:
535:, energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane; however, in contrast to
501:
138:
27:
680:) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell. This
380:). An example of primary active transport using redox energy is the mitochondrial
312:
186:
One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding
2014:
1524:
1452:
1448:
1388:
1354:
Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5".
1332:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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990:
638:
408:
389:
158:
86:
1640:"Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT2) expression"
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1250:
126:
suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes.
2351:
2334:
2288:
1986:
1843:
853:"The influence of light, temperature, and other conditions on the ability of
598:
depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions.
587:
573:
532:
444:
236:
142:
35:
2051:
Jahn, Reinhard; SĂĽdhof, Thomas C. (1999). "Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis".
1965:
Jahn, Reinhard; SĂĽdhof, Thomas C. (1999). "Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis".
1451:
published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 (
1189:
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19:
This article is about transport in cellular biology. For human systems, see
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1994:
1897:
1800:
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from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
1655:
16:
Cellular molecule transport mechanism against the concentration gradient
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243:
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103:
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that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the
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1062:(Tenth ed.). United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 135.
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681:
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membrane of the cell. This forces the viral DNA into the host cell.
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623:
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119:
99:
90:
1732:"Expression of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons"
2125:
1817:
Loo, DD; Zeuthen, T; Chandy, G; Wright, EM (12 November 1996).
693:
553:
373:
357:
353:
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that move materials into and out of cells, respectively, via
397:
377:
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196:
150:
134:
478:
385:
606:
1938:. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2011-10-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
665:). Both molecules are transported in the same direction.
95:
2092:"Section 15.6 Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters"
1637:
2017:. Takdang Aralin (2009-10-26). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
1819:"Cotransport of water by the Na+/glucose cotransporter"
805:
438:
360:. A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the
76:
1910:
1816:
1057:
749:
Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis:
485:
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters (
464:: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase
356:
that perform this type of transport are transmembrane
1779:
Wright EM (2001). "Renal Na-glucose cotransporters".
1638:
Dyer, J; Hosie, KB; Shirazi-Beechey, SP (July 1997).
850:
349:
to cross membranes and distribute through the body.
1553:
1417:"Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology"
975:. Buzzle.com (2010-05-14). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
2095:
2041:. Courses.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
1554:Patterson, M; Sneyd, J; Friel, DD (January 2007).
985:
983:
981:
396:and also to create reduction power in the form of
2044:
1875:
1510:
1331:
1301:
1299:
1111:Kang, Joohyun; Park, Jiyoung (December 6, 2011).
2349:
1320:Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps
851:Hoagland, D R; Hibbard, P L; Davis, A R (1926).
978:
959:
957:
415:(from low to high hydrogen ion concentration).
411:is used to transport hydrogen ions against the
1812:
1810:
1307:Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport
1296:
857:cells to concentrate halogens in the cell sap"
764:In phagocytosis, cells engulf solid particles.
34:is the movement of molecules or ions across a
2157:
1025:. Biologycorner.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
937:
935:
531:In secondary active transport, also known as
526:
1200:11245.1/2a6bd9dd-ea94-4c25-95b8-7b16bea44e92
954:
403:
203:also played a prominent role in this field.
1807:
839:Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität
307:
2181:Mechanisms for chemical transport through
2164:
2150:
2050:
1964:
1353:
932:
320:is an example of primary active transport.
161:under controlled experimental conditions.
145:gradient and discovered the dependence of
1852:
1842:
1778:
1747:
1663:
1579:
1432:
1198:
1188:
1136:
1087:. Washington, DC: ASK PRESS. p. 65.
991:Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters
923:
905:
882:
872:
2102:(4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
1162:
1110:
605:
518:This unique ABC transporter is found in
311:
1414:
1232:
2350:
2171:
1467:
1082:
2145:
1228:
1226:
1163:Adebesin, Funmilayo (June 30, 2017).
1158:
1156:
1106:
1104:
2294:Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
1470:The European Journal of Neuroscience
668:An example is the glucose symporter
545:electrochemical potential difference
439:Types of primary active transporters
77:Active cellular transportation (ACT)
1749:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69010084.x
1605:The Journal of Experimental Biology
13:
1482:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01482.x
1223:
1153:
1101:
657:uses the downhill movement of one
504:lines were created with decreased
384:that uses the reduction energy of
341:. These charged particles require
14:
2374:
2118:
1560:The Journal of General Physiology
1279:
1233:Crouzet, Jerome (April 7, 2013).
1060:Tenth Edition, Campbell's Biology
1034:
707:
696:. Its mechanism is exploited in
539:, there is no direct coupling of
250:in the opposite direction. In a
61:. This process is in contrast to
2124:
2065:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863
1979:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863
1890:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x
1689:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
779:ATP-binding cassette transporter
533:cotransport or coupled transport
2032:
2020:
2001:
1958:
1941:
1929:
1913:Tenth Addition Campbell Biology
1904:
1869:
1793:10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.1.F10
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1723:
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1547:
1504:
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1408:
1347:
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1076:
1051:
1028:
1009:
1004:Transport across Cell Membranes
996:
925:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.02-0014
837:Du Bois-Reymond, E. (1848–84).
813:"The importance of homeostasis"
179:for his research regarding the
1434:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523
1286:Essentials of Human Physiology
1085:The Cell: A Molecular Approach
1041:Essentials of Human Physiology
966:
944:
899:
844:
831:
543:. Instead, it relies upon the
364:, which helps to maintain the
235:that form channels across the
1:
2314:Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2053:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1967:Annual Review of Biochemistry
799:
601:
552:and can serve as a source of
206:
195:followed by the discovery of
1878:Journal of Internal Medicine
1525:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.21
648:
133:investigated the ability of
7:
772:
698:glucose rehydration therapy
579:In August 1960, in Prague,
568:, an important function of
10:
2379:
2262:Secondary active transport
2137:Secondary Active Transport
1781:Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
1282:"Section 7/7ch05/7ch05p12"
1037:"Section 7/7ch05/7ch05p11"
711:
672:, which co-transports one
527:Secondary active transport
256:secondary active transport
113:
55:secondary active transport
18:
2327:
2279:
2270:
2232:
2189:
2179:
1736:Journal of Neurochemistry
1368:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6
1341:Czech Academy of Sciences
1269:– via SpringerLink.
1251:10.1007/s11103-013-0053-0
1083:Cooper, Geoffrey (2009).
702:familial renal glucosuria
404:Model of active transport
2257:Primary active transport
2083:
2013:August 11, 2010, at the
1844:10.1073/pnas.93.23.13367
1113:"Plant ABC Transporters"
1021:August 24, 2011, at the
973:Active Transport Process
631:sodium-calcium exchanger
566:electron transport chain
537:primary active transport
413:electrochemical gradient
382:electron transport chain
308:Primary active transport
177:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
59:electrochemical gradient
47:primary active transport
2027:Pinocytosis: Definition
1239:Plant Molecular Biology
1190:10.1126/science.aan0826
784:Countercurrent exchange
2098:Molecular Cell Biology
1415:Boyd CA (March 2008).
663:concentration gradient
619:
321:
290:concentration gradient
225:concentration gradient
213:transmembrane proteins
131:Dennis Robert Hoagland
51:adenosine triphosphate
43:concentration gradient
2209:Facilitated diffusion
1617:10.1242/jeb.196.1.197
1572:10.1085/jgp.200609660
1513:Physiological Reviews
906:Rosenberg, T (1948).
741:. Often enzymes from
609:
590:can be classified as
449:sodium potassium pump
423:and the binding of a
362:sodium-potassium pump
318:sodium-potassium pump
315:
181:sodium-potassium pump
70:sodium-potassium pump
2183:biological membranes
2133:at Wikimedia Commons
2029:. biology-online.org
1117:The Arabidopsis Book
874:10.1085/jgp.10.1.121
572:that happens in the
570:cellular respiration
496:In petunia flowers (
477:) transporter: MDR,
475:ATP binding cassette
273:out of the cell and
221:phospholipid bilayer
124:Emil du Bois-Reymond
1835:1996PNAS...9313367L
1656:10.1136/gut.41.1.56
1427:(3): 303–14 (304).
1343:. pp. 439–449.
1181:2017Sci...356.1386A
1175:(6345): 1386–1388.
169:Jens Christian Skou
2203:mediated transport
2173:Membrane transport
729:are both forms of
629:An example is the
620:
394:thylakoid membrane
322:
316:The action of the
2363:Biological matter
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2191:Passive transport
2129:Media related to
2109:978-0-7167-3136-8
1922:978-0-321-77565-8
1701:10.1002/jcb.10631
1280:Nosek, Thomas M.
1069:978-0-321-77565-8
1035:Nosek, Thomas M.
789:Protein targeting
520:Nicotiana tabacum
470:: vacuolar ATPase
157:using innovative
110:cells of plants.
85:, which uses the
83:passive transport
63:passive transport
2370:
2358:Membrane biology
2277:
2276:
2234:Active transport
2199:Simple diffusion
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2131:Active transport
2128:
2113:
2101:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1829:(23): 13367–70.
1814:
1805:
1804:
1776:
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1727:
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1401:
1400:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:Crane, Robert K.
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1288:. Archived from
1277:
1271:
1270:
1245:(1–2): 181–192.
1230:
1221:
1220:
1202:
1192:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1129:10.1199/tab.0153
1108:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:. Archived from
1032:
1026:
1016:Active Transport
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
987:
976:
970:
964:
961:
952:
948:
942:
939:
930:
929:
927:
912:Acta Chem. Scand
903:
897:
896:
886:
876:
848:
842:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
809:
643:second messenger
502:RNA interference
487:ABC transporters
155:metabolic energy
28:cellular biology
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2348:
2347:
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2015:Wayback Machine
2006:
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1963:
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1033:
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1023:Wayback Machine
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
988:
979:
971:
967:
962:
955:
949:
945:
940:
933:
904:
900:
861:J. Gen. Physiol
849:
845:
836:
832:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
802:
775:
720:
712:Main articles:
710:
686:proximal tubule
651:
639:calcium ATPases
624:entropic energy
604:
581:Robert K. Crane
529:
498:Petunia hybrida
441:
433:phosphate group
421:carrier protein
417:Phosphorylation
406:
310:
303:
292:. For example,
279:small intestine
229:electrochemical
209:
149:absorption and
116:
79:
24:
21:active mobility
17:
12:
11:
5:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2343:
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2339:
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2333:
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2206:
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2177:
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2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2140:
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2120:
2119:External links
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2000:
1973:(1): 863–911.
1957:
1940:
1928:
1921:
1903:
1868:
1806:
1771:
1722:
1679:
1630:
1595:
1546:
1503:
1476:(6): 1273–81.
1460:
1456:cotransporter.
1407:
1398:
1346:
1324:
1311:
1295:
1292:on 2016-03-24.
1272:
1222:
1152:
1100:
1093:
1075:
1068:
1050:
1047:on 2016-03-24.
1027:
1008:
995:
977:
965:
953:
943:
931:
898:
867:(1): 121–126.
843:
830:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
771:
766:
765:
762:
731:bulk transport
709:
708:Bulk transport
706:
659:solute species
650:
647:
603:
600:
588:Cotransporters
528:
525:
483:
482:
471:
465:
459:
440:
437:
409:ATP hydrolysis
405:
402:
390:photosynthesis
366:cell potential
309:
306:
301:
215:recognize the
208:
205:
115:
112:
87:kinetic energy
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2375:
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2361:
2359:
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2355:
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2335:Degranulation
2332:
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2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
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2300:
2297:
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2290:
2289:Efferocytosis
2287:
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2016:
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1953:9781461569060
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1695:(2): 339–46.
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1356:PflĂĽgers Arch
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1169:Plant Science
1166:
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1094:9780878933006
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875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
847:
840:
834:
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814:
808:
804:
795:
794:Translocation
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
770:
763:
760:
759:
758:
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752:
747:
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636:
632:
627:
625:
617:
613:
608:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
577:
576:of the cell.
575:
574:mitochondrion
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
524:
521:
515:
512:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
488:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:P-type ATPase
443:
442:
436:
434:
431:of the bound
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
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355:
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344:
340:
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328:
319:
314:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:cotransported
245:
240:
238:
237:cell membrane
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
184:
182:
178:
175:received the
174:
170:
165:
162:
160:
159:model systems
156:
152:
151:translocation
148:
144:
143:concentration
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
122:physiologist
121:
118:In 1848, the
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
74:
71:
66:
64:
60:
57:that uses an
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:—against the
40:
37:
36:cell membrane
33:
29:
22:
2319:Transcytosis
2299:Phagocytosis
2233:
2097:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2039:Phagocytosis
2034:
2022:
2003:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1943:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1884:(1): 32–43.
1881:
1877:
1871:
1826:
1822:
1787:(1): F10–8.
1784:
1780:
1774:
1742:(1): 84–94.
1739:
1735:
1725:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1566:(1): 29–56.
1563:
1559:
1549:
1519:(1): 21–50.
1516:
1512:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1449:Robert Crane
1446:
1424:
1421:Exp. Physiol
1420:
1410:
1387:
1362:(5): 510–8.
1359:
1355:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1314:
1290:the original
1285:
1275:
1242:
1238:
1172:
1168:
1120:
1116:
1084:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1045:the original
1040:
1030:
1011:
998:
968:
946:
915:
911:
901:
864:
860:
854:
846:
838:
833:
821:. Retrieved
816:
807:
767:
755:phagocytosis
748:
721:
667:
652:
628:
621:
610:Function of
586:
578:
562:ATP synthase
530:
519:
516:
510:
505:
497:
495:
491:
484:
453:calcium pump
425:hydrogen ion
407:
352:Most of the
351:
347:ion channels
323:
283:
262:
260:
241:
211:Specialized
210:
201:Robert Krane
185:
166:
163:
128:
117:
89:and natural
80:
67:
54:
46:
31:
25:
2309:Potocytosis
2304:Pinocytosis
2281:Endocytosis
2059:: 863–911.
1650:(1): 56–9.
1611:: 197–212.
751:pinocytosis
723:Endocytosis
714:Endocytosis
616:antiporters
596:antiporters
457:proton pump
372:energy and
171:, a Danish
104:amino acids
53:(ATP), and
2352:Categories
2329:Exocytosis
2252:Antiporter
1339:. Prague:
800:References
727:exocytosis
718:Exocytosis
635:antiporter
612:symporters
602:Antiporter
592:symporters
558:metabolism
429:Hydrolysis
244:antiporter
207:Background
141:against a
137:to absorb
49:that uses
2247:Symporter
2242:Uniporter
1987:0066-4154
1217:206658803
1123:: e0153.
918:: 14–33.
743:lysosomes
739:cytoplasm
682:symporter
678:galactose
655:symporter
649:Symporter
560:(e.g. in
343:ion pumps
296:(Cl) and
275:potassium
252:symporter
217:substance
173:physician
167:In 1997,
129:In 1926,
108:root hair
2224:Carriers
2219:Channels
2201:(or non-
2073:10872468
2011:Archived
1995:10872468
1898:17222166
1801:11133510
1766:34558770
1717:21908010
1709:14505350
1590:17190902
1533:11152753
1498:23146698
1443:18192340
1384:41985805
1376:12748858
1267:12276939
1259:23564360
1209:28663500
1147:22303277
1019:Archived
893:19872303
823:23 April
773:See also
735:vesicles
688:in each
468:V-ATPase
462:F-ATPase
376:energy (
294:chloride
286:solution
233:proteins
188:diabetes
147:nutrient
2272:Cytosis
2214:Osmosis
1863:8917597
1831:Bibcode
1758:9202297
1674:9274472
1665:1027228
1625:7823022
1581:2151609
1541:9062253
1490:9215711
1177:Bibcode
1138:3268509
884:2140878
855:Nitella
817:Science
694:kidneys
692:in the
690:nephron
674:glucose
550:entropy
511:PhABCG1
506:PhABCG1
419:of the
358:ATPases
354:enzymes
298:nitrate
267:glucose
263:against
114:History
100:glucose
91:entropy
81:Unlike
32:active
2106:
2071:
1993:
1985:
1951:
1919:
1896:
1861:
1851:
1799:
1764:
1756:
1715:
1707:
1672:
1662:
1623:
1588:
1578:
1539:
1531:
1496:
1488:
1441:
1382:
1374:
1265:
1257:
1215:
1207:
1145:
1135:
1091:
1066:
891:
881:
554:energy
481:, etc.
374:photon
337:, and
271:sodium
242:In an
135:plants
120:German
2084:Notes
1854:24099
1762:S2CID
1713:S2CID
1537:S2CID
1494:S2CID
1453:Crane
1389:Crane
1380:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1213:S2CID
670:SGLT1
473:ABC (
398:NADPH
378:light
370:redox
197:SGLT2
193:SGLT1
139:salts
2104:ISBN
2069:PMID
1991:PMID
1983:ISSN
1949:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1894:PMID
1859:PMID
1797:PMID
1754:PMID
1705:PMID
1670:PMID
1621:PMID
1586:PMID
1529:PMID
1486:PMID
1439:PMID
1372:PMID
1255:PMID
1205:PMID
1143:PMID
1089:ISBN
1064:ISBN
951:2017
889:PMID
825:2013
819:. me
753:and
725:and
716:and
676:(or
614:and
594:and
556:for
479:CFTR
386:NADH
102:and
96:ions
2061:doi
1975:doi
1886:doi
1882:261
1849:PMC
1839:doi
1789:doi
1785:280
1744:doi
1697:doi
1660:PMC
1652:doi
1644:Gut
1613:doi
1609:196
1576:PMC
1568:doi
1564:129
1521:doi
1478:doi
1429:doi
1364:doi
1360:447
1247:doi
1195:hdl
1185:doi
1173:356
1133:PMC
1125:doi
920:doi
879:PMC
869:doi
633:or
541:ATP
345:or
300:(NO
153:on
26:In
2354::
2094:.
2067:.
2057:68
2055:.
1989:.
1981:.
1971:68
1969:.
1892:.
1880:.
1857:.
1847:.
1837:.
1827:93
1825:.
1821:.
1809:^
1795:.
1783:.
1760:.
1752:.
1740:69
1738:.
1734:.
1711:.
1703:.
1693:90
1691:.
1668:.
1658:.
1648:41
1646:.
1642:.
1619:.
1607:.
1584:.
1574:.
1562:.
1558:.
1535:.
1527:.
1517:81
1515:.
1492:.
1484:.
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