13914:
depolarization specifically at hDAT but not at the human serotonin and the norepinephrine transporter (hNET). ... Surprisingly, this amphetamine-elicited efflux was markedly enhanced, rather than inhibited, by the addition of 10 μM Zn to the superfusion buffer (Fig. 2 A, open squares). We stress that Zn per se did not affect basal efflux (Fig. 2 A). ... In many brain regions, Zn is stored in synaptic vesicles and co-released together with glutamate; under basal conditions, the extracellular levels of Zn are low (~10 nM; see Refs. 39, 40). Upon neuronal stimulation, however, Zn is co-released with the neurotransmitters and, consequently, the free Zn concentration may transiently reach values that range from 10–20 μM (10) up to 300 μM (11). The concentrations of Zn shown in this study, required for the stimulation of dopamine release (as well as inhibition of uptake), covered this physiologically relevant range, with maximum stimulation occurring at 3–30 μM. It is therefore conceivable that the action of Zn on hDAT does not merely reflect a biochemical peculiarity but that it is physiologically relevant. ... Thus, when Zn is co-released with glutamate, it may greatly augment the efflux of dopamine.
9465:
demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine α2 and dopamine D1 receptors. ... This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic α2 versus α1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). ... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.
4991:
for marketing purposes. The FDA cited the company for numerous significant CGMP violations related to
Obetrol discovered during routine inspections following the acquisition (including issuing a formal warning letter for the violations), then later issued a second formal warning letter to Richwood Pharmaceuticals specifically due to violations of "the new drug and misbranding provisions of the FD&C Act". Following extended discussions with Richwood Pharmaceuticals regarding the resolution of a large number of issues related to the company's numerous violations of FDA regulations, the FDA formally approved the first Obetrol labeling/sNDA revisions in 1996, including a name change to Adderall and a restoration of its status as an approved drug product. In 1997 Richwood Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Shire Pharmaceuticals in a $ 186 million transaction.
12031:ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states. ... ΔFosB serves as one of the master control proteins governing this structural plasticity.
15171:] drug molecules through promiscuous enzymatic metabolism. ... The present study on the atomistic details of amphetamine binding and binding affinity to the tyramine oxidase along with the comparison with two natural substrates of this enzyme namely tyramine and phenylalanine provides strong evidence for the promiscuity-based metabolism of amphetamine by the tyramine oxidase enzyme of E. coli. The obtained results will be crucial in designing a surrogate molecule for amphetamine that can help either in improving the efficacy and bioavailability of the amphetamine drug via competitive inhibition or in redesigning the drug for better pharmacological effects. This study will also have useful clinical implications in reducing the gut microbiota caused variation in the drug response among different populations.
10718:
with the non-stimulants atomoxetine and extended-release guanfacine, are continuously effective for more than 2-year treatment periods with few and tolerable adverse effects. The effectiveness of long-term therapy includes not only the core symptoms of ADHD, but also improved quality of life and academic achievements. The most concerning short-term adverse effects of stimulants, such as elevated blood pressure and heart rate, waned in long-term follow-up studies. ... The current data do not support the potential impact of stimulants on the worsening or development of tics or substance abuse into adulthood. In the longest follow-up study (of more than 10 years), lifetime stimulant treatment for ADHD was effective and protective against the development of adverse psychiatric disorders.
8231:
with the non-stimulants atomoxetine and extended-release guanfacine, are continuously effective for more than 2-year treatment periods with few and tolerable adverse effects. The effectiveness of long-term therapy includes not only the core symptoms of ADHD, but also improved quality of life and academic achievements. The most concerning short-term adverse effects of stimulants, such as elevated blood pressure and heart rate, waned in long-term follow-up studies. ... The current data do not support the potential impact of stimulants on the worsening or development of tics or substance abuse into adulthood. In the longest follow-up study (of more than 10 years), lifetime stimulant treatment for ADHD was effective and protective against the development of adverse psychiatric disorders.
11364:
that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
6738:
amphetamine, 90% of the consumed dose is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with no significant differences in the rate and extent of absorption between the two enantiomers (Carvalho et al. 2012; Childress et al. 2019). The onset of action occurs approximately 30 to 45 minutes after consumption, depending on the ingested dose and on the degree of purity or on the concomitant consumption of certain foods (European
Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2021a; Steingard et al. 2019). It is described that those substances that promote acidification of the gastrointestinal tract cause a decrease in amphetamine absorption, while gastrointestinal alkalinization may be related to an increase in the compound's absorption (Markowitz and Patrick 2017).
1235:. The capsule can be swallowed like a tablet, or it can be opened and the beads sprinkled over applesauce for comparable absorption. Upon ingestion, half of the beads provide immediate administration of medication, while the other half are enveloped in a coating which must dissolve, delaying absorption of its contents. It is designed to provide a therapeutic effect and plasma concentrations identical to taking two doses of Adderall IR four hours apart. Mydayis uses a longer-lasting triple-bead formulation and is approved to treat ADHD for up to 16 hours in individuals 13 years and older. In the United States, the immediate and extended-release formulations of Adderall are both available as
8957:
originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); and the histaminergic pathway originates from neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus. As discussed in
Chapter 6, these neurons project widely throughout the brain from restricted collections of cell bodies. Norepinephrine, serotonin,dopamine, and histamine have complex modulatory functions and, in general, promote wakefulness. The PT in the brainstem is also an important component of the ARAS. Activity of PT cholinergic neurons (REM-on cells) promotes REM sleep, as noted earlier. During waking, REM-on cells are inhibited by a subset of ARAS norepinephrine and serotonin neurons called REM-off cells.
12127:
symptoms and relapse in abstinent smokers (Daniel et al., 2006; Prochaska et al., 2008), and one drug recovery program has seen success in participants that train for and compete in a marathon as part of the program (Butler, 2005). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al., 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008).
11543:
demonstrated how dopamine modulates this integrative process. For example, high frequency stimulation potentiates hippocampal inputs to the NAc while simultaneously depressing PFC synapses (Goto and Grace, 2005). The converse was also shown to be true; stimulation at PFC potentiates PFC–NAc synapses but depresses hippocampal–NAc synapses. In light of the new functional evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic inputs bias or filter either limbic or cortical inputs to guide goal-directed behavior.
13953:
markedly increased urinary excretion of PEA, suggesting that ADHD treatments normalize PEA levels. ... Similarly, urinary biogenic trace amine PEA levels could be a biomarker for the diagnosis of ADHD, for treatment efficacy, and associated with symptoms of inattentivenesss. ... With regard to zinc supplementation, a placebo controlled trial reported that doses up to 30 mg/day of zinc were safe for at least 8 weeks, but the clinical effect was equivocal except for the finding of a 37% reduction in amphetamine optimal dose with 30 mg per day of zinc.
14997:
underestimated and largely unexplored (Savage, 1977; Medini et al., 2008; Minot et al., 2011; Wylie et al., 2012). ... Meanwhile, a wealth of literature has long been available about the biotransformation of xenobiotics, notably by gut bacteria (reviewed in Sousa et al., 2008; Rizkallah et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2012; Haiser and
Turnbaugh, 2013). This valuable information is predominantly about drug metabolism by unknown human-associated microbes; however, only a few cases of inter-individual microbiome variations have been documented .
13247:
substitute for the rewarding effects of drug abuse. ... The value of this form of treatment for drug addiction in laboratory animals and humans is that exercise, if it can substitute for the rewarding effects of drugs, could be self-maintained over an extended period of time. Work to date in regarding exercise as a treatment for drug addiction supports this hypothesis. ... Animal and human research on physical exercise as a treatment for stimulant addiction indicates that this is one of the most promising treatments on the horizon.
76:
12187:
drug addiction that may reduce drug craving and risk of relapse. Although few clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of exercise for preventing relapse, the few studies that have been conducted generally report a reduction in drug craving and better treatment outcomes ... Taken together, these data suggest that the potential benefits of exercise during relapse, particularly for relapse to psychostimulants, may be mediated via chromatin remodeling and possibly lead to greater treatment outcomes.
4086:
8923:
reward,aspects of emotion, and learning. In fact, orexin is thought to promote feeding primarily by promoting arousal. Mutations in orexin receptors are responsible for narcolepsy in a canine model, knockout of the orexin gene produces narcolepsy in mice, and humans with narcolepsy have low or absent levels of orexin peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (Chapter 13). Lateral hypothalamus neurons have reciprocal connections with neurons that produce monoamine neurotransmitters (Chapter 6).
4737:
4109:
2473:
14143:
regions including the striatum, VTA and NAc (Del Arco et al., 1999; Kim et al., 1981; Mora and Porras, 1993; Xue et al., 1996), but it has not been established whether this change can be explained by increased synaptic release or by reduced clearance of glutamate. ... DHK-sensitive, EAAT2 uptake was not altered by AMPH (Figure 1A). The remaining glutamate transport in these midbrain cultures is likely mediated by EAAT3 and this component was significantly decreased by AMPH
4557:
1186:. Dextroamphetamine, the more dopaminergic enantiomer of amphetamine, is particularly effective at promoting wakefulness because dopamine release has the greatest influence on cortical activation and cognitive arousal, relative to other monoamines. In contrast, levoamphetamine may have a greater effect on cataplexy, a symptom more sensitive to the effects of norepinephrine and serotonin. Noradrenergic and serotonergic nuclei in the ARAS are involved in the regulation of the
12768:
and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. ... these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.
2229:
2596:, a "molecular switch" and "master control protein" for addiction. Once nucleus accumbens ΔFosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it begins to increase the severity of addictive behavior (i.e., compulsive drug-seeking) with further increases in its expression. While there are currently no effective drugs for treating amphetamine addiction, regularly engaging in sustained aerobic exercise appears to reduce the risk of developing such an addiction. Exercise therapy improves
24816:
944:
16711:
13372:
withdrawal symptoms is greater in amphetamine dependent individuals who are older and who have more extensive amphetamine use disorders (McGregor 2005). Withdrawal symptoms typically present within 24 hours of the last use of amphetamine, with a withdrawal syndrome involving two general phases that can last 3 weeks or more. The first phase of this syndrome is the initial "crash" that resolves within about a week (Gossop 1982;McGregor 2005) ...
67:
4793:(i.e., the genetic composition of an individual and all microorganisms that reside on or within the individual's body) varies considerably between individuals. Since the total number of microbial and viral cells in the human body (over 100 trillion) greatly outnumbers human cells (tens of trillions), there is considerable potential for interactions between drugs and an individual's microbiome, including: drugs altering the composition of the
24828:
14736:
man. ... The lack of effect of administration of neomycin to one patient indicates that the hydroxylation occurs in body tissues. ... a major portion of the β-hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine occurs in non-adrenal tissue. Unfortunately, at the present time one cannot be completely certain that the hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine in vivo is accomplished by the same enzyme which converts dopamine to noradrenaline.
958:
1215:, with three reviews finding clinically significant reductions in daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy. Additionally, these reviews suggest that amphetamine may dose-dependently improve cataplexy symptoms. However, the quality of evidence for these findings is low and is consequently reflected in the AASM's conditional recommendation for dextroamphetamine as a treatment option for narcolepsy.
24804:
14006:
the vesicle. ... Amphetamine and its derivatives like methamphetamine are weak base compounds that are the only widely used class of drugs known to elicit transmitter release by a non-exocytic mechanism. As substrates for both DAT and VMAT, amphetamines can be taken up to the cytosol and then sequestered in vesicles, where they act to collapse the vesicular pH gradient.
10481:
narcolepsy and other disorders of excessive sedation. ... For these reasons, observations of dependence and abuse of prescription d-amphetamine are rare in clinical practice, and this stimulant can even be prescribed to people with a history of drug abuse provided certain controls, such as daily pick-ups of prescriptions, are put in place (Jasinski and
Krishnan, 2009b).
7923:
narcolepsy and other disorders of excessive sedation. ... For these reasons, observations of dependence and abuse of prescription d-amphetamine are rare in clinical practice, and this stimulant can even be prescribed to people with a history of drug abuse provided certain controls, such as daily pick-ups of prescriptions, are put in place (Jasinski and
Krishnan, 2009b).
11486:) where it recruits HDAC1 as a corepressor. ... Chronic exposure to psychostimulants increases glutamatergic from the prefrontal cortex to the NAc. Glutamatergic signaling elevates Ca2+ levels in NAc postsynaptic elements where it activates CaMK (calcium/calmodulin protein kinases) signaling, which, in addition to phosphorylating CREB, also phosphorylates HDAC5.
1571:), but amphetamine abuse does pose risks to the fetus. Amphetamine has also been shown to pass into breast milk, so the IPCS and the FDA advise mothers to avoid breastfeeding when using it. Due to the potential for reversible growth impairments, the FDA advises monitoring the height and weight of children and adolescents prescribed an amphetamine pharmaceutical.
2879:(RCTs) for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction; it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration. There was low- to moderate-strength evidence of no benefit for most of the other medications used in RCTs, which included antidepressants (bupropion,
15165:
recently linked with various metabolic disorders and diseases. In addition to the impact of gut microbial diversity or dysbiosis in various human diseases, there is an increasing amount of evidence which shows that the gut microbes can affect the bioavailability and efficacy of various orally administrated [
11683:ΔFosB serves as one of the master control proteins governing this structural plasticity. ... ΔFosB also represses G9a expression, leading to reduced repressive histone methylation at the cdk5 gene. The net result is gene activation and increased CDK5 expression. ... In contrast, ΔFosB binds to the
14886:
The observed lack of a significant accumulation of PHN in brain following the intraventricular administration of (+)-amphetamine and the formation of appreciable amounts of PHN from (+)-POH in brain tissue in vivo supports the view that the aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine following its systemic
14005:
Despite the challenges in determining synaptic vesicle pH, the proton gradient across the vesicle membrane is of fundamental importance for its function. Exposure of isolated catecholamine vesicles to protonophores collapses the pH gradient and rapidly redistributes transmitter from inside to outside
13812:
Zinc binds at ... extracellular sites of the DAT , serving as a DAT inhibitor. In this context, controlled double-blind studies in children are of interest, which showed positive effects of zinc on symptoms of ADHD . It should be stated that at this time with zinc is not integrated in any ADHD
11572:
Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), projection areas of mesocorticolimbic DA neurons and key components of the "brain reward circuit". Amphetamine achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of
10717:
Several other studies, including a meta-analytic review and a retrospective study, suggested that stimulant therapy in childhood is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent substance use, cigarette smoking and alcohol use disorders. ... Recent studies have demonstrated that stimulants, along
10480:
The intravenous use of d-amphetamine and other stimulants still pose major safety risks to the individuals indulging in this practice. Some of this intravenous abuse is derived from the diversion of ampoules of d-amphetamine, which are still occasionally prescribed in the UK for the control of severe
9515:
Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ... The results of this meta-analysis ... do confirm the reality of cognitive enhancing effects for normal healthy adults in general, while also indicating
9049:
The mechanism of action of sympathomimetic alerting drugs (eg, dextro- and methamphetamine, methylphenidate) is direct or indirect stimulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei, which in turn heightens the efficacy of the ventral periaqueductal grey area and locus coeruleus, both components of
8884:
At the pathophysiological level, it is now clear that most narcolepsy cases with cataplexy, and a minority of cases (5–30 %) without cataplexy or with atypical cataplexy-like symptoms, are caused by a lack of hypocretin (orexin) of likely an autoimmune origin. In these cases, once the disease is
8230:
Several other studies, including a meta-analytic review and a retrospective study, suggested that stimulant therapy in childhood is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent substance use, cigarette smoking and alcohol use disorders. ... Recent studies have demonstrated that stimulants, along
7922:
The intravenous use of d-amphetamine and other stimulants still pose major safety risks to the individuals indulging in this practice. Some of this intravenous abuse is derived from the diversion of ampoules of d-amphetamine, which are still occasionally prescribed in the UK for the control of severe
11752:
The 35-37 kD ΔFosB isoforms accumulate with chronic drug exposure due to their extraordinarily long half-lives. ... As a result of its stability, the ΔFosB protein persists in neurons for at least several weeks after cessation of drug exposure. ... ΔFosB overexpression in nucleus accumbens
11477:
increase cAMP levels in striatum, which activates protein kinase A (PKA) and leads to phosphorylation of its targets. This includes the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the phosphorylation of which induces its association with the histone acetyltransferase, CREB binding protein (CBP) to
11419:
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification
11416:
Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to
9990:
In 1980, Chandler and Blair showed significant increases in knee extension strength, acceleration, anaerobic capacity, time to exhaustion during exercise, pre-exercise and maximum heart rates, and time to exhaustion during maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) testing after administration of 15 mg of
8956:
The ARAS consists of several different circuits including the four main monoaminergic pathways discussed in
Chapter 6. The norepinephrine pathway originates from the LC and related brainstem nuclei; the serotonergic neurons originate from the RN within the brainstem as well; the dopaminergic neurons
7288:
Such agents also have important therapeutic uses; cocaine, for example, is used as a local anesthetic (Chapter 2), and amphetamines and methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to treat narcolepsy (Chapter 12). Despite their clinical
7036:
Therapeutic (relatively low) doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve performance on working memory tasks both in normal subjects and those with ADHD. ... stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the
4990:
In 1994, Richwood
Pharmaceuticals acquired Rexar and began promoting Obetrol as a treatment for ADHD (and later narcolepsy as well), now marketed under the new brand name of Adderall, a contraction of the phrase "A.D.D. for All" intended to convey that "it was meant to be kind of an inclusive thing"
1036:
of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2 years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Two reviews have indicated that long-term continuous stimulant therapy for ADHD is effective for reducing the core symptoms of ADHD (i.e., hyperactivity, inattention,
15470:
WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., Aug. 14 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ – Barr
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today announced that its subsidiary Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Shire plc have signed a Product Acquisition Agreement for ADDERALL(R) (immediate-release mixed amphetamine salts) tablets and a Product Development
14833:
The biologic significance of the different levels of serum DβH activity was studied in two ways. First, in vivo ability to β-hydroxylate the synthetic substrate hydroxyamphetamine was compared in two subjects with low serum DβH activity and two subjects with average activity. ... In one study,
13463:
Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methylphenidate act as substrates for the cellular monoamine transporter, especially the dopamine transporter (DAT) and less so the norepinephrine (NET) and serotonin transporter. The mechanism of toxicity is primarily related to excessive extracellular dopamine,
12767:
It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate,
12244:
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that exercise may serve as a substitute or competition for drug abuse by changing ΔFosB or cFos immunoreactivity in the reward system to protect against later or previous drug use. ... The postulate that exercise serves as an ideal intervention for drug
12186:
These findings suggest that exercise may "magnitude"-dependently prevent the development of an addicted phenotype possibly by blocking/reversing behavioral and neuroadaptive changes that develop during and following extended access to the drug. ... Exercise has been proposed as a treatment for
10152:
Aside from accounting for the reduced performance of mentally fatigued participants, this model rationalizes the reduced RPE and hence improved cycling time trial performance of athletes using a glucose mouthwash (Chambers et al., 2009) and the greater power output during a RPE matched cycling time
9161:
The usefulness of amphetamines is limited by a potential risk of abuse, and their cardiovascular adverse effects (Table 1). That is why, even though they are cheaper than other drugs, and efficient, they remain third-line therapy in narcolepsy. Three class II studies showed an improvement of EDS in
8174:
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like ACC and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from
1085:
and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. Approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and
14786:
Figure 1. Glycine conjugation of benzoic acid. The glycine conjugation pathway consists of two steps. First benzoate is ligated to CoASH to form the high-energy benzoyl-CoA thioester. This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of
13952:
Although we did not find a sufficient number of studies suitable for a meta-analysis of PEA and ADHD, three studies confirmed that urinary levels of PEA were significantly lower in patients with ADHD compared with controls. ... Administration of D-amphetamine and methylphenidate resulted in a
13865:
They did not confirm the predicted straightforward relationship between uptake and release, but rather that some compounds including AMPH were better releasers than substrates for uptake. Zinc, moreover, stimulates efflux of intracellular DA despite its concomitant inhibition of uptake (Scholze et
10895:
DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1 ... The most common (≥2% in the DYANAVEL XR group and greater than placebo) adverse reactions reported in the Phase 3 controlled study conducted in 108 patients with ADHD (aged 6 to 12 years) were: epistaxis, allergic
8987:
All the amphetamines enhance activity at dopamine, noradrenaline and 5HT synapses. They cause presynaptic release of preformed transmitters, and also inhibit the re-uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. These actions are most prominent in the brainstem ascending reticular activating system and the
8922:
More recently, the lateral hypothalamus was also found to play a central role in arousal. Neurons in this region contain cell bodies that produce the orexin (also called hypocretin) peptides (Chapter 6). These neurons project widely throughout the brain and are involved in sleep, arousal, feeding,
5901:, achievement test scores, length of education, and education level), self-esteem (e.g., self-esteem questionnaire assessments, number of suicide attempts, and suicide rates), and social function (e.g., peer nomination scores, social skills, and quality of peer, family, and romantic relationships).
4456:
of the drug being excreted unchanged at normal urinary pH. When the urinary pH is basic, amphetamine is in its free base form, so less is excreted. When urine pH is abnormal, the urinary recovery of amphetamine may range from a low of 1% to a high of 75%, depending mostly upon whether urine is too
3584:
in individuals who compulsively use amphetamine and methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue amphetamine use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose." This review noted that withdrawal symptoms in chronic, high-dose
1090:
reviews on the treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults with pharmaceutical amphetamines stated that short-term studies have demonstrated that these drugs decrease the severity of symptoms, but they have higher discontinuation rates than non-stimulant medications due to their adverse
15109:
Some metagenomic studies have suggested that less than 10% of the cells that comprise our bodies are Homo sapiens cells. The remaining 90% are bacterial cells. The description of this so-called human microbiome is of great interest and importance for several reasons. For one, it helps us redefine
14142:
AMPH also increases intracellular calcium (Gnegy et al., 2004) that is associated with calmodulin/CamKII activation (Wei et al., 2007) and modulation and trafficking of the DAT (Fog et al., 2006; Sakrikar et al., 2012). ... For example, AMPH increases extracellular glutamate in various brain
14060:
Three important new aspects of TAs action have recently emerged: (a) inhibition of firing due to increased release of dopamine; (b) reduction of D2 and GABAB receptor-mediated inhibitory responses (excitatory effects due to disinhibition); and (c) a direct TA1 receptor-mediated activation of GIRK
12126:
Similar to environmental enrichment, studies have found that exercise reduces self-administration and relapse to drugs of abuse (Cosgrove et al., 2002; Zlebnik et al., 2010). There is also some evidence that these preclinical findings translate to human populations, as exercise reduces withdrawal
11363:
Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use,
10205:
This indicates that subjects did not feel they were producing more power and consequently more heat. The authors concluded that the "safety switch" or the mechanisms existing in the body to prevent harmful effects are overridden by the drug administration (Roelands et al., 2008b). Taken together,
5889:
The ADHD-related outcome domains with the greatest proportion of significantly improved outcomes from long-term continuous stimulant therapy include academics (≈55% of academic outcomes improved), driving (100% of driving outcomes improved), non-medical drug use (47% of addiction-related outcomes
3634:
to amphetamine. Tolerant individuals have been known to take as much as 5 grams of amphetamine in a day, which is roughly 100 times the maximum daily therapeutic dose. Symptoms of a moderate and extremely large overdose are listed below; fatal amphetamine poisoning usually also involves
14735:
Hydroxyamphetamine was administered orally to five human subjects ... Since conversion of hydroxyamphetamine to hydroxynorephedrine occurs in vitro by the action of dopamine-β-oxidase, a simple method is suggested for measuring the activity of this enzyme and the effect of its inhibitors in
14195:
AMPH and METH also stimulate DA efflux, which is thought to be a crucial element in their addictive properties , although the mechanisms do not appear to be identical for each drug . These processes are PKCβ– and CaMK–dependent , and PKCβ knock-out mice display decreased AMPH-induced efflux that
12889:
Pharmacologic treatment for psychostimulant addiction is generally unsatisfactory. As previously discussed, cessation of cocaine use and the use of other psychostimulants in dependent individuals does not produce a physical withdrawal syndrome but may produce dysphoria, anhedonia, and an intense
15164:
Particularly in the case of the human gut, which harbors a large diversity of bacterial species, the differences in microbial composition can significantly alter the metabolic activity in the gut lumen. The differential metabolic activity due to the differences in gut microbial species has been
10097:
Manipulations of dopaminergic signaling profoundly influence interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or "clock," activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations of dopamine at the synaptic cleft advances the start of responding
10042:
In high-ambient temperatures, dopaminergic manipulations clearly improve performance. The distribution of the power output reveals that after dopamine reuptake inhibition, subjects are able to maintain a higher power output compared with placebo. ... Dopaminergic drugs appear to override a
9113:
The TF identified 1 double-blind RCT, 1 single-blind RCT, and 1 retrospective observational long-term self-reported case series assessing the efficacy of dextroamphetamine in patients with narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2. These studies demonstrated clinically significant improvements in
8468:
Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases
7573:
VMAT2 is the CNS vesicular transporter for not only the biogenic amines DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT, and HIS, but likely also for the trace amines TYR, PEA, and thyronamine (THYR) ... neurons in mammalian CNS would be identifiable as neurons expressing VMAT2 for storage, and the biosynthetic enzyme
7210:
A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the
4337:. In summary, by interacting with both VMAT2 and TAAR1, amphetamine releases neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles (the effect from VMAT2) into the intracellular fluid where they subsequently exit the neuron through the membrane-bound, reversed monoamine transporters (the effect from TAAR1).
9811:
misuse of prescription stimulants has become a serious problem on college campuses across the US and has been recently documented in other countries as well. ... Indeed, large numbers of students claim to have engaged in the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, which is reflected in
9464:
The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously
9046:
Key cell populations of the ascending arousal pathway include cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and histaminergic neurons located in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (PPT/LDT), locus coeruleus, dorsal and median raphe nucleus, and tuberomammillary
6737:
Amphetamine is usually consumed via inhalation or orally, either in the form of a racemic mixture (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) or dextroamphetamine alone (Childress et al. 2019). In general, all amphetamines have high bioavailability when consumed orally, and in the specific case of
2812:
The effects of amphetamine on gene regulation are both dose- and route-dependent. Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human
14572:
The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class
13371:
The prevalence of this withdrawal syndrome is extremely common (Cantwell 1998; Gossop 1982) with 87.6% of 647 individuals with amphetamine dependence reporting six or more signs of amphetamine withdrawal listed in the DSM when the drug is not available (Schuckit 1999) ... The severity of
8327:
The highest proportion of improved outcomes was reported with combination treatment (83% of outcomes). Among significantly improved outcomes, the largest effect sizes were found for combination treatment. The greatest improvements were associated with academic, self-esteem, or social function
4986:
program (which indicated a lack of efficacy). The new formulation simply replaced the two methamphetamine components with dextroamphetamine and amphetamine components of the same weight (the other two original dextroamphetamine and amphetamine components were preserved), preserved the Obetrol
15054:
The composition of the microbiome varies by anatomical site (Figure 1). The primary determinant of community composition is anatomical location: interpersonal variation is substantial and is higher than the temporal variability seen at most sites in a single individual. ... How does the
13246:
There is accelerating evidence that physical exercise is a useful treatment for preventing and reducing drug addiction ... In some individuals, exercise has its own rewarding effects, and a behavioral economic interaction may occur, such that physical and social rewards of exercise can
11542:
Coincident and convergent input often induces plasticity on a postsynaptic neuron. The NAc integrates processed information about the environment from basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as projections from midbrain dopamine neurons. Previous studies have
1041:
and academic achievement, and producing improvements in a large number of functional outcomes across 9 categories of outcomes related to academics, antisocial behavior, driving, non-medicinal drug use, obesity, occupation, self-esteem, service use (i.e., academic, occupational, health,
13913:
The human dopamine transporter (hDAT) contains an endogenous high affinity Zn binding site with three coordinating residues on its extracellular face (His193, His375, and Glu396). ... Although Zn inhibited uptake, Zn facilitated MPP+ release induced by amphetamine, MPP+, or K+-induced
14996:
The hundred trillion microbes and viruses residing in every human body, which outnumber human cells and contribute at least 100 times more genes than those encoded on the human genome (Ley et al., 2006), offer an immense accessory pool for inter-individual genetic variation that has been
3613:. The review indicated that the severity of withdrawal symptoms is positively correlated with the age of the individual and the extent of their dependence. Mild withdrawal symptoms from the discontinuation of amphetamine treatment at therapeutic doses can be avoided by tapering the dose.
14392:
Duration of effect varies depending on agent and urine pH. Excretion is enhanced in more acidic urine. Half-life is 7 to 34 hours and is, in part, dependent on urine pH (half-life is longer with alkaline urine). ... Amphetamines are distributed into most body tissues with high
12302:
The limited research conducted suggests that exercise may be an effective adjunctive treatment for SUDs. In contrast to the scarce intervention trials to date, a relative abundance of literature on the theoretical and practical reasons supporting the investigation of this topic has been
10427:
statements on package inserts are not intended to limit medical practice. Rather they are intended to limit claims by pharmaceutical companies. ... the FDA asserts explicitly, and the courts have upheld that clinical decisions are to be made by physicians and patients in individual
1361:, such as increased endurance and alertness; however, non-medical amphetamine use is prohibited at sporting events that are regulated by collegiate, national, and international anti-doping agencies. In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase
4301:) into the synaptic cleft. When amphetamine enters a neuron and interacts with VMAT2, the transporter reverses its direction of transport, thereby releasing stored monoamines inside synaptic vesicles back into the neuron's intracellular fluid. Meanwhile, when amphetamine activates
8811:
Narcolepsy type 1 was called "narcolepsy with cataplexy" before 2014 (AASM, 2005), but was renamed NT1 in the third and last international classification of sleep disorders (AASM, 2014). ... A low level of Hcrt-1 in the CSF is very sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of
5923:
The statements supported by the USFDA come from prescribing information, which is the copyrighted intellectual property of the manufacturer and approved by the USFDA. USFDA contraindications are not necessarily intended to limit medical practice but limit claims by pharmaceutical
9204:
Recent clinical trials and practice guidelines have confirmed that stimulants such as modafinil, armodafinil, or sodium oxybate (as first line); methylphenidate and pitolisant (as second line ); and amphetamines (as third line) are appropriate medications for excessive daytime
8814:
All patients with low CSF Hcrt-1 levels are considered as NT1 patients, even if they report no cataplexy (in about 10–20% of cases), and all patients with normal CSF Hcrt-1 levels (or without cataplexy when the lumbar puncture is not performed) as NT2 patients (Baumann et al.,
6122:
There is substantial variation in microbiome composition and microbial concentrations by anatomical site. Fluid from the human colon – which contains the highest concentration of microbes of any anatomical site – contains approximately one trillion (10^12) bacterial
5812:. He also faults a "tremendous increase in prescribing" due to virtual prescribing and general overprescribing and overdiagnosing, adding that "if only the people that needed these drugs got them, there probably wouldn't be a shortage". The shortage has continued into 2024.
1397:
to increase in order to access a reserve capacity that is normally off-limits. At therapeutic doses, the adverse effects of amphetamine do not impede athletic performance; however, at much higher doses, amphetamine can induce effects that severely impair performance, such as
11225:
In these studies, amphetamine was given in consecutively higher doses until psychosis was precipitated, often after 100–300 mg of amphetamine ... Secondly, psychosis has been viewed as an adverse event, although rare, in children with ADHD who have been treated with
2796:
of ΔFosB (i.e., they cause the brain to produce more of it), chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological state of addiction. Consequently, ΔFosB is the most significant factor involved in both amphetamine addiction and amphetamine-induced
5904:
Long-term combination therapy for ADHD (i.e., treatment with both a stimulant and behavioral therapy) produces even larger effect sizes for outcome improvements and improves a larger proportion of outcomes across each domain compared to long-term stimulant therapy
5046:
effects than racemic amphetamine due to the higher proportion of dextroamphetamine. Adderall is produced as both an immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (XR) formulation. As of December 2013, ten different companies produced generic Adderall IR, while
1340:(wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior. Stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use,
9858:
Overall, the data suggest that ADHD medication misuse and diversion are common health care problems for stimulant medications, with the prevalence believed to be approximately 5% to 10% of high school students and 5% to 35% of college students, depending on the
14834:
hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine), a synthetic substrate for DβH, was administered to subjects with either low or average levels of serum DβH activity. The percent of the drug hydroxylated to hydroxynorephedrine was comparable in all subjects (6.5-9.62) (Table 3).
14787:
ATP. ... The benzoyl-CoA is then conjugated to glycine by GLYAT to form hippuric acid, releasing CoASH. In addition to the factors listed in the boxes, the levels of ATP, CoASH, and glycine may influence the overall rate of the glycine conjugation pathway.
9243:
The first agents used to treat EDS (ie, amphetamines, methylphenidate) are now considered second- or third-line options because newer medications have been developed with improved tolerability and lower abuse potential (eg, modafinil/armodafinil, solriamfetol,
5875:
is used primarily throughout this article because the four-salt composition of the drug makes its nonproprietary name (dextroamphetamine sulfate 25%, dextroamphetamine saccharate 25%, amphetamine sulfate 25%, and amphetamine aspartate 25%) excessively lengthy.
1348:
ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs. However, high amphetamine doses that are above the therapeutic range can interfere with working memory and other aspects of cognitive control.
849:
is insignificant when Adderall is used as prescribed and at fairly low daily doses, such as those used for treating ADHD. However, the routine use of Adderall in larger and daily doses poses a significant risk of addiction or dependence due to the pronounced
6795:
4440: hours, respectively. Highly acidic urine will reduce the enantiomer half-lives to 7 hours; highly alkaline urine will increase the half-lives up to 34 hours. The immediate-release and extended release variants of salts of both isomers reach
5943:
In individuals who experience sub-normal height and weight gains, a rebound to normal levels is expected to occur if stimulant therapy is briefly interrupted. The average reduction in final adult height from 3 years of continuous stimulant therapy is
14884:-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine is the predominant pathway of metabolism. Following systemic administration of amphetamine to rats, POH has been found in urine and in plasma.
14393:
concentrations occurring in the brain and CSF. Amphetamine appears in the urine within about 3 hours following oral administration. ... Three days after a dose of (+ or -)-amphetamine, human subjects had excreted 91% of the (14)C in the urine
1421:(NBA), and the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA). In leagues such as the NFL, there is a very rigorous process required to obtain an exemption to this rule even when the athlete has been medically prescribed the drug by their physician.
14887:
administration occurs predominantly in the periphery, and that POH is then transported through the blood-brain barrier, taken up by noradrenergic neurones in brain where (+)-POH is converted in the storage vesicles by dopamine β-hydroxylase to PHN.
6168:
Due to pharmacological differences between these medications (e.g., differences in the release, absorption, conversion, concentration, differing effects of enantiomers, half-life, etc.), the listed values should not be considered equipotent
1828:) can occur in heavy users. Although very rare, this psychosis can also occur at therapeutic doses during long-term therapy. According to the FDA, "there is no systematic evidence" that stimulants produce aggressive behavior or hostility.
2564:
is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses; in fact, lifetime stimulant therapy for ADHD that begins during childhood reduces the risk of developing
15471:
Agreement for six proprietary products, and that its subsidiary Barr Laboratories, Inc. (Barr) has signed a Settlement and License Agreement relating to the resolution of two pending patent cases involving Shire's ADDERALL XR(R) ...
9991:
dextroamphetamine versus placebo. Most of the information to answer this question has been obtained in the past decade through studies of fatigue rather than an attempt to systematically investigate the effect of ADHD drugs on exercise.
12303:
published. ... numerous theoretical and practical reasons support exercise-based treatments for SUDs, including psychological, behavioral, neurobiological, nearly universal safety profile, and overall positive health effects.
1606:
of Adderall are many and varied, but the amount of substance consumed is the primary factor in determining the likelihood and severity of side effects. Adderall is currently approved for long-term therapeutic use by the USFDA.
10098:
during interval timing, whereas antagonists of D2 type dopamine receptors typically slow timing;... Depletion of dopamine in healthy volunteers impairs timing, while amphetamine releases synaptic dopamine and speeds up timing.
5933:
According to one review, amphetamine can be prescribed to individuals with a history of abuse provided that appropriate medication controls are employed, such as requiring daily pick-ups of the medication from the prescribing
11281:
This study demonstrates that humans, like nonhumans, prefer a place associated with amphetamine administration. These findings support the idea that subjective responses to a drug contribute to its ability to establish place
5017:
The first generic version of Adderall IR was introduced to market in 2002. Later on, Barr and Shire reached a settlement agreement permitting Barr to offer a generic form of the extended-release drug beginning in April 2009.
12829:
Beloate LN, Weems PW, Casey GR, Webb IC, Coolen LM (February 2016). "Nucleus accumbens NMDA receptor activation regulates amphetamine cross-sensitization and deltaFosB expression following sexual experience in male rats".
3579:
develops rapidly in amphetamine abuse (i.e., recreational amphetamine use), so periods of extended abuse require increasingly larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. According to a Cochrane review on
1566:
should monitor their symptoms while taking amphetamine. Evidence from human studies indicates that therapeutic amphetamine use does not cause developmental abnormalities in the fetus or newborns (i.e., it is not a human
1021:(MRI) studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right
2690:) involved in addiction. Once ΔFosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it induces an addictive state that becomes increasingly more severe with further increases in ΔFosB expression. It has been implicated in addictions to
15996:"The ADHD medication shortage is getting worse. What went wrong?—Neither drugmakers nor the DEA anticipated a sharp rise in ADHD diagnoses during the pandemic. Now an entire class of medications may be in short supply"
11055:
10973:
5071:
Adderall is one of several formulations of pharmaceutical amphetamine, including singular or mixed enantiomers and as an enantiomer prodrug. The table below compares these medications (based on U.S.-approved forms):
14751:
Badenhorst CP, van der Sluis R, Erasmus E, van Dijk AA (September 2013). "Glycine conjugation: importance in metabolism, the role of glycine N-acyltransferase, and factors that influence interindividual variation".
2835:-selective agonists have significant therapeutic potential as a treatment for psychostimulant addictions; however, as of February 2016, the only compounds which are known to function as TAAR1-selective agonists are
6803:
4257:
stimulation than levoamphetamine; however, levoamphetamine has slightly greater cardiovascular and peripheral effects. It has been reported that certain children have a better clinical response to levoamphetamine.
1202:
conditionally recommends dextroamphetamine for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 narcolepsy. Treatment with pharmaceutical amphetamines is generally less preferred relative to other psychostimulants (e.g.,
11573:
DA by promoting efflux from synaptic terminals. ... Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term adaptive changes in the brain.
47:
4022:
of amphetamine, respectively. Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents increase the absorption of amphetamine. Urinary alkalinizing agents increase concentration of non-ionized species, decreasing urinary excretion.
9043:
Alertness and associated forebrain and cortical arousal are mediated by several ascending pathways with distinct neuronal components that project from the upper brain stem near the junction of the pons and the
861:
The two amphetamine enantiomers that compose Adderall, such as Adderall tablets/capsules (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine), alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy by increasing the activity of the
1705:, producing faster and deeper breaths. In a normal person at therapeutic doses, this effect is usually not noticeable, but when respiration is already compromised, it may be evident. Amphetamine also induces
801:. At these doses, it induces physical effects such as a faster reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. In contrast, much larger doses of Adderall can impair cognitive control, cause
13047:
When considered together with the rapidly growing literature in the field a compelling case emerges in support of developing TAAR1-selective agonists as medications for preventing relapse to psychostimulant
8889:
The D-isomer is more specific for DA transmission and is a better stimulant compound. Some effects on cataplexy (especially for the L-isomer), secondary to adrenergic effects, occur at higher doses. ...
2744:
can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB). Similarly, accumbal G9a hyperexpression results in markedly increased
7037:
nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks ... through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors. ...
3009:. This is the opposite of pathological stimulant use, which induces decreased striatal DRD2 density. One review noted that exercise may also prevent the development of a drug addiction by altering ΔFosB or
1042:
financial, and legal services), and social function. One review highlighted a nine-month randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in children that found an average increase of 4.5
15129:
Kumar K, Dhoke GV, Sharma AK, Jaiswal SK, Sharma VK (January 2019). "Mechanistic elucidation of amphetamine metabolism by tyramine oxidase from human gut microbiota using molecular dynamics simulations".
1332:. Therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve
8887:
Amphetamines are exceptionally wake-promoting, and at high doses also reduce cataplexy in narcoleptic patients, an effect best explained by its action on adrenergic and serotoninergic synapses. ...
1190:
sleep cycle and function as "REM-off" cells, with amphetamine's effect on norepinephrine and serotonin contributing to the suppression of REM sleep and a possible reduction of cataplexy at high doses.
7289:
uses, these drugs are strongly reinforcing, and their long-term use at high doses is linked with potential addiction, especially when they are rapidly administered or when high-potency forms are given.
1611:
of Adderall generally involves far larger doses and is therefore significantly more dangerous, involving a much greater risk of serious adverse drug effects than dosages used for therapeutic purposes.
15055:
microbiome affect the pharmacology of medications? Can we "micro-type" people to improve pharmacokinetics and/or reduce toxicity? Can we manipulate the microbiome to improve pharmacokinetic stability?
11813:
gene that helps create the molecular switch—from the induction of several short-lived Fos family proteins after acute drug exposure to the predominant accumulation of ΔFosB after chronic drug exposure
8040:"Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects"
7211:
presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ...
4457:
basic or acidic, respectively. Following oral administration, amphetamine appears in urine within 3 hours. Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose.
14663:
Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A (March 1999). "N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication".
8817:
In patients with NT1, the absence of Hcrt leads to the inhibition of regions that suppress REM sleep, thus allowing the activation of descending pathways inhibiting motoneurons, leading to cataplexy.
2990:(i.e., a supplemental treatment) for amphetamine addiction. Exercise leads to better treatment outcomes when used as an adjunct treatment, particularly for psychostimulant addictions. In particular,
7039:
Beyond these general permissive effects, dopamine (acting via D1 receptors) and norepinephrine (acting at several receptors) can, at optimal levels, enhance working memory and aspects of attention.
2813:
therapeutic doses and oral administration show that these changes, if they occur, are relatively minor. This suggests that medical use of amphetamine does not significantly affect gene regulation.
14573:(39). ... The phase 1 metabolism of amphetamine analogs is catalyzed by two systems: cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase. ... Amphetamine can also undergo aromatic hydroxylation to
21223:
2543: months, slowly accumulates following repeated high-dose exposure to stimulants through this process. ΔFosB functions as "one of the master control proteins" that produces addiction-related
7217:
psychotic symptoms of individuals with amphetamine psychosis may be due exclusively to heavy use of the drug or heavy use of the drug may exacerbate an underlying vulnerability to schizophrenia.
12909:
Chan B, Freeman M, Kondo K, Ayers C, Montgomery J, Paynter R, et al. (December 2019). "Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine/amphetamine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis".
7084:
Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training ...
2860:. One review suggested that, based upon animal testing, pathological (addiction-inducing) psychostimulant use significantly reduces the level of intracellular magnesium throughout the brain.
15110:
what a biological individual is. We suggest that a human individual is now best described as a super-individual in which a large number of different species (including Homo sapiens) coexist.
13510:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
5769:
drugs. The maximum penalty for unauthorized possession is five years in prison and an unlimited fine. The maximum penalty for illegal supply is 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine.
1017:
development or nerve damage, but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth. Reviews of
6762:
4998:, introduced the current Adderall brand in 1996 as an instant-release tablet. In 2006, Shire agreed to sell rights to the Adderall name for the instant-release form of the medication to
8428:"The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"
1123:. Patients with narcolepsy are diagnosed as either type 1 or type 2, with only the former presenting cataplexy symptoms. Type 1 narcolepsy results from the loss of approximately 70,000
1211:
option. Medical reviews indicate that amphetamine is safe and effective for the treatment of narcolepsy. Amphetamine appears to be most effective at improving symptoms associated with
391:
10367:
10274:
16641:
14410:
Santagati NA, Ferrara G, Marrazzo A, Ronsisvalle G (September 2002). "Simultaneous determination of amphetamine and one of its metabolites by HPLC with electrochemical detection".
11482:
in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain genes (eg, cdk5) and repress others (eg,
7338:
When oral formulations of psychostimulants are used at recommended doses and frequencies, they are unlikely to yield effects consistent with abuse potential in patients with ADHD.
5890:
improved), obesity (≈65% of obesity-related outcomes improved), self-esteem (50% of self-esteem outcomes improved), and social function (67% of social function outcomes improved).
3630:
An amphetamine overdose can lead to many different symptoms, but is rarely fatal with appropriate care. The severity of overdose symptoms increases with dosage and decreases with
901:
than dextroamphetamine. The levoamphetamine component of Adderall has been reported to improve the treatment response in some individuals relative to dextroamphetamine alone. The
1530:(MAOIs) should not take amphetamine, although safe concurrent use of amphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors has been documented. These agencies also state that anyone with
1231:(XR) capsules. Mydayis is only available as an extended-release formulation. Adderall XR is approved to treat ADHD for up to 12 hours in individuals 6 years and older and uses a
15387:
10248:
14373:
14090: • tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
11047:
10965:
13148:"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for individuals with cocaine and amphetamine addiction: A systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1879:– psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain
24873:
6985:
5804:
stated that "a number of generic drugs are in shortage at any given time because there's not enough profit". He points out that Adderall is a special case because it is a
2265:
5970:
relationship means that ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens and addiction-related behavioral and neural adaptations always occur together and never occur alone.
23978:
963:
A group of 20 mg Adderall tablets, some broken in half, with a lengthwise-folded US dollar bill along the bottom (3.07 inches; 7.8 cm) for size comparison
7304:
Kollins SH (May 2008). "A qualitative review of issues arising in the use of psycho-stimulant medications in patients with ADHD and co-morbid substance use disorders".
1050:
conducted to date, lifetime stimulant therapy that begins during childhood is continuously effective for controlling ADHD symptoms and reduces the risk of developing a
746:
distinct from those of racemic amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, which are marketed as Evekeo and Dexedrine/Zenzedi, respectively. Adderall is used in the treatment of
13926:
Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Gennarelli M (October 2012). "Biomarkers and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses".
9393:
6532:
Kociancic T, Reed MD, Findling RL (March 2004). "Evaluation of risks associated with short- and long-term psychostimulant therapy for treatment of ADHD in children".
24893:
21722:
15329:
10153:
trial following amphetamine ingestion (Swart, 2009). ... Dopamine stimulating drugs are known to enhance aspects of exercise performance (Roelands et al., 2008)
11757:
gene occurs in concert with the recruitment of a histone deacetylase and presumably several other repressive proteins such as a repressive histone methyltransferase
6383:
Joyce BM, Glaser PE, Gerhardt GA (April 2007). "Adderall produces increased striatal dopamine release and a prolonged time course compared to amphetamine isomers".
4161:
DAT, internalize and cease transport. Amphetamine is also known to increase intracellular calcium, an effect which is associated with DAT phosphorylation through a
13009:""TAARgeting Addiction"-The Alamo Bears Witness to Another Revolution: An Overview of the Plenary Symposium of the 2015 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry Conference"
1046:
points, continued increases in attention, and continued decreases in disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity. Another review indicated that, based upon the longest
20977:
18338:
15828:
10008:
Roelands B, de Koning J, Foster C, Hettinga F, Meeusen R (May 2013). "Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing".
6825:
Babiskin AH, Zhang X (September 2015). "Application of Physiologically Based Absorption Modeling for Amphetamine Salts Drug Products in Generic Drug Evaluation".
2539:
acts as a molecular switch that enables the accumulation of ΔFosB in the neuron. A highly stable (phosphorylated) form of ΔFosB, one that persists in neurons for
24968:
10226:
4134:
2170:
20982:
18333:
414:
21268:
13103:
Existing data provided robust preclinical evidence supporting the development of TAAR1 agonists as potential treatment for psychostimulant abuse and addiction.
10966:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and young adults"
4073:
8084:"Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies"
1740:
FDA-commissioned studies from 2011 indicate that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (
11901:
2959:
had the highest efficacy (i.e., abstinence rate) and acceptability (i.e., lowest dropout rate). Other treatment modalities examined in the analysis included
1439:. Adderall tablets can either be swallowed, crushed and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because
438:
336:
15453:
12316:
8891:
Numerous studies have shown that increased dopamine release is the main property explaining wake-promotion, although norepinephrine effects also contribute.
22086:
22052:
15230:
Khan MZ, Nawaz W (October 2016). "The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system".
4333:; in other words, the reversed membrane transporter will push dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin out of the neuron's intracellular fluid and into the
2391:
1835:
in humans taking therapeutic doses, meaning that individuals acquire a preference for spending time in places where they have previously used amphetamine.
15362:
8264:
Ongoing research has provided answers to many of the parents' concerns, and has confirmed the effectiveness and safety of the long-term use of medication.
6132:
For uniformity, molar masses were calculated using the Lenntech Molecular Weight Calculator and were within 0.01 g/mol of published pharmaceutical values.
21971:
16561:
15428:
14799:
Horwitz D, Alexander RW, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR (May 1973). "Human serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Relationship to hypertension and sympathetic activity".
13753:
11587:"Transcriptional and epigenetic substrates of methamphetamine addiction and withdrawal: evidence from a long-access self-administration model in the rat"
4125:. When amphetamine enters synaptic vesicles through VMAT2, it collapses the vesicular pH gradient, which in turn causes dopamine to be released into the
2216:
1446:
Many postsecondary students have reported using Adderall for study purposes in different parts of the developed world. Among these students, some of the
20962:
13656:
9276:
1032:
Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD.
24908:
24883:
14846:
Freeman JJ, Sulser F (December 1974). "Formation of p-hydroxynorephedrine in brain following intraventricular administration of p-hydroxyamphetamine".
7088: • Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
10826:"Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function"
10774:"Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function"
6428:"Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function"
2801:, which are compulsive sexual behaviors that result from excessive sexual activity and amphetamine use. These sexual addictions are associated with a
24923:
19744:
14899:
Matsuda LA, Hanson GR, Gibb JW (December 1989). "Neurochemical effects of amphetamine metabolites on central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems".
8349:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
7413:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
2589:
high doses of amphetamine have a high risk of developing an amphetamine addiction, since chronic use at high doses gradually increases the level of
21713:
15792:
13259:
Perez-Mana C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capella D, Farre M (September 2013). "Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence".
11417:
meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
10307:"Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use and applying harm reduction theory: a literature review"
9164:
Despite the potential for drug abuse or tolerance using stimulants, patients with narcolepsy rarely exhibit addiction to their medication. ...
7857:
2740:
enzyme, both oppose the function of ΔFosB and inhibit increases in its expression. Sufficiently overexpressing ΔJunD in the nucleus accumbens with
15487:
9771:"Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants"
20774:
16601:
15766:
12992:
Despite concerted efforts to identify a pharmacotherapy for managing stimulant use disorders, no widely effective medications have been approved.
4965:
1430:
10683:
Huang YS, Tsai MH (July 2011). "Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge".
10613:
Feinberg SS (November 2004). "Combining stimulants with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a review of uses and one possible additional indication".
8196:
Huang YS, Tsai MH (July 2011). "Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge".
7233:
4541:-dealkylation, and deamination. The known metabolic pathways, detectable metabolites, and metabolizing enzymes in humans include the following:
24767:
20691:
16017:
14216:
10542:"Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release"
7142:"Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release"
6754:
9607:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
5792:
In February 2023, news organizations began reporting on shortages of Adderall in the United States that have lasted for over five months. The
11958:ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure.
221:
11048:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults"
6027:
The 95% confidence interval indicates that there is a 95% probability that the true number of deaths lies between 3,425 and 4,145.
24151:
16389:
10206:
these data indicate strong ergogenic effects of an increased DA concentration in the brain, without any change in the perception of effort.
4218:
3069:
2979:
2384:
2000:
10371:
10278:
9580:
Devous MD, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ (April 2001). "Regional cerebral blood flow response to oral amphetamine challenge in healthy volunteers".
9217:
Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications".
8136:"Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects"
5063:, the company that held the original patent for Adderall and Adderall XR, still manufactured brand name Adderall XR, but not Adderall IR.
4432:
of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH. At normal urine pH, the half-lives of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are
24888:
22040:
17057:
9371:
7465:"The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity"
2412:
2163:
465:
23707:
21007:
21002:
18368:
18363:
15395:
9883:
22046:
17416:
17366:
15860:
8506:
7858:"Dextroamphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Saccharate; Amphetamine; Amphetamine Aspartate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022"
5773:
5755:
In Taiwan, amphetamines including Adderall are Schedule 2 drugs with a minimum five years prison term for possession. On the contrary,
4066:
1487:
1483:
20997:
20972:
20967:
18383:
18358:
15995:
15509:
14523:
11154:
10252:
9341:
7020:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
21263:
21158:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17052:
17042:
17032:
17012:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16807:
16747:
9568:
Amphetamine has been shown to improve consolidation of information (0.02 ≥ P ≤ 0.05), leading to improved recall.
1934:– dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome)
1721:. The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable. If intestinal activity is high, amphetamine may reduce
20992:
18378:
18373:
18353:
18348:
11687:
gene and recruits several co-repressors, including HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1) and SIRT 1 (sirtuin 1). ... The net result is
403:
24229:
22079:
21965:
21790:
16972:
16967:
16917:
16556:
4987:
branding, and despite it lacking FDA approval, it still made it onto the market and was marketed and sold by Rexar for many years.
1286:
found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including
998:
747:
8885:
established, the majority of the 70,000 hypocretin-producing cells have been destroyed, and the disorder is irreversible. ...
24033:
20907:
16937:
16827:
16817:
16812:
16069:
12954:"Combination pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder: a review of clinical findings and recommendations for future research"
11490:
2947:
of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that
2209:
878:
10878:
10541:
10498:
9690:
7935:
Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, et al. (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update".
7141:
6977:
926:
of amphetamine. In 2022, Adderall was the fourteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 34
24878:
24266:
24213:
22034:
21163:
20987:
17386:
14104:"Amphetamine modulates excitatory neurotransmission through endocytosis of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 in dopamine neurons"
13425:"Overdose of drugs for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical presentation, mechanisms of toxicity, and management"
13294:
7215:
Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.
6901:
4934:
3241:
2156:
1890:– an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
897:) stimulant than levoamphetamine, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects and a longer
8906:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu".
4533:, and norephedrine. The main metabolic pathways involve aromatic para-hydroxylation, aliphatic alpha- and beta-hydroxylation,
3589: weeks with a marked "crash" phase occurring during the first week. Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety,
2481:
that are induced by chronic high-dose exposure to psychostimulants that increase the concentration of synaptic dopamine, like
24963:
24275:
17911:
16212:
15931:
15887:
15713:
13611:
Albertson TE (2011). "Amphetamines". In Olson KR, Anderson IB, Benowitz NL, Blanc PD, Kearney TE, Kim-Katz SY, Wu AH (eds.).
9530:"Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review"
7835:
6730:
5780:
4059:
3271:
2648:
1140:
19274:
7767:
6860:
1302:, in normal healthy adults; these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the
23852:
23144:
22492:
21706:
18861:
16044:
15313:
14378:. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. United States National Library of Medicine – Toxicology Data Network. Archived from
14238:
Smith RC, Davis JM (June 1977). "Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man".
13483:
Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists". In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.).
11297:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
9722:"Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration"
7664:
Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists". In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.).
4979:
15739:
14880:-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) may contribute to the pharmacological profile of the parent drug. ... The location of the
13118:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 5: Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
6978:"Adderall- dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate tablet"
30:
This article is about a common mixture of amphetamine salts. For general information about the drug and its racemate, see
23058:
22370:
22072:
21976:
21321:
18753:
15680:
13302:
5743:
4749:
of amphetamine is excreted unchanged and roughly 50% is excreted as the inactive metabolites (bottom row). The remaining
4096:
1454:
characteristics (i.e., exhibiting delinquent or deviant behavior), inadequate accommodation of disability, basing one's
1389:
of dopamine in the central nervous system. Amphetamine and other dopaminergic drugs also increase power output at fixed
23862:
23169:
22512:
20952:
20253:
20159:
18929:
17283:
16149:
15937:
15835:
14958:"Pharmacomicrobiomics: the impact of human microbiome variations on systems pharmacology and personalized therapeutics"
10222:
8684:"Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders"
4983:
2202:
1713:, the muscle which controls urination, which can result in difficulty urinating. This effect can be useful in treating
1195:
15963:
12729:"Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms"
9479:"Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis"
9075:"Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline"
4253:(VMAT2), with dextroamphetamine being the more potent agonist of TAAR1. Consequently, dextroamphetamine produces more
24948:
23907:
22016:
17411:
17401:
17381:
16495:
16490:
16083:
14565:
13620:
13492:
13397:
13127:
12882:
12439:
12430:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 4: Signal Transduction in the Brain". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
11306:
10739:
10112:"Is it time to turn our attention toward central mechanisms for post-exertional recovery strategies and performance?"
9616:
8980:
8949:
8915:
8490:
8358:
8287:"Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review"
8257:
7761:
7673:
7422:
7359:
7281:
7029:
6656:
4917:
4872:
4827:
4697:
4468:
4250:
4246:
882:
103:
1968:– a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
1725:(the rate at which content moves through the digestive system); however, amphetamine may increase motility when the
1086:
family members, perform better in school, are less distractible and impulsive, and have longer attention spans. The
689:
272:
24933:
24451:
24446:
23867:
23174:
22517:
20258:
17921:
17739:
17406:
17391:
17376:
17159:
13686:"Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism"
2956:
1993:
16566:
14379:
6166:) × scaling factor. The values in this column were scaled to a 30 mg dose of dextroamphetamine sulfate.
4910:
of amphetamine (i.e., it has an identical molecular formula). In humans, phenethylamine is produced directly from
4868:
3752:
24038:
23559:
22804:
21699:
20658:
20352:
20263:
18034:
17734:
17684:
17396:
16661:
16097:
15457:
14581:-hydroxynorephedrine. Alternatively, direct oxidation of amphetamine by DA β-hydroxylase can afford norephedrine.
12355:
9964:
Parr JW (July 2011). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the athlete: new advances and understanding".
8332:
5809:
4085:
2802:
1418:
755:
376:
253:
16629:
15539:
13778:
Krause J (April 2008). "SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
10043:
safety switch and allow athletes to use a reserve capacity that is 'off-limits' in a normal (placebo) situation.
9425:
7213:
About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
2875:
A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed the efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in
24233:
24003:
23847:
23410:
23379:
23154:
22673:
22647:
22502:
20947:
20917:
20243:
20238:
19938:
19854:
18474:
18343:
18328:
18323:
17906:
15351:
5048:
2642:
2361:
2352:
15417:
13742:
11185:"Amphetamine-induced psychosis—a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable?"
9824:
Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review".
6583:
Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review".
4941:, the same enzyme that metabolizes norepinephrine into epinephrine. Like amphetamine, both phenethylamine and
4487:
amphetamine or its metabolites in humans. Amphetamine has a variety of excreted metabolic products, including
1013:
Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal
555:
24503:
23892:
23842:
23837:
23554:
23149:
22497:
20937:
20922:
20322:
20233:
20228:
19769:
18318:
18313:
17901:
17896:
17661:
16740:
16571:
14560:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, US: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648.
14310:
13645:
9623:
Dopamine acts in the nucleus accumbens to attach motivational significance to stimuli associated with reward.
9265:
5026:
Chemically, Adderall is a mixture of four amphetamine salts; specifically, it is composed of equal parts (by
4556:
12596:
9166:
Some stimulants, such as mazindol, amphetamines, and pitolisant, may also have some anticataplectic effects.
7700:"Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a stereoselective binding site for compounds in the amphetamine class"
24781:
24209:
24018:
24008:
23988:
23947:
23922:
23872:
23782:
23389:
23384:
23179:
22657:
22652:
22522:
20751:
20741:
20595:
20495:
20268:
20050:
18275:
17278:
14925:-OHNor is well documented and dopamine-β hydroxylase present in noradrenergic neurons could easily convert
14240:
13146:
De Crescenzo F, Ciabattini M, D'Alò GL, De Giorgi R, Del Giovane C, Cassar C, et al. (December 2018).
12873:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 16: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders".
11478:
acetylate histones and facilitate gene activation. This is known to occur on many genes including fosB and
9769:
Weyandt LL, Oster DR, Marraccini ME, Gudmundsdottir BG, Munro BA, Zavras BM, et al. (September 2014).
7272:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 16: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders".
5797:
5793:
3214:
2964:
2876:
2617:
1832:
1390:
1212:
1066:
606:
426:
152:
20942:
13568:
Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse".
5897:
for outcome improvements from long-term stimulant therapy occur in the domains involving academics (e.g.,
5859:
of amphetamine in a (3:1) ratio, although none of the components of the mixture are levoamphetamine salts.
4844:
commonly found in the human gut, was identified in 2019. This enzyme was found to metabolize amphetamine,
24028:
24023:
23998:
23952:
23662:
23394:
23374:
22998:
22926:
22295:
22225:
21998:
21362:
20902:
20789:
20784:
20500:
19739:
18748:
18255:
18250:
17295:
15658:
15636:
15614:
15564:
11183:
Bramness JG, Gundersen ØH, Guterstam J, Rognli EB, Konstenius M, Løberg EM, et al. (December 2012).
6680:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
6475:
Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, et al. (January 2011).
5595:
4893:
molecules produced in the human body and brain. Among this group, the most closely related compounds are
4414:
4360:
3954:
1986:
1768:
At normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased
1527:
1314:
1199:
1033:
854:
that are present at high doses. Recreational doses of Adderall are generally much larger than prescribed
17:
15788:
15483:
14577:-hydroxyamphetamine. ... Subsequent oxidation at the benzylic position by DA β-hydroxylase affords
12383:"Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants"
1752:) and the medical use of amphetamine or other ADHD stimulants. However, amphetamine pharmaceuticals are
1608:
1057:
Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's
24794:
24456:
24313:
24259:
23579:
23529:
22010:
21017:
20435:
20357:
19731:
17886:
16764:
16756:
16480:
16467:
15762:
12206:"Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies"
10368:"National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2009. Stimulant ADHD Medications – Methylphenidate and Amphetamines"
6208:
6066:
4445:
4376:
4318:
4019:
2066:
1952:– stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach
1167:
1018:
779:
19908:
13065:"Trace amine-associated receptor 1: A promising target for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction"
12628:"Class I HDAC inhibition blocks cocaine-induced plasticity by targeted changes in histone methylation"
4862:
4356:
3501:
1816:
behaviors, and restlessness; these effects depend on the user's personality and current mental state.
675:
24938:
22103:
22095:
21981:
21070:
19834:
19249:
18199:
18029:
16205:
14208:
9812:
lifetime prevalence rates of prescription stimulant misuse ranging from 5% to nearly 34% of students.
7527:"VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse"
7244:
6679:
5980:
4975:
4725:
4682:
4675:
4476:
4372:
4015:
3777:
2737:
2505:
2062:– a protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression by promoting or suppressing transcription
1722:
175:
24528:
22993:
22290:
19903:
17226:
15274:
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".
12148:"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis"
11598:
9426:"The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex"
4464:
2228:
24958:
24928:
24853:
24538:
23777:
23500:
23053:
22773:
22350:
21847:
21839:
20505:
20342:
19394:
18989:
18854:
16733:
16500:
9073:
Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, Robert Auger R, Rowley JA, Hashmi SD, et al. (September 2021).
5914:
Cochrane reviews are high quality meta-analytic systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials.
5766:
5007:
3648:
3640:
3076:
2723:
2679:
2039:
1930:
1410:
1187:
1179:
1058:
1047:
511:
12866:
12782:"Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator"
11695:
4190:
Amphetamine, the active ingredient of Adderall, works primarily by increasing the activity of the
1115:
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep-wake disorder that is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness,
24953:
24898:
24553:
24064:
23942:
23757:
23717:
23682:
23672:
22946:
22936:
22245:
22235:
21753:
20804:
20799:
20490:
19923:
19864:
19814:
19809:
19759:
19359:
18265:
18224:
17948:
17816:
17811:
17801:
17729:
17719:
17473:
17463:
17446:
17305:
16691:
14530:. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information
14504:. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information
14497:
14478:. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information
14471:
14452:. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information
14073:
13725:
12483:"Methylphenidate-induced dendritic spine formation and DeltaFosB expression in nucleus accumbens"
11924:
Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?".
8633:
Punja S, Shamseer L, Hartling L, Urichuk L, Vandermeer B, Nikles J, et al. (February 2016).
7090: • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
6109:; however, other evidence from animal studies suggests that this reaction is catalyzed by DBH in
6053:
6041:
5869:
4999:
4721:
3606:
3043:
2806:
1635:
1547:
1232:
1087:
707:
306:
295:
203:
24244:
14445:
10648:
Stewart JW, Deliyannides DA, McGrath PJ (June 2014). "How treatable is refractory depression?".
8082:
Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, et al. (September 2013).
5749:
In Japan, the use, production, and import of any medicine containing amphetamines is prohibited.
2074:
the rate of gene transcription for example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding to DNA
24766:
or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see
24692:
24523:
24518:
24513:
24360:
24225:
24221:
24089:
23993:
23957:
23932:
23369:
23254:
22642:
22550:
21733:
21402:
21278:
21027:
20746:
20430:
19933:
19819:
19779:
19764:
18425:
18393:
18302:
17941:
17709:
17346:
17255:
17247:
17239:
17231:
16616:
16418:
12904:
12902:
12900:
12898:
6018:
produce significant changes in addictive behavior; other forms of magnesium were not mentioned.
4899:
4565:
4501:
4238:
4035:
3833:
3787:
3722:
2952:
2757:
2753:
2578:
2566:
2548:
2513:
2405:
2130:
2118:
1964:
1757:
1683:
1499:
1463:
1394:
1175:
1051:
915:
890:
771:
15589:
14553:
9872:
9363:
8635:"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents"
5796:
first reported the shortage in October 2022. In May 2023, seven months into the shortage, the
4782:
595:
24868:
24278:
24252:
24084:
23927:
23246:
23204:
22542:
22460:
22028:
21786:
21243:
20879:
20603:
20425:
19259:
19244:
19236:
18260:
18204:
18077:
18062:
18051:
17704:
17441:
17421:
16681:
16624:
16535:
16485:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16435:
16431:
16408:
13385:
11895:
10995:
Cooper WO, Habel LA, Sox CM, Chan KA, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, et al. (November 2011).
8970:
7375:
Howell LL, Kimmel HL (January 2008). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant addiction".
6644:
6062:
5856:
4835:
4614:
4495:
4322:
4310:
4025:
3929:
3843:
3671:
3037:
2972:
2944:
2769:
2524:
phosphorylation. Phosphorylated CREB increases levels of ΔFosB, which in turn represses the
2461:
2398:
1817:
1813:
1745:
1436:
1414:
1043:
905:
in Adderall, amphetamine, shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with the human
898:
655:
546:
310:
21341:
16642:
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
15920:
Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide
15864:
15517:
12895:
11079:"ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults"
11077:
Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, Chan KA, Fireman BH, Arbogast PG, et al. (December 2011).
2792:, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. Since both natural rewards and addictive drugs
2663:(i.e., an abnormally high level of gene expression which produces a pronounced gene-related
1139:
for type 1 narcolepsy. Lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons innervate every component of the
24903:
24858:
24488:
24217:
23937:
23912:
23772:
23727:
23677:
23292:
23236:
23118:
23048:
22763:
22558:
22420:
22345:
21992:
21577:
21088:
20485:
20392:
20362:
20169:
20006:
19784:
19254:
18934:
18924:
18581:
18440:
18435:
18092:
18082:
18072:
17936:
17724:
17676:
17621:
17611:
17361:
16714:
16530:
16475:
16439:
16427:
16198:
12595:
Biliński P, Wojtyła A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, Studziński T (2012).
12494:
12456:
12335:
12264:"Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality"
11556:
9333:
7944:
7538:
6217:
6037:
5880:
is a relatively new trade name that is not commonly used to refer generally to the mixture.
5805:
5056:
5011:
5003:
4810:
4607:
4489:
4429:
4314:
4031:
3708:
3639:. In 2013, overdose on amphetamine, methamphetamine, and other compounds implicated in an "
3590:
3096:
2999:
2781:
2683:
2629:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2058:
1886:
1773:
1741:
1726:
1718:
1643:
1476:
1451:
1325:
1307:
1183:
1136:
1128:
846:
615:
283:
90:
21336:
15124:
15122:
15120:
15118:
4350:
4184:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3157:
2784:
for ΔFosB and H3K9me2-mediated repression of various ΔFosB transcriptional targets (e.g.,
8:
24943:
24918:
24913:
24863:
24493:
24079:
23817:
23667:
23509:
23287:
23209:
23043:
22941:
22931:
22854:
22788:
22465:
22355:
22240:
22230:
22153:
21093:
20663:
20475:
20306:
20184:
20075:
20011:
19804:
19789:
19749:
19135:
19022:
18847:
18743:
18489:
18292:
18239:
17891:
17806:
17796:
17744:
17714:
17650:
17537:
17468:
17458:
17341:
16586:
16540:
9304:
6008:
5898:
4953:
4820:
4600:
4472:
4441:
4418:
4286:
4130:
3958:
3702:
3678:
3504:
3186:
2948:
2865:
2687:
2671:
2586:
1976:– the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
1914:
1132:
798:
507:
498:
129:
12780:
Pitchers KK, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Laviolette SR, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (February 2013).
12727:
Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, et al. (March 2012).
12498:
11127:
10587:
8659:
8634:
7948:
7542:
4129:(light tan-colored area) through VMAT2. When amphetamine binds to TAAR1, it reduces the
1902:– the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
1595:
1262:
990:
24600:
24397:
24094:
23430:
23425:
22921:
22688:
22220:
21781:
20853:
20839:
20794:
20779:
19279:
19264:
18916:
18102:
18097:
17199:
16424:
15155:
15115:
15095:
15068:
15040:
15015:
14982:
14957:
14872:
In species where aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine is the major metabolic pathway,
14824:
14777:
14721:
14712:
14696:
14265:
14181:
14156:
14128:
14103:
14046:
14019:
13991:
13966:
13851:
13826:
13803:
13710:
13685:
13593:
13542:
13509:
13454:
13392:(6th ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–51.
13357:
13332:
13230:
13204:"Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments"
13203:
13174:
13147:
13089:
13064:
13033:
13008:
12978:
12953:
12934:
12855:
12806:
12781:
12753:
12728:
12706:
12652:
12627:
12626:
Kennedy PJ, Feng J, Robison AJ, Maze I, Badimon A, Mouzon E, et al. (April 2013).
12569:
12544:
12517:
12482:
12407:
12382:
12347:
12288:
12263:
12230:
12205:
12172:
12147:
12112:
12087:
12017:
11992:
11949:
11795:
11770:
11738:
11713:
11669:
11644:
11615:
11586:
11528:
11503:
11463:
11454:
11438:
11402:
11377:
11349:
11332:
11267:
11242:
11211:
11184:
11103:
11078:
11021:
10996:
10850:
10825:
10798:
10773:
10708:
10466:
10441:
10418:
10341:
10306:
10196:
10138:
10111:
10083:
10056:
10033:
9934:
9909:
9849:
9797:
9770:
9746:
9721:
9666:
9641:
9554:
9529:
9506:
9450:
9099:
9074:
9029:
9004:
8940:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 13: Sleep and Arousal".
8870:
8845:
8757:
8732:
8708:
8683:
8610:
8585:
8563:
8454:
8427:
8403:
8378:
8313:
8286:
8221:
8165:
8108:
8083:
8012:
7987:
7968:
7908:
7883:
7809:
7724:
7699:
7559:
7526:
7489:
7464:
7329:
7196:
7171:
6947:
6930:
6651:(6th ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–51.
6616:
6600:
6565:
6549:
6509:
6496:
6476:
6452:
6427:
6408:
6357:
6332:
6015:
4234:
3986:
3935:
3813:
3771:
3712:
3064:
2861:
2570:
2478:
1706:
1702:
1667:
1631:
1382:
1378:
1366:
1333:
1295:
834:
16084:"FDA Commissioner Blames Adderall Shortage on Stimulant Overuse, Telehealth, Generics"
15352:"(Collection of internal FDA information pertaining to the topic of Obetrol/Adderall)"
14614:
14423:
13525:
11826:
10393:
Kessler S (January 1996). "Drug therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".
9178:
Dauvilliers Y, Barateau L (August 2017). "Narcolepsy and Other Central Hypersomnias".
4375:
from the gut, and bioavailability is typically 90%. Amphetamine is a weak base with a
1107:
worse, but high doses of dextroamphetamine could exacerbate tics in some individuals.
24848:
24734:
24355:
24350:
23305:
23129:
22976:
22591:
22425:
22274:
21761:
21627:
21012:
20864:
20515:
19883:
19610:
19374:
19314:
19269:
18430:
18177:
18167:
18137:
18067:
17759:
17502:
17174:
16414:
16371:
16314:
16179:
15927:
15885:
15321:
15291:
15247:
15225:
15223:
15209:
15205:
15147:
15100:
15045:
14987:
14908:
14863:
14859:
14816:
14769:
14726:
14672:
14619:
14561:
14427:
14257:
14186:
14133:
14051:
13996:
13943:
13904:
13856:
13795:
13715:
13701:
13616:
13585:
13581:
13547:
13488:
13446:
13393:
13362:
13276:
13235:
13179:
13123:
13094:
13038:
13024:
12983:
12938:
12926:
12878:
12847:
12843:
12811:
12758:
12698:
12657:
12608:
12574:
12560:
12522:
12435:
12412:
12339:
12293:
12235:
12177:
12117:
12103:
12022:
11941:
11883:
11800:
11743:
11674:
11620:
11533:
11468:
11407:
11354:
11302:
11272:
11216:
11108:
11026:
10960:
10958:
10928:
10900:
Extended-release oral suspension contains 2.5 mg amphetamine base equivalents per mL.
10855:
10803:
10735:
10700:
10696:
10665:
10630:
10471:
10410:
10406:
10346:
10328:
10188:
10158:
10143:
10088:
10025:
9981:
9939:
9853:
9841:
9802:
9751:
9698:
9671:
9612:
9589:
9559:
9498:
9455:
9234:
9195:
9152:
9104:
9034:
8976:
8945:
8911:
8875:
8802:
8762:
8713:
8664:
8615:
8555:
8486:
8459:
8408:
8354:
8318:
8253:
8213:
8209:
8157:
8152:
8135:
8113:
8061:
8017:
7960:
7913:
7757:
7729:
7669:
7603:
7599:
7564:
7550:
7494:
7480:
7418:
7392:
7355:
7321:
7277:
7201:
7075:
7025:
6952:
6842:
6726:
6652:
6620:
6608:
6557:
6514:
6457:
6400:
6362:
5836:
5153:
4858:
4346:
4330:
4230:
4222:
3872:
3860:
3696:
3598:
3346:
3090:
2840:
2836:
2675:
2582:
2517:
2194:
2190:
1894:
1687:
1591:
1581:
1563:
1374:
1362:
1321:
1275:
1258:
1248:
1224:
1166:
Amphetamine’s therapeutic mode of action in narcolepsy primarily involves increasing
1100:
1078:
1014:
986:
976:
923:
902:
727:
245:
52:
16124:
15159:
14828:
14781:
14269:
14020:"Electrophysiological effects of trace amines on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons"
13807:
13597:
13458:
13141:
13139:
12859:
12710:
12398:
12351:
12163:
11953:
10422:
10200:
10037:
9642:"Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation"
9510:
9478:
9394:"Mydayis® (mixed-salts of a single-entity amphetamine product) – First-time generic"
8567:
8169:
8056:
8039:
7813:
7333:
6890:
6569:
6412:
6101:
metabolism in humans suggests that a different enzyme may mediate the conversion of
4848:, and phenethylamine with roughly the same binding affinity for all three compounds.
2682:
for many of the neural adaptations and regulates multiple behavioral effects (e.g.,
1299:
24820:
24368:
23983:
23827:
23737:
23626:
23490:
23364:
23277:
23134:
22870:
22758:
22637:
22581:
22430:
22169:
21765:
21148:
20957:
20819:
20696:
20455:
20327:
20317:
20218:
20118:
19953:
19686:
19379:
19027:
18172:
18152:
17992:
17656:
17631:
17575:
17215:
16455:
16383:
16342:
15895:
15709:
15283:
15239:
15201:
15192:
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines".
15139:
15090:
15080:
15035:
15027:
14977:
14969:
14855:
14808:
14761:
14716:
14708:
14609:
14419:
14339:
14249:
14176:
14168:
14123:
14115:
14041:
14031:
13986:
13978:
13935:
13894:
13846:
13838:
13787:
13705:
13697:
13577:
13537:
13529:
13521:
13436:
13352:
13348:
13344:
13272:
13268:
13225:
13215:
13169:
13159:
13084:
13076:
13028:
13020:
12973:
12965:
12918:
12839:
12801:
12797:
12793:
12748:
12740:
12688:
12647:
12639:
12564:
12556:
12512:
12502:
12402:
12394:
12331:
12283:
12275:
12225:
12217:
12167:
12159:
12107:
12099:
12012:
12004:
11933:
11875:
11790:
11782:
11733:
11725:
11664:
11656:
11610:
11602:
11523:
11515:
11458:
11450:
11397:
11389:
11344:
11262:
11258:
11254:
11206:
11196:
11098:
11090:
11016:
11008:
10845:
10837:
10793:
10785:
10712:
10692:
10657:
10622:
10461:
10453:
10402:
10336:
10318:
10178:
10133:
10123:
10078:
10068:
10017:
9973:
9929:
9921:
9833:
9792:
9782:
9741:
9733:
9661:
9653:
9549:
9541:
9490:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9226:
9187:
9144:
9094:
9086:
9024:
9016:
9005:"Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications"
8865:
8857:
8794:
8752:
8744:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8545:
8449:
8439:
8398:
8390:
8308:
8298:
8225:
8205:
8147:
8103:
8095:
8051:
8007:
7999:
7972:
7952:
7903:
7895:
7801:
7719:
7711:
7595:
7586:
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines".
7554:
7546:
7484:
7476:
7384:
7313:
7243:(Review Article). ACHA Professional Development Program. p. 20. Archived from
7191:
7187:
7183:
7067:
6942:
6834:
6718:
6592:
6541:
6504:
6488:
6447:
6439:
6392:
6352:
6344:
6110:
5828:
4839:
4794:
4790:
4522:
4294:
4191:
4142:
4138:
3964:
3837:
3015:
2991:
2983:
2798:
2659:). ΔFosB is the most significant biomolecular mechanism in addiction because ΔFosB
2574:
2547:, and upon sufficient accumulation, with the help of its downstream targets (e.g.,
2509:
2370:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2251:
2142:
1923:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1507:
1303:
1228:
863:
855:
743:
715:
711:
475:
359:
349:
81:
56:
15754:
15220:
13881:
Scholze P, Nørregaard L, Singer EA, Freissmuth M, Gether U, Sitte HH (June 2002).
10955:
7827:
4183:
For a more complete and detailed description of amphetamine pharmacodynamics, see
4113:
Amphetamine enters the presynaptic neuron across the neuronal membrane or through
3623:
1208:
1170:
neurotransmitter activity in the ARAS. This includes noradrenergic neurons in the
24808:
24618:
24561:
24543:
24533:
24384:
24376:
23917:
23762:
23505:
23420:
23310:
23199:
22981:
22844:
22783:
22778:
22683:
22596:
22455:
22279:
22143:
21870:
21776:
21771:
21757:
21572:
21065:
20874:
20849:
20809:
20648:
20565:
20520:
20387:
20382:
20302:
20298:
20114:
19887:
19869:
19339:
19037:
18768:
18611:
18532:
17779:
17764:
17671:
17646:
17571:
17506:
17351:
17263:
16611:
16606:
16581:
16404:
16302:
15243:
14765:
14367:
14365:
14363:
14361:
14359:
14119:
13842:
13164:
13136:
13080:
12969:
12744:
12279:
12245:
addiction has been widely recognized and used in human and animal rehabilitation.
11937:
10913:
10723:
9191:
8303:
7751:
6868:
5954:
5844:
4912:
4802:
4798:
4484:
4368:
4226:
3996:
3982:
3827:
3581:
3540:
3408:
3279:
3032:
2987:
2968:
2857:
2828:
2777:
2765:
2703:
2621:
2613:
2601:
2544:
2536:
2486:
2258:
2024:
1906:
1864:
1777:
1753:
1710:
1603:
1515:
1491:
1386:
1329:
1324:. A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve
1291:
1171:
1120:
1082:
1074:
1038:
1022:
731:
723:
535:
483:
21682:
21331:
21326:
21306:
21301:
21296:
21291:
15814:
14594:
12822:
12317:"Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory"
12221:
9230:
8175:
child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.
7058:
Liddle DG, Connor DJ (June 2013). "Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS".
6158:
dose = (1 / amphetamine base percentage) × scaling factor = (molecular mass
6097:. Evidence from studies that measured the effect of serum DBH concentrations on
4886:
4805:
profile, and microbial drug metabolism affecting a drug's clinical efficacy and
2845:
231:
24832:
24704:
24392:
24333:
23752:
23515:
23445:
23267:
23164:
23078:
22713:
22571:
22450:
22380:
22004:
21567:
21562:
21367:
20829:
20534:
20372:
20080:
19148:
19042:
18997:
18959:
18802:
18683:
18596:
17926:
17547:
17210:
16666:
16651:
15735:
15287:
14172:
14018:
Ledonne A, Berretta N, Davoli A, Rizzo GR, Bernardi G, Mercuri NB (July 2011).
13982:
13939:
13883:"The role of zinc ions in reverse transport mediated by monoamine transporters"
10730:
Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.).
9135:
Barateau L, Lopez R, Dauvilliers Y (October 2016). "Management of Narcolepsy".
9020:
8748:
8481:
Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.).
8248:
Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.).
7805:
5039:
4894:
4890:
4410:
4394:
4334:
4282:
4198:
3887:
3847:
3803:
3631:
3576:
3455:
2793:
2789:
2660:
2501:
2490:
2098:
2052:
1972:
1943:– stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
1868:
1797:
1671:
1651:
1619:
1399:
1345:
1287:
1283:
1144:
1070:
910:
866:
802:
24752:
15085:
14956:
ElRakaiby M, Dutilh BE, Rizkallah MR, Boleij A, Cole JN, Aziz RK (July 2014).
14697:"Dopamine-beta-oxidase activity in man, using hydroxyamphetamine as substrate"
14356:
13441:
13424:
12773:
11729:
11606:
10841:
10789:
10732:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD
10661:
10323:
10021:
9977:
9910:"Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)"
9148:
8861:
8483:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD
8394:
8250:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD
7956:
7715:
7388:
7071:
6722:
6492:
6443:
6396:
6149:. Amphetamine base percentage for Adderall = sum of component percentages / 4.
4401:. Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble
2822:
1239:. Generic formulations of Mydayis became available in the US in October 2023.
785:
At therapeutic doses, Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as
24842:
24420:
24412:
23485:
23475:
23415:
23338:
23216:
23194:
23003:
22849:
22753:
22743:
22678:
22611:
22472:
22305:
22148:
22064:
21949:
21918:
21878:
21647:
21547:
21497:
21412:
20653:
20580:
20555:
20470:
20465:
20440:
20405:
20278:
19918:
19859:
19404:
19349:
19188:
19183:
19178:
19173:
19143:
19017:
18939:
18818:
18813:
18728:
18637:
18616:
18590:
18548:
18413:
18157:
18012:
17861:
17784:
17522:
17144:
17129:
16676:
16393:
15325:
14036:
13791:
13220:
12199:
12197:
12195:
11201:
10457:
10332:
10128:
10073:
9837:
7899:
7317:
6604:
6596:
6553:
6500:
6348:
5801:
5031:
4970:
The pharmaceutical company Rexar reformulated their popular weight loss drug
4826:(i.e., drugs), amphetamine is predicted to undergo promiscuous metabolism by
4586:
4572:
4518:
4510:
4306:
3734:
3019:
2995:
2849:
2715:
2283:
2276:
2044:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1880:
1506:, or severe anxiety. It is also contraindicated in individuals with advanced
1459:
1358:
1279:
1026:
851:
822:
450:
35:
21143:
21138:
16018:"Adderall shortage raises questions about widespread dependency on the drug"
15918:
14812:
14157:"Mechanisms of dopamine transporter regulation in normal and disease states"
13818:
12507:
11863:
10442:"Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective"
9873:"National Study of Substance Use Trends Among NCAA College Student-Athletes"
9737:
9521:
8586:"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults"
8550:
8533:
8003:
7884:"Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective"
6712:
6545:
4201:
in the brain. It also triggers the release of several other hormones (e.g.,
2839:. Amphetamine addiction is largely mediated through increased activation of
2788:). ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to
2597:
2585:, plays a central role in amphetamine addiction. Individuals who frequently
1960:– an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
1698:. Dangerous physical side effects are rare at typical pharmaceutical doses.
825:). The side effects vary widely among individuals but most commonly include
24581:
24498:
24473:
24188:
24115:
24059:
24054:
23802:
23702:
23692:
23657:
23460:
23440:
23343:
23088:
23083:
23068:
22988:
22961:
22829:
22824:
22728:
22708:
22616:
22390:
22385:
22365:
22285:
22260:
22128:
22123:
21602:
21552:
21472:
21452:
21447:
21427:
21422:
21377:
21133:
21128:
21118:
21103:
21042:
20613:
20608:
20585:
20545:
20377:
20283:
20199:
20129:
20110:
20105:
20090:
19963:
19893:
19844:
19522:
19487:
19452:
19319:
19158:
18979:
18964:
18808:
18723:
18601:
18556:
18504:
18445:
18403:
18142:
17789:
17567:
17562:
17512:
17493:
17169:
15970:
15295:
15251:
15213:
15151:
15104:
15049:
14991:
14773:
14730:
14676:
14431:
14190:
14137:
14102:
Underhill SM, Wheeler DS, Li M, Watts SD, Ingram SL, Amara SG (July 2014).
14055:
14000:
13947:
13908:
13899:
13882:
13860:
13799:
13719:
13589:
13551:
13450:
13366:
13280:
13239:
13183:
13098:
13042:
12987:
12930:
12851:
12815:
12762:
12702:
12661:
12612:
12594:
12578:
12526:
12481:
Kim Y, Teylan MA, Baron M, Sands A, Nairn AC, Greengard P (February 2009).
12416:
12343:
12297:
12239:
12181:
12121:
12026:
11945:
11887:
11804:
11786:
11747:
11678:
11624:
11537:
11472:
11411:
11358:
11276:
11220:
11112:
11094:
11030:
10997:"ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults"
10932:
10859:
10807:
10704:
10676:
10669:
10634:
10475:
10350:
10192:
10147:
10092:
10029:
9985:
9943:
9845:
9806:
9755:
9675:
9593:
9563:
9502:
9459:
9238:
9199:
9156:
9108:
9038:
8879:
8806:
8766:
8717:
8668:
8619:
8559:
8463:
8412:
8322:
8217:
8161:
8117:
8065:
8021:
7964:
7917:
7733:
7607:
7568:
7498:
7396:
7325:
7205:
7079:
6956:
6846:
6612:
6561:
6518:
6461:
6404:
6366:
6333:"Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective"
6045:
4831:
4579:
4514:
4506:
4242:
4214:
3925:
3916:
3901:
3683:
2982:
suggests that daily aerobic exercise, especially endurance exercise (e.g.,
2888:
2741:
2244:
2134:– a protein (or a small molecule) that works with transcription factors to
2122:– a protein (or a small molecule) that works with transcription factors to
2078:
1809:
1655:
1623:
1519:
1503:
1403:
1236:
1096:
806:
354:
344:
21316:
21311:
15888:"Trends in Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Admissions to Treatment: 1993–2003"
14973:
14912:
14867:
14820:
14623:
14547:
14545:
12192:
11879:
11519:
11393:
11042:
11040:
11012:
10414:
9657:
8846:"A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes"
8785:
Barateau L, Pizza F, Plazzi G, Dauvilliers Y (August 2022). "Narcolepsy".
6638:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6630:
5776:
prescription drug, classified as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.
4007:) may increase (decrease) the drug effects of amphetamine, and vice versa.
1919:
24608:
24566:
24548:
24441:
24345:
24328:
24304:
24183:
24168:
24013:
23897:
23807:
23747:
23455:
23300:
23282:
23098:
23093:
23038:
23033:
22971:
22966:
22905:
22885:
22723:
22586:
22482:
22400:
22395:
22335:
22330:
22270:
22265:
22204:
22184:
21928:
21913:
21908:
21893:
21819:
21814:
21749:
21691:
21652:
21637:
21622:
21592:
21587:
21532:
21517:
21512:
21487:
21442:
21432:
21417:
21397:
21387:
21382:
21248:
20894:
20814:
20540:
20510:
20460:
20415:
20332:
20312:
20288:
20124:
20095:
20060:
19983:
19973:
19968:
19943:
19879:
19849:
19721:
19701:
19648:
19590:
19567:
19562:
19552:
19532:
19517:
19512:
19507:
19502:
19497:
19477:
19472:
19437:
19329:
19284:
19203:
19163:
19110:
19007:
18974:
18906:
18828:
18793:
18763:
18693:
18688:
18663:
18561:
18464:
18117:
18107:
18087:
18041:
18022:
18002:
17981:
17769:
17754:
17689:
17641:
17581:
17552:
17532:
17498:
17426:
17220:
17154:
16696:
16671:
16240:
16221:
14261:
13331:
Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Heinzerling K, Ling W (April 2009). Shoptaw SJ (ed.).
12619:
11495:
10626:
9925:
9494:
8099:
7792:
Arnold LE (2000). "Methyiphenidate vs. Amphetamine: Comparative review".
6195:
5894:
5832:
5670:
5225:
4880:
4816:
4758:
4593:
4422:
4326:
4241:) differ somewhat. Dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are both potent
4202:
4150:
3920:
3687:
3610:
3602:
2960:
2928:
2916:
2908:
2880:
2869:
2695:
2529:
2482:
1805:
1793:
1695:
1639:
1627:
1585:
1447:
1252:
1160:
1092:
980:
906:
874:
838:
794:
735:
719:
239:
75:
48:
31:
21286:
15916:
14343:
13145:
11753:
induces NFκB ... In contrast, the ability of ΔFosB to repress the
9787:
8998:
8996:
8444:
6477:"European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD"
4444:
at 3 hours and 7 hours post-dose respectively. Amphetamine is
3975:) will prolong the elimination of amphetamine and increase drug effects.
575:
24576:
24478:
24468:
24407:
24402:
24158:
24099:
23882:
23877:
23832:
23822:
23812:
23722:
23712:
23641:
23636:
23470:
23465:
23450:
23319:
23315:
23272:
23241:
23221:
23189:
23139:
23108:
23013:
23008:
22956:
22951:
22895:
22890:
22880:
22738:
22733:
22718:
22703:
22576:
22566:
22537:
22477:
22445:
22435:
22410:
22340:
22310:
22300:
22255:
22250:
22194:
22189:
22179:
21944:
21923:
21903:
21898:
21860:
21829:
21806:
21741:
21632:
21617:
21607:
21557:
21527:
21522:
21492:
21482:
21407:
21372:
21153:
21060:
21037:
20766:
20756:
20678:
20668:
20643:
20638:
20623:
20550:
20530:
20525:
20480:
20420:
20410:
20400:
20367:
20223:
20213:
20204:
20194:
20189:
20154:
20144:
20139:
20085:
20070:
20040:
20016:
20001:
19993:
19988:
19958:
19928:
19913:
19898:
19839:
19829:
19711:
19706:
19696:
19658:
19653:
19620:
19615:
19585:
19577:
19467:
19384:
19354:
19344:
19294:
19289:
19193:
19153:
19095:
19090:
19075:
19012:
19002:
18954:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18878:
18798:
18733:
18713:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18678:
18668:
18642:
18621:
18576:
18571:
18540:
18509:
18494:
18484:
18398:
18229:
18192:
18182:
18162:
18122:
18112:
17967:
17963:
17953:
17749:
17699:
17694:
17626:
17616:
17601:
17596:
17586:
17517:
17488:
17483:
17356:
17290:
17273:
17184:
17179:
17149:
16636:
16591:
15894:. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
14542:
14253:
13967:"Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake"
13533:
11037:
6755:"Shire launches new ADHD drug Mydayis as it weighs a neuroscience exit"
6627:
6204:
5087:
4823:
4398:
4385:
of 9.9; consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its
4298:
4004:
3992:
3766:
3585:
users are frequent, occurring in roughly 88% of cases, and persist for
3478:
3466:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2691:
2625:
2377:
1675:
1568:
1495:
1455:
1002:
767:
751:
739:
586:
321:
314:
15143:
14750:
12922:
11775:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
10183:
10166:
9720:
Teter CJ, McCabe SE, LaGrange K, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ (October 2006).
9545:
9090:
8798:
7417:(2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 154–157.
7094: • Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
7024:(2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 318, 321.
6838:
4753:
is excreted as the active metabolites. Benzoic acid is metabolized by
4162:
24586:
24571:
24483:
24338:
24323:
24178:
24173:
24146:
24120:
24074:
24069:
23887:
23600:
23495:
23480:
23226:
23184:
23113:
23063:
23028:
22768:
22748:
22527:
22440:
22415:
22360:
22325:
22022:
21888:
21883:
21855:
21824:
21667:
21642:
21507:
21477:
21467:
21392:
21258:
21108:
21098:
21032:
21022:
20869:
20859:
20731:
20726:
20721:
20716:
20711:
20450:
20273:
20179:
20164:
20149:
20100:
20055:
19874:
19678:
19668:
19663:
19643:
19600:
19527:
19447:
19442:
19432:
19417:
19389:
19369:
19364:
19334:
19309:
19299:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19120:
19105:
19100:
19032:
18969:
18949:
18901:
18870:
18778:
18673:
18586:
18566:
18499:
18388:
18219:
18187:
18132:
18127:
17636:
17606:
17557:
17542:
17478:
17205:
17164:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16686:
16646:
13925:
13418:
13416:
13122:(2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 124–125.
12146:
Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA (September 2013).
10103:
8993:
8353:(2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 154–157.
7986:
Berman S, O'Neill J, Fears S, Bartzokis G, London ED (October 2008).
5060:
4995:
4974:
following its mandatory withdrawal from the market in 1973 under the
4762:
4417:
into most tissues in the body, with high concentrations occurring in
4390:
4325:) to either stop transporting monoamines altogether (via transporter
4278:
4274:
4266:
4210:
4206:
3978:
3906:
3594:
3492:
3486:
3472:
3461:
2932:
2868:(i.e., doses given to oneself) in humans, but it is not an effective
2853:
2831:
for amphetamine addiction. Reviews from 2015 and 2016 indicated that
2664:
2561:
2498:
2454:
1875:
1859:
1785:
1769:
1730:
1543:
1440:
1381:. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through
1370:
1204:
1156:
1152:
1116:
842:
830:
810:
775:
763:
759:
521:
329:
225:
109:
20932:
20927:
15031:
14951:
14949:
14947:
14945:
14943:
14941:
13827:"How addictive drugs disrupt presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission"
12693:
12676:
12643:
12008:
11660:
11578:
9768:
7170:
Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W (January 2009). Shoptaw SJ, Ali R (eds.).
2612:
Chronic use of amphetamine at excessive doses causes alterations in
24827:
24318:
24193:
23973:
23797:
23792:
23742:
23732:
23631:
23359:
23333:
23328:
23262:
23231:
23103:
23073:
23018:
22900:
22875:
22839:
22834:
22632:
22606:
22601:
22532:
22405:
22375:
22315:
22199:
22174:
22138:
22133:
21986:
21678:
21542:
21502:
21462:
21457:
21253:
20884:
20844:
20736:
20686:
20633:
20628:
20575:
20570:
20560:
20445:
20347:
20293:
20134:
20035:
19978:
19716:
19691:
19635:
19605:
19492:
19462:
19457:
19412:
19324:
19304:
19211:
19168:
19125:
19052:
18944:
18783:
18629:
18469:
18450:
18280:
18270:
18214:
18209:
18147:
18017:
18007:
17997:
17774:
17666:
17591:
17139:
16576:
14409:
14348:
14342:, Djombou Feunang Y, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, et al.
13120:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
12875:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
12432:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
11299:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
9609:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
8942:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
8908:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
8351:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
8252:(2nd ed.). New York, US: Springer. pp. 121–123, 125–127.
7415:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
7274:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
7022:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
6087:
6057:
6049:
5985:
5840:
4845:
4806:
4270:
4194:
4000:
3760:
3756:
3512:
3343:
3311:
3006:
2924:
2896:
2719:
2707:
2590:
2494:
1825:
1821:
1796:, and decreased sense of fatigue. Less common side effects include
1789:
1781:
1714:
1659:
1647:
1511:
1148:
1062:
870:
826:
818:
814:
786:
635:
566:
302:
267:
24751:
References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at
16725:
14595:"Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction"
13413:
11378:"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction"
10057:"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits"
10055:
Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS (October 2013).
9470:
8038:
Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013).
6474:
5983:
that requires simultaneous binding of glutamate and a co-agonist (
4952:; unlike amphetamine, both of these substances are broken down by
3085:
2986:), prevents the development of drug addiction and is an effective
2729:
2656:
2637:
2593:
2422:
943:
24295:
24274:
23023:
22320:
21657:
21582:
21537:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21218:
21213:
21208:
21203:
21198:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21123:
21080:
21052:
20912:
20834:
20824:
20706:
20065:
19948:
19824:
19625:
19547:
19542:
19537:
19427:
19422:
19115:
19085:
18823:
18788:
18718:
18479:
17881:
17846:
17527:
17451:
17436:
17082:
17047:
17037:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17007:
16656:
16596:
16510:
16505:
15961:
15454:"August 2006 News Archives: Barr and Shire Sign Three Agreements"
14938:
13880:
13771:
12668:
12590:
12588:
11301:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375.
11178:
11176:
10110:
Rattray B, Argus C, Martin K, Northey J, Driller M (March 2015).
8910:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 456–457.
8285:
Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S (February 2015).
8191:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8183:
7988:"Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain"
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6093:
5995:
5953:
Transcription factors are proteins that increase or decrease the
5756:
5052:
5035:
4971:
4126:
3867:
3794:
3093:
2963:
with contingency management or community reinforcement approach,
2920:
2773:
2761:
2746:
2699:
2668:
2146:– a specific sequence of DNA that a transcription factor binds to
2033:
1679:
1642:(increased heart rate). Sexual side effects in males may include
1555:
1551:
1518:(excessive production of thyroid hormone), or moderate to severe
1337:
21723:
15344:
15009:
15007:
15005:
13876:
13874:
13561:
13258:
12081:
12079:
12077:
12075:
12073:
12071:
12069:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12061:
12059:
11696:
Figure 4: Epigenetic basis of drug regulation of gene expression
11182:
10921:
Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology
10747:
Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
10054:
9611:(2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 266.
4736:
4108:
2472:
2032:
is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product such as a
1450:
for misusing ADHD stimulants recreationally include: possessing
23697:
23687:
23123:
22693:
21662:
21612:
21597:
21178:
21173:
21168:
21113:
20045:
20029:
20025:
20021:
19557:
19482:
19070:
19065:
19060:
18738:
18658:
18523:
18514:
18455:
17958:
17876:
17866:
17856:
17841:
17831:
17826:
17431:
17331:
17134:
17112:
17107:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16927:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16070:"'Exciting Time': FDA Commissioner Talks AI and Misinformation"
15892:
The Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS) Report
15863:. Home Office, Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from
14798:
13615:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 77–79.
12779:
12434:(2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 94.
12057:
12055:
12053:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12039:
10275:"Stimulant ADHD Medications – Methylphenidate and Amphetamines"
10007:
8730:
8333:
Figure 3: Treatment benefit by treatment type and outcome group
7985:
5808:
and the amount available for prescription is controlled by the
4922:
4907:
4809:
profile. The field that studies these interactions is known as
4649:
4642:
4460:
4449:
4402:
4290:
3968:
3882:
3742:
2750:
2711:
1801:
1749:
1734:
1663:
1357:
Amphetamine is used by some athletes for its psychological and
1124:
886:
790:
666:
16190:
15736:"Importing or Bringing Medication into Japan for Personal Use"
15016:"The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease"
14955:
14746:
14744:
13958:
12585:
12308:
11173:
10641:
9072:
9050:
the secondary branch of the ascending arousal system. ...
8784:
8180:
6378:
6376:
6317:
3961:
if taken within two weeks after last use of an MAOI type drug.
1095:. A Cochrane review on the treatment of ADHD in children with
858:
and also carry a far greater risk of serious adverse effects.
24763:
24677:
24640:
24626:
24286:
23902:
23767:
23610:
23595:
23569:
23549:
23435:
22698:
22487:
21437:
21357:
20701:
20618:
20337:
20174:
19799:
19754:
19080:
18839:
18773:
17931:
17851:
17821:
17371:
17321:
17316:
17189:
17117:
16942:
16907:
16847:
16832:
16379:
15964:"List of psychotropic substances under international control"
15066:
15002:
14554:"Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents"
13871:
13726:
Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO
11584:
10606:
10581:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10563:
9052:
Sympathomimetic drugs have long been used to treat narcolepsy
8583:
8579:
8577:
5839:
are mixed in a (1:1) ratio to produce this drug. Because the
5762:
In Thailand, amphetamines are classified as Type 1 Narcotics.
4885:
Amphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the
4386:
3272:
3011:
2832:
2733:
2521:
2443:
1867:
disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including
1539:
957:
730:, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and
646:
13485:
Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
12538:
12536:
12036:
11432:
11430:
11428:
10767:
10765:
8632:
7666:
Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
6802:. United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
1073:
neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the
66:
24508:
23857:
23787:
23605:
23574:
23564:
23159:
22507:
20248:
19794:
19774:
19595:
18285:
17916:
17871:
17836:
17336:
17326:
17122:
16947:
16932:
16922:
16912:
16902:
16897:
16857:
16852:
16842:
16837:
16822:
16802:
15886:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
14741:
13604:
13556:
Amphetamine use disorders ... 3,788 (3,425–4,145)
12872:
12088:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
9719:
9640:
Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014).
8939:
8905:
8731:
Mahlios J, De la Herrán-Arita AK, Mignot E (October 2013).
7271:
7098: • Increased alertness and attention to task
6468:
6373:
5027:
4956:, and therefore have a shorter half-life than amphetamine.
4371:
of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH; it is well
3972:
3636:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
2994:
decreases psychostimulant self-administration, reduces the
2785:
2433:
2029:
1691:
1522:. These agencies indicate that people who have experienced
626:
14017:
11146:
10647:
10560:
9639:
8574:
8531:
8485:(2nd ed.). New York, US: Springer. pp. 111–113.
8426:
Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V (September 2013).
7354:. Berlin, Germany; London, England: Springer. p. 78.
7267:
7265:
7234:"Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem"
6302:
6300:
4409:
of amphetamine circulating in the bloodstream is bound to
18758:
15167:
14305:
14303:
14301:
14299:
13330:
13252:
13197:
13195:
13193:
12677:"Psychiatric disorders: a feat of epigenetic engineering"
12533:
12423:
11818:
11425:
10830:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
10778:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
10762:
10109:
8962:
8507:"Stimulants for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
8425:
8081:
8037:
7756:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 93–94.
6853:
6717:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 2006.
6687:
6432:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
5759:
can be legally prescribed as a form of treatment of ADHD.
4949:
4302:
4262:
4122:
4118:
4038:
of amphetamine when it is used for the treatment of ADHD.
3985:) co-administered with amphetamine increases the risk of
2048:
1910:– symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
1559:
1104:
24762:
References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at
15710:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19)"
15060:
14635:
Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-
14297:
14295:
14293:
14291:
14289:
14287:
14285:
14283:
14281:
14279:
13478:
13476:
13474:
13472:
13390:
Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology
13058:
13056:
12145:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12135:
11993:"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction"
11809:
Recent evidence has shown that ΔFosB also represses the
11771:"Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: Role of ΔFosB"
11645:"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction"
10171:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
9901:
9423:
9419:
9417:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9134:
7934:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
6649:
Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology
6525:
4135:
G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels
4028:(PPIs) modify the absorption of Adderall XR and Mydayis.
3643:" resulted in an estimated 3,788 deaths worldwide (
22805:
15128:
14338:
14101:
14061:
channels which produce cell membrane hyperpolarization.
13326:
13324:
13322:
13320:
11548:
11439:"Chromatin regulation in drug addiction and depression"
10879:"Dyanavel XR- amphetamine suspension, extended release"
10386:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
8724:
8681:
8584:
Castells X, Blanco-Silvente L, Cunill R (August 2018).
8376:
8284:
7262:
6297:
4834:. The first amphetamine-metabolizing microbial enzyme,
4297:, which store neurotransmitters for later release (via
4221:(CART) peptides). Both active ingredients of Adderall,
4011:
3609:, lack of motivation, sleeplessness or sleepiness, and
2998:(i.e., relapse) of drug-seeking, and induces increased
1729:
of the tract is relaxed. Amphetamine also has a slight
14662:
14639:
hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2
14148:
13190:
13002:
13000:
12726:
12625:
12376:
12374:
12372:
12370:
12368:
11642:
11585:
Cadet JL, Brannock C, Jayanthi S, Krasnova IN (2015).
11292:
11290:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10433:
10164:
9817:
9762:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9060:
8372:
8370:
5847:, this drug can also be described as a mixture of the
5779:
Internationally, amphetamine is in Schedule II of the
5080:
4165:-dependent pathway, in turn producing dopamine efflux.
2634:
Delta FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B
1538:, depression, hypertension, liver or kidney problems,
24792:
15609:
15607:
15067:
Hutter T, Gimbert C, Bouchard F, Lapointe FJ (2015).
14901:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
14694:
14665:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
14556:. In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.).
14276:
14209:"Amphetamine: Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways"
13469:
13053:
12908:
12828:
12454:
12132:
11824:
11554:
11436:
10944:
Table 2. Decongestants Causing Rhinitis Medicamentosa
10048:
9414:
9299:
9297:
9249:
8532:
Scholten RJ, Clarke M, Hetherington J (August 2005).
7979:
7682:
6531:
5076:
Amphetamine base in marketed amphetamine medications
1733:
effect and can enhance the pain relieving effects of
877:, which results in part from their interactions with
27:
Drug mixture used mainly to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
22053:
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
15269:
15267:
15265:
15263:
15261:
13640:
13638:
13636:
13634:
13632:
13501:
13317:
10167:"Neurophysiological effects of exercise in the heat"
9119:
8377:
Bidwell LC, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH (August 2011).
8129:
8127:
8077:
8075:
8033:
8031:
6275:
6273:
5765:
In the United Kingdom, amphetamines are regarded as
4544:
4149:
causes DAT to withdraw into the presynaptic neuron (
4054:
Pharmacodynamics of amphetamine in a dopamine neuron
4047:
2183:
24874:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
21972:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
13567:
13117:
12997:
12480:
12429:
12365:
12314:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11913:
11911:
11296:
11287:
10536:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10486:
10439:
9606:
9424:Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW (June 2015).
9177:
9057:
8975:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 81.
8839:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8367:
8348:
7881:
7745:
7743:
7412:
7408:
7406:
7227:
7225:
7019:
6672:
6382:
6330:
5066:
5038:, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and dextroamphetamine
3967:that directly metabolize amphetamine (particularly
2975:, and other combination therapies involving these.
1871:) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
554:
23530:
16086:. Anni Layne Rodgers via Additidemag. 2 June 2023.
15910:
15604:
14754:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
13422:
13377:
12257:
12255:
12253:
11491:Figure 2: Psychostimulant-induced signaling events
11375:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11076:
10994:
10440:Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013).
10370:. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from
10277:. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from
10251:. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from
9294:
8944:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 521.
8469:compared with placebo controls, in the short term.
8344:
8342:
8340:
7882:Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013).
7697:
7343:
6984:. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. 8 November 2019.
6331:Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013).
4994:Richwood Pharmaceuticals, which later merged with
4830:(primarily bacteria) prior to absorption into the
4741:The primary active metabolites of amphetamine are
4393:form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich
22104:
19745:1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane
15917:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2007).
15728:
15258:
14898:
14792:
14586:
14516:
14412:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
14215:. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
14196:correlates with reduced AMPH-induced locomotion .
13629:
12601:Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
12448:
11900:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
11762:
10911:
10734:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 112.
10223:"Do pro sports leagues have an Adderall problem?"
9579:
8972:Sleep medicine a guide to sleep and its disorders
8682:Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T (June 2018).
8280:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8124:
8072:
8028:
7299:
7297:
6748:
6746:
6270:
5843:is composed of equal parts dextroamphetamine and
5742:In Canada, amphetamines are in Schedule I of the
4405:(salt) form, and less is absorbed. Approximately
2569:as an adult. Pathological overactivation of the
2477:This diagram depicts the signaling events in the
1103:indicated that stimulants in general do not make
24894:Drugs developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
24840:
15763:"Moving to Korea brings medical, social changes"
15738:. Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
15516:. Associated Press. 2 April 2009. Archived from
15187:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15179:
14701:British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy
14690:
14688:
14686:
14476:p-Hydroxynorephedrine. PubChem Compound Database
14201:
13482:
13201:
12722:
12720:
11908:
11376:Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016).
11243:"Amphetamine-induced place preference in humans"
10819:
10817:
10517:
10003:
10001:
9999:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8901:
8899:
8822:
8780:
8778:
8776:
7740:
7698:Lewin AH, Miller GM, Gilmour B (December 2011).
7663:
7403:
7222:
6891:"Prescribing Information & Medication Guide"
6883:
2856:inhibit NMDA receptors by blocking the receptor
1666:. Other potential physical side effects include
1638:(reduced blood flow to the hands and feet), and
1061:; these functional impairments involve impaired
534:
20775:1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
16602:History and culture of substituted amphetamines
16045:"Where's the Urgency on the Adderall Shortage?"
15673:
15307:
15305:
15273:
14450:p-Hydroxyamphetamine. PubChem Compound Database
14405:
14403:
14401:
14066:
13964:
13683:
12877:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
12487:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12380:
12250:
11315:
11152:
9682:
9476:
8379:"Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD"
8337:
8133:
7276:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6796:"National Drug Code Amphetamine Search Results"
6706:
6704:
6576:
6091:and it is presumed to be metabolized similarly
4966:History and culture of substituted amphetamines
4852:
3957:(MAOIs) taken with amphetamine may result in a
2864:treatment has been shown to reduce amphetamine
1918:– dependence that involves persistent physical–
1462:, earning poor grades, and having an untreated
1431:History and culture of substituted amphetamines
506:
24969:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
22094:
21803:
21734:
14502:Phenylpropanolamine. PubChem Compound Database
14332:
13006:
12315:Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ (July 2006).
12268:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
12203:
11990:
11926:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
11714:"Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction"
11369:
11119:
10165:Roelands B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R (June 2015).
9959:
9957:
9955:
9953:
8269:
7294:
7169:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6743:
5059:manufactured generic Adderall XR. As of 2013,
5043:
4879:Further information on related compounds:
4254:
1393:by overriding a "safety switch", allowing the
894:
326:
24260:
22080:
21707:
18855:
16741:
16206:
15510:"Teva sells 1st generic of Adderall XL in US"
15176:
14933:-OHNor after intraventricular administration.
14845:
14683:
14656:
14320:. Shire US Inc. December 2013. pp. 12–13
14154:
13919:
13507:
13007:Grandy DK, Miller GM, Li JX (February 2016).
12945:
12717:
11857:
11855:
11853:
11851:
11849:
11847:
11236:
11234:
11070:
10988:
10814:
10300:
10298:
10296:
9996:
8928:
8896:
8773:
7579:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
6928:
6824:
4145:(PKC), which subsequently phosphorylate DAT.
4067:
3277:Tooltip cAMP response element-binding protein
2816:
2764:) and blocks the induction of ΔFosB-mediated
2210:
2164:
1994:
1831:Amphetamine has also been shown to produce a
16125:"Ongoing Adderall Shortage Affects Millions"
15302:
14892:
14839:
14398:
13610:
13487:(12th ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill.
13423:Spiller HA, Hays HL, Aleguas A (June 2013).
13113:
13111:
11986:
11718:Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
11707:
11705:
11703:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11240:
11134:. International Programme on Chemical Safety
10896:rhinitis and upper abdominal pain. ...
10873:
10871:
10869:
10594:. International Programme on Chemical Safety
10505:. Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC. 14 August 2019
9882:. National Collegiate Athletic Association.
9823:
9713:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9600:
9573:
9527:
9002:
8675:
8626:
8544:(Suppl 1): S147–S149, discussion S195–S196.
8525:
8419:
8243:
8241:
8239:
7928:
7668:(12th ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill.
7659:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7374:
7057:
7000:
6867:. Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC. Archived from
6701:
6582:
6141:Amphetamine base percentage = molecular mass
6048:which, upon zinc binding, inhibits dopamine
5752:In South Korea, amphetamines are prohibited.
4889:trace amines, which are naturally occurring
4745:and norephedrine; at normal urine pH, about
4413:. Following absorption, amphetamine readily
4219:cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
4114:
3571:
3097:
2980:neurobiological effects of physical exercise
2512:trigger internal signaling events through a
1650:. Gastrointestinal side effects may include
1435:Adderall has high potential for misuse as a
1336:(motivation to perform a task) and increase
879:human trace amine-associated receptor 1
271:
22041:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
15314:"The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder"
15191:
14647:)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane, from
13965:Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME (August 2016).
13737:
13735:
13733:
12261:
11984:
11982:
11980:
11978:
11976:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11966:
11504:"Co-transmission of dopamine and glutamate"
9950:
9907:
9775:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
9216:
9114:excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.
8474:
8432:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
7635:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7585:
7165:
7163:
6963:
6714:Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions
6710:
6419:
5746:, and can only be obtained by prescription.
4754:
4551:Metabolic pathways of amphetamine in humans
4157:DAT may either operate in reverse or, like
2827:As of December 2019, there is no effective
24267:
24253:
22087:
22073:
22047:Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
21721:
21714:
21700:
18862:
18848:
16748:
16734:
16213:
16199:
15688:United States Food and Drug Administration
15661:. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014
15639:. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014
15617:. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014
15584:
15582:
15567:. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014
15559:
15557:
15425:United States Food and Drug Administration
14695:Sjoerdsma A, von Studnitz W (April 1963).
14551:
14318:United States Food and Drug Administration
14237:
13752:. Shire US Inc. June 2017. pp. 1–21.
13750:United States Food and Drug Administration
13653:United States Food and Drug Administration
13202:Carroll ME, Smethells JR (February 2016).
12951:
12474:
12204:Zhou Y, Zhao M, Zhou C, Li R (July 2015).
11861:
11844:
11768:
11711:
11330:
11231:
11159:Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals
11052:United States Food and Drug Administration
10970:United States Food and Drug Administration
10823:
10771:
10293:
10249:"Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs Chart"
9870:
9477:Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ (June 2015).
9273:United States Food and Drug Administration
7992:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
7524:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7044:
6752:
6481:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
6113:within noradrenergic neurons in the brain.
5121:
5116:
5111:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5042:. This drug mixture has slightly stronger
5002:. DuraMed Pharmaceuticals was acquired by
4897:, the parent compound of amphetamine, and
4801:by microbial enzymes modifying the drug's
4074:
4060:
2607:
2238:Note: colored text contains article links.
2217:
2203:
2171:
2157:
2028:– the process by which information from a
2001:
1987:
1838:
1484:International Programme on Chemical Safety
594:
74:
65:
24909:Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors
24884:Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system
15229:
15094:
15084:
15039:
15013:
14981:
14720:
14613:
14592:
14180:
14127:
14045:
14035:
13990:
13898:
13850:
13709:
13541:
13440:
13356:
13229:
13219:
13173:
13163:
13108:
13088:
13032:
12977:
12805:
12752:
12692:
12651:
12597:"Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction"
12568:
12545:"Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction"
12516:
12506:
12455:Kanehisa Laboratories (29 October 2014).
12406:
12287:
12229:
12171:
12111:
12016:
11923:
11825:Kanehisa Laboratories (10 October 2014).
11794:
11737:
11700:
11668:
11631:
11614:
11555:Kanehisa Laboratories (10 October 2014).
11527:
11501:
11462:
11401:
11348:
11266:
11210:
11200:
11125:
11102:
11020:
10905:
10866:
10849:
10797:
10729:
10682:
10585:
10465:
10340:
10322:
10182:
10137:
10127:
10082:
10072:
9933:
9796:
9786:
9745:
9665:
9628:
9553:
9449:
9098:
9028:
8968:
8869:
8756:
8707:
8658:
8609:
8549:
8480:
8453:
8443:
8402:
8312:
8302:
8247:
8236:
8195:
8151:
8107:
8055:
8011:
7907:
7875:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7723:
7574:aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).
7558:
7488:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7350:Stolerman IP (2010). Stolerman IP (ed.).
7349:
7195:
6946:
6924:
6922:
6508:
6451:
6356:
5021:
4984:Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI)
4948:regulate monoamine neurotransmission via
2971:, non-contingent reward-based therapies,
2604:with behavioral therapies for addiction.
2600:treatment outcomes and may be used as an
1686:(drug-induced nasal congestion), reduced
722:. The mixture is composed of equal parts
614:
189:
166:
143:
120:
24924:Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
21966:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
15969:. Vienna: United Nations. Archived from
15834:. Government of Thailand. Archived from
15690:. Shire US Inc. May 2017. pp. 17–21
15446:
14558:Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry
14155:Vaughan RA, Foster JD (September 2013).
13730:
12152:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
12085:
11991:Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (November 2011).
11963:
11643:Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (November 2011).
11437:Renthal W, Nestler EJ (September 2009).
11333:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"
10612:
9688:
7614:
7160:
7096: • Increased acceleration
7092: • Improved reaction time
7060:Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice
6898:Zenzedi (dextroamphetamine sulfate, USP)
6425:
5862:
4863:Amphetamine#Related endogenous compounds
3026:Summary of addiction-related plasticity
2938:
2459:
2452:
2441:
2403:
2396:
2375:
1365:, acceleration, athletic performance in
1269:
1242:
999:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
748:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
742:, but differ enough to give Adderall an
22810:Tooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents
15962:International Narcotics Control Board.
15579:
15554:
15311:
13679:
13677:
13337:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
13261:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
12674:
12542:
10392:
10362:
10360:
10304:
10216:
10214:
9963:
8688:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8639:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8590:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8134:Frodl T, Skokauskas N (February 2012).
7749:
7505:
7303:
7231:
7176:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
5772:In the United States, amphetamine is a
4775:
3774:(excessive serotonergic nerve activity)
1922:withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and
1352:
574:
244:
185:
162:
139:
116:
14:
24841:
22035:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
15651:
15388:"REGULATORY NEWS: Richwood's Adderall"
14528:Amphetamine. Pubchem Compound Database
14095:
14080:. University of Paris. 28 January 2012
13928:J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry
13824:
13777:
13333:"Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal"
13301:. Merck. February 2003. Archived from
13062:
12958:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
12381:Steiner H, Van Waes V (January 2013).
12336:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009
10912:Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF (2006).
9516:that these effects are modest in size.
9137:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
8843:
8538:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
8383:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
7782:
7431:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
6919:
6081:has been shown to be metabolized into
5731:
4933:is metabolized from phenethylamine by
4719:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4673:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4598:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4521:. Among these metabolites, the active
4331:transport monoamines out of the neuron
4247:trace amine-associated receptor 1
4213:) as well as the synthesis of certain
4178:
3242:Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior
3018:in the striatum or other parts of the
2772:by chronic drug use, which occurs via
2430:
2419:
2410:
2389:
2368:
2359:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2256:
2249:
2242:
1526:to other stimulants or who are taking
1359:athletic performance-enhancing effects
459:
432:
24276:Human trace amine-associated receptor
24248:
22068:
21695:
18843:
16729:
16394:
16194:
16122:
15795:from the original on 19 November 2018
15476:
14311:"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"
14011:
13684:Krueger SK, Williams DE (June 2005).
13662:from the original on 30 December 2013
13646:"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"
13383:
11058:from the original on 14 December 2019
10229:from the original on 23 November 2014
10061:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
9691:"Pills become an addictive study aid"
9282:from the original on 30 December 2013
9266:"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"
9047:nucleus (TMN), respectively. ...
7172:"Treatment for amphetamine psychosis"
6907:from the original on 11 November 2020
6765:from the original on 16 December 2019
6642:
5979:NMDA receptors are voltage-dependent
5781:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
5668:
5593:
5295:
5223:
5151:
5101:
5083:
5014:, including Barr's Duramed division.
4680:
4666:
4612:
4605:
4591:
4092:
3780:(excessive adrenergic nerve activity)
3500:
3265:
3127:
3047:
3041:
3030:
2805:which occurs in some patients taking
2382:
2350:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2197:that results in amphetamine addiction
1141:ascending reticular activating system
949:30 capsules of 10 mg Adderall XR
889:. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent
738:of amphetamine. Both enantiomers are
674:
654:
444:
262:
230:
16098:"Adderall Shortage Persists in 2024"
16042:
15943:from the original on 16 October 2013
15484:"Teva Completes Acquisition of Barr"
15380:
14219:from the original on 13 October 2013
13674:
11827:"Amphetamine – Homo sapiens (human)"
11557:"Amphetamine – Homo sapiens (human)"
10499:"Evekeo- amphetamine sulfate tablet"
10357:
10211:
9864:
9374:from the original on 6 February 2020
8733:"The autoimmune basis of narcolepsy"
8499:
7306:Current Medical Research and Opinion
6865:Evekeo CII (amphetamine sulfate) HCP
6777:
4980:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
4563:
4121:or enters synaptic vesicles through
3711:(partial or complete failure of the
2520:that ultimately result in increased
2274:
2263:
2235:
1469:
1441:insoluble fillers within the tablets
417:(Special prescription form required)
358:
348:
21977:Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
18754:Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide
16755:
15769:from the original on 3 October 2014
15434:from the original on 22 August 2013
15361:. US Food and Drug Administration.
12457:"Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)"
12262:Linke SE, Ussher M (January 2015).
10976:from the original on 25 August 2019
10885:. Tris Pharma, Inc. 6 February 2019
9889:from the original on 9 October 2022
7838:from the original on 30 August 2024
7241:American College Health Association
7103:
7086:Physiologic and performance effects
6988:from the original on 2 October 2019
6085:by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)
5744:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
4340:
4305:, the receptor causes the neuron's
4185:Amphetamine § Pharmacodynamics
2632:that produce these alterations are
1694:(a type of movement disorder), and
1135:orexin levels; this reduction is a
1131:, leading to significantly reduced
997:Adderall is commonly used to treat
634:
525:
421:
34:. For the 2023 EP by Slipknot, see
24:
24889:Drugs acting on the nervous system
23535:Tooltip Serotonin releasing agents
15760:
15394:. 22 February 1996. Archived from
15276:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
14713:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1963.tb01467.x
13295:"Amphetamines: Drug Use and Abuse"
11443:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
11337:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
10615:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
9528:Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (April 2014).
9364:"Generic Adderall XR Availability"
9079:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
8088:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
7525:Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011).
7352:Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology
6827:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
6711:Patel VB, Preedy VR, eds. (2022).
6227:
6069:do not contain zinc binding sites.
6052:and amplifies amphetamine-induced
5531:amphetamine aspartate monohydrate
4783:Amphetamine § Pharmacomicrobiomics
3938:(excessively acidic bodily fluids)
3767:Compulsive and repetitive movement
1575:
1218:
1196:American Academy of Sleep Medicine
1182:, and serotonergic neurons in the
754:. It is also used illicitly as an
25:
24980:
24567:Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450)
22109:Tooltip Dopamine releasing agents
22017:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
16172:
16154:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
16150:"FDA Update on Adderall Shortage"
15742:from the original on 13 July 2013
15716:from the original on 3 April 2011
15681:"Vyvanse Prescribing Information"
15490:from the original on 8 March 2012
15332:from the original on 1 March 2015
15232:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
13743:"Mydayis Prescribing Information"
11508:The Journal of General Physiology
11420:of severe substance-use disorder.
10220:
9483:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
4918:aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
4828:human gastrointestinal microbiota
4483:(GLYAT) are the enzymes known to
4469:flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
4251:vesicular monoamine transporter 2
3830:(fluid accumulation in the lungs)
2551:), it induces an addictive state.
1851:Addiction and dependence glossary
883:vesicular monoamine transporter 2
385:
104:amphetamine aspartate monohydrate
24826:
24814:
24802:
19740:1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
16710:
16709:
16142:
16116:
16090:
16076:
16062:
16036:
16010:
15988:
15955:
15879:
15853:
15821:
15807:
15781:
15702:
15629:
15532:
15502:
15410:
15368:from the original on 17 May 2017
15206:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005
15132:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
14490:
14464:
14438:
14231:
13759:from the original on 9 June 2019
13702:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001
13655:. December 2013. pp. 8–10.
13582:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x
13287:
13069:European Journal of Pharmacology
13025:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014
12844:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.023
12561:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.004
12104:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
11455:10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.3/wrenthal
10697:10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000
10407:10.1097/00007611-199601000-00005
9344:from the original on 28 May 2020
9186:(4, Sleep Neurology): 989–1004.
8210:10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000
8153:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x
7770:from the original on 21 May 2016
7753:Explorations in Child Psychiatry
7600:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005
7551:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x
7481:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x
6291:
6285:
6279:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6184:
6152:
6135:
6126:
6116:
6072:
6030:
6021:
6001:
5973:
5960:
5947:
5937:
5927:
5067:Comparison to other formulations
4926:into dopamine as well. In turn,
4781:This section is an excerpt from
4735:
4555:
4107:
4084:
3699:(heart not pumping enough blood)
3622:This section is an excerpt from
2957:community reinforcement approach
2645:response element binding protein
2471:
2227:
1763:
1475:This section is an excerpt from
1409:Adderall has been banned in the
956:
942:
24230:Monoamine metabolism modulators
20659:2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
20353:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
17685:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
16662:Performance-enhancing substance
16220:
15565:"Dextroamphetamine Sulfate USP"
15194:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
15014:Cho I, Blaser MJ (March 2012).
14602:Journal of Biological Chemistry
14524:"Pharmacology and Biochemistry"
14372:"Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics".
14344:"Amphetamine | DrugBank Online"
13690:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
12952:Stoops WW, Rush CR (May 2014).
12399:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001
12210:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
12164:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011
11864:"Magnesium in drug dependences"
11382:New England Journal of Medicine
11241:Childs E, de Wit H (May 2009).
11001:New England Journal of Medicine
10267:
10241:
9914:British Journal of Pharmacology
9386:
9356:
9334:"Generic Adderall Availability"
9326:
9275:. Shire US Inc. December 2013.
9210:
9171:
8737:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
8057:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277
7850:
7820:
7588:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
7368:
6818:
6753:Sagonowsky E (28 August 2017).
6240:
6234:
5917:
5908:
5883:
5810:Drug Enforcement Administration
5736:
4761:, which is then metabolized by
4261:In the absence of amphetamine,
4205:) and neurotransmitters (e.g.,
4042:
3948:
2803:dopamine dysregulation syndrome
2628:mechanisms. The most important
2545:structural changes in the brain
1682:, nosebleed, profuse sweating,
1680:excessive grinding of the teeth
1477:Amphetamine § Contraindications
1443:can block small blood vessels.
1424:
1419:National Basketball Association
1178:, histaminergic neurons in the
409:
24334:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
21739:Tooltip central nervous system
21254:Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
19855:2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
18869:
15637:"Dextroamphetamine Saccharate"
15312:Schwarz A (14 December 2013).
15069:"Being human is a gut feeling"
14876:-hydroxyamphetamine (POH) and
13570:Emergency Medicine Australasia
13464:norepinephrine, and serotonin.
13349:10.1002/14651858.CD003021.pub2
13273:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2
12890:desire to reinitiate drug use.
12798:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013
11882:(inactive 11 September 2024).
11259:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.016
10753:Dexedrine spansules ...
10650:Journal of Affective Disorders
9442:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013
8700:10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3
8651:10.1002/14651858.CD009996.pub2
8602:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub3
8140:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
7794:Journal of Attention Disorders
7750:Anthony E (11 November 2013).
7188:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3
5822:
5049:Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
4920:(AADC) enzyme, which converts
4757:into an intermediate product,
3745:(involuntary muscle twitching)
2978:Additionally, research on the
2732:, a transcription factor, and
2138:the rate of gene transcription
2126:the rate of gene transcription
2114:the rate of gene transcription
2094:the rate of gene transcription
1780:and sociability, mood swings (
1373:(i.e., it delays the onset of
1328:, in turn leading to improved
1174:, dopaminergic neurons in the
398:
208:Adderall, Adderall XR, Mydayis
13:
1:
24879:Combination psychiatric drugs
24782:Receptor/signaling modulators
24214:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
24210:Receptor/signaling modulators
16572:Benzedrine in popular culture
15540:"Molecular Weight Calculator"
15456:. GenericsWeb. Archived from
14615:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43051-2
14424:10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00330-8
13613:Poisoning & Drug Overdose
13526:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
13063:Jing L, Li JX (August 2015).
12733:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
12324:Annual Review of Neuroscience
11502:Broussard JI (January 2012).
11153:O'Connor PG (February 2012).
10446:Journal of Psychopharmacology
10305:Abelman DD (6 October 2017).
7888:Journal of Psychopharmacology
6900:. Arbor Pharmaceuticals LLC.
6534:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
6337:Journal of Psychopharmacology
6310:
5466:dextroamphetamine saccharate
4010:Gastrointestinal and urinary
2943:A 2018 systematic review and
2016:Transcription factor glossary
1703:medullary respiratory centers
1510:(hardening of the arteries),
1110:
756:athletic performance enhancer
466:Psychotropic Schedule II
24964:Wakefulness-promoting agents
24166:Adrenergic release blockers:
15926:. New York: United Nations.
15244:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002
14860:10.1016/0028-3908(74)90069-0
14766:10.1517/17425255.2013.796929
14120:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.043
13843:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.010
13165:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002715
13081:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.019
12970:10.1586/17512433.2014.909283
12745:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112
12681:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
12280:10.3109/00952990.2014.976708
11938:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840
11712:Nestler EJ (December 2012).
11331:Nestler EJ (December 2013).
10548:. Shire US Inc. 17 July 2019
9192:10.1212/CON.0000000000000492
9003:Schwartz JR, Roth T (2008).
8534:"The Cochrane Collaboration"
8304:10.1371/journal.pone.0116407
7148:. Shire US Inc. 17 July 2019
6800:National Drug Code Directory
5798:Food and Drug Administration
5794:Food and Drug Administration
5787:
4853:Related endogenous compounds
4351:Amphetamine#Pharmacokinetics
3955:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
3836:(high blood pressure in the
3655:Overdose symptoms by system
3215:conditioned place preference
3102:Tooltip medium spiny neurons
2965:cognitive behavioral therapy
2877:randomized controlled trials
2618:mesocorticolimbic projection
1843:
1833:conditioned place preference
1528:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
1494:in people with a history of
1488:Food and Drug Administration
1458:on external validation, low
1391:levels of perceived exertion
1067:mesocorticolimbic projection
1037:and impulsivity), enhancing
1034:Randomized controlled trials
841:. The risk of developing an
216:Mixed amphetamine salts; MAS
153:dextroamphetamine saccharate
7:
24314:monoamine neurotransmitters
21999:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
21363:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
20903:2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
20790:3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
20785:2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
18749:Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide
15815:"吃「聰明藥」反而變笨?小孩能吃嗎?利他能副作用公開"
13013:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
12786:The Journal of Neuroscience
12675:Whalley K (December 2014).
12543:Nestler EJ (January 2014).
12222:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001
11997:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
11769:Nestler EJ (October 2008).
11649:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
9871:Bracken NM (January 2012).
9582:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
9231:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001
8513:. Healthwise. 12 April 2010
6929:Montgomery KA (June 2008).
5596:lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
4133:of the dopamine neuron via
4117:. Once inside, it binds to
3753:Acute amphetamine psychosis
3663:Minor or moderate overdose
3616:
2872:for amphetamine addiction.
1701:Amphetamine stimulates the
1614:
1200:clinical practice guideline
922:, the latter of which is a
10:
24985:
22096:Monoamine releasing agents
22011:Norepinephrine transporter
20358:N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
18759:Lysergic acid diethylamide
15288:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007
14593:Taylor KB (January 1974).
14173:10.1016/j.tips.2013.07.005
13983:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001
13940:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.015
13825:Sulzer D (February 2011).
12086:Olsen CM (December 2011).
10950: • Amphetamine
10898:DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
9966:Clinics in Sports Medicine
9689:Twohey M (26 March 2006).
9305:"Mydayis medication guide"
9021:10.2174/157015908787386050
8844:Mignot EJ (October 2012).
8749:10.1016/j.conb.2013.04.013
7806:10.1177/108705470000300403
7463:Miller GM (January 2011).
6067:norepinephrine transporter
6007:The review indicated that
5998:) to open the ion channel.
5344:dextroamphetamine sulfate
4982:due to the results of the
4963:
4959:
4878:
4856:
4780:
4442:peak plasma concentrations
4344:
4319:norepinephrine transporter
4249:(TAAR1) and interact with
4245:(activating compounds) of
4182:
3621:
2852:in the nucleus accumbens;
2820:
2817:Pharmacological treatments
2504:by such psychostimulants,
2067:transcriptional regulation
1579:
1514:(increased eye pressure),
1474:
1428:
1246:
1127:-releasing neurons in the
1019:magnetic resonance imaging
974:
970:
766:, and recreationally as a
29:
24747:
24727:
24713:
24685:
24676:
24658:
24648:
24639:
24617:
24599:
24434:
24303:
24294:
24285:
24202:
24133:
24108:
24047:
23966:
23650:
23619:
23588:
23542:
23528:
23403:
23352:
22914:
22863:
22817:
22803:
22666:
22625:
22213:
22162:
22116:
22102:
21982:Monoamine releasing agent
21958:
21937:
21869:
21838:
21800:
21732:
21676:
21350:
21277:
21079:
21071:Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
21051:
20893:
20765:
20677:
20594:
19730:
19677:
19634:
19576:
19403:
19235:
19202:
19134:
19051:
18988:
18930:8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
18915:
18877:
18651:
18412:
18301:
18238:
18050:
17980:
17304:
16763:
16705:
16549:
16523:
16465:
16370:
16363:
16341:
16313:
16301:
16239:
16228:
15615:"Amphetamine Sulfate USP"
15086:10.1186/s40168-015-0076-7
13442:10.1007/s40263-013-0084-8
13299:Merck Manual Home Edition
11862:Nechifor M (March 2008).
11730:10.9758/cpn.2012.10.3.136
11607:10.1007/s12035-014-8776-8
10842:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010
10824:Vitiello B (April 2008).
10790:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010
10772:Vitiello B (April 2008).
10662:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.047
10324:10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6
10022:10.1007/s40279-013-0030-4
9978:10.1016/j.csm.2011.03.007
9908:Docherty JR (June 2008).
9149:10.1007/s11940-016-0429-y
9009:Current Neuropharmacology
8862:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9
8787:Journal of Sleep Research
8395:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002
7957:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5
7716:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.007
7389:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.003
7072:10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009
6931:"Sexual desire disorders"
6723:10.1007/978-3-030-92392-1
6493:10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6
6444:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010
6426:Vitiello B (April 2008).
6397:10.1007/s00213-006-0550-9
5981:ligand-gated ion channels
5530:
5465:
5404:
5343:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
4976:Kefauver Harris Amendment
3902:Elevated body temperature
3895:
3859:
3812:
3786:
3778:Sympathomimetic toxidrome
3721:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3572:Dependence and withdrawal
3539:
3510:
3453:
3406:
3341:
3309:
3270:
3266:Neurochemical plasticity
3240:
3211:
3183:
3154:
3132:
3084:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
2931:, dextroamphetamine, and
2823:Addiction § Research
2738:histone methyltransferase
2518:calcium-dependent pathway
2152:
2020:
2015:
1982:
1855:
1850:
1723:gastrointestinal motility
1646:, frequent erections, or
1622:side effects can include
1404:elevated body temperature
1223:Adderall is available as
1065:neurotransmission in the
685:
665:
645:
625:
605:
585:
565:
545:
520:
497:
492:
482:
474:
375:
370:
335:
320:
294:
282:
252:
238:
220:
212:
202:
197:
176:dextroamphetamine sulfate
174:
151:
128:
102:
97:
80:Top: racemic amphetamine
73:
64:
24949:Substituted amphetamines
24329:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
23501:Phthalimidopropiophenone
22774:Phthalimidopropiophenone
19395:Phthalimidopropiophenone
17649:(Dextromethamphetamine,
16275:Mixed amphetamine salts
16043:Hart B (27 March 2023).
15861:"Class A, B and C drugs"
14037:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00056
13792:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611
13221:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175
12387:Progress in Neurobiology
11202:10.1186/1471-244X-12-221
10948: – Sympathomimetic:
10914:"Rhinitis medicamentosa"
10458:10.1177/0269881113482532
10395:Southern Medical Journal
10129:10.3389/fphys.2015.00079
10074:10.3389/fnint.2013.00075
9838:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801
7900:10.1177/0269881113482532
7377:Biochemical Pharmacology
7318:10.1185/030079908X280707
6597:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801
6349:10.1177/0269881113482532
5968:necessary and sufficient
5815:
3806:(rapid muscle breakdown)
3735:Abnormally fast reflexes
3641:amphetamine use disorder
3605:, increased movement or
2724:substituted amphetamines
2680:necessary and sufficient
2493:. Following presynaptic
2043:– the process of making
1931:psychological dependence
1580:Part of this section is
1411:National Football League
1344:of college students use
1247:Part of this section is
1180:tuberomammillary nucleus
1081:. Psychostimulants like
1059:neurotransmitter systems
975:Part of this section is
24934:Pro-motivational agents
24464:-Dimethylphenethylamine
21754:Mixed amphetamine salts
20805:4-Methylmethylphenidate
20800:4-Fluoromethylphenidate
19909:β-Phenylmethamphetamine
19865:5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole
19800:4-Fluoromethamphetamine
19755:2-Fluoromethamphetamine
19360:Methylenedioxycathinone
18303:Phenylalkylpyrrolidines
18225:Methylenedioxycathinone
17902:3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine)
16692:Substituted amphetamine
16123:Smith J (15 May 2024).
15789:"Caught in the Dragnet"
15659:"Amphetamine Aspartate"
15590:"D-amphetamine sulfate"
15020:Nature Reviews Genetics
14813:10.1161/01.RES.32.5.594
13384:Stahl SM (March 2017).
13208:Frontiers in Psychiatry
12508:10.1073/pnas.0813179106
11128:"Amphetamine (PIM 934)"
10588:"Amphetamine (PIM 934)"
10116:Frontiers in Physiology
9738:10.1592/phco.26.10.1501
9646:Pharmacological Reviews
8551:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602188
8004:10.1196/annals.1441.031
6643:Stahl SM (March 2017).
6546:10.1517/14740338.3.2.93
5966:In simpler terms, this
5000:Duramed Pharmaceuticals
4153:) and cease transport.
3705:(bleeding in the brain)
3061:High fat or sugar food
2608:Biomolecular mechanisms
2567:substance use disorders
1839:Reinforcement disorders
1719:loss of bladder control
1233:double-bead formulation
1143:(ARAS), which includes
1008:
933:
930:million prescriptions.
24587:Ulotaront (SEP-363856)
24529:β-Methylphenethylamine
24524:4-Methylphenethylamine
24519:3-Methylphenethylamine
24514:2-Methylphenethylamine
21129:Dichloropane (RTI-111)
19934:3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
19904:β-Methylphenethylamine
19780:3-Fluoroethamphetamine
19765:2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
17227:β-Methylphenethylamine
17221:α-Methylphenethylamine
15998:. NBC. 6 February 2023
15359:www.accessdata.fda.gov
13900:10.1074/jbc.M112265200
13508:Collaborators (2015).
11787:10.1098/rstb.2008.0067
11591:Molecular Neurobiology
11095:10.1001/jama.2011.1830
10946:– Nasal decongestants:
10311:Harm Reduction Journal
9162:that disease. ...
7937:Archives of Toxicology
5022:Commercial formulation
4566:4-Hydroxyphenylacetone
4502:4-hydroxyphenylacetone
4465:dopamine β-hydroxylase
4311:monoamine transporters
4137:(GIRKs) and activates
4036:minimum effective dose
4026:Proton-pump inhibitors
3875:(inability to urinate)
3834:Pulmonary hypertension
3624:Amphetamine § Overdose
3128:Behavioral plasticity
3005:(DRD2) density in the
2953:contingency management
2862:Supplemental magnesium
2653:nuclear factor-kappa B
2620:, which arise through
2579:ventral tegmental area
2549:nuclear factor kappa B
2528:gene with the help of
2514:cAMP-dependent pathway
2506:postsynaptic receptors
1965:substance use disorder
1758:cardiovascular disease
1684:rhinitis medicamentosa
1500:cardiovascular disease
1490:(FDA), amphetamine is
1464:mental health disorder
1400:rapid muscle breakdown
1395:core temperature limit
1298:, and some aspects of
1207:) and is considered a
1176:ventral tegmental area
1052:substance use disorder
891:Central nervous system
803:rapid muscle breakdown
772:central nervous system
24509:MDMA (midomafetamine)
24435:Synthetic and natural
24364:-Methylphenethylamine
24234:Monoamine neurotoxins
23858:MDMA (midomafetamine)
23205:Dextromethamphetamine
23160:MDMA (midomafetamine)
22508:MDMA (midomafetamine)
22461:Dextromethamphetamine
22029:Serotonin transporter
21787:Serdexmethylphenidate
21244:Salicylmethylecgonine
20880:Serdexmethylphenidate
20604:3-Fluorophenmetrazine
20303:Dextromethamphetamine
20249:MDMA (midomafetamine)
19835:a-Ethylphenethylamine
19245:3-Fluoromethcathinone
18917:Adenosine antagonists
18418:(and close relatives)
17917:MDMA (midomafetamine)
17259:-Methylphenethylamine
17251:-Methylphenethylamine
17243:-Methylphenethylamine
17235:-Methylphenethylamine
16682:Recreational drug use
16625:Motivational salience
16620:-Methylphenethylamine
16567:Amphetamine psychosis
16536:4-Hydroxynorephedrine
16419:competitive inhibitor
16399:Tooltip messenger RNA
16072:. WebMD. 31 May 2023.
14974:10.1089/omi.2014.0018
14161:Trends Pharmacol. Sci
14024:Front. Syst. Neurosci
13934:(10): 1003–1019.e20.
13780:Expert Rev. Neurother
12361:on 19 September 2018.
11880:10.1684/mrh.2008.0124
11520:10.1085/jgp.201110659
11394:10.1056/NEJMra1511480
11247:Biological Psychiatry
11126:Heedes G, Ailakis J.
11013:10.1056/NEJMoa1110212
10586:Heedes G, Ailakis J.
9826:Postgraduate Medicine
9658:10.1124/pr.112.007054
9430:Biological Psychiatry
8969:Shneerson JM (2009).
7828:"The Top 300 of 2022"
6585:Postgraduate Medicine
6218:Transcription factors
6107:4-hydroxynorephedrine
6083:4-hydroxynorephedrine
6063:serotonin transporter
5032:aspartate monohydrate
5006:in 2008 during their
4946:-methylphenethylamine
4931:-methylphenethylamine
4903:-methylphenethylamine
4615:4-Hydroxynorephedrine
4531:4-hydroxynorephedrine
4496:4-hydroxynorephedrine
4323:serotonin transporter
3965:Inhibitors of enzymes
3930:core body temperature
3844:Respiratory alkalosis
3133:Escalation of intake
3038:behavioral plasticity
2973:psychodynamic therapy
2945:network meta-analysis
2939:Behavioral treatments
2821:Further information:
2794:induce the expression
2782:transcription factors
2770:behavioral plasticity
2630:transcription factors
2479:brain's reward center
1818:Amphetamine psychosis
1415:Major League Baseball
1330:recall of information
1270:Cognitive performance
1243:Enhancing performance
919:-methylphenethylamine
899:elimination half-life
24753:List of trace amines
24489:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
23237:Naphthylaminopropane
23119:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
22764:Naphthylaminopropane
22421:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
21993:Dopamine transporter
21938:Miscellaneous/others
21578:Naphthylaminopropane
21089:4-fluorotropacocaine
20175:5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
20170:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
20007:Dimethoxyamphetamine
19785:3-Methoxyamphetamine
19136:Arylcyclohexylamines
18935:8-Phenyltheophylline
18925:8-Chlorotheophylline
18582:N,N-Dimethyldopamine
18240:Phenylisobutylamines
17937:Naphthylaminopropane
17622:Isopropylamphetamine
17612:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
16531:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
16372:Biomolecular targets
16102:Pharma Manufacturing
15765:. The Korean Times.
14801:Circulation Research
13813:treatment algorithm.
11054:. 12 December 2011.
10749:Dexedrine ...
10627:10.4088/jcp.v65n1113
9926:10.1038/bjp.2008.124
9495:10.1162/jocn_a_00776
8100:10.4088/JCP.12r08287
7531:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
6871:on 21 September 2020
6103:4-hydroxyamphetamine
6099:4-hydroxyamphetamine
6079:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
6038:dopamine transporter
5806:controlled substance
5405:amphetamine sulfate
5057:Barr Pharmaceuticals
5012:Barr Pharmaceuticals
5004:Teva Pharmaceuticals
4811:pharmacomicrobiomics
4776:Pharmacomicrobiomics
4743:4-hydroxyamphetamine
4608:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
4527:4-hydroxyamphetamine
4490:4-hydroxyamphetamine
4315:dopamine transporter
4032:Zinc supplementation
3981:drugs (such as most
3928:(extremely elevated
3838:arteries of the lung
3709:Circulatory collapse
3454:Changes in striatal
2891:), anticonvulsants (
2686:and escalating drug
2684:reward sensitization
2672:medium spiny neurons
2059:transcription factor
1756:in individuals with
1644:erectile dysfunction
1636:Raynaud's phenomenon
1604:adverse side effects
1548:Raynaud's phenomenon
1486:(IPCS) and the U.S.
1367:anaerobic conditions
1353:Physical performance
1326:memory consolidation
1209:third-line treatment
1184:dorsal raphe nucleus
1159:nuclei that promote
1137:diagnostic biomarker
1129:lateral hypothalamus
1005:(a sleep disorder).
780:phenethylamine class
764:appetite suppressant
180:25% – stimulant
157:25% – stimulant
134:25% – stimulant
91:ball-and-stick model
24714:Neutral antagonists
24700:-Dimethylethylamine
24659:Neutral antagonists
24601:Neutral antagonists
24504:MDA (tenamfetamine)
24494:Isopropyloctopamine
23843:MDA (tenamfetamine)
23510:Levopropylhexedrine
23288:Phenylpropanolamine
23210:Levomethamphetamine
23150:MDA (tenamfetamine)
23044:Dimethylamphetamine
22855:Pseudophenmetrazine
22789:Levopropylhexedrine
22498:MDA (tenamfetamine)
22466:Levomethamphetamine
22356:Dimethylamphetamine
22154:Pseudophenmetrazine
21791:+dexmethylphenidate
20664:Pseudophenmetrazine
20476:Phenylpropanolamine
20396:-Norpseudoephedrine
20363:Naphthylamphetamine
20307:Levomethamphetamine
20234:MDA (tenamfetamine)
20076:Ethylnorepinephrine
20012:Dimethylamphetamine
19795:4-Fluoroamphetamine
19790:3-Methylamphetamine
19775:3-Fluoroamphetamine
19750:2-Fluoroamphetamine
19023:Levopropylhexedrine
18744:Lysergic acid amide
18490:Ethylnorepinephrine
18293:Phenylisobutylamine
17745:Phenylpropanolamine
17680:-Norpseudoephedrine
17651:Levomethamphetamine
17538:Dimethylamphetamine
16587:Executive functions
16425:Carbonic anhydrases
14552:Glennon RA (2013).
13893:(24): 21505–21513.
13386:"Amphetamine (D,L)"
13305:on 17 February 2007
12632:Nature Neuroscience
12499:2009PNAS..106.2915K
11781:(1507): 3245–3255.
10972:. 1 November 2011.
9788:10.2147/PRBM.S47013
8445:10.2147/PRBM.S49114
7949:2012ArTox..86.1167C
7543:2011NYASA1216...86E
6806:on 16 December 2013
6645:"Amphetamine (D,L)"
6216: (Text color)
6044:extracellular zinc
5899:grade point average
5833:racemic amphetamine
5732:Society and culture
5077:
4954:monoamine oxidase B
4935:phenylethanolamine
4821:orally administered
4765:into hippuric acid.
4473:butyrate-CoA ligase
4419:cerebrospinal fluid
4287:intracellular fluid
4265:will normally move
4229:, bind to the same
4179:Mechanism of action
4147:PKA phosphorylation
3959:hypertensive crisis
3921:low blood potassium
3883:No urine production
3703:Cerebral hemorrhage
3656:
3649:95% confidence
3505:synaptic plasticity
3187:self-administration
3158:cross-sensitization
3027:
3000:dopamine receptor D
2949:combination therapy
2887:), antipsychotics (
2866:self-administration
2688:self-administration
1915:physical dependence
1784:followed by mildly
1648:prolonged erections
1452:deviant personality
1383:reuptake inhibition
1377:), while improving
1308:dopamine receptor D
1304:indirect activation
852:reinforcing effects
130:amphetamine sulfate
61:
24398:Phenylethanolamine
21782:Dexmethylphenidate
20854:Dexmethylphenidate
20840:Isopropylphenidate
20795:4-Benzylpiperidine
20780:2-Benzylpiperidine
20185:Indanylamphetamine
19280:4-Methylpentedrone
19265:4-Methylbuphedrone
17200:Phenylethanolamine
16630:Incentive salience
16524:Active metabolites
16024:. 25 November 2022
15976:on 5 December 2005
15761:P. (25 May 2012).
15460:on 8 February 2014
15318:The New York Times
15138:(7): 11206–11215.
14917:The metabolism of
14498:"Compound Summary"
14472:"Compound Summary"
14446:"Compound Summary"
14254:10.1007/bf00426687
14241:Psychopharmacology
11868:Magnesium Research
10177:(Suppl 1): 65–78.
9044:midbrain. ...
7250:on 3 November 2013
6385:Psychopharmacology
6016:magnesium chloride
5957:of specific genes.
5075:
4939:-methyltransferase
4235:binding affinities
4231:biological targets
4159:PKA-phosphorylated
4155:PKC-phosphorylated
3987:serotonin syndrome
3936:Metabolic acidosis
3772:Serotonin syndrome
3713:circulatory system
3688:low blood pressure
3679:Abnormal heartbeat
3654:
3607:decreased movement
3603:increased appetite
3440:μ-opioid receptors
3434:μ-opioid receptors
3428:κ-opioid receptors
3423:μ-opioid receptors
3417:μ-opioid receptors
3347:dopamine signaling
3065:Sexual intercourse
3025:
2841:dopamine receptors
2837:experimental drugs
2807:dopaminergic drugs
2577:that connects the
2571:mesolimbic pathway
1895:drug sensitization
1632:vasovagal response
1524:allergic reactions
1296:inhibitory control
760:cognitive enhancer
46:
24790:
24789:
24785:
24771:
24755:
24743:
24742:
24735:3-Iodothyronamine
24672:
24671:
24635:
24634:
24627:EPPTB (RO5212773)
24595:
24594:
24356:3-Methoxytyramine
24351:3-Iodothyronamine
24242:
24241:
24237:
24129:
24128:
23524:
23523:
23306:Propylamphetamine
23130:Iofetamine (123I)
22977:Dextroamphetamine
22799:
22798:
22592:Propylamphetamine
22426:Iofetamine (123I)
22275:Dextroamphetamine
22062:
22061:
21762:Dextroamphetamine
21726:pharmacotherapies
21689:
21688:
21628:Rubidium chloride
21099:Altropane (IACFT)
21013:Indapyrophenidone
20835:Methylnaphthidate
20596:Phenylmorpholines
20516:Propylamphetamine
20395:
20207:
19996:
19884:Dextroamphetamine
19375:N-Ethylbuphedrone
19315:Dimethylcathinone
19270:4-Methylcathinone
19028:Methylhexaneamine
18837:
18836:
18178:N-Ethylpentedrone
18138:Dimethylcathinone
17760:Propylamphetamine
17503:Dextroamphetamine
17175:Methallylescaline
16723:
16722:
16519:
16518:
16364:Neuropharmacology
16359:
16358:
16315:Dextroamphetamine
15933:978-92-1-148223-2
15791:. 2 August 2002.
15712:. 25 April 2017.
15418:"APPROVAL LETTER"
15392:Health News Daily
15144:10.1002/jcb.28396
14854:(12): 1187–1190.
14848:Neuropharmacology
14382:on 2 October 2017
13520:(9963): 117–171.
13244:Physical Exercise
12923:10.1111/add.14755
12917:(12): 2122–2136.
12832:Neuropharmacology
12555:(Pt B): 259–268.
12549:Neuropharmacology
12092:Neuropharmacology
11089:(24): 2673–2683.
11007:(20): 1896–1904.
10621:(11): 1520–1524.
10184:10.1111/sms.12350
9880:NCAA Publications
9732:(10): 1501–1510.
9701:on 15 August 2007
9546:10.1111/add.12460
9091:10.5664/jcsm.9328
8850:Neurotherapeutics
8799:10.1111/jsr.13631
7710:(23): 7044–7048.
7704:Bioorg. Med. Chem
6839:10.1002/jps.24474
6732:978-3-030-92391-4
6438:(2): 459–74, xi.
6111:synaptic vesicles
5837:dextroamphetamine
5729:
5728:
5154:dextroamphetamine
5123:(30 mg dose)
5030:) of amphetamine
4838:from a strain of
4772:
4771:
4475:(XM-ligase), and
4295:synaptic vesicles
4285:, etc.) from the
4223:dextroamphetamine
4192:neurotransmitters
4172:
4171:
3944:
3943:
3873:Urinary retention
3868:Painful urination
3697:Cardiogenic shock
3569:
3568:
3547:nucleus accumbens
3517:nucleus accumbens
3502:Mesocorticolimbic
3407:Altered striatal
3318:nucleus accumbens
3285:nucleus accumbens
3091:nucleus accumbens
3070:Physical exercise
3058:Psychostimulants
3050:
2799:sexual addictions
2676:nucleus accumbens
2583:nucleus accumbens
2558:
2557:
2510:neurotransmitters
2195:nucleus accumbens
2191:Signaling cascade
2181:
2180:
2011:
2010:
1900:reverse tolerance
1711:bladder sphincter
1688:seizure threshold
1564:Tourette syndrome
1482:According to the
1470:Contraindications
1437:recreational drug
1322:prefrontal cortex
1276:systematic review
1227:(IR) tablets and
1225:immediate-release
1101:Tourette syndrome
1079:prefrontal cortex
1048:follow-up studies
924:positional isomer
903:active ingredient
864:neurotransmitters
856:therapeutic doses
799:cognitive control
728:dextroamphetamine
697:
696:
463:
448:
436:
424:
412:
401:
394:(Controlled drug)
389:
265:
53:dextroamphetamine
16:(Redirected from
24976:
24939:Racemic mixtures
24831:
24830:
24819:
24818:
24817:
24807:
24806:
24805:
24798:
24776:
24761:
24750:
24728:Inverse agonists
24683:
24682:
24646:
24645:
24619:Inverse agonists
24301:
24300:
24292:
24291:
24269:
24262:
24255:
24246:
24245:
24204:
24156:Antagonist-like:
23828:Levofenfluramine
23738:Chlorphentermine
23655:Phenethylamines:
23627:4-Methylaminorex
23540:
23539:
23536:
23532:
23491:Methylhexanamine
23322:
23278:Phenpromethamine
23135:Lisdexamfetamine
22919:Phenethylamines:
22815:
22814:
22811:
22807:
22759:Methylhexanamine
22582:Phenpromethamine
22431:Lisdexamfetamine
22218:Phenethylamines:
22114:
22113:
22110:
22106:
22089:
22082:
22075:
22066:
22065:
21959:Related articles
21805:
21766:Lisdexamfetamine
21740:
21736:
21725:
21716:
21709:
21702:
21693:
21692:
21109:CFT (WIN 35,428)
21094:4'-Fluorococaine
20958:Diphenylprolinol
20825:Ethylnaphthidate
20820:Diphenylpyraline
20456:Phenpromethamine
20393:
20328:Methoxyphenamine
20318:Methoxyphenamine
20219:Lisdexamfetamine
20205:
20119:Levofenfluramine
19994:
19954:Chlorphentermine
19687:4-Methylaminorex
19380:N-Ethylhexedrone
18864:
18857:
18850:
18841:
18840:
18543:
18535:
18526:
18517:
18458:
18419:
18173:N-Ethylhexedrone
18153:Hydroxybupropion
17993:Chlorphentermine
17970:
17679:
17657:Methoxyphenamine
17632:Lisdexamfetamine
17576:Levofenfluramine
17216:Phenpromethamine
16750:
16743:
16736:
16727:
16726:
16713:
16712:
16550:Related articles
16456:enzyme activator
16400:
16396:
16368:
16367:
16343:Lisdexamfetamine
16286:Adderall XR
16261:Dyanavel XR
16256:
16237:
16236:
16215:
16208:
16201:
16192:
16191:
16187:
16166:
16165:
16163:
16161:
16146:
16140:
16139:
16137:
16135:
16120:
16114:
16113:
16111:
16109:
16094:
16088:
16087:
16080:
16074:
16073:
16066:
16060:
16059:
16057:
16055:
16040:
16034:
16033:
16031:
16029:
16014:
16008:
16007:
16005:
16003:
15992:
15986:
15985:
15983:
15981:
15975:
15968:
15959:
15953:
15952:
15950:
15948:
15942:
15925:
15914:
15908:
15907:
15905:
15903:
15883:
15877:
15876:
15874:
15872:
15867:on 4 August 2007
15857:
15851:
15850:
15848:
15846:
15840:
15833:
15825:
15819:
15818:
15811:
15805:
15804:
15802:
15800:
15785:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15774:
15758:
15752:
15751:
15749:
15747:
15732:
15726:
15725:
15723:
15721:
15706:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15695:
15685:
15677:
15671:
15670:
15668:
15666:
15655:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15644:
15633:
15627:
15626:
15624:
15622:
15611:
15602:
15601:
15599:
15597:
15586:
15577:
15576:
15574:
15572:
15561:
15552:
15551:
15549:
15547:
15536:
15530:
15529:
15527:
15525:
15506:
15500:
15499:
15497:
15495:
15480:
15474:
15473:
15467:
15465:
15450:
15444:
15443:
15441:
15439:
15433:
15422:
15414:
15408:
15407:
15405:
15403:
15384:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15367:
15356:
15348:
15342:
15341:
15339:
15337:
15309:
15300:
15299:
15271:
15256:
15255:
15227:
15218:
15217:
15189:
15174:
15173:
15126:
15113:
15112:
15098:
15088:
15064:
15058:
15057:
15043:
15011:
15000:
14999:
14985:
14953:
14936:
14935:
14896:
14890:
14889:
14843:
14837:
14836:
14796:
14790:
14789:
14760:(9): 1139–1153.
14748:
14739:
14738:
14724:
14692:
14681:
14680:
14671:(3): 1251–1260.
14660:
14654:
14653:
14632:
14630:
14617:
14599:
14590:
14584:
14583:
14549:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14535:
14520:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14494:
14488:
14487:
14485:
14483:
14468:
14462:
14461:
14459:
14457:
14442:
14436:
14435:
14407:
14396:
14395:
14389:
14387:
14369:
14354:
14353:
14336:
14330:
14329:
14327:
14325:
14315:
14307:
14274:
14273:
14235:
14229:
14228:
14226:
14224:
14213:PubChem Compound
14205:
14199:
14198:
14184:
14152:
14146:
14145:
14131:
14099:
14093:
14092:
14087:
14085:
14070:
14064:
14063:
14049:
14039:
14015:
14009:
14008:
13994:
13962:
13956:
13955:
13923:
13917:
13916:
13902:
13878:
13869:
13868:
13854:
13822:
13816:
13815:
13775:
13769:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13758:
13747:
13739:
13728:
13723:
13713:
13681:
13672:
13671:
13669:
13667:
13661:
13650:
13642:
13627:
13626:
13608:
13602:
13601:
13565:
13559:
13558:
13545:
13505:
13499:
13498:
13480:
13467:
13466:
13444:
13420:
13411:
13410:
13408:
13406:
13381:
13375:
13374:
13360:
13328:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13291:
13285:
13284:
13256:
13250:
13249:
13233:
13223:
13199:
13188:
13187:
13177:
13167:
13158:(12): e1002715.
13143:
13134:
13133:
13115:
13106:
13105:
13092:
13060:
13051:
13050:
13036:
13004:
12995:
12994:
12981:
12949:
12943:
12942:
12906:
12893:
12892:
12870:
12864:
12863:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12809:
12792:(8): 3434–3442.
12777:
12771:
12770:
12756:
12724:
12715:
12714:
12696:
12672:
12666:
12665:
12655:
12623:
12617:
12616:
12592:
12583:
12582:
12572:
12540:
12531:
12530:
12520:
12510:
12493:(8): 2915–2920.
12478:
12472:
12471:
12469:
12467:
12452:
12446:
12445:
12427:
12421:
12420:
12410:
12378:
12363:
12362:
12360:
12354:. Archived from
12321:
12312:
12306:
12305:
12291:
12259:
12248:
12247:
12233:
12201:
12190:
12189:
12175:
12158:(8): 1622–1644.
12143:
12130:
12129:
12115:
12098:(7): 1109–1122.
12083:
12034:
12033:
12020:
11988:
11961:
11960:
11921:
11906:
11905:
11899:
11891:
11859:
11842:
11841:
11839:
11837:
11822:
11816:
11815:
11812:
11798:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11756:
11741:
11709:
11698:
11693:
11691:gene repression.
11690:
11686:
11672:
11640:
11629:
11628:
11618:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11569:
11567:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11531:
11499:
11493:
11488:
11485:
11481:
11466:
11434:
11423:
11422:
11405:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11352:
11328:
11313:
11312:
11294:
11285:
11284:
11270:
11238:
11229:
11228:
11214:
11204:
11180:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11123:
11117:
11116:
11106:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11044:
11035:
11034:
11024:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10962:
10953:
10952:
10941:
10939:
10918:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10892:
10890:
10875:
10864:
10863:
10853:
10821:
10812:
10811:
10801:
10769:
10760:
10759:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10610:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10583:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10553:
10538:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10495:
10484:
10483:
10469:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10390:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10374:on 12 March 2013
10364:
10355:
10354:
10344:
10326:
10302:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10271:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10218:
10209:
10208:
10186:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10141:
10131:
10107:
10101:
10100:
10086:
10076:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10005:
9994:
9993:
9961:
9948:
9947:
9937:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9888:
9877:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9800:
9790:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9749:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9697:. Archived from
9686:
9680:
9679:
9669:
9637:
9626:
9625:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9557:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9489:(6): 1069–1089.
9474:
9468:
9467:
9453:
9421:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9398:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9330:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9309:
9301:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9281:
9270:
9262:
9247:
9246:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9132:
9117:
9116:
9102:
9085:(9): 1881–1893.
9070:
9055:
9054:
9032:
9000:
8991:
8990:
8988:cerebral cortex.
8966:
8960:
8959:
8937:
8926:
8925:
8903:
8894:
8893:
8873:
8841:
8820:
8819:
8782:
8771:
8770:
8760:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8711:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8662:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8613:
8581:
8572:
8571:
8553:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8457:
8447:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8406:
8374:
8365:
8364:
8346:
8335:
8330:
8316:
8306:
8282:
8267:
8266:
8245:
8234:
8233:
8193:
8178:
8177:
8155:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8111:
8079:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8015:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7943:(8): 1167–1231.
7932:
7926:
7925:
7911:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7789:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7747:
7738:
7737:
7727:
7695:
7680:
7679:
7661:
7612:
7611:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7562:
7522:
7503:
7502:
7492:
7460:
7429:
7428:
7410:
7401:
7400:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7312:(5): 1345–1357.
7301:
7292:
7291:
7269:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7249:
7238:
7229:
7220:
7219:
7199:
7167:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7138:
7101:
7100:
7055:
7042:
7041:
7017:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6974:
6961:
6960:
6950:
6926:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6895:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6833:(9): 3170–3182.
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6792:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6708:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6684:nctr-crs.fda.gov
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6640:
6625:
6624:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6512:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6380:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6328:
6304:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6221:
6215:
6209:linked receptors
6202:
6193:
6188:
6171:
6162:/ molecular mass
6156:
6150:
6145:/ molecular mass
6139:
6133:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5977:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5906:
5887:
5881:
5866:
5860:
5826:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5097:amphetamine base
5093:amphetamine base
5078:
5074:
5045:
4951:
4947:
4932:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4876:
4857:This section is
4836:tyramine oxidase
4815:Similar to most
4795:human microbiome
4791:human metagenome
4764:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4545:
4532:
4528:
4523:sympathomimetics
4504:
4498:
4492:
4481:-acyltransferase
4455:
4439:
4436: hours and
4435:
4408:
4364:
4345:This section is
4341:Pharmacokinetics
4304:
4264:
4256:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4143:protein kinase C
4139:protein kinase A
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4048:
3909:(dilated pupils)
3739:Severe agitation
3666:Severe overdose
3657:
3653:
3646:
3635:convulsions and
3588:
3548:
3518:
3409:opioid signaling
3319:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3103:
3099:
3048:
3028:
3024:
3016:immunoreactivity
3014:
2992:aerobic exercise
2984:marathon running
2969:12-step programs
2848:
2726:, among others.
2575:dopamine pathway
2542:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2261:
2254:
2252:Nuclear membrane
2247:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2143:response element
2013:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1924:delirium tremens
1848:
1847:
1812:, repetitive or
1772:, apprehension,
1609:Recreational use
1599:
1536:bipolar disorder
1532:anorexia nervosa
1508:arteriosclerosis
1343:
1282:of high quality
1266:
1229:extended-release
994:
960:
946:
929:
921:
896:
835:loss of appetite
726:amphetamine and
714:containing four
712:combination drug
693:
692:
678:
658:
638:
618:
598:
578:
558:
538:
528:
527:
510:
461:
458:
453:
446:
443:
434:
431:
423:
420:
411:
408:
400:
397:
387:
384:
362:
352:
328:
275:
264:
261:
248:
234:
192:
191:
187:
169:
168:
164:
146:
145:
141:
123:
122:
118:
78:
69:
62:
60:
45:
21:
24984:
24983:
24979:
24978:
24977:
24975:
24974:
24973:
24959:VMAT inhibitors
24929:Phenethylamines
24854:5-HT1A agonists
24839:
24838:
24837:
24825:
24815:
24813:
24803:
24801:
24793:
24791:
24786:
24774:
24772:
24770:for references.
24758:
24756:
24739:
24723:
24709:
24668:
24654:
24631:
24613:
24591:
24562:Propylhexedrine
24544:Norfenfluramine
24534:Methamphetamine
24430:
24372:-Methyltyramine
24281:
24273:
24243:
24238:
24198:
24141:DAT modulators:
24125:
24104:
24043:
23962:
23918:Norfenfluramine
23763:Dexfenfluramine
23646:
23615:
23593:Aminotetralins:
23584:
23534:
23520:
23506:Propylhexedrine
23399:
23348:
23320:
23311:Pseudoephedrine
23200:Methamphetamine
22982:Levoamphetamine
22910:
22859:
22845:Phendimetrazine
22809:
22795:
22784:Propylhexedrine
22779:Phenylbiguanide
22662:
22621:
22597:Pseudoephedrine
22456:Methamphetamine
22280:Levoamphetamine
22209:
22158:
22144:Phendimetrazine
22108:
22098:
22093:
22063:
22058:
21954:
21933:
21871:Antidepressants
21865:
21846:
21843:
21834:
21802:
21796:
21777:Methylphenidate
21772:Methamphetamine
21758:Levoamphetamine
21738:
21728:
21720:
21690:
21685:
21672:
21573:Methiopropamine
21346:
21273:
21199:RTI-121 (IPCIT)
21075:
21066:Phenylpiracetam
21047:
20889:
20875:Propylphenidate
20850:Methylphenidate
20810:Desoxypipradrol
20761:
20673:
20649:Phendimetrazine
20590:
20566:Tranylcypromine
20521:Pseudoephedrine
20388:Normetanephrine
20383:Norfenfluramine
20299:Methamphetamine
20115:Dexfenfluramine
19888:Levoamphetamine
19870:2-Aminotetralin
19732:Phenethylamines
19726:
19673:
19630:
19572:
19399:
19340:Isoethcathinone
19231:
19198:
19130:
19047:
19038:Propylhexedrine
18984:
18911:
18873:
18868:
18838:
18833:
18769:Methoxphenidine
18647:
18612:Normetanephrine
18541:
18533:
18524:
18515:
18456:
18417:
18416:
18408:
18297:
18288:
18234:
18195:
18046:
18037:
18025:
17976:
17968:
17944:
17792:
17780:Tranylcypromine
17765:Pseudoephedrine
17677:
17672:Norfenfluramine
17647:Methamphetamine
17572:Dexfenfluramine
17507:Levoamphetamine
17454:
17352:Bromo-DragonFLY
17300:
17286:
17264:Methylphenidate
17195:
16765:Phenethylamines
16759:
16757:Phenethylamines
16754:
16724:
16719:
16701:
16612:Methylphenidate
16607:Methamphetamine
16582:Doping in sport
16562:ADHD management
16545:
16515:
16461:
16405:5-HT1A receptor
16398:
16355:
16337:
16309:
16303:Levoamphetamine
16297:
16271:Evekeo ODT
16254:
16249:Adzenys ER
16233:pharmaceuticals
16232:
16230:
16224:
16219:
16178:
16175:
16170:
16169:
16159:
16157:
16148:
16147:
16143:
16133:
16131:
16121:
16117:
16107:
16105:
16096:
16095:
16091:
16082:
16081:
16077:
16068:
16067:
16063:
16053:
16051:
16041:
16037:
16027:
16025:
16016:
16015:
16011:
16001:
15999:
15994:
15993:
15989:
15979:
15977:
15973:
15966:
15960:
15956:
15946:
15944:
15940:
15934:
15923:
15915:
15911:
15901:
15899:
15898:on 5 March 2013
15884:
15880:
15870:
15868:
15859:
15858:
15854:
15844:
15842:
15841:on 8 March 2014
15838:
15831:
15827:
15826:
15822:
15817:. 28 June 2023.
15813:
15812:
15808:
15798:
15796:
15787:
15786:
15782:
15772:
15770:
15759:
15755:
15745:
15743:
15734:
15733:
15729:
15719:
15717:
15708:
15707:
15703:
15693:
15691:
15683:
15679:
15678:
15674:
15664:
15662:
15657:
15656:
15652:
15642:
15640:
15635:
15634:
15630:
15620:
15618:
15613:
15612:
15605:
15595:
15593:
15588:
15587:
15580:
15570:
15568:
15563:
15562:
15555:
15545:
15543:
15538:
15537:
15533:
15523:
15521:
15520:on 9 April 2009
15514:Forbes Magazine
15508:
15507:
15503:
15493:
15491:
15482:
15481:
15477:
15463:
15461:
15452:
15451:
15447:
15437:
15435:
15431:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15411:
15401:
15399:
15386:
15385:
15381:
15371:
15369:
15365:
15354:
15350:
15349:
15345:
15335:
15333:
15310:
15303:
15272:
15259:
15228:
15221:
15190:
15177:
15127:
15116:
15065:
15061:
15032:10.1038/nrg3182
15012:
15003:
14954:
14939:
14897:
14893:
14885:
14844:
14840:
14797:
14793:
14749:
14742:
14693:
14684:
14661:
14657:
14628:
14626:
14597:
14591:
14587:
14568:
14550:
14543:
14533:
14531:
14522:
14521:
14517:
14507:
14505:
14496:
14495:
14491:
14481:
14479:
14470:
14469:
14465:
14455:
14453:
14444:
14443:
14439:
14408:
14399:
14385:
14383:
14371:
14370:
14357:
14337:
14333:
14323:
14321:
14313:
14309:
14308:
14277:
14236:
14232:
14222:
14220:
14207:
14206:
14202:
14153:
14149:
14100:
14096:
14083:
14081:
14072:
14071:
14067:
14016:
14012:
13963:
13959:
13924:
13920:
13879:
13872:
13823:
13819:
13776:
13772:
13762:
13760:
13756:
13745:
13741:
13740:
13731:
13724:
13682:
13675:
13665:
13663:
13659:
13648:
13644:
13643:
13630:
13623:
13609:
13605:
13566:
13562:
13506:
13502:
13495:
13481:
13470:
13421:
13414:
13404:
13402:
13400:
13382:
13378:
13343:(2): CD003021.
13329:
13318:
13308:
13306:
13293:
13292:
13288:
13267:(9): CD009695.
13257:
13253:
13245:
13200:
13191:
13144:
13137:
13130:
13116:
13109:
13061:
13054:
13005:
12998:
12950:
12946:
12907:
12896:
12885:
12871:
12867:
12827:
12823:
12778:
12774:
12725:
12718:
12694:10.1038/nrn3869
12687:(12): 768–769.
12673:
12669:
12644:10.1038/nn.3354
12624:
12620:
12593:
12586:
12541:
12534:
12479:
12475:
12465:
12463:
12453:
12449:
12442:
12428:
12424:
12379:
12366:
12358:
12319:
12313:
12309:
12260:
12251:
12202:
12193:
12144:
12133:
12084:
12037:
12009:10.1038/nrn3111
12003:(11): 623–637.
11989:
11964:
11922:
11909:
11893:
11892:
11860:
11845:
11835:
11833:
11823:
11819:
11810:
11767:
11763:
11754:
11710:
11701:
11694:
11688:
11684:
11661:10.1038/nrn3111
11655:(11): 623–637.
11641:
11632:
11583:
11579:
11565:
11563:
11553:
11549:
11500:
11496:
11489:
11483:
11479:
11435:
11426:
11418:
11374:
11370:
11329:
11316:
11309:
11295:
11288:
11253:(10): 900–904.
11239:
11232:
11181:
11174:
11164:
11162:
11151:
11147:
11137:
11135:
11124:
11120:
11075:
11071:
11061:
11059:
11046:
11045:
11038:
10993:
10989:
10979:
10977:
10964:
10963:
10956:
10949:
10947:
10945:
10937:
10935:
10916:
10910:
10906:
10899:
10897:
10888:
10886:
10877:
10876:
10867:
10822:
10815:
10770:
10763:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10728:
10724:
10681:
10677:
10646:
10642:
10611:
10607:
10597:
10595:
10584:
10561:
10551:
10549:
10540:
10539:
10518:
10508:
10506:
10497:
10496:
10487:
10438:
10434:
10391:
10387:
10377:
10375:
10366:
10365:
10358:
10303:
10294:
10284:
10282:
10273:
10272:
10268:
10258:
10256:
10247:
10246:
10242:
10232:
10230:
10219:
10212:
10163:
10159:
10108:
10104:
10053:
10049:
10010:Sports Medicine
10006:
9997:
9962:
9951:
9906:
9902:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9875:
9869:
9865:
9822:
9818:
9767:
9763:
9726:Pharmacotherapy
9718:
9714:
9704:
9702:
9687:
9683:
9638:
9629:
9619:
9605:
9601:
9578:
9574:
9526:
9522:
9475:
9471:
9436:(11): 940–950.
9422:
9415:
9405:
9403:
9396:
9392:
9391:
9387:
9377:
9375:
9362:
9361:
9357:
9347:
9345:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9317:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9295:
9285:
9283:
9279:
9268:
9264:
9263:
9250:
9215:
9211:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9163:
9133:
9120:
9071:
9058:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9001:
8994:
8983:
8967:
8963:
8952:
8938:
8929:
8918:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8842:
8823:
8816:
8815:2014). ...
8813:
8783:
8774:
8729:
8725:
8694:(6): CD007990.
8680:
8676:
8645:(2): CD009996.
8631:
8627:
8596:(8): CD007813.
8582:
8575:
8530:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8493:
8479:
8475:
8424:
8420:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8347:
8338:
8331:
8297:(2): e0116407.
8283:
8270:
8260:
8246:
8237:
8194:
8181:
8132:
8125:
8080:
8073:
8044:JAMA Psychiatry
8036:
8029:
7984:
7980:
7933:
7929:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7839:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7790:
7783:
7773:
7771:
7764:
7748:
7741:
7696:
7683:
7676:
7662:
7615:
7584:
7580:
7523:
7506:
7461:
7432:
7425:
7411:
7404:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7348:
7344:
7302:
7295:
7284:
7270:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7236:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7182:(1): CD003026.
7168:
7161:
7151:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7104:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7056:
7045:
7038:
7032:
7018:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6976:
6975:
6964:
6927:
6920:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6794:
6793:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6761:. Questex LLC.
6751:
6744:
6733:
6709:
6702:
6692:
6690:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6641:
6628:
6581:
6577:
6530:
6526:
6473:
6469:
6424:
6420:
6381:
6374:
6329:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6230:
6228:Reference notes
6225:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6211:
6200:
6198:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6174:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6054:dopamine efflux
6035:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5961:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5867:
5863:
5845:levoamphetamine
5827:
5823:
5818:
5790:
5739:
5734:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5673:base suspension
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:in equal doses
5098:
5094:
5090:
5069:
5024:
4968:
4962:
4942:
4927:
4921:
4913:L-phenylalanine
4911:
4906:, a structural
4898:
4883:
4877:
4866:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4803:pharmacokinetic
4799:drug metabolism
4786:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4530:
4526:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4453:
4437:
4433:
4411:plasma proteins
4406:
4383:
4369:bioavailability
4365:
4354:
4343:
4327:internalization
4289:of a monoamine
4227:levoamphetamine
4188:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4055:
4045:
4034:may reduce the
3997:antidepressants
3983:antidepressants
3951:
3946:
3945:
3851:
3846:(reduced blood
3828:Pulmonary edema
3820:Rapid breathing
3788:Musculoskeletal
3724:
3723:Central nervous
3644:
3627:
3619:
3586:
3574:
3546:
3544:
3541:Dendritic spine
3516:
3464:
3456:opioid peptides
3425:
3414:
3317:
3315:
3284:
3282:
3280:phosphorylation
3276:
3213:
3212:Psychostimulant
3185:
3184:Psychostimulant
3156:
3155:Psychostimulant
3101:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3035:
3033:neuroplasticity
3010:
3003:
2988:adjunct therapy
2941:
2858:calcium channel
2844:
2829:pharmacotherapy
2825:
2819:
2790:natural rewards
2704:methylphenidate
2622:transcriptional
2614:gene expression
2610:
2602:adjunct therapy
2587:self-administer
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2487:methamphetamine
2476:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2259:Plasma membrane
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2198:
2177:
2025:gene expression
2007:
1907:drug withdrawal
1865:biopsychosocial
1846:
1841:
1778:self-confidence
1766:
1754:contraindicated
1709:in the urinary
1617:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1576:Adverse effects
1573:
1572:
1516:hyperthyroidism
1492:contraindicated
1480:
1472:
1433:
1427:
1363:muscle strength
1355:
1341:
1318:
1311:
1292:episodic memory
1284:clinical trials
1272:
1267:
1256:
1245:
1221:
1219:Available forms
1213:hypersomnolence
1172:locus coeruleus
1121:sleep paralysis
1113:
1083:methylphenidate
1075:locus coeruleus
1039:quality of life
1023:caudate nucleus
1015:dopamine system
1011:
995:
984:
973:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
961:
952:
951:
950:
947:
936:
927:
914:
909:, particularly
797:, and improved
744:effects profile
732:levoamphetamine
688:
686:
681:
661:
641:
621:
601:
581:
561:
541:
524:
516:
484:Bioavailability
476:Pharmacokinetic
470:
451:
366:
297:
290:Moderate – high
285:
278:
183:
181:
160:
158:
137:
135:
114:
112:
93:
84:
55:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
24982:
24972:
24971:
24966:
24961:
24956:
24954:TAAR1 agonists
24951:
24946:
24941:
24936:
24931:
24926:
24921:
24916:
24911:
24906:
24901:
24899:Ergogenic aids
24896:
24891:
24886:
24881:
24876:
24871:
24866:
24861:
24856:
24851:
24836:
24835:
24823:
24811:
24788:
24787:
24760:
24749:
24748:
24745:
24744:
24741:
24740:
24738:
24737:
24731:
24729:
24725:
24724:
24722:
24721:
24717:
24715:
24711:
24710:
24708:
24707:
24705:Trimethylamine
24702:
24689:
24687:
24680:
24674:
24673:
24670:
24669:
24667:
24666:
24662:
24660:
24656:
24655:
24652:
24650:
24643:
24637:
24636:
24633:
24632:
24630:
24629:
24623:
24621:
24615:
24614:
24612:
24611:
24605:
24603:
24597:
24596:
24593:
24592:
24590:
24589:
24584:
24579:
24574:
24569:
24564:
24559:
24551:
24546:
24541:
24536:
24531:
24526:
24521:
24516:
24511:
24506:
24501:
24496:
24491:
24486:
24481:
24476:
24471:
24466:
24454:
24449:
24444:
24438:
24436:
24432:
24431:
24429:
24428:
24427:
24426:
24418:
24410:
24405:
24400:
24395:
24393:Phenethylamine
24390:
24382:
24374:
24366:
24358:
24353:
24343:
24342:
24341:
24336:
24331:
24326:
24321:
24309:
24307:
24298:
24289:
24283:
24282:
24272:
24271:
24264:
24257:
24249:
24240:
24239:
24203:
24200:
24199:
24197:
24196:
24191:
24186:
24181:
24176:
24171:
24162:
24161:
24149:
24137:
24135:
24131:
24130:
24127:
24126:
24124:
24123:
24118:
24109:
24106:
24105:
24103:
24102:
24097:
24092:
24087:
24082:
24077:
24072:
24067:
24062:
24057:
24048:
24045:
24044:
24042:
24041:
24036:
24031:
24026:
24021:
24016:
24011:
24006:
24001:
23996:
23991:
23986:
23981:
23976:
23967:
23964:
23963:
23961:
23960:
23955:
23950:
23945:
23940:
23935:
23930:
23925:
23920:
23915:
23910:
23905:
23900:
23895:
23890:
23885:
23880:
23875:
23870:
23865:
23860:
23855:
23850:
23845:
23840:
23835:
23830:
23825:
23820:
23815:
23810:
23805:
23800:
23795:
23790:
23785:
23780:
23775:
23770:
23765:
23760:
23755:
23753:Metamfepramone
23750:
23745:
23740:
23735:
23730:
23725:
23720:
23715:
23710:
23705:
23700:
23695:
23690:
23685:
23680:
23675:
23670:
23665:
23660:
23651:
23648:
23647:
23645:
23644:
23639:
23634:
23629:
23620:
23617:
23616:
23614:
23613:
23608:
23603:
23598:
23589:
23586:
23585:
23583:
23582:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23543:
23537:
23526:
23525:
23522:
23521:
23519:
23518:
23516:Tuaminoheptane
23513:
23503:
23498:
23493:
23488:
23483:
23478:
23473:
23468:
23463:
23458:
23453:
23448:
23446:Cyclopentamine
23443:
23438:
23433:
23428:
23423:
23418:
23413:
23404:
23401:
23400:
23398:
23397:
23392:
23387:
23382:
23377:
23372:
23367:
23362:
23353:
23350:
23349:
23347:
23346:
23341:
23336:
23331:
23326:
23313:
23308:
23303:
23298:
23290:
23285:
23280:
23275:
23270:
23268:Phenethylamine
23265:
23260:
23252:
23244:
23239:
23234:
23229:
23224:
23219:
23214:
23213:
23212:
23207:
23197:
23192:
23187:
23182:
23177:
23172:
23167:
23165:Metamfepramone
23162:
23157:
23152:
23147:
23142:
23137:
23132:
23127:
23121:
23116:
23111:
23106:
23101:
23096:
23091:
23086:
23081:
23079:Etilamfetamine
23076:
23071:
23066:
23061:
23056:
23051:
23046:
23041:
23036:
23031:
23026:
23021:
23016:
23011:
23006:
23001:
22996:
22991:
22986:
22985:
22984:
22979:
22969:
22964:
22959:
22954:
22949:
22944:
22939:
22934:
22929:
22924:
22915:
22912:
22911:
22909:
22908:
22903:
22898:
22893:
22888:
22883:
22878:
22873:
22864:
22861:
22860:
22858:
22857:
22852:
22847:
22842:
22837:
22832:
22827:
22818:
22812:
22801:
22800:
22797:
22796:
22794:
22793:
22792:
22791:
22781:
22776:
22771:
22766:
22761:
22756:
22751:
22746:
22741:
22736:
22731:
22726:
22721:
22716:
22714:Cyclopentamine
22711:
22706:
22701:
22696:
22691:
22686:
22681:
22676:
22667:
22664:
22663:
22661:
22660:
22655:
22650:
22645:
22640:
22635:
22626:
22623:
22622:
22620:
22619:
22614:
22609:
22604:
22599:
22594:
22589:
22584:
22579:
22574:
22572:Phenethylamine
22569:
22564:
22556:
22548:
22540:
22535:
22530:
22525:
22520:
22515:
22510:
22505:
22500:
22495:
22490:
22485:
22480:
22475:
22470:
22469:
22468:
22463:
22453:
22451:Metamfepramone
22448:
22443:
22438:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22418:
22413:
22408:
22403:
22398:
22393:
22388:
22383:
22381:Etilamfetamine
22378:
22373:
22368:
22363:
22358:
22353:
22348:
22343:
22338:
22333:
22328:
22323:
22318:
22313:
22308:
22303:
22298:
22293:
22288:
22283:
22277:
22268:
22263:
22258:
22253:
22248:
22243:
22238:
22233:
22228:
22223:
22214:
22211:
22210:
22208:
22207:
22202:
22197:
22192:
22187:
22182:
22177:
22172:
22163:
22160:
22159:
22157:
22156:
22151:
22146:
22141:
22136:
22131:
22126:
22117:
22111:
22100:
22099:
22092:
22091:
22084:
22077:
22069:
22060:
22059:
22057:
22056:
22050:
22044:
22038:
22032:
22026:
22020:
22014:
22008:
22005:Norepinephrine
22002:
21996:
21990:
21984:
21979:
21974:
21969:
21962:
21960:
21956:
21955:
21953:
21952:
21947:
21941:
21939:
21935:
21934:
21932:
21931:
21926:
21921:
21916:
21911:
21906:
21901:
21896:
21891:
21886:
21881:
21875:
21873:
21867:
21866:
21864:
21863:
21858:
21852:
21850:
21841:
21836:
21835:
21833:
21832:
21827:
21822:
21817:
21811:
21809:
21798:
21797:
21795:
21794:
21784:
21779:
21774:
21769:
21746:
21744:
21730:
21729:
21719:
21718:
21711:
21704:
21696:
21687:
21686:
21677:
21674:
21673:
21671:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21610:
21605:
21600:
21595:
21590:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21568:Methastyridone
21565:
21563:Methamnetamine
21560:
21555:
21550:
21545:
21540:
21535:
21530:
21525:
21520:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21485:
21480:
21475:
21470:
21465:
21460:
21455:
21450:
21445:
21440:
21435:
21430:
21425:
21420:
21415:
21410:
21405:
21400:
21395:
21390:
21385:
21380:
21375:
21370:
21368:Amfonelic acid
21365:
21360:
21354:
21352:
21348:
21347:
21345:
21344:
21339:
21334:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21299:
21294:
21289:
21283:
21281:
21275:
21274:
21272:
21271:
21266:
21261:
21256:
21251:
21246:
21241:
21236:
21231:
21226:
21221:
21216:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21181:
21176:
21171:
21166:
21161:
21156:
21151:
21146:
21141:
21136:
21131:
21126:
21121:
21116:
21114:β-CIT (RTI-55)
21111:
21106:
21101:
21096:
21091:
21085:
21083:
21077:
21076:
21074:
21073:
21068:
21063:
21057:
21055:
21049:
21048:
21046:
21045:
21040:
21035:
21030:
21025:
21020:
21015:
21010:
21005:
21000:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20950:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20930:
20925:
20920:
20915:
20910:
20905:
20899:
20897:
20891:
20890:
20888:
20887:
20882:
20877:
20872:
20867:
20862:
20857:
20847:
20842:
20837:
20832:
20830:Ethylphenidate
20827:
20822:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20802:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20782:
20777:
20771:
20769:
20763:
20762:
20760:
20759:
20754:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20709:
20704:
20699:
20694:
20689:
20683:
20681:
20675:
20674:
20672:
20671:
20666:
20661:
20656:
20651:
20646:
20641:
20636:
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20606:
20600:
20598:
20592:
20591:
20589:
20588:
20583:
20578:
20573:
20568:
20563:
20558:
20553:
20548:
20543:
20538:
20535:Levosalbutamol
20528:
20523:
20518:
20513:
20508:
20503:
20498:
20493:
20488:
20483:
20478:
20473:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20433:
20428:
20423:
20418:
20413:
20408:
20403:
20398:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20373:Norepinephrine
20370:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20350:
20345:
20340:
20335:
20330:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20296:
20291:
20286:
20281:
20276:
20271:
20266:
20261:
20256:
20251:
20246:
20241:
20236:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20202:
20197:
20192:
20187:
20182:
20177:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20157:
20152:
20147:
20142:
20137:
20132:
20127:
20122:
20108:
20103:
20098:
20093:
20088:
20083:
20081:Etilamfetamine
20078:
20073:
20068:
20063:
20058:
20053:
20048:
20043:
20038:
20033:
20019:
20014:
20009:
20004:
19999:
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19921:
19916:
19911:
19906:
19901:
19896:
19891:
19877:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19812:
19807:
19802:
19797:
19792:
19787:
19782:
19777:
19772:
19767:
19762:
19757:
19752:
19747:
19742:
19736:
19734:
19728:
19727:
19725:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19694:
19689:
19683:
19681:
19675:
19674:
19672:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19640:
19638:
19632:
19631:
19629:
19628:
19623:
19618:
19613:
19608:
19603:
19598:
19593:
19588:
19582:
19580:
19574:
19573:
19571:
19570:
19565:
19560:
19555:
19550:
19545:
19540:
19535:
19530:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19500:
19495:
19490:
19485:
19480:
19475:
19470:
19465:
19460:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19409:
19407:
19401:
19400:
19398:
19397:
19392:
19387:
19382:
19377:
19372:
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19337:
19332:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19272:
19267:
19262:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19241:
19239:
19233:
19232:
19230:
19229:
19224:
19219:
19214:
19208:
19206:
19200:
19199:
19197:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19181:
19176:
19171:
19166:
19161:
19156:
19151:
19149:Dieticyclidine
19146:
19140:
19138:
19132:
19131:
19129:
19128:
19123:
19118:
19113:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
19057:
19055:
19049:
19048:
19046:
19045:
19043:Tuaminoheptane
19040:
19035:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18998:Cyclopentamine
18994:
18992:
18986:
18985:
18983:
18982:
18977:
18972:
18967:
18962:
18960:Istradefylline
18957:
18952:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18927:
18921:
18919:
18913:
18912:
18910:
18909:
18904:
18899:
18894:
18889:
18883:
18881:
18875:
18874:
18867:
18866:
18859:
18852:
18844:
18835:
18834:
18832:
18831:
18826:
18821:
18816:
18811:
18806:
18803:Levosalbutamol
18796:
18791:
18786:
18781:
18776:
18771:
18766:
18761:
18756:
18751:
18746:
18741:
18736:
18731:
18726:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18706:
18701:
18696:
18691:
18686:
18684:Desvenlafaxine
18681:
18676:
18671:
18666:
18661:
18655:
18653:
18649:
18648:
18646:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18627:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18599:
18597:Norepinephrine
18594:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18546:
18538:
18536:-Phenylalanine
18530:
18521:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18453:
18448:
18443:
18438:
18433:
18428:
18422:
18420:
18414:Catecholamines
18410:
18409:
18407:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18341:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18307:
18305:
18299:
18298:
18296:
18295:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18244:
18242:
18236:
18235:
18233:
18232:
18227:
18222:
18217:
18212:
18207:
18202:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18056:
18054:
18048:
18047:
18045:
18044:
18032:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18000:
17995:
17986:
17984:
17978:
17977:
17975:
17974:
17961:
17956:
17951:
17939:
17934:
17929:
17927:Methamnetamine
17924:
17919:
17914:
17909:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17859:
17854:
17849:
17844:
17839:
17834:
17829:
17824:
17819:
17814:
17809:
17804:
17799:
17787:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17707:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17654:
17644:
17639:
17634:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17604:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17584:
17579:
17565:
17560:
17555:
17550:
17548:Etilamfetamine
17545:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17515:
17510:
17496:
17491:
17486:
17481:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17310:
17308:
17302:
17301:
17299:
17298:
17293:
17281:
17276:
17267:
17266:
17261:
17253:
17245:
17237:
17229:
17224:
17218:
17213:
17211:Phenethylamine
17208:
17193:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17142:
17137:
17132:
17126:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17070:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16965:
16960:
16955:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16860:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16799:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16769:
16767:
16761:
16760:
16753:
16752:
16745:
16738:
16730:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16717:
16706:
16703:
16702:
16700:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16667:Phenethylamine
16664:
16659:
16654:
16652:Norepinephrine
16649:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16633:
16632:
16622:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16594:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16559:
16553:
16551:
16547:
16546:
16544:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16527:
16525:
16521:
16520:
16517:
16516:
16514:
16513:
16508:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16472:
16470:
16463:
16462:
16460:
16459:
16422:
16412:
16407:(low affinity
16402:
16387:
16376:
16374:
16365:
16361:
16360:
16357:
16356:
16354:
16353:
16347:
16345:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16319:
16317:
16311:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16299:
16298:
16296:
16295:
16294:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16255:Adzenys XR-ODT
16251:
16245:
16243:
16234:
16229:Main articles
16226:
16225:
16218:
16217:
16210:
16203:
16195:
16189:
16188:
16174:
16173:External links
16171:
16168:
16167:
16156:. 20 June 2024
16141:
16115:
16089:
16075:
16061:
16035:
16009:
15987:
15954:
15932:
15909:
15878:
15852:
15829:"Thailand Law"
15820:
15806:
15780:
15753:
15727:
15701:
15672:
15650:
15628:
15603:
15592:. Tocris. 2015
15578:
15553:
15531:
15501:
15475:
15445:
15409:
15398:on 23 May 2016
15379:
15343:
15301:
15282:(5): 274–281.
15257:
15219:
15200:(3): 363–375.
15175:
15114:
15059:
15026:(4): 260–270.
15001:
14968:(7): 402–414.
14937:
14907:(3): 901–908.
14891:
14838:
14807:(5): 594–599.
14791:
14740:
14707:(2): 278–284.
14682:
14655:
14608:(2): 454–458.
14585:
14566:
14541:
14515:
14489:
14463:
14437:
14418:(2): 247–255.
14397:
14355:
14331:
14275:
14230:
14200:
14167:(9): 489–496.
14147:
14114:(2): 404–416.
14094:
14065:
14010:
13977:(3): 123–148.
13957:
13918:
13870:
13837:(4): 628–649.
13817:
13786:(4): 611–625.
13770:
13729:
13696:(3): 357–387.
13673:
13628:
13621:
13603:
13576:(5): 391–402.
13560:
13500:
13493:
13468:
13435:(7): 531–543.
13412:
13398:
13376:
13316:
13286:
13251:
13189:
13135:
13128:
13107:
13052:
12996:
12964:(3): 363–374.
12944:
12894:
12883:
12865:
12821:
12772:
12716:
12667:
12638:(4): 434–440.
12618:
12607:(3): 491–496.
12584:
12532:
12473:
12447:
12440:
12422:
12364:
12307:
12249:
12191:
12131:
12035:
11962:
11932:(6): 428–437.
11907:
11843:
11817:
11761:
11724:(3): 136–143.
11699:
11630:
11597:(2): 696–717 (
11577:
11547:
11494:
11449:(3): 257–268.
11424:
11388:(4): 363–371.
11368:
11343:(4): 431–443.
11314:
11307:
11286:
11230:
11189:BMC Psychiatry
11172:
11155:"Amphetamines"
11145:
11118:
11069:
11036:
10987:
10954:
10927:(3): 148–155.
10904:
10865:
10836:(2): 459–474.
10813:
10784:(2): 459–474.
10761:
10740:
10722:
10691:(7): 539–554.
10675:
10640:
10605:
10559:
10516:
10485:
10452:(6): 479–496.
10432:
10385:
10356:
10292:
10266:
10240:
10210:
10157:
10102:
10047:
10016:(5): 301–311.
9995:
9972:(3): 591–610.
9949:
9920:(3): 606–622.
9900:
9863:
9816:
9761:
9712:
9681:
9652:(1): 193–221.
9627:
9617:
9599:
9588:(4): 535–542.
9572:
9540:(4): 547–557.
9520:
9469:
9413:
9385:
9355:
9325:
9314:. October 2023
9293:
9248:
9219:Sleep Medicine
9209:
9170:
9118:
9056:
9015:(4): 367–378.
8992:
8981:
8961:
8950:
8927:
8916:
8895:
8856:(4): 739–752.
8821:
8772:
8743:(5): 767–773.
8723:
8674:
8625:
8573:
8524:
8498:
8491:
8473:
8418:
8389:(2): 262–274.
8366:
8359:
8336:
8268:
8258:
8235:
8204:(7): 539–554.
8179:
8146:(2): 114–126.
8123:
8094:(9): 902–917.
8071:
8050:(2): 185–198.
8027:
7998:(1): 195–220.
7978:
7927:
7894:(6): 479–496.
7874:
7849:
7819:
7800:(4): 200–211.
7781:
7762:
7739:
7681:
7674:
7613:
7594:(3): 363–375.
7578:
7504:
7430:
7423:
7402:
7383:(1): 196–217.
7367:
7360:
7342:
7293:
7282:
7261:
7221:
7159:
7102:
7066:(2): 487–505.
7043:
7030:
6999:
6962:
6918:
6882:
6861:"Pharmacology"
6852:
6817:
6776:
6742:
6731:
6700:
6671:
6657:
6626:
6575:
6524:
6467:
6418:
6391:(3): 669–677.
6372:
6343:(6): 479–496.
6315:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6199:
6190:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6163:
6159:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6125:
6115:
6071:
6029:
6020:
6000:
5972:
5959:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5907:
5882:
5861:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5760:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5068:
5065:
5034:, amphetamine
5023:
5020:
4964:Main article:
4961:
4958:
4895:phenethylamine
4891:neuromodulator
4854:
4851:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4734:
4733:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4395:cell membranes
4381:
4342:
4339:
4335:synaptic cleft
4283:norepinephrine
4199:norepinephrine
4180:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4106:
4105:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4023:
4008:
3990:
3976:
3962:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3923:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:Kidney failure
3885:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:Rhabdomyolysis
3799:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3764:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3674:
3672:Cardiovascular
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3647: deaths,
3632:drug tolerance
3628:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3595:depressed mood
3577:Drug tolerance
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3508:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3373:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:Not applicable
3163:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3001:
2940:
2937:
2854:magnesium ions
2850:NMDA receptors
2818:
2815:
2661:overexpression
2609:
2606:
2556:
2555:
2491:phenethylamine
2470:
2469:
2337:
2327:
2267:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2099:downregulation
2095:
2075:
2063:
2055:
2053:RNA polymerase
2047:(mRNA) from a
2036:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1911:
1903:
1891:
1883:
1881:reward systems
1876:addictive drug
1872:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1786:depressed mood
1776:, initiative,
1765:
1762:
1672:blurred vision
1652:abdominal pain
1620:Cardiovascular
1616:
1613:
1577:
1574:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1426:
1423:
1354:
1351:
1316:
1315:adrenoceptor α
1309:
1288:working memory
1271:
1268:
1244:
1241:
1220:
1217:
1112:
1109:
1071:norepinephrine
1010:
1007:
972:
969:
962:
955:
954:
953:
948:
941:
940:
939:
938:
937:
935:
932:
911:phenethylamine
867:norepinephrine
823:hallucinations
809:, or induce a
695:
694:
683:
682:
680:
679:
671:
669:
663:
662:
660:
659:
651:
649:
643:
642:
640:
639:
631:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
611:
609:
603:
602:
600:
599:
591:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
571:
569:
563:
562:
560:
559:
551:
549:
543:
542:
540:
539:
531:
529:
518:
517:
515:
514:
503:
501:
495:
494:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
472:
471:
469:
468:
456:
441:
429:
418:
406:
395:
381:
379:
373:
372:
368:
367:
365:
364:
341:
339:
333:
332:
324:
318:
317:
300:
298:administration
292:
291:
288:
280:
279:
277:
276:
258:
256:
250:
249:
242:
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
200:
199:
195:
194:
178:
172:
171:
155:
149:
148:
132:
126:
125:
106:
100:
99:
98:Combination of
95:
94:
79:
71:
70:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24981:
24970:
24967:
24965:
24962:
24960:
24957:
24955:
24952:
24950:
24947:
24945:
24942:
24940:
24937:
24935:
24932:
24930:
24927:
24925:
24922:
24920:
24917:
24915:
24912:
24910:
24907:
24905:
24902:
24900:
24897:
24895:
24892:
24890:
24887:
24885:
24882:
24880:
24877:
24875:
24872:
24870:
24867:
24865:
24862:
24860:
24857:
24855:
24852:
24850:
24847:
24846:
24844:
24834:
24829:
24824:
24822:
24812:
24810:
24800:
24799:
24796:
24784:
24783:
24780:
24775:
24769:
24765:
24759:
24754:
24746:
24736:
24733:
24732:
24730:
24726:
24719:
24718:
24716:
24712:
24706:
24703:
24701:
24699:
24695:
24691:
24690:
24688:
24684:
24681:
24679:
24675:
24664:
24663:
24661:
24657:
24651:
24647:
24644:
24642:
24638:
24628:
24625:
24624:
24622:
24620:
24616:
24610:
24607:
24606:
24604:
24602:
24598:
24588:
24585:
24583:
24580:
24578:
24575:
24573:
24570:
24568:
24565:
24563:
24560:
24558:
24556:
24552:
24550:
24547:
24545:
24542:
24540:
24537:
24535:
24532:
24530:
24527:
24525:
24522:
24520:
24517:
24515:
24512:
24510:
24507:
24505:
24502:
24500:
24497:
24495:
24492:
24490:
24487:
24485:
24482:
24480:
24477:
24475:
24472:
24470:
24467:
24465:
24463:
24459:
24455:
24453:
24450:
24448:
24445:
24443:
24440:
24439:
24437:
24433:
24425:
24423:
24419:
24417:
24415:
24411:
24409:
24406:
24404:
24401:
24399:
24396:
24394:
24391:
24389:
24387:
24383:
24381:
24379:
24375:
24373:
24371:
24367:
24365:
24363:
24359:
24357:
24354:
24352:
24349:
24348:
24347:
24344:
24340:
24337:
24335:
24332:
24330:
24327:
24325:
24322:
24320:
24317:
24316:
24315:
24311:
24310:
24308:
24306:
24302:
24299:
24297:
24293:
24290:
24288:
24284:
24280:
24277:
24270:
24265:
24263:
24258:
24256:
24251:
24250:
24247:
24236:
24235:
24231:
24227:
24226:Serotonergics
24223:
24222:Dopaminergics
24219:
24215:
24211:
24208:
24201:
24195:
24192:
24190:
24187:
24185:
24182:
24180:
24177:
24175:
24172:
24170:
24167:
24164:
24163:
24160:
24157:
24153:
24150:
24148:
24145:
24144:Agonist-like:
24142:
24139:
24138:
24136:
24132:
24122:
24119:
24117:
24114:
24111:
24110:
24107:
24101:
24098:
24096:
24093:
24091:
24088:
24086:
24083:
24081:
24078:
24076:
24073:
24071:
24068:
24066:
24063:
24061:
24058:
24056:
24053:
24050:
24049:
24046:
24040:
24037:
24035:
24032:
24030:
24027:
24025:
24022:
24020:
24017:
24015:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24005:
24002:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23969:
23968:
23965:
23959:
23956:
23954:
23951:
23949:
23946:
23944:
23941:
23939:
23936:
23934:
23931:
23929:
23926:
23924:
23921:
23919:
23916:
23914:
23911:
23909:
23906:
23904:
23901:
23899:
23896:
23894:
23891:
23889:
23886:
23884:
23881:
23879:
23876:
23874:
23871:
23869:
23866:
23864:
23861:
23859:
23856:
23854:
23851:
23849:
23846:
23844:
23841:
23839:
23836:
23834:
23831:
23829:
23826:
23824:
23821:
23819:
23816:
23814:
23811:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23764:
23761:
23759:
23756:
23754:
23751:
23749:
23746:
23744:
23741:
23739:
23736:
23734:
23731:
23729:
23726:
23724:
23721:
23719:
23716:
23714:
23711:
23709:
23706:
23704:
23701:
23699:
23696:
23694:
23691:
23689:
23686:
23684:
23681:
23679:
23676:
23674:
23671:
23669:
23666:
23664:
23661:
23659:
23656:
23653:
23652:
23649:
23643:
23640:
23638:
23635:
23633:
23630:
23628:
23625:
23622:
23621:
23618:
23612:
23609:
23607:
23604:
23602:
23599:
23597:
23594:
23591:
23590:
23587:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23547:Aminoindanes:
23545:
23544:
23541:
23538:
23533:
23527:
23517:
23514:
23511:
23507:
23504:
23502:
23499:
23497:
23494:
23492:
23489:
23487:
23486:Isometheptene
23484:
23482:
23479:
23477:
23476:Hexacyclonate
23474:
23472:
23469:
23467:
23464:
23462:
23459:
23457:
23454:
23452:
23449:
23447:
23444:
23442:
23439:
23437:
23434:
23432:
23429:
23427:
23424:
23422:
23419:
23417:
23414:
23412:
23409:
23406:
23405:
23402:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23388:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23355:
23354:
23351:
23345:
23342:
23340:
23339:Xylopropamine
23337:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23324:
23317:
23314:
23312:
23309:
23307:
23304:
23302:
23299:
23297:
23295:
23291:
23289:
23286:
23284:
23281:
23279:
23276:
23274:
23271:
23269:
23266:
23264:
23261:
23259:
23257:
23253:
23251:
23249:
23245:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23233:
23230:
23228:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23218:
23217:Methcathinone
23215:
23211:
23208:
23206:
23203:
23202:
23201:
23198:
23196:
23195:Mephentermine
23193:
23191:
23188:
23186:
23183:
23181:
23178:
23176:
23173:
23171:
23168:
23166:
23163:
23161:
23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23146:
23143:
23141:
23138:
23136:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23075:
23072:
23070:
23067:
23065:
23062:
23060:
23057:
23055:
23052:
23050:
23047:
23045:
23042:
23040:
23037:
23035:
23032:
23030:
23027:
23025:
23022:
23020:
23017:
23015:
23012:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23004:Benzphetamine
23002:
23000:
22997:
22995:
22992:
22990:
22987:
22983:
22980:
22978:
22975:
22974:
22973:
22970:
22968:
22965:
22963:
22960:
22958:
22955:
22953:
22950:
22948:
22945:
22943:
22940:
22938:
22935:
22933:
22930:
22928:
22925:
22923:
22920:
22917:
22916:
22913:
22907:
22904:
22902:
22899:
22897:
22894:
22892:
22889:
22887:
22884:
22882:
22879:
22877:
22874:
22872:
22869:
22866:
22865:
22862:
22856:
22853:
22851:
22850:Phenmetrazine
22848:
22846:
22843:
22841:
22838:
22836:
22833:
22831:
22828:
22826:
22823:
22820:
22819:
22816:
22813:
22808:
22802:
22790:
22787:
22786:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22777:
22775:
22772:
22770:
22767:
22765:
22762:
22760:
22757:
22755:
22754:Isometheptene
22752:
22750:
22747:
22745:
22744:Hexacyclonate
22742:
22740:
22737:
22735:
22732:
22730:
22727:
22725:
22722:
22720:
22717:
22715:
22712:
22710:
22707:
22705:
22702:
22700:
22697:
22695:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22669:
22668:
22665:
22659:
22656:
22654:
22651:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22634:
22631:
22628:
22627:
22624:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22612:Xylopropamine
22610:
22608:
22605:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22573:
22570:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22561:
22557:
22555:
22553:
22549:
22547:
22545:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22519:
22516:
22514:
22511:
22509:
22506:
22504:
22501:
22499:
22496:
22494:
22491:
22489:
22486:
22484:
22481:
22479:
22476:
22474:
22473:Methcathinone
22471:
22467:
22464:
22462:
22459:
22458:
22457:
22454:
22452:
22449:
22447:
22444:
22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22414:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22404:
22402:
22399:
22397:
22394:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22377:
22374:
22372:
22369:
22367:
22364:
22362:
22359:
22357:
22354:
22352:
22349:
22347:
22344:
22342:
22339:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22327:
22324:
22322:
22319:
22317:
22314:
22312:
22309:
22307:
22306:Benzphetamine
22304:
22302:
22299:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22281:
22278:
22276:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22254:
22252:
22249:
22247:
22244:
22242:
22239:
22237:
22234:
22232:
22229:
22227:
22224:
22222:
22219:
22216:
22215:
22212:
22206:
22203:
22201:
22198:
22196:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22178:
22176:
22173:
22171:
22168:
22165:
22164:
22161:
22155:
22152:
22150:
22149:Phenmetrazine
22147:
22145:
22142:
22140:
22137:
22135:
22132:
22130:
22127:
22125:
22122:
22119:
22118:
22115:
22112:
22107:
22101:
22097:
22090:
22085:
22083:
22078:
22076:
22071:
22070:
22067:
22054:
22051:
22048:
22045:
22042:
22039:
22036:
22033:
22030:
22027:
22024:
22021:
22018:
22015:
22012:
22009:
22006:
22003:
22000:
21997:
21994:
21991:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21978:
21975:
21973:
21970:
21967:
21964:
21963:
21961:
21957:
21951:
21950:Carbamazepine
21948:
21946:
21943:
21942:
21940:
21936:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21920:
21919:Nortriptyline
21917:
21915:
21912:
21910:
21907:
21905:
21902:
21900:
21897:
21895:
21892:
21890:
21887:
21885:
21882:
21880:
21879:Amitriptyline
21877:
21876:
21874:
21872:
21868:
21862:
21859:
21857:
21854:
21853:
21851:
21849:
21845:
21844:-adrenoceptor
21837:
21831:
21828:
21826:
21823:
21821:
21818:
21816:
21813:
21812:
21810:
21808:
21801:Non-classical
21799:
21792:
21788:
21785:
21783:
21780:
21778:
21775:
21773:
21770:
21767:
21763:
21759:
21755:
21751:
21748:
21747:
21745:
21743:
21737:
21731:
21727:
21717:
21712:
21710:
21705:
21703:
21698:
21697:
21694:
21684:
21680:
21675:
21669:
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21651:
21649:
21648:Thiopropamine
21646:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21609:
21606:
21604:
21601:
21599:
21596:
21594:
21591:
21589:
21586:
21584:
21581:
21579:
21576:
21574:
21571:
21569:
21566:
21564:
21561:
21559:
21556:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21548:Meclofenoxate
21546:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21498:Hexacyclonate
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21484:
21481:
21479:
21476:
21474:
21471:
21469:
21466:
21464:
21461:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21444:
21441:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21426:
21424:
21421:
21419:
21416:
21414:
21413:Centanafadine
21411:
21409:
21406:
21404:
21401:
21399:
21396:
21394:
21391:
21389:
21386:
21384:
21381:
21379:
21376:
21374:
21371:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21355:
21353:
21349:
21343:
21340:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21284:
21282:
21280:
21276:
21270:
21267:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21257:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21170:
21167:
21165:
21162:
21160:
21157:
21155:
21152:
21150:
21149:Ioflupane (I)
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21122:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21107:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21086:
21084:
21082:
21078:
21072:
21069:
21067:
21064:
21062:
21059:
21058:
21056:
21054:
21050:
21044:
21041:
21039:
21036:
21034:
21031:
21029:
21026:
21024:
21021:
21019:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20921:
20919:
20916:
20914:
20911:
20909:
20906:
20904:
20901:
20900:
20898:
20896:
20892:
20886:
20883:
20881:
20878:
20876:
20873:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20865:Phacetoperane
20863:
20861:
20858:
20855:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20793:
20791:
20788:
20786:
20783:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20772:
20770:
20768:
20764:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20703:
20700:
20698:
20695:
20693:
20690:
20688:
20685:
20684:
20682:
20680:
20676:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20655:
20654:Phenmetrazine
20652:
20650:
20647:
20645:
20642:
20640:
20637:
20635:
20632:
20630:
20627:
20625:
20622:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20601:
20599:
20597:
20593:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20581:Xylopropamine
20579:
20577:
20574:
20572:
20569:
20567:
20564:
20562:
20559:
20557:
20556:Theodrenaline
20554:
20552:
20549:
20547:
20544:
20542:
20539:
20536:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20524:
20522:
20519:
20517:
20514:
20512:
20509:
20507:
20504:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20472:
20471:Phenylephrine
20469:
20467:
20466:Phenylalanine
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20434:
20432:
20429:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20406:Orciprenaline
20404:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20346:
20344:
20341:
20339:
20336:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20308:
20304:
20300:
20297:
20295:
20292:
20290:
20287:
20285:
20282:
20280:
20279:Mephentermine
20277:
20275:
20272:
20270:
20267:
20265:
20262:
20260:
20257:
20255:
20252:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20242:
20240:
20237:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20217:
20215:
20212:
20209:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20146:
20143:
20141:
20138:
20136:
20133:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20120:
20116:
20112:
20109:
20107:
20104:
20102:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20092:
20089:
20087:
20084:
20082:
20079:
20077:
20074:
20072:
20069:
20067:
20064:
20062:
20059:
20057:
20054:
20052:
20049:
20047:
20044:
20042:
20039:
20037:
20034:
20031:
20027:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19919:Benzphetamine
19917:
19915:
19912:
19910:
19907:
19905:
19902:
19900:
19897:
19895:
19892:
19889:
19885:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19860:2-Aminoindane
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19836:
19833:
19831:
19828:
19826:
19823:
19821:
19818:
19816:
19813:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19801:
19798:
19796:
19793:
19791:
19788:
19786:
19783:
19781:
19778:
19776:
19773:
19771:
19768:
19766:
19763:
19761:
19758:
19756:
19753:
19751:
19748:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19737:
19735:
19733:
19729:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19688:
19685:
19684:
19682:
19680:
19676:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19641:
19639:
19637:
19633:
19627:
19624:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19609:
19607:
19604:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19583:
19581:
19579:
19575:
19569:
19566:
19564:
19561:
19559:
19556:
19554:
19551:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19476:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19410:
19408:
19406:
19402:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19350:Methcathinone
19348:
19346:
19343:
19341:
19338:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19248:
19246:
19243:
19242:
19240:
19238:
19234:
19228:
19225:
19223:
19220:
19218:
19215:
19213:
19210:
19209:
19207:
19205:
19201:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19189:Tenocyclidine
19187:
19185:
19184:Rolicyclidine
19182:
19180:
19179:Phencyclidine
19177:
19175:
19174:Phencyclamine
19172:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19144:Benocyclidine
19142:
19141:
19139:
19137:
19133:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19058:
19056:
19054:
19050:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19018:Isometheptene
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18995:
18993:
18991:
18987:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18941:
18940:Aminophylline
18938:
18936:
18933:
18931:
18928:
18926:
18923:
18922:
18920:
18918:
18914:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18884:
18882:
18880:
18876:
18872:
18865:
18860:
18858:
18853:
18851:
18846:
18845:
18842:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18819:Thiamphenicol
18817:
18815:
18814:Theodrenaline
18812:
18810:
18807:
18804:
18800:
18797:
18795:
18792:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18757:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18729:Fluorolintane
18727:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18656:
18654:
18652:Miscellaneous
18650:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18638:Phenylephrine
18636:
18634:
18632:
18628:
18626:
18624:
18620:
18618:
18617:Orciprenaline
18615:
18613:
18610:
18607:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18592:
18591:Levonordefrin
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18551:
18547:
18545:
18539:
18537:
18531:
18528:
18522:
18519:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18460:
18454:
18452:
18449:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18423:
18421:
18415:
18411:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18365:
18362:
18360:
18357:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18309:
18308:
18306:
18304:
18300:
18294:
18291:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18246:
18245:
18243:
18241:
18237:
18231:
18228:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18213:
18211:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18158:Methcathinone
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18058:
18057:
18055:
18053:
18049:
18043:
18040:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18013:Mephentermine
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17988:
17987:
17985:
17983:
17979:
17972:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17918:
17915:
17913:
17910:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17862:6-Chloro-MDMA
17860:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17838:
17835:
17833:
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17798:
17795:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17785:Xylopropamine
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17652:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17577:
17573:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17523:Benzphetamine
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17508:
17504:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17393:
17390:
17388:
17385:
17383:
17380:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17315:
17314:Psychedelics:
17312:
17311:
17309:
17307:
17303:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17269:
17268:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17258:
17254:
17252:
17250:
17246:
17244:
17242:
17238:
17236:
17234:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:(amphetamine)
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17203:
17202:
17201:
17198:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17145:Isoproscaline
17143:
17141:
17138:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17130:Allylescaline
17128:
17127:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16956:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16800:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16773:Psychedelics:
16771:
16770:
16768:
16766:
16762:
16758:
16751:
16746:
16744:
16739:
16737:
16732:
16731:
16728:
16716:
16708:
16707:
16704:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16677:Phenylacetone
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16619:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16548:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16528:
16526:
16522:
16512:
16509:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16473:
16471:
16469:
16464:
16457:
16453:
16449:
16445:
16441:
16437:
16433:
16429:
16426:
16423:
16420:
16416:
16413:
16410:
16406:
16403:
16397:
16391:
16388:
16385:
16381:
16378:
16377:
16375:
16373:
16369:
16366:
16362:
16352:
16349:
16348:
16346:
16344:
16340:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16320:
16318:
16316:
16312:
16306:
16304:
16300:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16281:
16277:
16276:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16246:
16244:
16242:
16238:
16235:
16227:
16223:
16216:
16211:
16209:
16204:
16202:
16197:
16196:
16193:
16185:
16181:
16180:"Amphetamine"
16177:
16176:
16155:
16151:
16145:
16130:
16126:
16119:
16104:. 1 June 2024
16103:
16099:
16093:
16085:
16079:
16071:
16065:
16050:
16049:Intelligencer
16046:
16039:
16023:
16019:
16013:
15997:
15991:
15972:
15965:
15958:
15939:
15935:
15929:
15922:
15921:
15913:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15882:
15866:
15862:
15856:
15837:
15830:
15824:
15816:
15810:
15794:
15790:
15784:
15768:
15764:
15757:
15741:
15737:
15731:
15715:
15711:
15705:
15689:
15682:
15676:
15660:
15654:
15638:
15632:
15616:
15610:
15608:
15591:
15585:
15583:
15566:
15560:
15558:
15541:
15535:
15519:
15515:
15511:
15505:
15489:
15486:. Drugs.com.
15485:
15479:
15472:
15459:
15455:
15449:
15430:
15426:
15419:
15413:
15397:
15393:
15389:
15383:
15364:
15360:
15353:
15347:
15331:
15327:
15323:
15319:
15315:
15308:
15306:
15297:
15293:
15289:
15285:
15281:
15277:
15270:
15268:
15266:
15264:
15262:
15253:
15249:
15245:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15226:
15224:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15203:
15199:
15195:
15188:
15186:
15184:
15182:
15180:
15172:
15170:
15169:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15137:
15133:
15125:
15123:
15121:
15119:
15111:
15106:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15078:
15074:
15070:
15063:
15056:
15051:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15033:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15010:
15008:
15006:
14998:
14993:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14975:
14971:
14967:
14963:
14959:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14946:
14944:
14942:
14934:
14932:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14914:
14910:
14906:
14902:
14895:
14888:
14883:
14879:
14875:
14869:
14865:
14861:
14857:
14853:
14849:
14842:
14835:
14830:
14826:
14822:
14818:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14795:
14788:
14783:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14747:
14745:
14737:
14732:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14691:
14689:
14687:
14678:
14674:
14670:
14666:
14659:
14652:
14651:-amphetamine.
14650:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14625:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14607:
14603:
14596:
14589:
14582:
14580:
14576:
14569:
14567:9781609133450
14563:
14559:
14555:
14548:
14546:
14529:
14525:
14519:
14503:
14499:
14493:
14477:
14473:
14467:
14451:
14447:
14441:
14433:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14413:
14406:
14404:
14402:
14394:
14381:
14377:
14376:
14368:
14366:
14364:
14362:
14360:
14351:
14350:
14345:
14341:
14335:
14319:
14312:
14306:
14304:
14302:
14300:
14298:
14296:
14294:
14292:
14290:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14280:
14271:
14267:
14263:
14259:
14255:
14251:
14247:
14243:
14242:
14234:
14218:
14214:
14210:
14204:
14197:
14192:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14174:
14170:
14166:
14162:
14158:
14151:
14144:
14139:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14113:
14109:
14105:
14098:
14091:
14079:
14075:
14069:
14062:
14057:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14029:
14025:
14021:
14014:
14007:
14002:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13984:
13980:
13976:
13972:
13971:Basal Ganglia
13968:
13961:
13954:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13937:
13933:
13929:
13922:
13915:
13910:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13887:J. Biol. Chem
13884:
13877:
13875:
13867:
13862:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13821:
13814:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13797:
13793:
13789:
13785:
13781:
13774:
13755:
13751:
13744:
13738:
13736:
13734:
13727:
13721:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13695:
13691:
13687:
13680:
13678:
13658:
13654:
13647:
13641:
13639:
13637:
13635:
13633:
13624:
13622:9780071668330
13618:
13614:
13607:
13599:
13595:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13571:
13564:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13535:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13504:
13496:
13494:9780071624428
13490:
13486:
13479:
13477:
13475:
13473:
13465:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13419:
13417:
13401:
13399:9781108228749
13395:
13391:
13387:
13380:
13373:
13368:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13334:
13327:
13325:
13323:
13321:
13304:
13300:
13296:
13290:
13282:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13255:
13248:
13241:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13198:
13196:
13194:
13185:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13157:
13153:
13152:PLOS Medicine
13149:
13142:
13140:
13131:
13129:9780071481274
13125:
13121:
13114:
13112:
13104:
13100:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13059:
13057:
13049:
13044:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13026:
13022:
13018:
13014:
13010:
13003:
13001:
12993:
12989:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12971:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12955:
12948:
12940:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12905:
12903:
12901:
12899:
12891:
12886:
12884:9780071827706
12880:
12876:
12869:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12825:
12817:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12787:
12783:
12776:
12769:
12764:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12746:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12723:
12721:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12671:
12663:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12645:
12641:
12637:
12633:
12629:
12622:
12614:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12598:
12591:
12589:
12580:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12539:
12537:
12528:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12500:
12496:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12477:
12462:
12458:
12451:
12443:
12441:9780071481274
12437:
12433:
12426:
12418:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12392:
12388:
12384:
12377:
12375:
12373:
12371:
12369:
12357:
12353:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12318:
12311:
12304:
12299:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12265:
12258:
12256:
12254:
12246:
12241:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12223:
12219:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12188:
12183:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12153:
12149:
12142:
12140:
12138:
12136:
12128:
12123:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12062:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12032:
12028:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11994:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11967:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11903:
11897:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11858:
11856:
11854:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11832:
11828:
11821:
11814:
11806:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11765:
11758:
11749:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11715:
11708:
11706:
11704:
11697:
11692:
11680:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11626:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11581:
11574:
11562:
11558:
11551:
11544:
11539:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11498:
11492:
11487:
11474:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11421:
11413:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11372:
11365:
11360:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11310:
11308:9780071481274
11304:
11300:
11293:
11291:
11283:
11282:conditioning.
11278:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11237:
11235:
11227:
11222:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11186:
11179:
11177:
11160:
11156:
11149:
11133:
11129:
11122:
11114:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11073:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11041:
11032:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10991:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10961:
10959:
10951:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10922:
10915:
10908:
10901:
10884:
10880:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10861:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10820:
10818:
10809:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10766:
10758:
10755:Adderall XR
10743:
10741:9781441913968
10737:
10733:
10726:
10719:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10679:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10644:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10609:
10593:
10589:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10547:
10543:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10521:
10504:
10500:
10494:
10492:
10490:
10482:
10477:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10436:
10429:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10361:
10352:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10301:
10299:
10297:
10281:on 2 May 2012
10280:
10276:
10270:
10255:on 1 May 2012
10254:
10250:
10244:
10228:
10225:. USA TODAY.
10224:
10217:
10215:
10207:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10149:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10106:
10099:
10094:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10004:
10002:
10000:
9992:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9945:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9904:
9885:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9808:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9765:
9757:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9716:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9685:
9677:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9624:
9620:
9618:9780071481274
9614:
9610:
9603:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9576:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9524:
9517:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9420:
9418:
9402:
9395:
9389:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9359:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9313:
9306:
9300:
9298:
9278:
9274:
9267:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9213:
9206:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9174:
9167:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9115:
9110:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9053:
9040:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
8999:
8997:
8989:
8984:
8982:9781405178518
8978:
8974:
8973:
8965:
8958:
8953:
8951:9780071827706
8947:
8943:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8924:
8919:
8917:9780071827706
8913:
8909:
8902:
8900:
8892:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8818:
8812:NT1. ...
8808:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8793:(4): e13631.
8792:
8788:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8768:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8678:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8580:
8578:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8528:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8494:
8492:9781441913968
8488:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8373:
8371:
8362:
8360:9780071481274
8356:
8352:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8265:
8261:
8259:9781441913968
8255:
8251:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8192:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8128:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8078:
8076:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8032:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7863:
7859:
7853:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7788:
7786:
7769:
7765:
7763:9781468421279
7759:
7755:
7754:
7746:
7744:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7675:9780071624428
7671:
7667:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7475:(2): 164–76.
7474:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7426:
7424:9780071481274
7420:
7416:
7409:
7407:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7361:9783540686989
7357:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7300:
7298:
7290:
7285:
7283:9780071827706
7279:
7275:
7268:
7266:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7232:Greydanus D.
7228:
7226:
7218:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7166:
7164:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7099:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7040:
7033:
7031:9780071481274
7027:
7023:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6923:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6886:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6764:
6760:
6759:Fierce Pharma
6756:
6749:
6747:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6707:
6705:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6660:
6658:9781108228749
6654:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6540:(2): 93–100.
6539:
6535:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6316:
6303:
6301:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6219:
6210:
6206:
6197:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6155:
6138:
6129:
6119:
6112:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6075:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6042:high affinity
6039:
6033:
6024:
6017:
6013:
6004:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5950:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5911:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5865:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5802:Robert Califf
5800:commissioner
5799:
5795:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5150:
5127:
5110:
5089:
5079:
5073:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4760:
4727:
4723:
4699:
4684:
4677:
4670:Hydroxylation
4663:Hydroxylation
4651:
4644:
4637:Hydroxylation
4630:Hydroxylation
4623:Hydroxylation
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4587:Hippuric acid
4581:
4574:
4573:Phenylacetone
4567:
4558:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4524:
4520:
4519:phenylacetone
4516:
4512:
4511:hippuric acid
4508:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:cell membrane
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4243:full agonists
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4215:neuropeptides
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4186:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4099:
4098:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4049:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3578:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3088:expression in
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:Environmental
3073:
3066:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3020:reward system
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2996:reinstatement
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:dimethylation
2755:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2742:viral vectors
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:phencyclidine
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:messenger RNA
2042:
2041:
2040:transcription
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:sensitization
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:concentration
1771:
1764:Psychological
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:smooth muscle
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:appetite loss
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:self-efficacy
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:reaction time
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1334:task saliency
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:meta-analysis
1277:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1237:generic drugs
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:histaminergic
1150:
1146:
1145:noradrenergic
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:cerebrospinal
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:tic disorders
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1054:as an adult.
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:basal ganglia
1024:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
982:
978:
959:
945:
931:
925:
920:
918:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
888:
884:
881:(hTAAR1) and
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:panic attacks
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
684:
677:
673:
672:
670:
668:
664:
657:
653:
652:
650:
648:
644:
637:
633:
632:
630:
628:
624:
617:
613:
612:
610:
608:
604:
597:
593:
592:
590:
588:
584:
577:
573:
572:
570:
568:
564:
557:
553:
552:
550:
548:
544:
537:
533:
532:
530:
523:
519:
513:
509:
505:
504:
502:
500:
496:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
457:
454:
442:
440:
430:
428:
419:
416:
407:
405:
396:
393:
383:
382:
380:
378:
374:
369:
361:
356:
351:
346:
343:
342:
340:
338:
334:
331:
325:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
299:
293:
289:
287:
281:
274:
269:
260:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
198:Clinical data
196:
179:
177:
173:
156:
154:
150:
133:
131:
127:
119:; 12.5%
111:
107:
105:
101:
96:
92:
89:-amphetamine
88:
83:
77:
72:
68:
63:
59:mixture (1:1)
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
38:
33:
19:
24869:Aphrodisiacs
24778:
24777:
24773:
24757:
24697:
24693:
24582:Solriamfetol
24554:
24499:Isoprenaline
24474:Halostachine
24461:
24457:
24421:
24413:
24385:
24377:
24369:
24361:
24346:Trace amines
24206:
24205:
24189:Guanethidine
24165:
24155:
24143:
24140:
24116:Indeloxazine
24112:
24060:4-Methyl-αMT
24055:4-Methyl-αET
24052:Tryptamines:
24051:
23971:Piperazines:
23970:
23803:Fenfluramine
23703:6-Methyl-MDA
23693:5-Methyl-MDA
23658:2-Methyl-MDA
23654:
23623:
23592:
23546:
23461:Feprosidnine
23441:Clofenciclan
23407:
23357:Piperazines:
23356:
23344:Zylofuramine
23293:
23255:
23247:
23089:Fenethylline
23084:Famprofazone
23069:Ethcathinone
22989:Amphetaminil
22962:Amfepentorex
22918:
22867:
22830:Fenmetramide
22825:Fenbutrazate
22822:Morpholines:
22821:
22729:Feprosidnine
22709:Clofenciclan
22670:
22630:Piperazines:
22629:
22617:Zylofuramine
22559:
22551:
22543:
22391:Fenethylline
22386:Famprofazone
22366:Ethcathinone
22286:Amphetaminil
22261:Amfepentorex
22217:
22166:
22129:Fenmetramide
22124:Fenbutrazate
22121:Morpholines:
22120:
21603:Oxaprotiline
21553:Medifoxamine
21473:Fenpentadiol
21453:Dimethocaine
21448:Diclofensine
21428:Cropropamide
21423:Clofenciclan
21378:Amiphenazole
21332:7-Methyl-αET
21327:6-Fluoro-αMT
21307:5-Fluoro-αMT
21302:5-Chloro-αMT
21297:4-Methyl-αMT
21292:4-Methyl-αET
21134:Difluoropine
21119:Cocaethylene
21104:Brasofensine
21043:Pyrovalerone
20895:Pyrrolidines
20614:Fenmetramide
20609:Fenbutrazate
20586:Zylofuramine
20546:Solriamfetol
20378:Norfenefrine
20284:Metanephrine
20210:(Selegiline)
20200:Isoprenaline
20130:Feprosidnine
20111:Fenfluramine
20106:Fenethylline
20091:Famprofazone
19964:Cinnamedrine
19894:Amphetaminil
19845:Amfepentorex
19523:Sazetidine A
19488:Ispronicline
19453:Bradanicline
19405:Cholinergics
19320:Ethcathinone
19204:Benzazepines
19159:Eticyclidine
18980:Theophylline
18965:Paraxanthine
18809:Solriamfetol
18724:Famprofazone
18630:
18622:
18608:-Octopamine)
18605:
18602:Norfenefrine
18557:Metanephrine
18549:
18505:Isoprenaline
18461:(Dextrodopa)
18446:Adrenochrome
18404:Pyrovalerone
18310:
18289:
18248:Entactogens:
18247:
18197:Entactogens:
18196:
18143:Ethcathinone
18059:
18038:
18027:Entactogens:
18026:
17989:
17982:Phentermines
17945:
17794:Entactogens:
17793:
17790:Zylofuramine
17568:Fenfluramine
17563:Fenethylline
17513:Amphetaminil
17494:Amfepentorex
17455:
17313:
17306:Amphetamines
17287:
17271:Entactogens:
17270:
17256:
17248:
17240:
17232:
17196:
17194:
17170:Metaescaline
16772:
16617:
16541:Norephedrine
16468:transporters
16384:full agonist
16350:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16290:
16285:
16279:
16278:
16270:
16265:
16260:
16253:
16248:
16183:
16158:. Retrieved
16153:
16144:
16132:. Retrieved
16128:
16118:
16106:. Retrieved
16101:
16092:
16078:
16064:
16052:. Retrieved
16048:
16038:
16026:. Retrieved
16022:PBS Newshour
16021:
16012:
16000:. Retrieved
15990:
15978:. Retrieved
15971:the original
15957:
15945:. Retrieved
15919:
15912:
15900:. Retrieved
15896:the original
15891:
15881:
15869:. Retrieved
15865:the original
15855:
15843:. Retrieved
15836:the original
15823:
15809:
15797:. Retrieved
15783:
15771:. Retrieved
15756:
15744:. Retrieved
15730:
15718:. Retrieved
15704:
15692:. Retrieved
15687:
15675:
15663:. Retrieved
15653:
15641:. Retrieved
15631:
15619:. Retrieved
15594:. Retrieved
15569:. Retrieved
15544:. Retrieved
15534:
15522:. Retrieved
15518:the original
15513:
15504:
15492:. Retrieved
15478:
15469:
15462:. Retrieved
15458:the original
15448:
15436:. Retrieved
15424:
15412:
15400:. Retrieved
15396:the original
15391:
15382:
15370:. Retrieved
15358:
15346:
15334:. Retrieved
15317:
15279:
15275:
15235:
15231:
15197:
15193:
15166:
15163:
15135:
15131:
15108:
15076:
15072:
15062:
15053:
15023:
15019:
14995:
14965:
14961:
14930:
14926:
14922:
14918:
14916:
14904:
14900:
14894:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14871:
14851:
14847:
14841:
14832:
14804:
14800:
14794:
14785:
14757:
14753:
14734:
14704:
14700:
14668:
14664:
14658:
14648:
14644:
14640:
14636:
14634:
14627:. Retrieved
14605:
14601:
14588:
14578:
14574:
14571:
14557:
14532:. Retrieved
14527:
14518:
14506:. Retrieved
14501:
14492:
14480:. Retrieved
14475:
14466:
14454:. Retrieved
14449:
14440:
14415:
14411:
14391:
14384:. Retrieved
14380:the original
14374:
14347:
14334:
14322:. Retrieved
14317:
14245:
14239:
14233:
14221:. Retrieved
14212:
14203:
14194:
14164:
14160:
14150:
14141:
14111:
14107:
14097:
14089:
14082:. Retrieved
14077:
14068:
14059:
14027:
14023:
14013:
14004:
13974:
13970:
13960:
13951:
13931:
13927:
13921:
13912:
13890:
13886:
13864:
13834:
13830:
13820:
13811:
13783:
13779:
13773:
13761:. Retrieved
13749:
13693:
13689:
13664:. Retrieved
13652:
13612:
13606:
13573:
13569:
13563:
13555:
13517:
13513:
13503:
13484:
13462:
13432:
13428:
13403:. Retrieved
13389:
13379:
13370:
13340:
13336:
13307:. Retrieved
13303:the original
13298:
13289:
13264:
13260:
13254:
13243:
13211:
13207:
13155:
13151:
13119:
13102:
13072:
13068:
13046:
13016:
13012:
12991:
12961:
12957:
12947:
12914:
12910:
12888:
12874:
12868:
12835:
12831:
12824:
12789:
12785:
12775:
12766:
12739:(1): 38–55.
12736:
12732:
12684:
12680:
12670:
12635:
12631:
12621:
12604:
12600:
12552:
12548:
12490:
12486:
12476:
12464:. Retrieved
12461:KEGG Pathway
12460:
12450:
12431:
12425:
12390:
12386:
12356:the original
12327:
12323:
12310:
12301:
12271:
12267:
12243:
12213:
12209:
12185:
12155:
12151:
12125:
12095:
12091:
12030:
12000:
11996:
11957:
11929:
11925:
11896:cite journal
11871:
11867:
11834:. Retrieved
11831:KEGG Pathway
11830:
11820:
11808:
11778:
11774:
11764:
11751:
11721:
11717:
11682:
11652:
11648:
11594:
11590:
11580:
11571:
11564:. Retrieved
11561:KEGG Pathway
11560:
11550:
11541:
11514:(1): 93–96.
11511:
11507:
11497:
11476:
11446:
11442:
11415:
11385:
11381:
11371:
11362:
11340:
11336:
11298:
11280:
11250:
11246:
11224:
11192:
11188:
11163:. Retrieved
11158:
11148:
11136:. Retrieved
11131:
11121:
11086:
11082:
11072:
11060:. Retrieved
11051:
11004:
11000:
10990:
10978:. Retrieved
10969:
10943:
10936:. Retrieved
10924:
10920:
10907:
10894:
10887:. Retrieved
10882:
10833:
10829:
10781:
10777:
10745:
10731:
10725:
10716:
10688:
10684:
10678:
10653:
10649:
10643:
10618:
10614:
10608:
10596:. Retrieved
10591:
10550:. Retrieved
10545:
10507:. Retrieved
10502:
10479:
10449:
10445:
10435:
10426:
10401:(1): 33–38.
10398:
10394:
10388:
10376:. Retrieved
10372:the original
10314:
10310:
10283:. Retrieved
10279:the original
10269:
10257:. Retrieved
10253:the original
10243:
10231:. Retrieved
10204:
10174:
10170:
10160:
10151:
10119:
10115:
10105:
10096:
10064:
10060:
10050:
10041:
10013:
10009:
9989:
9969:
9965:
9917:
9913:
9903:
9891:. Retrieved
9879:
9866:
9857:
9832:(5): 64–81.
9829:
9825:
9819:
9810:
9778:
9774:
9764:
9729:
9725:
9715:
9703:. Retrieved
9699:the original
9694:
9684:
9649:
9645:
9622:
9608:
9602:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9567:
9537:
9533:
9523:
9514:
9486:
9482:
9472:
9463:
9433:
9429:
9404:. Retrieved
9400:
9388:
9376:. Retrieved
9367:
9358:
9346:. Retrieved
9337:
9328:
9316:. Retrieved
9311:
9284:. Retrieved
9272:
9242:
9222:
9218:
9212:
9203:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9160:
9140:
9136:
9112:
9082:
9078:
9042:
9012:
9008:
8986:
8971:
8964:
8955:
8941:
8921:
8907:
8883:
8853:
8849:
8810:
8790:
8786:
8740:
8736:
8726:
8691:
8687:
8677:
8642:
8638:
8628:
8593:
8589:
8541:
8537:
8527:
8515:. Retrieved
8510:
8501:
8482:
8476:
8467:
8435:
8431:
8421:
8386:
8382:
8350:
8326:
8294:
8290:
8263:
8249:
8229:
8201:
8197:
8173:
8143:
8139:
8091:
8087:
8047:
8043:
7995:
7991:
7981:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7921:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7865:. Retrieved
7861:
7852:
7840:. Retrieved
7831:
7822:
7797:
7793:
7772:. Retrieved
7752:
7707:
7703:
7665:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7572:
7537:(1): 86–98.
7534:
7530:
7472:
7469:J. Neurochem
7468:
7414:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7351:
7345:
7337:
7309:
7305:
7287:
7273:
7252:. Retrieved
7245:the original
7240:
7209:
7179:
7175:
7150:. Retrieved
7145:
7083:
7063:
7059:
7035:
7021:
6990:. Retrieved
6981:
6941:(6): 50–55.
6938:
6934:
6909:. Retrieved
6897:
6885:
6873:. Retrieved
6869:the original
6864:
6855:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6808:. Retrieved
6804:the original
6799:
6767:. Retrieved
6758:
6736:
6713:
6691:. Retrieved
6683:
6674:
6662:. Retrieved
6648:
6591:(5): 64–81.
6588:
6584:
6578:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6487:(1): 17–37.
6484:
6480:
6470:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6388:
6384:
6340:
6336:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6186:
6178:Image legend
6167:
6154:
6137:
6128:
6118:
6092:
6086:
6074:
6061:. The human
6056:
6046:binding site
6032:
6023:
6003:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5919:
5910:
5895:effect sizes
5893:The largest
5885:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5852:
5848:
5824:
5791:
5737:Legal status
5724:22.0 mg
5714:22.9 mg
5669:
5663:74.2 mg
5594:
5335:35.2 mg
5325:14.2 mg
5297:
5296:
5290:30.0 mg
5285:11.0 mg
5280:11.0 mg
5224:
5218:30.0 mg
5208:22.0 mg
5152:
5070:
5025:
5016:
4993:
4989:
4969:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4900:
4884:
4840:
4832:blood stream
4817:biomolecules
4788:
4709:unidentified
4656:unidentified
4601:Norephedrine
4580:Benzoic acid
4538:
4537:-oxidation,
4534:
4515:norephedrine
4507:benzoic acid
4478:
4459:
4427:
4378:
4366:
4260:
4233:, but their
4189:
4174:
4095:
4043:Pharmacology
3979:Serotonergic
3949:Interactions
3926:Hyperpyrexia
3629:
3611:lucid dreams
3591:drug craving
3575:
3413:No change or
2977:
2942:
2889:aripiprazole
2874:
2846:co-localized
2826:
2811:
2728:
2696:cannabinoids
2652:
2641:
2633:
2611:
2560:
2530:corepressors
2432:
2421:
2362:
2353:
2245:Nuclear pore
2237:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:upregulation
2077:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2051:template by
2038:
2023:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1874:
1858:
1830:
1810:irritability
1800:, change in
1767:
1746:heart attack
1742:sudden death
1739:
1700:
1656:constipation
1624:hypertension
1618:
1601:
1520:hypertension
1448:risk factors
1445:
1434:
1425:Recreational
1408:
1356:
1290:, long-term
1273:
1222:
1198:(AASM) 2021
1193:
1165:
1157:serotonergic
1149:dopaminergic
1114:
1093:side effects
1056:
1031:
1012:
996:
916:
907:trace amines
860:
793:, increased
789:, change in
784:
703:
699:
698:
687:
377:Legal status
371:Legal status
307:insufflation
254:License data
86:
43:
36:
24904:Euphoriants
24859:Amphetamine
24609:RTI-7470-44
24549:Phentermine
24442:Amphetamine
24388:-Octopamine
24380:-Octopamine
24218:Adrenergics
24184:Guanazodine
24169:Bethanidine
24014:Mepiprazole
23808:Flephedrone
23748:Amfepramone
23728:Brephedrone
23624:Oxazolines:
23456:Cyprodenate
23301:Prenylamine
23283:Phentermine
23099:Flephedrone
23094:Fenproporex
23039:Clortermine
23034:Clobenzorex
22972:Amphetamine
22967:Amfepramone
22906:Thozalinone
22886:Cyclazodone
22868:Oxazolines:
22724:Cyprodenate
22587:Prenylamine
22401:Flephedrone
22396:Fenproporex
22336:Clortermine
22331:Clobenzorex
22271:Amphetamine
22266:Amfepramone
22205:Thozalinone
22185:Cyclazodone
22167:Oxazolines:
21929:Venlafaxine
21914:Moclobemide
21909:Milnacipran
21894:Desipramine
21820:Atomoxetine
21815:Armodafinil
21750:Amphetamine
21653:Thiothinone
21638:Tametraline
21623:Rauwolscine
21593:Nomifensine
21588:Nikethamide
21533:Lomevactone
21518:JNJ-7925476
21513:Indatraline
21488:GSK1360707F
21443:Desipramine
21433:Crotetamide
21418:Ciclazindol
21398:Benzydamine
21388:Atomoxetine
21383:Atipamezole
21279:Tryptamines
21249:Tesofensine
20815:Difemetorex
20767:Piperidines
20679:Piperazines
20541:Sibutramine
20511:Prenylamine
20461:Phentermine
20416:Oxifentorex
20313:Methoxamine
20289:Metaraminol
20125:Fenproporex
20096:Fencamfamin
20061:Epinephrine
19984:Clortermine
19974:Clobenzorex
19969:Clenbuterol
19944:Camfetamine
19880:Amphetamine
19850:Amidephrine
19722:Thozalinone
19702:Cyclazodone
19649:Armodafinil
19611:Pentetrazol
19591:Bicuculline
19578:Convulsants
19568:WAY-317,538
19563:Varenicline
19553:Tebanicline
19533:SSR-180,711
19518:Rivanicline
19513:Pozanicline
19508:PNU-282,987
19503:PNU-120,596
19498:PHA-543,613
19478:Epiboxidine
19473:Epibatidine
19438:Altinicline
19330:Flephedrone
19285:Amfepramone
19164:Gacyclidine
19008:Cyprodenate
18990:Alkylamines
18975:Theobromine
18907:Rimantadine
18879:Adamantanes
18829:Venlafaxine
18794:Pronethalol
18764:Methoxamine
18694:Dizocilpine
18689:Diphenidine
18664:Amidephrine
18625:-Octopamine
18562:Metaraminol
18529:(Droxidopa)
18475:Epinephrine
18465:Dimetofrine
18311:Stimulants:
18290:Stimulants:
18118:Brephedrone
18108:Amfepramone
18060:Stimulants:
18042:Cericlamine
18023:Phentermine
18003:Clortermine
17990:Stimulants:
17770:Sibutramine
17755:Prenylamine
17690:Oxifentorex
17642:Metaraminol
17582:Fenproporex
17553:Fencamfamin
17533:Clobenzorex
17499:Amphetamine
17456:Stimulants:
17197:Stimulants:
17155:Macromerine
16697:Trace amine
16672:Phentermine
16241:Amphetamine
16222:Amphetamine
16184:MedlinePlus
16129:Health News
16028:25 February
16002:25 February
15980:19 November
15799:18 November
15464:30 December
15438:30 December
15238:: 439–449.
14375:Amphetamine
14324:30 December
14248:(1): 1–12.
13866:al., 2002).
13666:30 December
13534:11655/15525
13309:28 February
13075:: 345–352.
12838:: 154–164.
12330:: 565–598.
12274:(1): 7–15.
11874:(1): 5–15.
11226:amphetamine
11062:24 December
10980:24 December
10889:22 December
10656:: 148–152.
10552:22 December
10509:22 December
10428:situations.
10378:27 February
9781:: 223–249.
9312:Mydayis.com
9286:30 December
9244:pitolisant)
9205:sleepiness.
8517:12 November
7152:22 December
6992:22 December
6810:16 December
6196:Ion channel
6040:contains a
6011:L-aspartate
5857:enantiomers
5774:Schedule II
5719:7.1 mg
5671:amphetamine
5653:8.9 mg
5330:4.5 mg
5226:amphetamine
5008:acquisition
4881:Trace amine
4859:transcluded
4824:xenobiotics
4759:benzoyl-CoA
4716:Conjugation
4692:Deamination
4594:Amphetamine
4415:distributes
4397:of the gut
4347:transcluded
4313:(i.e., the
4203:epinephrine
4151:internalize
4131:firing rate
4020:elimination
4014:affect the
4005:depressants
3814:Respiratory
3795:Muscle pain
3645:3,425–4,145
3465:No change:
3310:Sensitized
2961:monotherapy
2929:atomoxetine
2917:ondansetron
2909:varenicline
2881:mirtazapine
2870:monotherapy
2483:amphetamine
2131:corepressor
2119:coactivator
2108:suppression
2072:controlling
1939:reinforcing
1806:grandiosity
1794:wakefulness
1782:elated mood
1715:bed wetting
1707:contraction
1696:weight loss
1640:tachycardia
1628:hypotension
1586:Amphetamine
1582:transcluded
1274:In 2015, a
1253:Amphetamine
1249:transcluded
1161:wakefulness
1001:(ADHD) and
981:Amphetamine
977:transcluded
885:(VMAT2) in
839:weight loss
795:wakefulness
750:(ADHD) and
736:enantiomers
720:amphetamine
708:trade names
493:Identifiers
455:Schedule II
240:MedlinePlus
213:Other names
204:Trade names
188:; 25%
165:; 25%
115:12.5%
108:25% –
49:Amphetamine
32:Amphetamine
18:Adderall XR
24944:Stimulants
24919:Nootropics
24914:Narcolepsy
24864:Anorectics
24843:Categories
24577:Selegiline
24479:Higenamine
24469:Guanfacine
24408:Tryptamine
24403:Synephrine
24312:Classical
24305:Endogenous
24159:SoRI-20041
24152:SoRI-20040
24100:Tryptamine
23883:Methedrone
23878:Mephedrone
23833:Lophophine
23823:Iofetamine
23813:Flucetorex
23713:Amiflamine
23642:Fluminorex
23637:Clominorex
23471:Heptaminol
23466:Gilutensin
23451:Cypenamine
23316:Selegiline
23273:Pholedrine
23242:Ortetamine
23222:Methedrone
23190:Mephedrone
23140:Lophophine
23109:Furfenorex
23014:Buphedrone
22957:Amfecloral
22952:Alfetamine
22896:Fluminorex
22891:Fenozolone
22881:Clominorex
22739:Heptaminol
22734:Gilutensin
22719:Cypenamine
22704:Amineptine
22577:Pholedrine
22567:Pholedrine
22538:Ortetamine
22478:Methedrone
22446:Mephedrone
22436:Lophophine
22411:Furfenorex
22341:D-Deprenyl
22311:Buphedrone
22256:Amfecloral
22251:Alfetamine
22195:Fluminorex
22190:Fenozolone
22180:Clominorex
21945:Amantadine
21924:Reboxetine
21904:Imipramine
21899:Duloxetine
21861:Guanfacine
21830:Viloxazine
21807:stimulants
21742:stimulants
21633:Setazindol
21618:Rasagiline
21608:PNU-99,194
21558:Mefexamide
21528:Leptacline
21523:Lazabemide
21493:GYKI-52895
21483:Gilutensin
21408:BTS 74,398
21373:Amineptine
21322:5-MeO-DIPT
21154:Norcocaine
21144:FP-β-CPPIT
21139:FE-β-CPPIT
21061:Oxiracetam
21038:Prolintane
20757:Vanoxerine
20669:Radafaxine
20644:PD-128,907
20639:Oxaflozane
20624:Manifaxine
20551:Synephrine
20531:Salbutamol
20526:Ropinirole
20481:Pholedrine
20421:Oxilofrine
20411:Ortetamine
20401:Octopamine
20368:Nisoxetine
20224:Lophophine
20214:Lefetamine
20195:Isoetarine
20190:Iofetamine
20155:Hexapradol
20145:Furfenorex
20140:Formetorex
20086:Etilefrine
20071:Etafedrine
20041:Dopexamine
20026:Dextrodopa
20017:Dobutamine
20002:Denopamine
19989:Cypenamine
19959:Cilobamine
19914:Benfluorex
19899:Arbutamine
19840:Amfecloral
19830:Alfetamine
19712:Fluminorex
19707:Fenozolone
19697:Clominorex
19679:Oxazolines
19659:CRL-40,941
19654:CRL-40,940
19621:Strychnine
19616:Picrotoxin
19586:Anatoxin-a
19468:Dianicline
19385:Pentedrone
19355:Methedrone
19345:Mephedrone
19295:Buphedrone
19290:Benzedrone
19237:Cathinones
19194:Tiletamine
19154:Esketamine
19096:LY-503,430
19091:LY-404,187
19013:Heptaminol
19003:Cypenamine
18955:Dimethazan
18897:Bromantane
18892:Amantadine
18887:Adapromine
18871:Stimulants
18799:Salbutamol
18734:Hexapradol
18714:Etafedrine
18709:Ephenidine
18704:Dopexamine
18699:Dobutamine
18679:Denopamine
18669:Arbutamine
18643:Synephrine
18577:Methyldopa
18572:Metirosine
18520:(Levodopa)
18510:Isoetarine
18495:Fenclonine
18485:Etilefrine
18399:Prolintane
18230:Mephedrone
18193:Radafaxine
18183:Pentedrone
18163:Methedrone
18123:Buphedrone
18113:Benzedrone
18052:Cathinones
17964:Selegiline
17954:Amiflamine
17750:Pholedrine
17700:Ortetamine
17695:Oxilofrine
17627:Lefetamine
17617:Iofetamine
17602:Furfenorex
17597:Formetorex
17587:Flucetorex
17518:Benfluorex
17489:Amfecloral
17484:Alfetamine
17357:D-Deprenyl
17274:Lophophine
17185:Psi-2C-T-4
17180:Proscaline
17150:Jimscaline
16637:Narcolepsy
16592:Formetorex
16466:Inhibited
15947:7 February
15773:8 February
15746:13 October
15542:. Lenntech
15494:31 October
15073:Microbiome
14629:6 November
14534:12 October
14508:15 October
14482:15 October
14456:15 October
14340:Wishart DS
14223:13 October
13514:The Lancet
12466:31 October
11836:31 October
11566:31 October
10751:Adderall
10221:Moore DL.
9705:2 December
9406:6 February
9378:6 February
9348:6 February
9318:6 February
9225:: 97–109.
9143:(10): 43.
7254:2 November
6935:Psychiatry
6693:22 October
6311:References
6205:G proteins
6036:The human
6009:magnesium
5955:expression
5944:2 cm.
5934:physician.
5924:companies.
5870:trade name
5104:equal base
5102:doses with
5088:molar mass
5040:saccharate
4887:endogenous
4819:and other
4485:metabolize
4446:eliminated
4430:half-lives
4399:epithelium
4299:exocytosis
4267:monoamines
4237:(that is,
4141:(PKA) and
4016:absorption
3993:Stimulants
3582:withdrawal
3543:density in
3511:Number of
3479:enkephalin
3467:enkephalin
3177:Attenuated
3174:Attenuated
3079:enrichment
3044:reinforcer
2951:with both
2913:citicoline
2905:naltrexone
2901:gabapentin
2893:topiramate
2885:sertraline
2778:repression
2776:-mediated
2626:epigenetic
2537:repression
2508:for these
2502:co-release
2104:repression
2084:activation
1887:dependence
1558:problems,
1496:drug abuse
1456:self-worth
1429:See also:
1111:Narcolepsy
1003:narcolepsy
847:dependence
805:, provoke
770:. It is a
768:euphoriant
752:narcolepsy
740:stimulants
734:, the two
656:CHEBI:2679
616:CK833KGX7E
587:ChemSpider
547:IUPHAR/BPS
499:CAS Number
488:Oral: ~90%
415:Anlage III
404:Schedule I
322:Drug class
315:sublingual
284:Dependence
24821:Chemistry
24779:See also:
24572:RO5166017
24484:Hordenine
24424:-Tyramine
24416:-Tyramine
24339:Serotonin
24324:Histamine
24207:See also:
24179:Guanadrel
24174:Bretylium
24147:SoRI-9804
24121:Viqualine
24075:5-MeO-αMT
24070:5-MeO-αET
23888:Methylone
23601:8-OH-DPAT
23496:Octodrine
23481:Indanorex
23323:-Deprenyl
23227:Methylone
23185:Mefenorex
23114:Hordenine
23064:Ephedrine
23029:Cathinone
22769:Octodrine
22749:Indanorex
22528:Methylone
22441:Mefenorex
22416:Hordenine
22361:Ephedrine
22326:Cathinone
22023:Serotonin
21889:Buspirone
21884:Bupropion
21856:Clonidine
21825:Modafinil
21668:Yohimbine
21643:Tandamine
21613:PRC200-SS
21508:Indanorex
21478:Gamfexine
21468:Fenisorex
21393:Bemegride
21317:5-MeO-αMT
21312:5-MeO-αET
21259:Tropoxane
21033:Picilorex
21023:Naphyrone
20870:Pipradrol
20732:GBR-13119
20727:GBR-13098
20722:GBR-13069
20717:GBR-12935
20712:GBR-12783
20451:Phenatine
20274:Mefenorex
20208:-Deprenyl
20180:Ibopamine
20165:Hordenine
20150:Gepefrine
20101:Fencamine
20056:Ephedrine
20046:Droxidopa
19997:-Deprenyl
19875:Acridorex
19669:Modafinil
19664:Fluorenol
19644:Adrafinil
19636:Eugeroics
19601:Flurothyl
19528:SIB-1553A
19448:Arecoline
19443:Anabasine
19433:AR-R17779
19418:A-366,833
19390:Pentylone
19370:Mexedrone
19365:Methylone
19335:Hexedrone
19310:Cathinone
19300:Bupropion
19227:SKF-82958
19222:SKF-81297
19217:SKF-77434
19121:Sunifiram
19106:Org 26576
19101:Nooglutyl
19053:Ampakines
19033:Octodrine
18970:SCH-58261
18950:CGS-15943
18902:Memantine
18779:PARGY-LAD
18674:Cafedrine
18633:-Tyramine
18587:Nordefrin
18567:Metaterol
18552:-Tyramine
18544:-Tyrosine
18500:Ibopamine
18389:Naphyrone
18220:Methylone
18188:Pentylone
18133:Cathinone
18128:Bupropion
17971:-Deprenyl
17637:Mefenorex
17607:Gepefrine
17558:Fencamine
17543:Ephedrine
17479:Acridorex
17206:Hordenine
17165:Mescaline
17058:2C-T-22.5
16796:25N-NBOMe
16791:25I-NBOMe
16786:25D-NBOMe
16781:25C-NBOMe
16776:25B-NBOMe
16687:Serotonin
16647:Nootropic
16328:ProCentra
16323:Dexedrine
15665:19 August
15643:19 August
15621:19 August
15596:19 August
15571:19 August
15546:19 August
15326:0362-4331
14386:2 October
13429:CNS Drugs
12939:198136436
12911:Addiction
12393:: 60–80.
12216:: 24–41.
10757:Vyvanse
10685:CNS Drugs
10333:1477-7517
10317:(1): 68.
9893:8 October
9854:207580823
9695:JS Online
9534:Addiction
9368:Drugs.com
9338:Drugs.com
9180:Continuum
8438:: 87–99.
8328:outcomes.
8198:CNS Drugs
7867:30 August
7842:30 August
6621:207580823
6605:1941-9260
6554:1744-764X
6501:1435-165X
6123:cells/ml.
5788:Shortages
5118:(percent)
5061:Shire plc
4996:Shire plc
4755:XM-ligase
4722:XM-ligase
4704:Oxidation
4690:Oxidative
4391:free base
4367:The oral
4293:into its
4279:serotonin
4275:histamine
4211:histamine
4207:serotonin
4001:sedatives
3907:Mydriasis
3757:delusions
3731:Confusion
3513:dendrites
3493:dynorphin
3487:dynorphin
3473:dynorphin
3462:dynorphin
3447:No change
3444:No change
3072:(aerobic)
2933:modafinil
2667:) in the
2665:phenotype
2562:Addiction
2499:glutamate
2088:promotion
1973:tolerance
1948:rewarding
1860:addiction
1844:Addiction
1822:delusions
1814:obsessive
1770:alertness
1731:analgesic
1676:dry mouth
1569:teratogen
1544:psychosis
1504:agitation
1502:, severe
1371:endurance
1300:attention
1205:modafinil
1168:monoamine
1117:cataplexy
843:addiction
831:dry mouth
819:delusions
811:psychosis
791:sex drive
776:stimulant
676:ChEMBL405
330:stimulant
296:Routes of
286:liability
232:Monograph
226:Drugs.com
110:stimulant
24849:Adderall
24809:Medicine
24686:Agonists
24649:Agonists
24319:Dopamine
24296:Agonists
24194:Guanoxan
23974:2C-B-BZP
23798:Etolorex
23793:Ethylone
23743:Cloforex
23733:Butylone
23632:Aminorex
23360:2C-B-BZP
23334:Tyramine
23329:Tiflorex
23263:Pentorex
23232:Morforex
23104:Fludorex
23074:Ethylone
23019:Butylone
22994:β-Me-PEA
22922:2-OH-PEA
22901:Pemoline
22876:Aminorex
22840:Morforex
22835:Morazone
22633:2C-B-BZP
22607:Tyramine
22602:Tiflorex
22533:Morforex
22406:Fludorex
22376:Ethylone
22316:Butylone
22291:β-Me-PEA
22221:2-OH-PEA
22200:Pemoline
22175:Aminorex
22139:Morforex
22134:Morazone
21987:Dopamine
21848:agonists
21679:ATC code
21543:Mazindol
21503:Idazoxan
21463:Etamivan
21458:Efaroxan
21287:4-HO-αMT
21081:Tropanes
21053:Racetams
20908:4-Cl-PVP
20885:SCH-5472
20845:JZ-IV-10
20737:JJC8-088
20687:2C-B-BZP
20634:Morforex
20629:Morazone
20576:Tyrosine
20571:Tyramine
20561:Tiflorex
20446:Pentorex
20348:Morforex
20294:Mesocarb
20135:Fludorex
20036:Dopamine
20030:Levodopa
19979:Cloforex
19760:2-OH-PEA
19717:Pemoline
19692:Aminorex
19606:Gabazine
19493:Nicotine
19463:Cytisine
19458:Cotinine
19413:A-84,543
19325:Ethylone
19305:Butylone
19250:3,4-DMMC
19212:6-Br-APB
19169:Ketamine
19126:Unifiram
18945:Caffeine
18784:Phenibut
18470:Dopamine
18451:Ciladopa
18441:a-Me-TRA
18281:Eutylone
18271:Butylone
18215:Ethylone
18210:Butylone
18200:3,4-DMMC
18148:Eutylone
18098:4-MeMABP
18018:Pentorex
18008:Etolorex
17998:Cloforex
17775:Tiflorex
17667:Morforex
17592:Fludorex
17347:Beatrice
17140:Escaline
16715:Category
16577:Dopamine
16401:inducer)
16280:Adderall
16054:27 March
15938:Archived
15793:Archived
15767:Archived
15740:Archived
15714:Archived
15524:22 April
15488:Archived
15429:Archived
15372:27 April
15363:Archived
15336:22 April
15330:Archived
15296:15860375
15252:27424325
15214:19948186
15160:73413138
15152:30701587
15105:25774294
15050:22411464
14992:24785449
14929:-OHA to
14921:-OHA to
14829:28641000
14782:23738007
14774:23650932
14731:13977820
14677:10027866
14432:12191709
14349:DrugBank
14270:37967136
14217:Archived
14191:23968642
14138:25033183
14078:GenAtlas
14056:21772817
14001:27141430
13948:23021477
13909:11940571
13861:21338876
13808:24589993
13800:18416663
13763:8 August
13754:Archived
13720:15922018
13657:Archived
13598:20755466
13590:18973636
13552:25530442
13459:40931380
13451:23757186
13405:5 August
13367:19370579
13281:23996457
13240:26903885
13184:30586362
13099:26092759
13043:26644139
13019:: 9–16.
12988:24716825
12931:31328345
12860:25317397
12852:26391065
12816:23426671
12763:22641964
12711:11513288
12703:25409693
12662:23475113
12613:23020045
12579:23643695
12527:19202072
12417:23085425
12352:15139406
12344:16776597
12298:25397661
12240:26182835
12182:23806439
12122:21459101
12027:21989194
11954:19157711
11946:25083822
11888:18557129
11805:18640924
11748:23430970
11679:21989194
11625:24939695
11599:Figure 1
11538:22200950
11473:19877494
11412:26816013
11359:24459410
11277:19111278
11221:23216941
11113:22161946
11056:Archived
11031:22043968
10974:Archived
10938:29 April
10933:16784007
10883:DailyMed
10860:18295156
10808:18295156
10705:21699268
10670:24972362
10635:15554766
10546:DailyMed
10503:DailyMed
10476:23539642
10423:12798818
10351:28985738
10227:Archived
10201:22782401
10193:25943657
10148:25852568
10093:24198770
10038:30392999
10030:23456493
9986:21658550
9944:18500382
9884:Archived
9846:25295651
9807:25228824
9756:16999660
9676:24344115
9594:11337538
9564:24749160
9511:15788121
9503:25591060
9460:25499957
9372:Archived
9342:Archived
9277:Archived
9239:32032921
9200:28777172
9157:27549768
9109:34743789
9039:19587857
8880:23065655
8807:35624073
8767:23725858
8718:29944175
8669:26844979
8660:10329868
8620:30091808
8568:29410060
8560:16052183
8464:24082796
8413:21596055
8323:25714373
8291:PLOS ONE
8218:21699268
8170:25954331
8162:22118249
8118:24107764
8066:23247506
8022:18991959
7965:22392347
7918:23539642
7862:ClinCalc
7836:Archived
7832:ClinCalc
7814:15901046
7774:28 April
7768:Archived
7734:22037049
7608:19948186
7569:21272013
7499:21073468
7397:17825265
7334:71267668
7326:18384709
7206:19160215
7146:DailyMed
7080:23668655
6986:Archived
6982:DailyMed
6957:19727285
6902:Archived
6847:25973928
6763:Archived
6664:5 August
6613:25295651
6570:31114829
6562:15006715
6519:21042924
6462:18295156
6413:20283057
6405:17031708
6367:23539642
6088:in vitro
6058:in vitro
6050:reuptake
5873:Adderall
5841:racemate
5298:Adderall
5144:dextro-
5138:dextro-
5084:formula
4846:tyramine
4807:toxicity
4477:glycine
4471:(FMO3),
4448:via the
4425:tissue.
4403:cationic
4389:soluble
4373:absorbed
4271:dopamine
4195:dopamine
3917:Elevated
3761:paranoia
3617:Overdose
3344:striatal
3342:Altered
3314:response
3312:dopamine
3055:Opiates
3042:Type of
3031:Form of
3007:striatum
2925:riluzole
2897:baclofen
2720:propofol
2708:nicotine
2598:clinical
2591:accumbal
2495:dopamine
2392:DARPP-32
2136:decrease
2124:increase
2112:decrease
2092:increase
1826:paranoia
1790:insomnia
1660:diarrhea
1615:Physical
1552:seizures
1512:glaucoma
1346:diverted
1306:of both
1099:such as
1088:Cochrane
1063:dopamine
871:dopamine
827:insomnia
815:paranoia
787:euphoria
700:Adderall
690:(verify)
596:13852819
567:DrugBank
508:300-62-9
337:ATC code
303:By mouth
273:Adderall
268:DailyMed
184:0%
161:0%
142:; 12.5%
85:Bottom:
82:skeleton
37:Adderall
24833:Biology
24795:Portals
24279:ligands
24113:Others:
23979:3-MeOPP
23408:Others:
23024:Cathine
22671:Others:
22321:Cathine
22055:(SNDRI)
21658:Trazium
21583:Nefopam
21538:LR-5182
21239:RTI-386
21234:RTI-371
21229:RTI-354
21224:RTI-336
21219:RTI-229
21214:RTI-177
21209:RTI-150
21204:RTI-126
21194:RTI-120
21189:RTI-113
21184:RTI-112
21124:Cocaine
20913:5-DBFPV
20860:Nocaine
20707:DBL-583
20066:Epinine
19949:Cathine
19825:AL-1095
19770:2,3-MDA
19626:Thujone
19548:TC-2216
19543:TC-1827
19538:TC-1698
19428:ABT-418
19423:ABT-202
19116:S-18986
19086:IDRA-21
18824:UWA-101
18789:PRO-LAD
18719:ETH-LAD
18480:Epinine
18436:a-Me-DA
18359:4-MePPP
18354:4-MePHP
18349:4-MePBP
18261:Ariadne
18039:Others:
17949:3,4-DCA
17946:Others:
17897:2,3-MDA
17882:6-MAPDB
17847:5-MAPDB
17528:Cathine
17452:ZDCM-04
17437:Psi-DOM
17422:Ganesha
17288:Others:
17103:2C-T-33
17098:2C-T-32
17093:2C-T-31
17088:2C-T-30
17083:2C-T-28
17078:2C-T-27
17073:2C-T-25
17068:2C-T-24
17063:2C-T-23
17053:2C-T-22
17048:2C-T-21
17043:2C-T-20
17038:2C-T-19
17033:2C-T-18
17028:2C-T-17
17023:2C-T-16
17018:2C-T-15
17013:2C-T-14
17008:2C-T-13
17003:2C-T-12
16998:2C-T-11
16993:2C-T-10
16808:2C-B-AN
16657:Obesity
16511:SLC22A5
16506:SLC22A3
16351:Vyvanse
16333:Zenzedi
16291:Mydayis
16160:12 July
16134:12 July
16108:12 July
15871:23 July
15694:10 July
15096:4359430
15041:3418802
14983:4086029
14913:2600821
14868:4457764
14821:4713201
14722:1703637
14624:4809526
14182:3831354
14129:4159050
14074:"TAAR1"
14047:3131148
13992:4850498
13852:3065181
13711:1828602
13543:4340604
13358:7138250
13231:4745113
13214:: 175.
13175:6306153
13090:4532615
13034:4724540
12979:4017926
12807:3865508
12754:4040958
12653:3609040
12570:3766384
12518:2650365
12495:Bibcode
12408:3525776
12289:4831948
12231:4712120
12173:3788047
12113:3139704
12018:3272277
11796:2607320
11739:3569166
11670:3272277
11616:4359351
11529:3250102
11464:2834246
11403:6135257
11350:3898681
11268:2693956
11212:3554477
11195:: 221.
11161:. Merck
11138:24 June
11104:3350308
11022:4943074
10851:2408826
10799:2408826
10713:3449435
10598:24 June
10467:3666194
10415:8545689
10342:5639593
10139:4362407
10084:3813949
9935:2439527
9798:4164338
9747:1794223
9667:3880463
9555:4471173
9451:4377121
9401:OptumRx
9100:8636351
9030:2701283
8871:3480574
8758:3848424
8709:6513283
8611:6513464
8455:3785407
8404:3353150
8314:4340791
8226:3449435
8109:3801446
8013:2769923
7973:2873101
7945:Bibcode
7909:3666194
7725:3236098
7560:4183197
7539:Bibcode
7490:3005101
7197:7004251
6948:2695750
6510:3012210
6453:2408826
6358:3666194
6094:in vivo
5996:glycine
5991:-serine
5878:Mydayis
5767:Class B
5757:Ritalin
5228:sulfate
5156:sulfate
5113:(g/mol)
5106:content
5053:Actavis
5036:sulfate
4978:to the
4972:Obetrol
4960:History
4916:by the
4873:history
4871:|
4841:E. coli
4714:Glycine
4467:(DBH),
4452:, with
4450:kidneys
4361:history
4359:|
4309:-bound
4269:(e.g.,
4239:potency
4217:(e.g.,
4163:CAMKIIα
4127:cytosol
3861:Urinary
3755:(e.g.,
3660:System
3599:fatigue
3515:in the
3316:in the
3283:in the
3094:D1-type
3049:Sources
2921:prometa
2774:H3K9me2
2762:H3K9me2
2754:residue
2747:histone
2712:opioids
2700:cocaine
2692:alcohol
2674:in the
2669:D1-type
2651:), and
2616:in the
2581:to the
2193:in the
2034:protein
1950:stimuli
1941:stimuli
1920:somatic
1869:alcohol
1820:(e.g.,
1798:anxiety
1735:opioids
1630:from a
1596:history
1594:|
1556:thyroid
1417:(MLB),
1413:(NFL),
1387:release
1375:fatigue
1338:arousal
1320:in the
1263:history
1261:|
1077:to the
1025:of the
991:history
989:|
971:Medical
887:neurons
873:in the
813:(e.g.,
778:of the
724:racemic
704:Mydayis
576:DB00182
522:PubChem
512:51-64-9
452:WARNING
439:Class B
427:Class B
425::
413::
402::
357: (
355:N06BA01
353:)
347: (
345:N06BA02
270::
246:a601234
24720:
24665:
24653:
24134:Others
24034:pTFMPP
23923:4-TFMA
23863:MDMPEA
23698:6-APDB
23688:5-APDB
23318:(also
23170:MDMPEA
23124:5-APDI
22694:5-APDI
22513:MDMPEA
22049:(NDRI)
22043:(SNRI)
22037:(SSRI)
22031:(SERT)
22025:(5-HT)
21968:(ADHD)
21663:UH-232
21598:O-2172
21351:Others
21179:RTI-51
21174:RTI-32
21169:RTI-31
20943:α-PHPP
20933:α-PHiP
20928:α-PCYP
20692:3C-PEP
20254:MDMPEA
19558:UB-165
19483:GTS-21
19275:4-MEAP
19081:CX-717
19076:CX-691
19071:CX-614
19066:CX-546
19061:CX-516
18739:IP-LAD
18659:AL-LAD
18431:6-OHDA
17966:(also
17959:DiFMDA
17877:6-MAPB
17867:6-EAPB
17857:6-APDB
17842:5-MAPB
17832:5-EAPB
17827:5-APDB
17432:MMDA-2
17332:3C-MAL
17284:MDMPEA
17135:DESOXY
17113:2C-TFM
17108:2C-TFE
16988:2C-T-9
16983:2C-T-8
16978:2C-T-7
16973:2C-T-6
16968:2C-T-5
16963:2C-T-4
16958:2C-T-3
16953:2C-T-2
16928:2C-O-4
16918:2C-NH2
16893:2C-G-N
16888:2C-G-6
16883:2C-G-5
16878:2C-G-4
16873:2C-G-3
16868:2C-G-2
16863:2C-G-1
16450:, and
16417:(weak
16409:ligand
16266:Evekeo
15930:
15845:23 May
15720:23 May
15402:29 May
15324:
15294:
15250:
15212:
15158:
15150:
15103:
15093:
15048:
15038:
14990:
14980:
14911:
14866:
14827:
14819:
14780:
14772:
14729:
14719:
14675:
14622:
14564:
14430:
14352:. 5.0.
14268:
14262:407607
14260:
14189:
14179:
14136:
14126:
14108:Neuron
14084:29 May
14054:
14044:
14030:: 56.
13999:
13989:
13946:
13907:
13859:
13849:
13831:Neuron
13806:
13798:
13718:
13708:
13619:
13596:
13588:
13550:
13540:
13491:
13457:
13449:
13396:
13365:
13355:
13279:
13238:
13228:
13182:
13172:
13126:
13097:
13087:
13048:abuse.
13041:
13031:
12986:
12976:
12937:
12929:
12881:
12858:
12850:
12814:
12804:
12761:
12751:
12709:
12701:
12660:
12650:
12611:
12577:
12567:
12525:
12515:
12438:
12415:
12405:
12350:
12342:
12296:
12286:
12238:
12228:
12180:
12170:
12120:
12110:
12025:
12015:
11952:
11944:
11886:
11803:
11793:
11746:
11736:
11677:
11667:
11623:
11613:
11536:
11526:
11471:
11461:
11410:
11400:
11357:
11347:
11305:
11275:
11265:
11219:
11209:
11132:INCHEM
11111:
11101:
11029:
11019:
10931:
10858:
10848:
10806:
10796:
10738:
10711:
10703:
10668:
10633:
10592:INCHEM
10474:
10464:
10421:
10413:
10349:
10339:
10331:
10199:
10191:
10146:
10136:
10122:: 79.
10091:
10081:
10067:: 75.
10036:
10028:
9984:
9942:
9932:
9859:study.
9852:
9844:
9805:
9795:
9754:
9744:
9674:
9664:
9615:
9592:
9562:
9552:
9509:
9501:
9458:
9448:
9237:
9198:
9155:
9107:
9097:
9037:
9027:
8979:
8948:
8914:
8878:
8868:
8805:
8765:
8755:
8716:
8706:
8667:
8657:
8618:
8608:
8566:
8558:
8489:
8462:
8452:
8411:
8401:
8357:
8321:
8311:
8256:
8224:
8216:
8168:
8160:
8116:
8106:
8064:
8020:
8010:
7971:
7963:
7916:
7906:
7812:
7760:
7732:
7722:
7672:
7606:
7567:
7557:
7497:
7487:
7421:
7395:
7358:
7332:
7324:
7280:
7204:
7194:
7078:
7028:
6955:
6945:
6845:
6729:
6655:
6619:
6611:
6603:
6568:
6560:
6552:
6517:
6507:
6499:
6460:
6450:
6411:
6403:
6365:
6355:
6214:
6207:&
6203:
6201:
6194:
6192:
6169:doses.
5905:alone.
5709:23.81%
5704:76.19%
5694:135.21
5689:135.21
5643:29.68%
5638:29.68%
5633:135.21
5628:455.49
5582:23.61%
5577:23.61%
5572:47.22%
5567:135.21
5562:286.32
5511:56.27%
5506:56.27%
5501:270.41
5496:480.55
5451:36.69%
5446:36.69%
5441:73.38%
5436:270.41
5431:368.49
5385:73.38%
5380:73.38%
5375:270.41
5370:368.49
5320:15.08%
5315:47.49%
5310:62.57%
5275:36.69%
5270:36.69%
5265:73.38%
5260:270.41
5255:368.49
5198:73.38%
5193:73.38%
5188:270.41
5183:368.49
5147:levo-
5141:levo-
5135:total
5129:total
5055:, and
4923:L-DOPA
4908:isomer
4751:10–20%
4747:30–40%
4650:CYP2D6
4643:CYP2D6
4517:, and
4461:CYP2D6
4454:30–40%
4291:neuron
3969:CYP2D6
3896:Other
3743:Tremor
3725:system
2766:neural
2751:lysine
2722:, and
2516:and a
2489:, and
2385:CaMKII
1802:libido
1750:stroke
1748:, and
1664:nausea
1662:, and
1369:, and
1278:and a
1155:, and
1125:orexin
1119:, and
928:
774:(CNS)
710:for a
667:ChEMBL
636:D11624
464:
449:
437:
390:
311:rectal
266:
190:dextro
167:dextro
144:dextro
138:12.5%
121:dextro
24764:TAAR1
24678:TAAR5
24641:TAAR2
24539:3-MMA
24287:TAAR1
24039:TFMPP
24009:MeOPP
24004:MDBZP
23903:MMDMA
23873:MDPEA
23853:MDHMA
23768:DFMDA
23708:AEMMA
23683:4-MTA
23673:4-FMA
23663:4-CAB
23611:MDMAT
23596:6-CAT
23570:MDMAI
23550:5-IAI
23436:5-IAI
23411:2-ADN
23385:MeOPP
23380:MDBZP
23180:MDPEA
23126:(IAP)
22947:4-MMA
22937:4-FMA
22927:4-CAB
22871:4-MAR
22699:5-IAI
22674:2-ADN
22653:MeOPP
22648:MDBZP
22523:MDPEA
22488:MMDMA
22246:4-MMA
22236:4-FMA
22226:4-CAB
22170:4-MAR
22019:(NRI)
22013:(NET)
22001:(DRI)
21995:(DAT)
21438:D-161
21358:2-MDP
21269:WF-33
21264:WF-23
21008:MOPPP
21003:MOPVP
20983:MDPBP
20978:MDPPP
20963:DMPVP
20953:α-PVT
20948:α-PVP
20938:α-PHP
20923:α-PBP
20918:α-PPP
20742:MeOPP
20702:CM156
20619:G-130
20338:MMDMA
20269:MDPEA
19820:6-FNE
19815:4-MTA
19810:4-MMA
19260:4-CMC
19255:4-BMC
18774:MT-45
18527:-DOPS
18518:-DOPA
18459:-DOPA
18426:6-FNE
18369:MOPVP
18364:MOPPP
18339:MDPPP
18334:MDPBP
18329:α-PVP
18324:α-PPP
18319:α-PHP
18314:α-PBP
18256:4-MAB
18251:4-CAB
18205:3-MMC
18103:4-MPD
18093:4-MEC
18088:4-FMC
18083:4-EMC
18078:4-CMC
18073:4-BMC
18063:3-FMC
18035:MDMPH
17932:MMDMA
17912:MDHMA
17852:6-APB
17822:5-APB
17817:4-MTA
17812:4-MMA
17802:4-FMA
17474:3-FMA
17464:2-FMA
17417:DOTFM
17372:DMMDA
17367:DMCPA
17342:Aleph
17322:3C-BZ
17317:3C-AL
17296:DMPEA
17279:MDPEA
17190:TCB-2
17160:MEPEA
17118:2C-YN
16943:2C-SE
16938:2C-Ph
16908:2C-iP
16848:2C-EF
16833:2C-CP
16828:2C-CN
16818:2C-Bu
16813:2C-Bn
16597:ΔFosB
16501:EAAT3
16496:VMAT2
16491:VMAT1
16452:hCA14
16448:hCA13
16444:hCA12
16436:hCA5B
16432:hCA5A
16380:TAAR1
15974:(PDF)
15967:(PDF)
15941:(PDF)
15924:(PDF)
15902:6 May
15839:(PDF)
15832:(PDF)
15684:(PDF)
15432:(PDF)
15421:(PDF)
15366:(PDF)
15355:(PDF)
15156:S2CID
15079:: 9.
14962:Omics
14825:S2CID
14778:S2CID
14598:(PDF)
14314:(PDF)
14266:S2CID
13804:S2CID
13757:(PDF)
13746:(PDF)
13660:(PDF)
13649:(PDF)
13594:S2CID
13455:S2CID
12935:S2CID
12856:S2CID
12707:S2CID
12359:(PDF)
12348:S2CID
12320:(PDF)
11950:S2CID
11811:c-fos
11755:c-Fos
11689:c-fos
11685:c-fos
11484:c-fos
11480:c-fos
11165:8 May
10917:(PDF)
10709:S2CID
10419:S2CID
10285:7 May
10259:7 May
10233:4 May
10197:S2CID
10034:S2CID
9887:(PDF)
9876:(PDF)
9850:S2CID
9507:S2CID
9397:(PDF)
9308:(PDF)
9280:(PDF)
9269:(PDF)
8564:S2CID
8511:WebMD
8222:S2CID
8166:S2CID
7969:S2CID
7810:S2CID
7330:S2CID
7248:(PDF)
7237:(PDF)
6911:2 May
6905:(PDF)
6894:(PDF)
6875:2 May
6769:2 May
6617:S2CID
6601:eISSN
6566:S2CID
6550:eISSN
6497:eISSN
6409:S2CID
6160:total
6147:total
5829:Salts
5816:Notes
5613:O•(CH
5132:base
5081:drug
4950:TAAR1
4861:from
4763:GLYAT
4726:GLYAT
4668:Beta-
4661:Beta-
4635:Para-
4628:Para-
4621:Para-
4438:11–14
4423:brain
4387:lipid
4349:from
4329:) or
4321:, or
4303:TAAR1
4263:VMAT2
4123:VMAT2
4119:TAAR1
3086:ΔFosB
3012:c-Fos
2833:TAAR1
2730:ΔJunD
2657:NF-κB
2638:ΔFosB
2594:ΔFosB
2534:c-Fos
2526:c-Fos
2462:HDAC1
2455:SIRT1
2446:c-Fos
2424:ΔFosB
2284:AMPAR
2277:NMDAR
2106:, or
2086:, or
1584:from
1562:, or
1540:mania
1342:5–35%
1251:from
979:from
875:brain
716:salts
647:ChEBI
24768:TAAR
24557:-PIT
24452:DOET
24080:5-MT
24065:5-CT
24029:pFPP
24024:pCPP
24019:oMPP
23999:mCPP
23994:MBZP
23989:DCPP
23953:PMMA
23948:PMEA
23908:MMMA
23898:MMDA
23868:MDOH
23848:MDEA
23838:MBDB
23788:EDMA
23783:EBDB
23778:DMMA
23678:4-HA
23668:4-FA
23606:MDAT
23575:MMAI
23565:MDAI
23560:ETAI
23555:AMMI
23531:SRAs
23431:4-BP
23426:2-BP
23421:2-AT
23416:2-AI
23395:pFPP
23390:oMPP
23375:mCPP
23370:MBZP
23175:MDOH
23155:MDEA
23145:MBDB
23059:EBDB
23054:DMMA
22942:4-MA
22932:4-FA
22806:NRAs
22689:4-BP
22684:2-AT
22679:2-AI
22658:oMPP
22643:MBZP
22518:MDOH
22503:MDEA
22493:MBDB
22483:MMDA
22371:EBDB
22351:DMMA
22241:4-MA
22231:4-FA
22105:DRAs
22007:(NE)
21989:(DA)
21724:ADHD
21683:N06B
21018:MDPV
20998:MPPP
20993:MPHP
20988:MPBP
20973:FPVP
20968:FPOP
20752:oMPP
20747:MBZP
20506:PPAP
20501:PMMA
20496:PMEA
20436:PCMA
20343:MMMA
20333:MMDA
20264:MDPR
20259:MDOH
20244:MDEA
20239:MDBU
20229:MBDB
20160:HMMA
20051:EBDB
20022:DOPA
19939:BPAP
19805:4-MA
19596:DMCM
19111:PEPA
18384:MPPP
18379:MPHP
18374:MPBP
18344:MDPV
18286:MBDB
18276:EBDB
18068:4-MC
18030:MDPH
17922:MDOH
17907:MDEA
17872:6-IT
17837:5-IT
17807:4-MA
17797:4-FA
17740:PMMA
17735:PMEA
17720:PFMA
17469:3-FA
17459:2-FA
17447:TeMA
17427:MMDA
17412:DOPR
17392:DOET
17387:DOEF
17337:3C-P
17327:3C-E
17123:2C-V
16948:2C-T
16933:2C-P
16923:2C-O
16913:2C-N
16903:2C-I
16898:2C-H
16858:2C-G
16853:2C-F
16843:2C-E
16838:2C-D
16823:2C-C
16803:2C-B
16557:ADHD
16486:SERT
16440:hCA7
16428:hCA4
16395:mRNA
16390:CART
16231:and
16162:2024
16136:2024
16110:2024
16056:2023
16030:2023
16004:2023
15982:2005
15949:2012
15928:ISBN
15904:2016
15873:2007
15847:2013
15801:2018
15775:2013
15748:2013
15722:2013
15696:2017
15667:2015
15645:2015
15623:2015
15598:2015
15573:2015
15548:2015
15526:2009
15496:2011
15466:2013
15440:2013
15404:2013
15374:2017
15338:2017
15322:ISSN
15292:PMID
15248:PMID
15210:PMID
15148:PMID
15101:PMID
15046:PMID
14988:PMID
14909:PMID
14864:PMID
14817:PMID
14770:PMID
14727:PMID
14673:PMID
14631:2014
14620:PMID
14562:ISBN
14536:2013
14510:2013
14484:2013
14458:2013
14428:PMID
14388:2017
14326:2013
14258:PMID
14225:2013
14187:PMID
14134:PMID
14086:2014
14052:PMID
13997:PMID
13944:PMID
13905:PMID
13857:PMID
13796:PMID
13765:2017
13716:PMID
13668:2013
13617:ISBN
13586:PMID
13548:PMID
13489:ISBN
13447:PMID
13407:2017
13394:ISBN
13363:PMID
13341:2009
13311:2007
13277:PMID
13236:PMID
13180:PMID
13124:ISBN
13095:PMID
13039:PMID
12984:PMID
12927:PMID
12879:ISBN
12848:PMID
12812:PMID
12759:PMID
12699:PMID
12658:PMID
12609:PMID
12575:PMID
12523:PMID
12468:2014
12436:ISBN
12413:PMID
12340:PMID
12294:PMID
12236:PMID
12178:PMID
12118:PMID
12023:PMID
11942:PMID
11902:link
11884:PMID
11838:2014
11801:PMID
11744:PMID
11675:PMID
11621:PMID
11568:2014
11534:PMID
11469:PMID
11408:PMID
11355:PMID
11303:ISBN
11273:PMID
11217:PMID
11167:2012
11140:2014
11109:PMID
11083:JAMA
11064:2013
11027:PMID
10982:2019
10940:2015
10929:PMID
10891:2019
10856:PMID
10804:PMID
10736:ISBN
10701:PMID
10666:PMID
10631:PMID
10600:2014
10554:2019
10511:2019
10472:PMID
10411:PMID
10380:2013
10347:PMID
10329:ISSN
10287:2012
10261:2012
10235:2014
10189:PMID
10144:PMID
10089:PMID
10026:PMID
9982:PMID
9940:PMID
9895:2013
9842:PMID
9803:PMID
9752:PMID
9707:2007
9672:PMID
9613:ISBN
9590:PMID
9560:PMID
9499:PMID
9456:PMID
9408:2023
9380:2020
9350:2020
9320:2024
9288:2013
9235:PMID
9196:PMID
9153:PMID
9105:PMID
9035:PMID
8977:ISBN
8946:ISBN
8912:ISBN
8876:PMID
8803:PMID
8763:PMID
8714:PMID
8692:2018
8665:PMID
8643:2016
8616:PMID
8594:2018
8556:PMID
8519:2013
8487:ISBN
8460:PMID
8409:PMID
8355:ISBN
8319:PMID
8254:ISBN
8214:PMID
8158:PMID
8114:PMID
8062:PMID
8018:PMID
7996:1141
7961:PMID
7914:PMID
7869:2024
7844:2024
7776:2015
7758:ISBN
7730:PMID
7670:ISBN
7604:PMID
7565:PMID
7535:1216
7495:PMID
7419:ISBN
7393:PMID
7356:ISBN
7322:PMID
7278:ISBN
7256:2013
7202:PMID
7180:2009
7154:2019
7076:PMID
7026:ISBN
6994:2019
6953:PMID
6913:2020
6877:2020
6843:PMID
6812:2013
6771:2020
6727:ISBN
6695:2023
6666:2017
6653:ISBN
6609:PMID
6558:PMID
6515:PMID
6458:PMID
6401:PMID
6363:PMID
6164:base
6143:base
6065:and
6014:and
5868:The
5851:and
5835:and
5699:100%
5542:N)•C
5528:25%
5463:25%
5402:25%
5341:25%
5028:mass
4869:edit
4789:The
4698:FMO3
4525:are
4434:9–11
4428:The
4421:and
4357:edit
4225:and
4209:and
4197:and
4097:AADC
4094:via
4018:and
4003:and
3995:and
3973:FMO3
3971:and
3759:and
3684:High
3637:coma
3545:the
3399:DRD2
3393:DRD2
3385:DRD3
3381:DRD2
3377:DRD1
3371:DRD3
3367:DRD2
3363:DRD1
3357:DRD3
3353:DRD2
3273:CREB
3098:MSNs
2955:and
2843:and
2786:CDK5
2768:and
2736:, a
2649:CREB
2643:cAMP
2624:and
2573:, a
2522:CREB
2497:and
2435:JunD
2414:CREB
2406:PP2B
2363:cAMP
2354:cAMP
2319:DRD4
2312:DRD3
2305:DRD2
2298:DRD5
2291:DRD1
2030:gene
1863:– a
1824:and
1717:and
1692:tics
1602:The
1592:edit
1560:tics
1402:and
1385:and
1313:and
1259:edit
1194:The
1163:.
1105:tics
1069:and
1009:ADHD
987:edit
934:Uses
913:and
869:and
837:and
706:are
702:and
627:KEGG
607:UNII
556:4804
536:3007
478:data
222:AHFS
186:levo
163:levo
140:levo
117:levo
57:salt
39:(EP)
24447:DOB
24095:DMT
24090:αMT
24085:αET
23984:BZP
23958:TAP
23943:PMA
23938:pIA
23933:pCA
23928:pBA
23913:NAP
23893:MMA
23818:IAP
23773:DMA
23758:DCA
23723:BOH
23718:BDB
23580:TAI
23365:BZP
23049:DMA
23009:BOH
22999:BDB
22638:BZP
22346:DMA
22301:BOH
22296:BDB
21804:CNS
21735:CNS
21403:BTQ
21342:αMT
21337:αET
21164:PTT
21159:PIT
21028:PEP
20697:BZP
20491:PMA
20486:PIA
20441:PHA
20431:PCA
20426:PBA
20323:MMA
19929:BOH
19924:BDB
18394:PEP
18266:BDB
18168:NEB
17942:TAP
17892:IAP
17887:EDA
17730:PMA
17725:PIA
17715:PFA
17710:PCA
17705:PBA
17662:MMA
17442:TMA
17407:DON
17402:DOM
17397:DOI
17382:DOC
17377:DOB
17362:DMA
17291:BOH
16481:NET
16476:DAT
16415:MAO
16308:N/A
15284:doi
15240:doi
15202:doi
15198:125
15168:sic
15140:doi
15136:120
15091:PMC
15081:doi
15036:PMC
15028:doi
14978:PMC
14970:doi
14905:251
14856:doi
14809:doi
14762:doi
14717:PMC
14709:doi
14669:288
14610:doi
14606:249
14420:doi
14250:doi
14177:PMC
14169:doi
14124:PMC
14116:doi
14042:PMC
14032:doi
13987:PMC
13979:doi
13936:doi
13895:doi
13891:277
13847:PMC
13839:doi
13788:doi
13706:PMC
13698:doi
13694:106
13578:doi
13538:PMC
13530:hdl
13522:doi
13518:385
13437:doi
13353:PMC
13345:doi
13269:doi
13226:PMC
13216:doi
13170:PMC
13160:doi
13085:PMC
13077:doi
13073:761
13029:PMC
13021:doi
13017:159
12974:PMC
12966:doi
12919:doi
12915:114
12840:doi
12836:101
12802:PMC
12794:doi
12749:PMC
12741:doi
12689:doi
12648:PMC
12640:doi
12565:PMC
12557:doi
12513:PMC
12503:doi
12491:106
12403:PMC
12395:doi
12391:100
12332:doi
12284:PMC
12276:doi
12226:PMC
12218:doi
12168:PMC
12160:doi
12108:PMC
12100:doi
12013:PMC
12005:doi
11934:doi
11876:doi
11791:PMC
11783:doi
11779:363
11734:PMC
11726:doi
11665:PMC
11657:doi
11611:PMC
11603:doi
11601:).
11524:PMC
11516:doi
11512:139
11459:PMC
11451:doi
11398:PMC
11390:doi
11386:374
11345:PMC
11263:PMC
11255:doi
11207:PMC
11197:doi
11099:PMC
11091:doi
11087:306
11017:PMC
11009:doi
11005:365
10846:PMC
10838:doi
10794:PMC
10786:doi
10693:doi
10658:doi
10654:167
10623:doi
10462:PMC
10454:doi
10403:doi
10337:PMC
10319:doi
10179:doi
10134:PMC
10124:doi
10079:PMC
10069:doi
10018:doi
9974:doi
9930:PMC
9922:doi
9918:154
9834:doi
9830:126
9793:PMC
9783:doi
9742:PMC
9734:doi
9662:PMC
9654:doi
9550:PMC
9542:doi
9538:109
9491:doi
9446:PMC
9438:doi
9227:doi
9188:doi
9145:doi
9095:PMC
9087:doi
9025:PMC
9017:doi
8866:PMC
8858:doi
8795:doi
8753:PMC
8745:doi
8704:PMC
8696:doi
8655:PMC
8647:doi
8606:PMC
8598:doi
8546:doi
8450:PMC
8440:doi
8399:PMC
8391:doi
8309:PMC
8299:doi
8206:doi
8148:doi
8144:125
8104:PMC
8096:doi
8052:doi
8008:PMC
8000:doi
7953:doi
7904:PMC
7896:doi
7802:doi
7720:PMC
7712:doi
7596:doi
7592:125
7555:PMC
7547:doi
7485:PMC
7477:doi
7473:116
7385:doi
7314:doi
7192:PMC
7184:doi
7068:doi
6943:PMC
6835:doi
6831:104
6719:doi
6688:FDA
6593:doi
6589:126
6542:doi
6505:PMC
6489:doi
6448:PMC
6440:doi
6393:doi
6389:191
6353:PMC
6345:doi
6105:to
5994:or
5853:(L)
5831:of
5044:CNS
5010:of
4683:DBH
4676:DBH
4407:20%
4255:CNS
4115:DAT
3919:or
3686:or
3651:).
3587:3–4
3383:, ↑
3379:, ↓
3369:, ↑
3365:, ↓
3355:, ↑
3331:Yes
3325:Yes
3171:Yes
3168:Yes
3162:Yes
3142:Yes
3139:Yes
3136:Yes
3036:or
2903:),
2780:of
2734:G9a
2678:is
2640:),
2541:1–2
2399:PP1
2378:CaM
2371:PKA
2338:i/o
2270:1.2
2049:DNA
1898:or
1792:or
1788:),
1626:or
1188:REM
895:CNS
845:or
718:of
526:CID
360:WHO
350:WHO
327:CNS
87:(D)
24845::
24232:•
24228:•
24224:•
24220:•
24216:•
24212:•
24154:;
23296:IA
23258:CA
23250:BA
22562:IA
22554:CA
22546:BA
21764:,
21760:,
21756:,
21681::
20305:,
20117:,
20028:,
19886:,
17574:,
17505:,
16446:,
16442:,
16438:,
16434:,
16430:,
16182:.
16152:.
16127:.
16100:.
16047:.
16020:.
15936:.
15890:.
15686:.
15606:^
15581:^
15556:^
15512:.
15468:.
15427:.
15423:.
15390:.
15357:.
15328:.
15320:.
15316:.
15304:^
15290:.
15280:26
15278:.
15260:^
15246:.
15236:83
15234:.
15222:^
15208:.
15196:.
15178:^
15162:.
15154:.
15146:.
15134:.
15117:^
15107:.
15099:.
15089:.
15075:.
15071:.
15052:.
15044:.
15034:.
15024:13
15022:.
15018:.
15004:^
14994:.
14986:.
14976:.
14966:18
14964:.
14960:.
14940:^
14915:.
14903:.
14870:.
14862:.
14852:13
14850:.
14831:.
14823:.
14815:.
14805:32
14803:.
14784:.
14776:.
14768:.
14756:.
14743:^
14733:.
14725:.
14715:.
14705:20
14703:.
14699:.
14685:^
14667:.
14643:,1
14633:.
14618:.
14604:.
14600:.
14570:.
14544:^
14526:.
14500:.
14474:.
14448:.
14426:.
14416:30
14414:.
14400:^
14390:.
14358:^
14346:.
14316:.
14278:^
14264:.
14256:.
14246:53
14244:.
14211:.
14193:.
14185:.
14175:.
14165:34
14163:.
14159:.
14140:.
14132:.
14122:.
14112:83
14110:.
14106:.
14088:.
14076:.
14058:.
14050:.
14040:.
14026:.
14022:.
14003:.
13995:.
13985:.
13973:.
13969:.
13950:.
13942:.
13932:51
13930:.
13911:.
13903:.
13889:.
13885:.
13873:^
13863:.
13855:.
13845:.
13835:69
13833:.
13829:.
13810:.
13802:.
13794:.
13782:.
13748:.
13732:^
13714:.
13704:.
13692:.
13688:.
13676:^
13651:.
13631:^
13592:.
13584:.
13574:20
13572:.
13554:.
13546:.
13536:.
13528:.
13516:.
13512:.
13471:^
13461:.
13453:.
13445:.
13433:27
13431:.
13427:.
13415:^
13388:.
13369:.
13361:.
13351:.
13339:.
13335:.
13319:^
13297:.
13275:.
13263:.
13242:.
13234:.
13224:.
13210:.
13206:.
13192:^
13178:.
13168:.
13156:15
13154:.
13150:.
13138:^
13110:^
13101:.
13093:.
13083:.
13071:.
13067:.
13055:^
13045:.
13037:.
13027:.
13015:.
13011:.
12999:^
12990:.
12982:.
12972:.
12960:.
12956:.
12933:.
12925:.
12913:.
12897:^
12887:.
12854:.
12846:.
12834:.
12810:.
12800:.
12790:33
12788:.
12784:.
12765:.
12757:.
12747:.
12737:44
12735:.
12731:.
12719:^
12705:.
12697:.
12685:15
12683:.
12679:.
12656:.
12646:.
12636:16
12634:.
12630:.
12605:19
12603:.
12599:.
12587:^
12573:.
12563:.
12553:76
12551:.
12547:.
12535:^
12521:.
12511:.
12501:.
12489:.
12485:.
12459:.
12411:.
12401:.
12389:.
12385:.
12367:^
12346:.
12338:.
12328:29
12326:.
12322:.
12300:.
12292:.
12282:.
12272:41
12270:.
12266:.
12252:^
12242:.
12234:.
12224:.
12214:40
12212:.
12208:.
12194:^
12184:.
12176:.
12166:.
12156:37
12154:.
12150:.
12134:^
12124:.
12116:.
12106:.
12096:61
12094:.
12090:.
12038:^
12029:.
12021:.
12011:.
12001:12
11999:.
11995:.
11965:^
11956:.
11948:.
11940:.
11930:40
11928:.
11910:^
11898:}}
11894:{{
11872:21
11870:.
11866:.
11846:^
11829:.
11807:.
11799:.
11789:.
11777:.
11773:.
11750:.
11742:.
11732:.
11722:10
11720:.
11716:.
11702:^
11681:.
11673:.
11663:.
11653:12
11651:.
11647:.
11633:^
11619:.
11609:.
11595:51
11593:.
11589:.
11570:.
11559:.
11540:.
11532:.
11522:.
11510:.
11506:.
11475:.
11467:.
11457:.
11447:11
11445:.
11441:.
11427:^
11414:.
11406:.
11396:.
11384:.
11380:.
11361:.
11353:.
11341:15
11339:.
11335:.
11317:^
11289:^
11279:.
11271:.
11261:.
11251:65
11249:.
11245:.
11233:^
11223:.
11215:.
11205:.
11193:12
11191:.
11187:.
11175:^
11157:.
11130:.
11107:.
11097:.
11085:.
11081:.
11050:.
11039:^
11025:.
11015:.
11003:.
10999:.
10968:.
10957:^
10942:.
10925:16
10923:.
10919:.
10893:.
10881:.
10868:^
10854:.
10844:.
10834:17
10832:.
10828:.
10816:^
10802:.
10792:.
10782:17
10780:.
10776:.
10764:^
10744:.
10715:.
10707:.
10699:.
10689:25
10687:.
10664:.
10652:.
10629:.
10619:65
10617:.
10590:.
10562:^
10544:.
10519:^
10501:.
10488:^
10478:.
10470:.
10460:.
10450:27
10448:.
10444:.
10425:.
10417:.
10409:.
10399:89
10397:.
10359:^
10345:.
10335:.
10327:.
10315:14
10313:.
10309:.
10295:^
10213:^
10203:.
10195:.
10187:.
10175:25
10173:.
10169:.
10150:.
10142:.
10132:.
10118:.
10114:.
10095:.
10087:.
10077:.
10063:.
10059:.
10040:.
10032:.
10024:.
10014:43
10012:.
9998:^
9988:.
9980:.
9970:30
9968:.
9952:^
9938:.
9928:.
9916:.
9912:.
9878:.
9856:.
9848:.
9840:.
9828:.
9809:.
9801:.
9791:.
9777:.
9773:.
9750:.
9740:.
9730:26
9728:.
9724:.
9693:.
9670:.
9660:.
9650:66
9648:.
9644:.
9630:^
9621:.
9586:42
9584:.
9566:.
9558:.
9548:.
9536:.
9532:.
9513:.
9505:.
9497:.
9487:27
9485:.
9481:.
9462:.
9454:.
9444:.
9434:77
9432:.
9428:.
9416:^
9399:.
9370:.
9366:.
9340:.
9336:.
9310:.
9296:^
9271:.
9251:^
9241:.
9233:.
9223:68
9221:.
9202:.
9194:.
9184:23
9182:.
9159:.
9151:.
9141:18
9139:.
9121:^
9111:.
9103:.
9093:.
9083:17
9081:.
9077:.
9059:^
9041:.
9033:.
9023:.
9011:.
9007:.
8995:^
8985:.
8954:.
8930:^
8920:.
8898:^
8882:.
8874:.
8864:.
8852:.
8848:.
8824:^
8809:.
8801:.
8791:31
8789:.
8775:^
8761:.
8751:.
8741:23
8739:.
8735:.
8712:.
8702:.
8690:.
8686:.
8663:.
8653:.
8641:.
8637:.
8614:.
8604:.
8592:.
8588:.
8576:^
8562:.
8554:.
8542:59
8540:.
8536:.
8509:.
8466:.
8458:.
8448:.
8434:.
8430:.
8407:.
8397:.
8387:99
8385:.
8381:.
8369:^
8339:^
8325:.
8317:.
8307:.
8295:10
8293:.
8289:.
8271:^
8262:.
8238:^
8228:.
8220:.
8212:.
8202:25
8200:.
8182:^
8172:.
8164:.
8156:.
8142:.
8138:.
8126:^
8112:.
8102:.
8092:74
8090:.
8086:.
8074:^
8060:.
8048:70
8046:.
8042:.
8030:^
8016:.
8006:.
7994:.
7990:.
7967:.
7959:.
7951:.
7941:86
7939:.
7920:.
7912:.
7902:.
7892:27
7890:.
7886:.
7860:.
7834:.
7830:.
7808:.
7796:.
7784:^
7766:.
7742:^
7728:.
7718:.
7708:19
7706:.
7702:.
7684:^
7616:^
7602:.
7590:.
7571:.
7563:.
7553:.
7545:.
7533:.
7529:.
7507:^
7493:.
7483:.
7471:.
7467:.
7433:^
7405:^
7391:.
7381:75
7379:.
7336:.
7328:.
7320:.
7310:24
7308:.
7296:^
7286:.
7264:^
7239:.
7224:^
7208:.
7200:.
7190:.
7178:.
7174:.
7162:^
7144:.
7105:^
7082:.
7074:.
7064:40
7062:.
7046:^
7034:.
7002:^
6980:.
6965:^
6951:.
6937:.
6933:.
6921:^
6896:.
6863:.
6841:.
6829:.
6798:.
6779:^
6757:.
6745:^
6735:.
6725:.
6703:^
6686:.
6682:.
6647:.
6629:^
6615:.
6607:.
6599:.
6587:.
6564:.
6556:.
6548:.
6536:.
6513:.
6503:.
6495:.
6485:20
6483:.
6479:.
6456:.
6446:.
6436:17
6434:.
6430:.
6407:.
6399:.
6387:.
6375:^
6361:.
6351:.
6341:27
6339:.
6335:.
6319:^
6299:^
6272:^
5685:N
5683:13
5621:S)
5607:25
5603:15
5558:O
5554:•H
5550:NO
5540:13
5534:(C
5487:10
5481:•C
5477:N)
5475:13
5469:(C
5424:SO
5420:•H
5416:N)
5414:13
5408:(C
5363:SO
5359:•H
5355:N)
5353:13
5347:(C
5248:SO
5244:•H
5240:N)
5238:13
5232:(C
5176:SO
5172:•H
5168:N)
5166:13
5160:(C
5051:,
4865:.
4813:.
4797:,
4529:,
4513:,
4509:,
4505:,
4499:,
4493:,
4463:,
4353:.
4317:,
4281:,
4277:,
4273:,
4012:pH
3848:CO
3601:,
3597:,
3593:,
3328:No
3322:No
3022:.
2967:,
2935:.
2927:,
2923:,
2919:,
2915:,
2911:,
2907:,
2899:,
2895:,
2883:,
2809:.
2756:9
2749:3
2718:,
2714:,
2710:,
2706:,
2702:,
2698:,
2694:,
2532:;
2485:,
2346:AC
2266:Ca
2110:–
2102:,
2090:–
2082:,
2070:–
1808:,
1804:,
1760:.
1744:,
1737:.
1690:,
1678:,
1674:,
1670:,
1658:,
1654:,
1634:,
1588:.
1554:,
1550:,
1546:,
1542:,
1534:,
1498:,
1466:.
1406:.
1294:,
1255:.
1151:,
1147:,
1044:IQ
1029:.
983:.
833:,
829:,
821:,
817:,
782:.
762:,
758:,
460:UN
445:US
433:UK
422:NZ
410:DE
399:CA
392:S8
386:AU
313:,
309:,
305:,
263:US
24797::
24698:N
24696:,
24694:N
24555:o
24462:N
24460:,
24458:N
24422:p
24414:m
24386:p
24378:m
24370:N
24362:N
24268:e
24261:t
24254:v
23512:)
23508:(
23325:)
23321:D
23294:p
23256:p
23248:p
22560:p
22552:p
22544:p
22282:)
22273:(
22088:e
22081:t
22074:v
21842:2
21840:α
21793:)
21789:(
21768:)
21752:(
21715:e
21708:t
21701:v
20856:)
20852:(
20537:)
20533:(
20394:L
20309:)
20301:(
20206:L
20121:)
20113:(
20032:)
20024:(
19995:D
19890:)
19882:(
18863:e
18856:t
18849:v
18805:)
18801:(
18631:p
18623:p
18606:m
18604:(
18593:)
18589:(
18550:m
18542:L
18534:L
18525:L
18516:L
18457:D
17973:)
17969:D
17678:L
17653:)
17578:)
17570:(
17509:)
17501:(
17257:p
17249:o
17241:N
17233:m
16749:e
16742:t
16735:v
16618:N
16458:)
16454:(
16421:)
16411:)
16392:(
16386:)
16382:(
16214:e
16207:t
16200:v
16186:.
16164:.
16138:.
16112:.
16058:.
16032:.
16006:.
15984:.
15951:.
15906:.
15875:.
15849:.
15803:.
15777:.
15750:.
15724:.
15698:.
15669:.
15647:.
15625:.
15600:.
15575:.
15550:.
15528:.
15498:.
15442:.
15406:.
15376:.
15340:.
15298:.
15286::
15254:.
15242::
15216:.
15204::
15142::
15083::
15077:3
15030::
14972::
14931:p
14927:p
14923:p
14919:p
14882:p
14878:p
14874:p
14858::
14811::
14764::
14758:9
14711::
14679:.
14649:d
14645:R
14641:S
14637:R
14612::
14579:p
14575:p
14538:.
14512:.
14486:.
14460:.
14434:.
14422::
14328:.
14272:.
14252::
14227:.
14171::
14118::
14034::
14028:5
13981::
13975:6
13938::
13897::
13841::
13790::
13784:8
13767:.
13722:.
13700::
13670:.
13625:.
13600:.
13580::
13532::
13524::
13497:.
13439::
13409:.
13347::
13313:.
13283:.
13271::
13265:9
13218::
13212:6
13186:.
13162::
13132:.
13079::
13023::
12968::
12962:7
12941:.
12921::
12862:.
12842::
12818:.
12796::
12743::
12713:.
12691::
12664:.
12642::
12615:.
12581:.
12559::
12529:.
12505::
12497::
12470:.
12444:.
12419:.
12397::
12334::
12278::
12220::
12162::
12102::
12007::
11936::
11904:)
11890:.
11878::
11840:.
11785::
11728::
11659::
11627:.
11605::
11518::
11453::
11392::
11311:.
11257::
11199::
11169:.
11142:.
11115:.
11093::
11066:.
11033:.
11011::
10984:.
10862:.
10840::
10810:.
10788::
10695::
10672:.
10660::
10637:.
10625::
10602:.
10556:.
10513:.
10456::
10405::
10382:.
10353:.
10321::
10289:.
10263:.
10237:.
10181::
10126::
10120:6
10071::
10065:7
10020::
9976::
9946:.
9924::
9897:.
9836::
9785::
9779:7
9758:.
9736::
9709:.
9678:.
9656::
9596:.
9544::
9493::
9440::
9410:.
9382:.
9352:.
9322:.
9290:.
9229::
9190::
9147::
9089::
9019::
9013:6
8860::
8854:9
8797::
8769:.
8747::
8720:.
8698::
8671:.
8649::
8622:.
8600::
8570:.
8548::
8521:.
8495:.
8442::
8436:6
8415:.
8393::
8363:.
8301::
8208::
8150::
8120:.
8098::
8068:.
8054::
8024:.
8002::
7975:.
7955::
7947::
7898::
7871:.
7846:.
7816:.
7804::
7798:3
7778:.
7736:.
7714::
7678:.
7610:.
7598::
7549::
7541::
7501:.
7479::
7427:.
7399:.
7387::
7364:.
7316::
7258:.
7186::
7156:.
7070::
6996:.
6959:.
6939:5
6915:.
6879:.
6849:.
6837::
6814:.
6773:.
6721::
6697:.
6668:.
6623:.
6595::
6572:.
6544::
6538:3
6521:.
6491::
6464:.
6442::
6415:.
6395::
6369:.
6347::
5988:D
5855:-
5849:D
5783:.
5681:H
5679:9
5677:C
5658:—
5648:—
5623:2
5619:3
5617:O
5615:4
5611:3
5609:N
5605:H
5601:C
5556:2
5552:4
5548:7
5546:H
5544:4
5538:H
5536:9
5516:—
5491:8
5489:O
5485:H
5483:6
5479:2
5473:H
5471:9
5426:4
5422:2
5418:2
5412:H
5410:9
5390:—
5365:4
5361:2
5357:2
5351:H
5349:9
5250:4
5246:2
5242:2
5236:H
5234:9
5213:—
5203:—
5178:4
5174:2
5170:2
5164:H
5162:9
4944:N
4937:N
4929:N
4901:N
4875:)
4867:(
4785:.
4539:N
4535:N
4479:N
4382:a
4379:K
4377:p
4363:)
4355:(
4187:.
4075:e
4068:t
4061:v
3999:(
3989:.
3932:)
3853:)
3850:2
3840:)
3763:)
3715:)
3626:.
3559:↑
3554:↑
3551:↓
3529:↑
3524:↑
3521:↓
3491:↑
3485:↑
3477:↓
3471:↑
3460:↑
3438:↑
3432:↑
3426:↑
3421:↑
3415:↑
3397:↑
3391:↑
3375:↑
3361:↑
3351:↓
3303:↓
3300:↓
3295:↓
3292:↓
3289:↓
3259:↓
3256:↓
3249:↑
3246:↑
3234:↑
3231:↓
3228:↑
3225:↓
3222:↑
3219:↑
3205:↓
3202:↓
3197:↓
3194:↑
3191:↑
3121:↑
3118:↑
3115:↑
3112:↑
3109:↑
3106:↑
3002:2
2760:(
2655:(
2647:(
2636:(
2336:G
2328:s
2326:G
2268:v
2218:e
2211:t
2204:v
2172:e
2165:t
2158:v
2002:e
1995:t
1988:v
1926:)
1598:)
1590:(
1479:.
1317:2
1310:1
1265:)
1257:(
993:)
985:(
917:N
893:(
462::
447::
435::
388::
363:)
224:/
193:)
182:(
170:)
159:(
147:)
136:(
124:)
113:(
51:/
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.