714:
738:
726:
216:
When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. The severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
72:(OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a
36:
It is widely considered unethical to use humans as test subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from
207:
The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
90:
80:
22:
describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be described as
125:
189:
142:
64:
Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the
65:
197:
175:
33:, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
288:
96:
69:
379:
D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical
Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
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83:: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.
265:
407:
119:
93:, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8-hour work day.
628:
742:
113:
699:
603:
76:. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
100:
236:
used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional
730:
159:
233:
73:
26:
toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.
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393:
150:
669:
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339:
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167:
567:
357:
298:
618:
552:
501:
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30:
261:
633:
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572:
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237:
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684:
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306:
297:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
577:
361:
679:
511:
16:
Adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure
674:
416:
343:
230:
used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
562:
221:
103:, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.
335:
557:
43:
224:
used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
694:
330:(Suppl 2). Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 106: 497–503.
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531:
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183:
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371:
66:
American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
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756:
91:Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit
401:
70:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
54:
211:
81:Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average
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351:
262:"The MSDS HyperGlossary: Acute toxicity"
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284:
282:
757:
690:List of extremely hazardous substances
256:
254:
107:
389:
29:Acute toxicity is distinguished from
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268:from the original on 16 October 2006
120:Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
59:
737:
251:
13:
294:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
14:
776:
629:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
51:from data on similar substances.
736:
724:
713:
712:
114:No-observed-adverse-effect level
126:Maximum tolerable concentration
700:Occupational safety and health
604:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
415:
311:
1:
244:
190:Absolute lethal concentration
101:Threshold limit value-ceiling
143:Minimum lethal concentration
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160:Median lethal concentration
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781:
74:material safety data sheet
55:Measures of acute toxicity
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662:
649:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
596:
545:
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87:Short-Term Exposure Limit
639:Consumption of Tide Pods
624:Niigata Minamata disease
451:Environmental toxicology
324:Environ. Health Perspect
307:10.1351/goldbook.AT06800
212:Responses and treatments
487:Acceptable daily intake
441:Occupational toxicology
644:Visakhapatnam gas leak
588:Whole bowel irrigation
134:Maximum tolerable dose
609:2007 pet food recalls
320:"Acute oral toxicity"
507:Fixed-dose procedure
228:Emergency eye washes
198:Absolute lethal dose
47:testing methods and
466:In vitro toxicology
456:Forensic toxicology
264:. Safety Emporium.
151:Minimum lethal dose
108:Experimental values
41:or, more recently,
670:Biological warfare
654:List of poisonings
461:Medical toxicology
431:Aquatic toxicology
234:Activated charcoal
176:Median lethal time
168:Median lethal dose
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751:
568:Chelation therapy
222:Emergency showers
60:Regulatory values
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619:Minamata disease
553:Activated carbon
502:Biomagnification
446:Entomotoxicology
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318:Walum E (1998).
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68:(ACGIH) and the
31:chronic toxicity
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614:Bhopal disaster
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663:Related topics
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39:animal testing
20:Acute toxicity
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578:Hemodialysis
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270:. Retrieved
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23:
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18:
743:WikiProject
680:Food safety
512:Lethal dose
765:Toxicology
675:Carcinogen
546:Treatments
417:Toxicology
272:2006-11-15
245:References
89:, STEL or
597:Incidents
563:Cathartic
136:, MTD, LD
128:, MTC, LC
49:inference
759:Category
719:Category
558:Antidote
480:Concepts
266:Archived
99:, CV or
44:in vitro
731:Commons
695:Mutagen
362:9599698
353:1533392
344:3433801
122:, LOAEL
116:, NOAEL
517:Poison
424:Fields
360:
350:
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537:Venom
532:Toxin
340:JSTOR
289:IUPAC
24:acute
358:PMID
200:, LD
192:, LC
184:LT50
178:, LT
170:, LD
162:, LC
153:, LD
145:, LC
348:PMC
332:doi
328:106
303:doi
301:".
202:100
194:100
155:min
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761::
370:^
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291:,
281:^
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