2865:
40:
323:
2544:
2683:
344:, set up this tablet, whereon is inscribed the Dispensation of our Redeemer, and the preaching of the apostolic missionaries to the King of China. "Adam the Deacon, son of Jazedbuzid, Vicar-episcopal. The Lord Sergius, Priest and Vicar-episcopal. Sabar Jesus, Priest. Gabriel, priest, Archdeacon, and Ecclesiarch of Cumdan and
292:. Sources also state that Adam translated (by imperial order) multiple Biblical texts into Chinese. The texts in question seemed to be paraphrases of certain portions of the New Testament and to a smaller extent, parts of the Old Testament. In 786, Adam helped an Indian Buddhist monk from
2756:
1032:
453:
2950:
1322:
1299:
1264:
1188:
1327:
1241:
1178:
1798:
2581:
1894:
666:
1692:
797:
53:
720:
496:
2517:
482:
La stèle chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou. 3 / par le P. Henri Havret,... ; avec la collab. du P. Louis
Cheikho,... [pour la IIIe partie]
2986:
316:
in 787, who rejected the translation on the grounds it was faulty, corrupted, and confused by a fusion of
Buddhist and Nestorian concepts.
2739:
3059:
2768:
2697:
2574:
2493:
923:
1887:
1092:
3064:
2488:
2428:
2761:
2215:
367:
319:
Adam was bilingual in
Persian and Chinese. He may also have been literate in Syriac, Arabic and possibly Sogdian or Bactrian.
692:
646:
584:
548:
521:
463:
419:
3049:
2567:
2089:
2940:
3044:
1880:
1861:
1828:
713:
2164:
1420:
949:
1818:
2813:
2418:
2158:
2152:
2744:
2413:
2200:
2059:
1757:
825:
276:. It has been posited that Adam was raised or born in China and received a Chinese education due to his grasp of
2945:
2895:
2864:
2483:
2133:
1662:
1279:
959:
706:
151:
2398:
1993:
1682:
805:
2751:
2127:
1652:
1274:
1042:
1024:
1014:
332:"In the year of the Greeks one thousand and ninety-two, the Lord Jazedbuzid, Priest and Vicar-episcopal of
3054:
2707:
2590:
2500:
2317:
2176:
2074:
2068:
2038:
999:
900:
743:
297:
187:
513:
From the Oxus River to the
Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
2144:
2044:
1951:
1198:
974:
863:
853:
763:
758:
2119:
2007:
1926:
1803:
1715:
1332:
1317:
1037:
1004:
871:
39:
2976:
2712:
2357:
2221:
2015:
1772:
1762:
1677:
1289:
1213:
1155:
1150:
1145:
918:
843:
780:
768:
753:
1337:
1208:
685:
Persian
Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East
2935:
2798:
2793:
2302:
2209:
1856:
1838:
1687:
1672:
1598:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1140:
1135:
810:
787:
227:), who was part of a fighting unit invited to come to China by the Tang court to help quell the
2955:
2879:
2808:
2342:
2327:
2185:
1959:
1940:
1813:
1720:
1294:
1218:
1130:
1052:
1009:
775:
313:
202:
Scholars place Adam's probable birth at around 750 or 751. Adam's father was named
Yazedbozid (
2423:
636:
3003:
1583:
1284:
1269:
1246:
1236:
1125:
954:
838:
833:
729:
619:
368:"Translating Biblical Texts into Chinese: The Pioneer Venture of the Nestorian Missionaries"
2910:
2637:
2473:
2307:
2282:
1699:
1513:
964:
480:
8:
2548:
2522:
2377:
2362:
2322:
1903:
1777:
1578:
1478:
969:
848:
228:
2991:
2915:
2734:
2618:
2604:
2433:
2337:
2267:
1981:
1833:
1667:
913:
876:
490:
390:
191:
179:
322:
2981:
2900:
2844:
2478:
2242:
1917:
1767:
1730:
1503:
891:
688:
642:
580:
544:
517:
459:
415:
394:
309:
277:
2849:
2367:
2292:
2098:
1974:
1911:
1808:
1747:
1623:
1072:
382:
305:
1823:
1047:
231:. According to the Syriac text on the stele, Adam's grandfather was named Mailas (
2628:
2460:
2443:
2438:
2262:
2257:
1934:
1782:
1752:
1740:
1548:
1528:
1433:
1077:
1067:
574:
538:
511:
409:
327:
293:
289:
203:
183:
132:
45:
2854:
2702:
2536:
2403:
2393:
2347:
2287:
2019:
1997:
1087:
994:
989:
979:
908:
386:
243:
169:
2559:
3038:
3018:
2773:
2510:
2196:
2055:
1735:
1498:
1463:
1228:
1165:
1057:
638:
Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and
Medieval China: A Historical Survey
3013:
2971:
2829:
2717:
2647:
2613:
2352:
2312:
2272:
2030:
1593:
1533:
1473:
1448:
1438:
1400:
1392:
1382:
1364:
1082:
984:
881:
748:
110:
190:
from 635 to 781. Many scholars believe he is also the author of the later
3008:
2998:
2662:
2372:
1618:
1608:
1588:
1543:
1518:
1493:
1488:
1453:
1309:
1256:
1062:
341:
273:
258:
698:
2905:
2297:
1725:
1638:
1633:
1613:
1603:
1573:
1523:
1468:
1458:
1443:
1428:
1410:
1377:
1372:
1117:
1872:
2633:
2609:
2252:
1568:
1483:
540:
Confucius, the Buddha, and Christ: A History of the Gospel in
Chinese
667:"The Nestorian Monument: An Ancient Record of Christianity in China"
2803:
2623:
2505:
2408:
2247:
1628:
1508:
1405:
3023:
2543:
2332:
1538:
815:
345:
333:
2682:
2667:
2106:
928:
280:
and
Chinese religious thought that's observed in his writings.
159:
120:
49:
2466:
2277:
2110:
1558:
337:
336:
the royal city, son of the enlightened Mailas, Priest of
479:
Havret, Henri (1848–1901) Auteur du texte (1895–1902).
182:
monk and scholar in China. He composed the text on the
267:
262:
252:
247:
237:
232:
212:
207:
141:
136:
411:景教: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia
452:Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010).
312:) to Chinese. The translated text was presented to
365:
3036:
326:Jingjing/Adam is mentioned several times in the
2589:
2118:
572:
407:
621:History of the Kingdom of China (Vol. 1&2)
618:Mendoza, Juan González de (17 December 2020).
2575:
1888:
714:
573:Gillman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1999).
641:. Manchester University Press. p. 180.
2799:Three Persian religions of the Tang dynasty
509:
495:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
478:
2582:
2568:
2518:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
1895:
1881:
721:
707:
288:Around 781, Adam composed the text of the
38:
2698:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
924:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
728:
543:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 26.
451:
414:. Institut Monumenta Serica. p. 93.
375:Technical Papers for the Bible Translator
455:The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature
408:Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (2006).
321:
2489:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
1902:
617:
174:
3037:
2216:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
536:
510:Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2013).
2563:
1876:
702:
186:, which described the history of the
634:
447:
445:
443:
433:
431:
263:
248:
233:
208:
137:
1862:National Christian Council of China
516:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 114.
302:Sutra of the Six Mahayana Paramitas
13:
283:
146:), also known by his Chinese name
14:
3076:
3060:Chinese people of Iranian descent
2494:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
2165:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
579:. Psychology Press. p. 282.
440:
428:
2863:
2814:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2757:Nestorian Gloria in excelsis Deo
2681:
2542:
2159:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
2153:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
664:
458:. Scarecrow Press. p. 251.
366:Toshikazu S. Foley (July 2008).
48:in the Xian Nestorian Stele, in
677:
658:
628:
611:
602:
593:
3065:Christians from Imperial China
2896:Christianity among the Mongols
2484:Assyrian independence movement
2134:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
1663:Catholic Patriotic Association
1280:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
576:Christians in Asia Before 1500
566:
557:
530:
503:
472:
401:
359:
223:
218:
164:
155:
1:
1683:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
352:
2752:Sutra of Hearing the Messiah
1275:Christianity in Heilongjiang
300:translate the Buddhist text
268:
253:
238:
213:
197:
142:
7:
3050:8th-century Christian monks
2708:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
2591:Church of the East in China
2501:Terms for Syriac Christians
2318:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
2177:Assyrian Church of the East
2075:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
2069:Assyrian Evangelical Church
2039:Assyrian Church of the East
1804:Anti-sex-selective abortion
744:Timeline of Chinese history
635:Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1985).
188:Church of the East in China
10:
3081:
3045:8th-century Chinese people
2045:Ancient Church of the East
1829:Chinese Christian Colleges
950:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
764:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
759:Catholic Church in Sichuan
653:Lo-yang (Sarag in Sogdian)
387:10.1177/026009350805900301
304:from an Iranian language (
56:(reads from right to left)
2964:
2928:
2888:
2872:
2861:
2837:
2828:
2786:
2727:
2690:
2679:
2655:
2646:
2597:
2531:
2453:
2386:
2235:
2195:
2174:
2143:
2103:(active 1st century–1601)
2088:
2054:
2029:
2006:
1973:
1950:
1925:
1910:
1847:
1809:Anti-footbinding campaign
1791:
1708:
1651:
1557:
1419:
1391:
1363:
1350:
1333:Christianity in Hong Kong
1318:Christianity in Guangdong
1308:
1255:
1227:
1174:Christianity in Chongqing
1164:
1116:
1107:
1038:Medical missions in China
1023:
1015:St. Paul's College, Macau
1005:Chinese Rites controversy
942:
899:
890:
872:Hymns of Universal Praise
862:
824:
796:
736:
687:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
599:Godwin (2018), p. 145-146
242:), and was a priest from
116:
106:
98:
90:
82:unknown, but after 781 CE
78:
66:
61:
37:
30:
23:
2977:Arthur Christopher Moule
2855:Patriarch Yahballaha III
2713:Mogao Christian painting
2358:Dionysius of Vattasseril
2222:Believers Eastern Church
2016:Chaldean Catholic Church
1773:Second Sino-Japanese War
1290:Christianity in Liaoning
1214:Christianity in Xinjiang
1156:Christianity in Zhejiang
1151:Christianity in Shanghai
1146:Christianity in Shandong
960:Foreign Missions Society
919:Mogao Christian painting
844:Studium Biblicum Version
781:Protestantism in Sichuan
769:Catholic Church in Tibet
754:Catholic Church in China
683:Godwin, R. Todd (2018).
328:Nestorian Stele of Xi'an
2794:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2549:Christianity portal
2303:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
2210:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
2090:Saint Thomas Christians
1857:China Christian Council
1839:Sino-Christian theology
1758:Anti-Christian Movement
1688:China Christian Council
1673:The Christian Manifesto
1323:Christianity in Guangxi
1300:Christianity in Tianjin
1265:Christianity in Beijing
1204:Christianity in Sichuan
1199:Christianity in Shaanxi
1194:Christianity in Qinghai
1189:Christianity in Ningxia
1184:Christianity in Guizhou
1141:Christianity in Jiangxi
1136:Christianity in Jiangsu
975:Giovanni de' Marignolli
854:Today's Chinese Version
788:Chinese Orthodox Church
3014:Patriarch Gewargis III
2880:Cross Temple, Fangshan
2809:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
2343:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
2328:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
2186:Chaldean Syrian Church
1960:Syriac Orthodox Church
1941:Syriac Catholic Church
1799:Science and technology
1721:Century of humiliation
1653:Church-state relations
1479:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
1444:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
1328:Christianity in Hainan
1295:Christianity in Shanxi
1219:Christianity in Yunnan
1131:Christianity in Fujian
1053:Divie Bethune McCartee
1010:Martyr Saints of China
1000:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
955:Jesuit missions (Ming)
776:Protestantism in China
537:Covell, Ralph (2004).
349:
178:), was an 8th-century
2965:Related modern people
2663:Patriarch Ishoyahb II
1584:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
1338:Christianity in Macau
1285:Christianity in Jilin
1270:Christianity in Hebei
1247:Christianity in Hunan
1242:Christianity in Hubei
1237:Christianity in Henan
1209:Christianity in Tibet
1179:Christianity in Gansu
1126:Christianity in Anhui
839:Chinese Union Version
730:Christianity in China
665:Holm, Frits Vilhelm.
608:Godwin (2018), p. 176
437:Godwin (2018), p. 142
325:
2911:John of Montecorvino
2638:Sino-Roman relations
2474:Assyrian nationalism
2419:Koy Sanjaq Christian
2404:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
2394:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
2308:Dionysius bar Salibi
2283:Philoxenus of Mabbug
2136:(West Syriac) (1932)
2130:(East Syriac) (1665)
1824:Cantonese Roman Type
1655:in People's Republic
1514:John Ching Hsiung Wu
965:John of Montecorvino
563:Godwin (2018), p. 10
2523:Syriac sacral music
2378:Baselios Paulose II
2363:Geevarghese Ivanios
2323:Abraham of Angamaly
2128:Syro-Malabar Church
1904:Syriac Christianity
1848:Interdenominational
1814:Anti-opium campaign
1778:Cultural Revolution
1678:Protestant Lianghui
1579:Aloysius Jin Luxian
1351:Chinese Christians
970:Odoric of Pordenone
849:Chinese New Version
229:An Lushan Rebellion
3055:Iranian Christians
2916:John of Marignolli
2735:Jingjiao Documents
2619:Church of the East
2605:Thomas the Apostle
2598:Context and origin
2399:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
2338:Abraham Koorilos I
2268:Severus of Antioch
2201:Eastern Protestant
2060:Eastern Protestant
1988:"Nestorian Church"
1982:Church of the East
1834:Manchurian revival
1819:Chinese Roman Type
1668:Underground church
914:Jingjiao Documents
901:Church of the East
877:Chinese New Hymnal
834:Delegates' Version
826:Bible translations
350:
192:Jingjiao Documents
3032:
3031:
3024:Patriarch Awa III
2982:Reginald Johnston
2924:
2923:
2901:Sorghaghtani Beki
2845:Simeon Rabban Ata
2824:
2823:
2557:
2556:
2479:Assyrian homeland
2467:Assyrian genocide
2243:Ephrem the Syrian
2231:
2230:
2145:Oriental Orthodox
2084:
2083:
1969:
1968:
1952:Oriental Orthodox
1918:Church of Antioch
1870:
1869:
1768:Chinese Civil War
1753:Xinhai Revolution
1731:Taiping Rebellion
1716:Rites controversy
1647:
1646:
1504:Francis C. M. Wei
1357:
1346:
1345:
1103:
1102:
693:978-1-78673-316-0
648:978-0-7190-1088-0
586:978-0-7007-1022-5
550:978-1-59244-533-2
523:978-3-643-90329-7
465:978-0-8108-7283-7
421:978-3-8050-0534-0
278:Classical Chinese
126:
125:
3072:
2995:
2867:
2850:Rabban Bar Sauma
2835:
2834:
2777:
2765:
2748:
2685:
2653:
2652:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2434:Syriac Malayalam
2368:Coorilos Paulose
2293:Isaac the Syrian
2120:Eastern Catholic
2116:
2115:
2099:Malankara Church
2008:Eastern Catholic
2004:
2003:
1927:Eastern Catholic
1923:
1922:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1763:Nanjing incident
1748:Tianjin Massacre
1361:
1360:
1353:
1114:
1113:
1073:Jonathan Goforth
897:
896:
723:
716:
709:
700:
699:
671:
670:
662:
656:
655:
632:
626:
625:
615:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
590:
570:
564:
561:
555:
554:
534:
528:
527:
507:
501:
500:
494:
486:
476:
470:
469:
449:
438:
435:
426:
425:
405:
399:
398:
372:
363:
271:
266:
265:
256:
251:
250:
241:
236:
235:
225:
220:
216:
211:
210:
180:Syriac Christian
176:
166:
157:
145:
140:
139:
42:
21:
20:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
2989:
2960:
2920:
2884:
2868:
2859:
2820:
2782:
2771:
2759:
2742:
2723:
2686:
2677:
2642:
2629:Nestorian cross
2593:
2588:
2558:
2553:
2541:
2535:* Defunct with
2527:
2461:Assyrian people
2449:
2382:
2263:Jacob of Serugh
2258:Jacob Baradaeus
2227:
2191:
2170:
2139:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2050:
2025:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1965:
1946:
1935:Maronite Church
1915:
1906:
1901:
1871:
1866:
1849:
1843:
1787:
1783:Boluan Fanzheng
1741:Boxer Rebellion
1704:
1654:
1643:
1560:
1553:
1549:David Z. T. Yui
1529:Y. C. James Yen
1434:Chiang Kai-shek
1415:
1387:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1304:
1251:
1223:
1160:
1109:
1099:
1078:Cambridge Seven
1068:Timothy Richard
1043:Robert Morrison
1019:
938:
892:Mission history
886:
858:
820:
792:
732:
727:
680:
675:
674:
663:
659:
649:
633:
629:
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
594:
587:
571:
567:
562:
558:
551:
535:
531:
524:
508:
504:
488:
487:
477:
473:
466:
450:
441:
436:
429:
422:
406:
402:
370:
364:
360:
355:
331:
290:Nestorian Stele
286:
284:Nestorian stele
272:), in northern
200:
184:Nestorian Stele
86:
83:
74:
71:
57:
33:
26:
25:Adam / Jingjing
19:
12:
11:
5:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2749:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2537:schism of 1552
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Cyril VI Tanas
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Thomas of Cana
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1354:(by period of
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1088:Gladys Aylward
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Angelo Zottoli
992:
990:Joachim Bouvet
987:
982:
980:Francis Xavier
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
903:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
868:
866:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
802:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
785:
784:
783:
773:
772:
771:
766:
761:
751:
746:
740:
738:
734:
733:
726:
725:
718:
711:
703:
697:
696:
679:
676:
673:
672:
657:
647:
627:
610:
601:
592:
585:
565:
556:
549:
529:
522:
502:
471:
464:
439:
427:
420:
400:
381:(3): 113–121.
357:
356:
354:
351:
314:Emperor Dezong
285:
282:
199:
196:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
102:8th century CE
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:Written Hebrew
43:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
24:
18:Christian monk
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Martin Palmer
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:Phoenicianism
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:organisations
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Yangzhou riot
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Wang Ming-Dao
1497:
1495:
1494:Tseng Pao-sun
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Lu Zhengxiang
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Hong Xiuchuan
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Hudson Taylor
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Karl Gützlaff
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
898:
895:
893:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
865:
861:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
827:
823:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
799:
798:Terms for God
795:
789:
786:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
735:
731:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:
701:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
668:
661:
654:
650:
644:
640:
639:
631:
623:
622:
614:
605:
596:
588:
582:
578:
577:
569:
560:
552:
546:
542:
541:
533:
525:
519:
515:
514:
506:
498:
492:
485:. p. 61.
484:
483:
475:
467:
461:
457:
456:
448:
446:
444:
434:
432:
423:
417:
413:
412:
404:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
362:
358:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
324:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
270:
260:
255:
245:
240:
230:
226:
215:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
167:
161:
153:
149:
144:
134:
130:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
77:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
29:
22:
16:
2972:Paul Pelliot
2830:Yuan dynasty
2720:(speculated)
2718:Daqin Pagoda
2672:
2648:Tang dynasty
2614:Nestorianism
2446:(Liturgical)
2353:Elias Mellus
2313:Bar Hebraeus
2273:Paul the Jew
2097:
1987:
1980:
1914:, legacy of
1700:House church
1599:Liu Xiaofeng
1594:Lin Shengben
1534:Ying Lianzhi
1474:Watchman Nee
1449:Feng Yuxiang
1439:Cheng Jingyi
1383:Yang Tingyun
1093:
1083:Eric Liddell
985:Matteo Ricci
933:
882:Canaan Hymns
749:Christianity
684:
678:Bibliography
660:
652:
637:
630:
624:. p. 9.
620:
613:
604:
595:
575:
568:
559:
539:
532:
512:
505:
481:
474:
454:
410:
403:
378:
374:
361:
318:
301:
287:
269:Takhouristan
222:
201:
173:
163:
147:
128:
127:
111:Nestorianism
94:Christianity
15:
3009:F. S. Drake
2999:P. Y. Saeki
2990: [
2987:Haneda Toru
2772: [
2760: [
2743: [
2703:Xi'an Stele
2373:Thoma Darmo
2236:Key figures
2175:Nestorian (
1977:, legacy of
1975:East Syriac
1912:West Syriac
1619:Wang Weifan
1609:Matthias Lu
1589:Samuel Lamb
1544:Paul Yu Pin
1519:Wu Leichuan
1454:Francis Hsu
1356:prominence)
1108:By province
1063:Lottie Moon
909:Xi'an Stele
737:Foundations
274:Afghanistan
259:Tokharistan
217:, Chinese:
175:Ching-ching
3039:Categories
2906:Marco Polo
2298:John Maron
2197:Protestant
2056:Protestant
1726:Opium Wars
1693:Seminaries
1639:Zhao Fusan
1634:Allen Yuan
1614:K. H. Ting
1604:Lü Xiaomin
1574:He Guanghu
1524:Wu Yi-fang
1489:Sun Yatsen
1469:Ma Xiangbo
1459:Jia Yuming
1429:T. C. Chao
1411:Xi Shengmo
1378:Xu Guangqi
1373:Candida Xu
1110:and region
1025:Protestant
353:References
340:a city of
214:Yazedbuzid
170:Wade–Giles
117:Occupation
99:Flourished
70:750/751 CE
44:"Adam" in
3004:Chen Yuan
2929:By region
2740:Yishenlun
2691:Artifacts
2634:Silk Road
2610:Nestorius
2387:Languages
2253:Nestorius
2094:legacy of
2031:Nestorian
1569:Joseph Gu
1484:John Sung
1094:(more...)
491:cite book
395:163841626
342:Turkestan
264:ܬܟ݂ܘܪܝܣܬܢ
198:Biography
2946:Xinjiang
2804:Guo Ziyi
2728:Writings
2624:Peshitta
2506:Arameans
2463:/Syriac
2454:See also
2414:Hertevin
2409:Garshuni
2248:Aphrahat
1629:Y. T. Wu
1561:Republic
1559:People's
1509:Paul Wei
1421:Republic
1406:Liang Fa
1033:Agencies
943:Catholic
310:Bactrian
209:ܝܙܕܒܘܙܝܕ
165:Jǐngjìng
148:Jingjing
91:Religion
62:Personal
32:ܐܕܡ / 景淨
2951:Beijing
2941:Sichuan
2936:Shaanxi
2889:Related
2787:Related
2769:Zunjing
2333:Thoma I
1624:Wang Yi
1539:Dora Yu
1229:Central
816:Shangdi
806:Tianzhu
306:Sogdian
296:called
294:Kapisha
152:Chinese
52:and in
2956:Fujian
2838:Clergy
2668:Alopen
2656:Clergy
2444:Syriac
2439:Turoyo
2429:Senaya
2424:Mlaḥsô
2224:(2017)
2218:(1961)
2212:(1852)
2188:(1701)
2167:(1772)
2161:(1912)
2155:(1665)
2107:Kerala
2077:(1940)
2071:(1870)
2047:(1968)
2041:(1552)
1943:(1662)
1792:Impact
1709:Events
929:Alopen
691:
645:
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520:
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338:Balach
334:Cumdan
298:Prajna
204:Syriac
172::
162::
160:pinyin
154::
133:Syriac
121:Deacon
107:School
50:Hebrew
46:Syriac
2994:]
2873:Sites
2776:]
2764:]
2747:]
2278:Maron
2111:India
1986:(the
1962:(512)
1937:(685)
1310:South
1257:North
864:Hymns
391:S2CID
371:(PDF)
346:Sarag
257:) in
254:Balkh
244:Balkh
239:Milis
234:ܡܝܠܝܣ
85:China
73:China
2673:Adam
2636:and
2612:and
2096:the
2020:1552
1998:1552
1979:the
1916:the
1393:Qing
1365:Ming
1166:West
1118:East
934:Adam
811:Shen
689:ISBN
643:ISBN
581:ISBN
545:ISBN
518:ISBN
497:link
460:ISBN
416:ISBN
249:ܒܠܟ݂
224:Yīsī
143:Adam
129:Adam
79:Died
67:Born
2105:in
1994:410
383:doi
308:or
138:ܐܕܡ
3041::
2992:ja
2774:zh
2762:zh
2745:zh
2109:,
651:.
493:}}
489:{{
442:^
430:^
389:.
379:59
377:.
373:.
348:."
221:;
219:伊斯
206::
194:.
168:;
158:;
156:景淨
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