Afonso Pena - Knowledge

2426: 2977: 745: 2516: 3040:, the Argentine minister plenipotentiary to Spain, in which he stated that he had written evidence signed by Rio Branco that Brazil was preparing to attack Argentina. Zeballos then detailed his plan: Argentina would demand that Brazil give it one of its dreadnoughts that were under construction. If Brazil refused, Argentina would deliver an ultimatum that would give Brazil eight days to settle the issue, after which the Argentine Navy would attack Rio de Janeiro, which the Argentine ministers claimed was a "well studied and easy point, due to Brazil's defenseless situation". The secret plan was discussed with president Alcorta and his cabinet on 10 June, and two days later Zeballos would present it to Congress with the "secret documents" signed by Rio Branco in order to request funds to mobilize the military. However, the plan was leaked in the Argentine press on 11 June, which alarmed public opinion, harmed Zeballos' image, and caused the plan to be aborted. Under pressure, Alcorta then asked Zeballos to resign his position as foreign minister and assume the Ministry of Justice and Public Instruction. Zeballos refused that proposal but presented his resignation on 16 June 1908. 2727: 2496: 3333: 2565: 2646: 3160:, Afonso Pena was seen as one of the most prominent political figures of his time. José Anchieta da Silva said of him: "a monarchist, he was an exponent of the Republic, becoming an uncompromising defender of order and legality, guaranteeing the consolidation of the nascent Republic". In Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco's view, Pena was a "typical Minas Gerais liberal". Bárbara Lima remarked that Pena was the only member of emperor Pedro II's cabinet to become president of Brazil. Favorable historiography often contrasts the "social peace" during the presidencies of Afonso Pena and his predecessor Rodrigues Alves with the troubled period of Floriano Peixoto. For Américo Lacombe, Pena felt that transformations in the country were inevitable and sought to get closer to the values of the new generation. 3310: 1689:

on 13 November 1892, being elected the Faculty's first director, and was also a teacher at the institution, lecturing on financial sciences and public accounting. According to Luiz Arnaut, Pena "used all the resources at his disposal to make the faculty viable. He ceded public buildings, set up committees in municipalities to raise funds, gave up his rest as president of the State to prepare classes, as well as his pay for services provided to the faculty. The institution formally began to function on 2 January 1893; a federal decree of 21 February 1893 granted it the status of a "free faculty", which equated it to official federal institutions. Three students completed the course as early as 1893: Antônio Gomes de Lima, Augusto Cesar Pedreira, and Rodolfo Jacob.

2817: 964: 1360: 3023: 1896: 2308:, expected a record harvest of 16 million bags. Coupled with the global stock of coffee, which numbered about 10 million bags, and production from other countries, the total supply of the product for the period was expected to reach 30 million bags, while global demand did not exceed 16 million. The harvest estimate proved to be much lower than the actual harvest, which totaled 20 million bags in the 1906–1907 period, the largest crop ever harvested in the country at the time. As a result, international coffee prices were expected to fall considerably. The situation was made worse by the fact that Brazil's exchange rate was at an all time high, diminishing profits in the local currency. 1989: 3320: 1480:, which was the largest railway in Minas Gerais, approving a measure that forced the company to abide by its contract duties or else lose its concession to operate. He also proposed that members of the judiciary be appointed through public competition, instead of according to political adherence, as had been the case until then; this stance was in line with his preference for personal ability instead of nominations being political, although it is not possible to say he did not made nominations based on political criteria rather than individual merit during his political career. This preference would be reflected in his cabinet when president years later. 1732:

Belo Horizonte and Várzea do Marçal as the best places. Afonso Pena preferred Belo Horizonte, but the Congressional Committee tasked with analyzing the two options opined in favor of Várzea do Marçal, which was preferred by deputies from the south of the state. Belo Horizonte's detractors claimed the place was unhealthy, with inadequate topography and little water. They also argued that it had poor soil for agriculture and pointed to the need to compensate the local landowners. Finally, the two places were debated in the plenary, with Belo Horizonte winning by just two votes, 30 against 28. Fourteen congressmen were not present at the voting.

546: 8909: 2289: 1214: 1090: 2117: 1556:, in southern Minas Gerais, proclaimed itself the capital of a new state, Minas do Sul. Knowing that a federal intervention would be inevitable, Alvim stepped forward and resigned in February 1892. Pena then emerged as the only one capable of restoring stability to the state, being chosen by consensus of its different political currents to succeed Alvim. Pena ran for president of Minas Gerais, on a single ticket, and became the first democratically elected president of the state by direct vote on 30 June 1892, with a total of 48 thousand votes, taking office on 14 July. 1520: 1449:

that the draft should be rejected as it was "inspired by a unitary political model, like the monarchical regime that had just failed". The constitutional draft provided for the election of the governor by the state congress and the election to the senate by a "special electorate", which Pena opposed. The very existence of the Minas Gerais senate, thus forming a bicameral legislature, was disputed, with David Campista being its biggest opponent. Campista accused the senate of "disguising aristocratic tendencies". In response, Afonso Pena argued that the senate was a "

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officers, and soldiers. The expedition, known as the Rondon Commission, also had the additional goals of carrying out scientific exploration and delimiting the lands of the Casalvasco farm, which extended from the Aguapeí mountain range in Mato Grosso to Brazil's border with Bolivia. The government also created, through Decree No. 6,406 of 8 March 1907, the Works Commission in the Territory of Acre, whose objective was to build roads and public buildings, unblock rivers, and populate the region with the creation of agricultural and professional centers.

2939:, was appointed by emperor Pedro II to be one of the arbitrators. His position became clear when discussing the creation of an Arbitration Court of Justice, during which he argued that such a court was of interest of all nations and that the nomination of its members should take place regardless of each country's relative importance. Through Ruy Barbosa, Brazil presented its thesis of democratization of the international system and defied the exclusive role played by the world's great powers in dealing with international affairs in the 19th century. 2227: 3507:, referring to those elected by Congress, stated that they would occupy "the presidency and vice presidency of the Republic during the first presidential period". Article 42 of the Constitution, however, referring to presidents elected by universal suffrage, provided that the vice president would occupy the remainder of the presidential term if at least two years had passed since the president's inauguration, otherwise new elections should be held. Fonseca had resigned less than two years since his inauguration, 10406: 1626: 1672:, if necessary. This did not mean he supported Floriano Peixoto's stay in power, as he wanted the country's return to civilian rule. Once the naval revolt was defeated, Peixoto's supporters plotted a coup d'état to keep him in power as a dictator. Pena sent a letter to the president, dated 23 January 1894, warning him of the need to ensure that the next elections took place normally. For Américo Lacombe, the letter had the tone of an ultimatum. In this sense, Pena supported the presidential candidacy of 2916: 1099: 2140:, led by Pinheiro Machado. The latter group, which was behind Pena's election, felt excluded from the ministerial nominations. Despite this, Pena sought to appear independent in relation to both. The newspapers of the time attributed a phrase to him: "I'm the one who makes the policy". According to Cláudia Viscardi, the president "would try hard to keep the two political groups under his control, in a conciliatory effort that had already become the hallmark of his personality". 846: 1171:, an executive decree was issued regulating the issuance of the voter's license by introducing a number of requirements, including literacy, and so the number of people eligible to vote fell considerably. The prime minister who followed, Martinho Campos, also a liberal, despite declaring himself a "slaveholder to the core", did not seek to advance the liberal agenda, but attempted to revise the electoral regulation in order to expand the electorate, which led to his fall by a 1745: 2908:; its goals were to stop the arms race taking place at the time and establish peaceful ways to solve international disputes. Brazil had been invited to take part in the First Convention of 1899, but refused. In 1907 it sent a delegation led by Ruy Barbosa. With a bigger number of participating nations, the convention also included several Latin American countries, such as Argentina, Chile, and Colombia, who took part in the talks at the insistence of U.S. president 10457: 10445: 8902: 3143: 1276:, fire a teacher from the Normal School who was the editor of a newspaper. Fonseca complied. Despite being a monarchist, he was gradually being co-opted by republicans. Pena did not understand Cotegipe's attitude towards the incidents. The prime minister believed that repressive measures would be inappropriate. For Pena, however, Cotegipe's passivity encouraged military insubordination. By 1887, the military and republicans were openly plotting a coup d'état. 1473:

creation of a new state capital to replace Ouro Preto. The change of the capital from Ouro Preto was the most controversial point; Pena was in favor of moving the capital and proposed to postpone the decision until a commission of specialists presented the new possible locations. During his speeches in the constituent assembly, Pena had assumed a conciliatory tone with the more radical republican wings and the old monarchists, who fiercely debated the issue.

10069: 9795: 9074: 1261:. Afonso Pena was elected in his 3rd district with 615 votes out of 863 electors. Minas Gerais elected 11 liberals out of 20 deputies, the largest liberal caucus in the Chamber of Deputies. In opposition, Pena became a staunch critic of the government, monitoring and analyzing all its actions: the signing of railway contracts, public works, the soil examination in Rio de Janeiro, etc. In Américo Lacombe's words, everything was "examined and debated". 3189:, when coffee and rubber prices fell and there was a decrease in the flow of foreign capital to Brazil, reversing the favorable external scenario that allowed it to operate since 1906. As a result, there was a significant drop in money supply, with a worsening in economic activity and public finances, leading to the abandonment of the gold-standard in the country. There had been no money issued since 1898 and so the convertible bills issued by the 2658:. The General Directorate of the Settlement Service and the Directorate of the Propaganda and Economic Expansion Service of Brazil Abroad were created, tasked with promoting immigration, monitoring colonization, and carrying out the country's propaganda in Europe, thus transferring the matter of immigration back to the federal government, which had been delegated to the states since 1892. The federal government also started to subsidize travel. 1409:. He thought about abandoning politics to resume his law career. Like many other monarchist politicians of his time, he ended up adopting a "resigned acceptance" to the new regime, as he feared any reaction could lead to a civil war. Pena remained a convinced monarchist and continued to defend the emperor, whom he considered to be a man of "great knowledge and deeds". He had become one of the most prestigious politicians of the Empire. 9805: 3117:

issued its first report on the president's health, stating that he was in serious condition. A few hours later it issued another report stating that his condition had not worsened. At 14:15, being surrounded by his family and ministers, the president collapsed; after regaining consciousness, he passed out for the last time and died. According to doctor Miguel Couto, Afonso Pena's last words were "God, fatherland, liberty and family".

1356:". A large number of new companies was founded, whose capital almost reached that of all companies founded since the birth of the Brazilian Empire. In the words of Américo Lacombe, "there was a terrible contrast between the government's euphoria, celebrating the electoral victory and the liveliness of the business world. While the military class, especially the young ones, indoctrinated by the positivist agenda, were dissatisfied". 3203: 3052:, Chile. The telegram, dated 17 June 1908, was intercepted, decrypted, and its contents were distorted and published in the press by Zeballos. In the falsified version, Rio Branco instructed Domício da Gama to disseminate claims of "the 'imperialist' pretensions of the Argentine Republic, letting it be known in the high political circles that in its vanity it dreams of the domination of Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and also our 1495:

established, parents' attention will be asked to direct their children's career towards attending technical institutes. This would give the following result: after the young men have acquired the knowledge of the subjects taught in these institutes, instead of directing their activities towards public jobs, they will employ them in the most important industries of the State, such as agriculture, extraction and manufacture.

10469: 3215:, held on 30 June 1909, the Baron of Rio Branco stated that "ll of Brazil, which also accompanied him in this undertaking, does him the justice of believing in the purity of his intentions, seeing in him a true statesman eager to assure us the peace that we so desperately need and that all people need". The following year, Francisco Campos, a student of the Faculty of Law founded by Pena, gave a lecture next to Pena's 2561:

were met with resistance from the political class. The reform of the army's General Staff took ten years to complete. Likewise, despite being adopted in 1908, the Sortition Law's conscription measures only came into effect in 1916. The law's most consequential effect, however, was to change the army's relationship with society, introducing the idea of the "nation in arms" and expading the army's influence in politics.

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Campos Sales withdrew his candidacy. With no alternative against the official candidate, and despite his lack of sympathy for a former member of the monarchy, Pinheiro Machado approached Pena, who was also supported by the army – still resentful of Rodrigues Alves for the repression during the Vaccine Revolt – and Campos Sales himself. Several other pre-candidates were considered, but Pena seemed the strongest one.

1823: 1198:. Despite being a civilian, he was well received by the military, as he defended their freedom of speech and military reforms, which included the army's professionalization. Pena was successively reelected to the 18th (1881–1884), 19th (1885), and 20th (1886–1889) legislatures in the Chamber of Deputies. During this period, he defended the increase of municipal autonomy, progressively aligning himself with 800:. According to José Anchieta da Silva, Pena was an early abolitionist who fought for better working conditions for his father's slaves; on one occasion, upon seeing a pregnant slave working in a mine, Pena spoke to the overseer, after which it was decided that pregnant slaves would no longer work in the mines from the sixth month of pregnancy onwards, and their only task would be "to cook or wash clothes". 2434:

realization. The idea was to celebrate the country's own trade and development and "show Brazil for Brazilians themselves", through the exhibition of its agricultural, industrial, and artistic products. Promoted by the federal government, the exhibition also represented the final event in the series of urban and sanitary reforms undertaken in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the administration of mayor

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taxed, especially textiles and food, which was approved by Congress in 1896. At the head of the bank, he also accompanied and financially assisted the construction of Belo Hozironte. At the end of Prudente de Morais' government, Pena was optimistic about the improvement in the country's financial situation and the easing of political tensions. He left the presidency of the bank on 14 November 1898.

3219:, in which he stated "every institution is the elongated shadow of a man". Years later, Mário Casasanta, a teacher at the faculty, remarked that "Afonso Pena created a true school, and it is no small reason for glory for this generation that it managed to preserve it, to the best of its structure, because the presence of the ideals that nourished its founder's soul can still be felt within it". 1698: 2947:

the many countries conflicting interests. Nevertheless, on 23 July 1907 he proposed that no power should seek to alter its territories through war unless the other party refused to submit to arbitration or violated arbitration terms. A radical position at the time, the proposal did not prosper, but it became a precedent to the modern idea of prohibition of acquiring territories by force.

2954:'s words: "t was said that the Conference could never stand this Dr. Ruy Barbosa. But it soon learned to put up with him and it didn't take long for it to find out that he was one of its most powerful members. The two great forces of the Conference were Baron Marshall, from Germany, and Dr. Ruy Barbosa, from Brazil. Baron Marshall had in his favor the entire powerful army of the 1786:

purity, and is positively contradicted by the politics of civilized peoples, without exception in England. Another is the dominant concept: the high mission of the State also encompasses caring for the people, exercising its beneficial action in areas of social activity, provided that individual initiative, in its various forms, proves to be impotent or insufficient.

10433: 3550:. In the first years, the effects of the supply imbalance caused by overproduction were alleviated by the devaluation of the Brazilian currency. However, exchange rate devaluation could no longer be used in defense of coffee, as it negatively affected urban consumers and was prevented by the austerity policies of presidents Campos Sales and Rodrigues Alves, 3019:

minister led an extensive anti-Brazilian campaign in the press, which prompted some sectors in Argentina to plan his removal from office. In 1908, Ruy Barbosa warned president Afonso Pena that the Argentines could attack by surprise and, in Stanley E. Hilton words, "Brazilian strategists became convinced that the country could suddenly find itself at war".

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political crisis of the country's early republican years had left the navy in disrepair and the ministerial reports from 1891 to 1902 drew attention to its numerous issues and possible ways to solve them. As in the army, the official consensus was that the navy was obsolete and inferior to the navies of Argentina and Chile, which had engaged in an

1810:", as he deemed it "the introduction of another deleterious element to the many that are in our country" and that it would contribute to the "decay of the race". Despite his efforts, the number of people that immigrated to Minas Gerais was smaller than to other Brazilian states, which offered better payment and working conditions. Its system of 1663:

the essential virtue of democracies, and their beauty lies in the fact that nobody can do everything, nor can one always do things. I ask God to enlighten the spirit of those who fight, making them see that the blood of children, women, the elderly, and our brothers does not fertilize – on the contrary, it sterilizes the soil of the homeland.

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Machado and Ruy Barbosa, as they expected the ministerial appointments to be based on hierarchy and prestige. Pena's intention of diminishing congressional influence led to an initially troubled period between the government and the legislature. The president supported Carlos Peixoto Filho, who was then less than 40 years old, as the

2912:. The 1907 convention was broader in scope than the previous one, and sought to establish "more jurisdicity between people-to-people relations" and "as far as possible, replace will with law, violence with reason, intolerance with justice", in the words of Batista Pereira, a member of the Brazilian delegation. 2539:, which stated that all men were obliged to military service. Other countries in South America had already adopted a lottery. Some sectors in society worried that the country would be militarizad and there would be a lack of manpower to work in agriculture and industry. Commenting on the matter, Pena declared: 1459:"To these young people, full of talent and deep convictions, who have spoken so ardently on this assembly, I will give the advice of great tolerance, of great impartiality in the assessment of political acts and facts. In political life, we can rarely carry forward the ideas of our spirit in all their purity." 2270:, located in northern Mato Grosso, opening its way through the northeast of the state and crossing the Amazon jungle until it reached Manaus in 1910. During the journey, Rondon established friendly relations with the indigenous tribes, some of whom acted as guides for the expedition, and became close to the 1167:, as it became known, was finally approved on 9 January 1881, introducing direct vote in Brazil, the voter's license, and allowing non-Catholics to vote. The number of electors in the country was expected to grow considerably, giving more legitimacy to elections. However, on 13 August 1881, shortly before 1967:(Block) coalition. Led by Pinheiro Machado (Rio Grande do Sul), Nilo Peçanha (Rio de Janeiro), and Ruy Barbosa (Bahia), the coalition backed Afonso Pena and Nilo Peçanha for president and vice president, respectively. Ruy Barbosa withdrew his candidacy in order to support the alliance, and the newspaper 3389:

The society's secret character was treated seriously by its members. After Afonso Pena's death, his son Afonso Júnior found in his father's belongings "a package of papers, carefully tied, with the following note: 'Papers that only Álvaro can know of'". As Álvaro, Afonso Júnior's brother, had already

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Due to his departure from supporting the traditional interests of the oligarchies, as they had been supported in the so-called oligarchic Old Republic, Pena faced a crisis at the time of choosing his successor. David Morethson Campista, nominated by Pena to succeed him in the presidency, was rejected

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As minister of war, Hermes da Fonseca sought to strengthen relations with Germany, whose army was considered exemplary, with the aim of implementing the German training model in Brazil. Groups of Brazilian officers were sent to internships in Germany in 1908. Fonseca himself went to Germany that same

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The agreement provided for a series of measures to increase the price of coffee, including the purchase of surplus production by the federal government, which would be done through the taking of a foreign loan of 15 million pounds. This large inflow of capital threatened to increase Brazil's exchange

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presidency until then: 288,285. Pena ran as a single candidate, but electors were allowed to cast votes for anyone, even non-candidates. According to Cláudia Viscardi, once defeated, São Paulo candidates "withdrew and remained in prolonged political ostracism, only interrupted after the succession of

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for the remainder of the 3rd legislature (1899–1902) and then was reelected for the 4th legislature (1903–1906), but resigned in 1903, when he was elected vice president of Brazil on 18 February, following the death of Silviano Brandão, and taking office on 23 June. Brandão, elected vice president on

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During his tenure as state president, Pena strengthened and reformed public education, creating several schools in the state's interior, built railways, modernized the tax system, and promoted public debt amortization. He was also the founder of the Free Faculty of Law of Minas Gerais, in Ouro Preto,

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Everyone knows that I did not applaud, and rather regretted, the revolution of 1889, which destroyed the monarchy. I understood, however, from the outset, that the monarchy could no longer be restored in conditions to give us: peace, order and guide the country towards its aggrandizement. Patience is

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calling for new elections. Peixoto's reaction was brutal. The president dismissed the officers, decreed a state of emergency, suspended constitutional guarantees, deported his enemies to remote regions in the country, and carried out mass arrests. Peixoto's radical followers, known as jacobins, could

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On 13 February 2009, the mausoleum and remains of Afonso Pena, his wife, and three of their children were transferred from the São João Batista Cemetery, in Rio de Janeiro, to the old colonial house where he was born, in the historic center of Santa Bárbara. Inaugurated in 1912, Pena's mausoleum was

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In Gabriel Rossini's assessment, despite having resulted in diversification of investments, the Taubaté Agreement did not solve the problem of overproduction of coffee, leading, on the contrary, to the expansion of planting, since profits remained high. Therefore, new valorization programs had to be

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were "sadly unequipped to defend the nation against any enemy, even a 3rd or 4th class power". Brazil's minister of foreign affairs stated that conditions in the Armed Forces were "the most regrettable possible". Fonseca had conducted major military maneuvers in 1905 as commander of the 4th Military

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Afonso Pena conditioned the federal guarantee for the loan on meeting the demands of coffee growers from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, who produced inferior quality coffee, and also on São Paulo's support for David Campista as his successor for the 1910 elections. The federal guarantee would only

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In this context, producers began to call for urgent government intervention: led by São Paulo, the largest coffee producing state in the country and also the most dependent on coffee revenues, the other coffee producing states, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, were called upon to discuss and sign an

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In a letter to Pena, in March 1905, Alves asked him to support Bernardino de Campos, so as to avoid eventual disputes that could emerge in the upcoming republican convention that would homologate Campos' candidacy. Pena responded a few weeks later, making clear his disagreement with the perpetuation

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The Technical Committee's opinion was delivered in July 1893 and the issue was once again the subject of intense debate in the state congress. Politicians from different parts of Minas Gerais demanded the capital be moved to their respective regions, but in the end the Technical Committee pointed to

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As no consensus was reached regarding where the new capital of Minas Gerais would be, the question was left open in the State Constitution, which only established that the capital of Minas Gerais should be moved to another location, without specifying where that would be. It was then agreed that the

1583:, commander of the 31st battalion, intended to overthrow Pena and take over the state government. Aware of the plot and feeling his position threatened, Pena decided to send a letter to Peixoto, asking the president to directly intervene with the colonel. On 23 February 1893, Teles was transfered to 1389:

to lead them. Once informed of what was happening, Deodoro da Fonseca left his home, despite being seriously ill, and went to lead the troops, who positioned their cannons against the Army HQ. There was no resistance. A provisional government was organized at night. It was the end of the monarchy in

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Organisações e programmas ministeriaes desde 1822 a 1889: notas explicativas sobre moções de confiança, com alguns dos mais importantes Decretos e Leis, resumo historico sobre a discussão do Acto Addicional, Lei de Interpretação, Codigo Criminal, do Processo e Commercial, lei de terras, etc., etc.,

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Standing, from left to right: Antonio Batista Pereira, José Rodrigues Alves, Rodrigo Otávio de Langgaard Meneses, Artur de Carvalho Moreira, Abelardo Roças, Leopoldo de Magalhães Castro, Fernando Gustavo Dobbert. Seated, from left to right: Tancredo B. de Moura, Eduardo F. R. dos Santos Lisboa, Ruy

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For minister Tavares de Lira, Pena was a "vigilant and helpful man", remarking that the president was "a true representative of the old school of Imperial statesmen". The president's contemporaries admired the elegance and "finesse" of his way of doing politics. Assis Cintra described him as "kind,

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Minister Augusto Tavares de Lira then sent telegrams to vice president Nilo Peçanha, calling him to assume office, and to the states' presidents, giving them the news of the president's death, which caused commotion in Brazil and abroad. Several countries expressed their grief, including Argentina,

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on 31 October 1907, Barbosa remarked that "in an assembly convened to organize peace, votes cannot be classified according to the states preparedness for war". Despite his pacifism, Barbosa believed that curbing the arms race was less achievable, due to the difficulty of creating a formula that met

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in June 1908. The entry of non-European immigrants into the country was limited. However, in the case of immigrants from China and Japan, the restrictions had been relaxed in 1892. All of these federal government measures contributed to the increase in the arrival of immigrants when compared to the

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As minister of the navy, Noronha devised a broad modernizaton program. Approved in December 1904, it provided for the construction of several warships, including three ironclads, six destroyers and three submarines. In addition to modernizing the fleet, the program also aimed at restoring Brazilian

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The small number established in the law of forces, the same for many years, clearly shows that we do not have the desire to constitute ourselves into a military power, and that we are only fulfilling the elementary duty of prudence, providing the security and defense of the nation against possible

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as chief engineer of the Commission for the Construction of Telegraph Lines from Mato Grosso to Amazonas. Rondon, who was already famous for having extended telegraph lines to Brazil's border with Paraguay and Bolivia, personally selected the members of the expedition, choosing from civilians, army

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saw the opportunity of an alliance with Minas Gerais, which was able to emerge in the national stage now that its internal political disputes had been pacified. Thus, for the first time since the republic was proclaimed in Brazil, some of the large states managed to unite against São Paulo, forming

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as his successor. Other states' oligarchies saw this as an obstacle to their own ambitions, as it meant that São Paulo would maintain undue influence in the country. During the First Brazilian Republic, it was common for incumbent presidents to choose their successors, given that reelection was not

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The Brazilian presidential election of 1906 was one of the least disputed at the time, but the issue of president Rodrigues Alves' succession had been the subject of intense behind-the-scenes disputes by the states. On one side, São Paulo elites intended to elect a fourth consecutive president from

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Thus, despite housing several opponents of the federal government in his state, including monarchists and rebels, who fled persecution by the central government, and disapproving of Floriano Peixoto's actions, Pena urged the people not to join the rebellion, siding with the president against it, as

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Upon assuming government, Peixoto reconvened Congress and began a process of deposing the state governors who had supported Deodoro da Fonseca. Such a process could take place through a federal military intervention with the justification of guaranteeing law and order. In Minas Gerais, the position

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on 3 November 1891 and Pena resigned his position in the state senate in protest, arguing that "the coexistence of constitutional powers with the state of dictatorship proclaimed by president Deodoro da Fonseca was incompatible". This act distanced him from Alvim and gave him the support of most of

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Pena's stance on slavery became ambiguous. It is not known for certain whether he owned slaves. His political prominence made him abandon his youthful abolitionist ideals, as he became increasingly concerned with the economic impacts of abolition and sought to be loyal to his party. Pena went along

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by a local military officer. Despite this, he was concerned with the economic effects the immediate abolition of slavery could cause; for this reason, he was in favor of compensating slave owners after abolition and also supported immigration as a way to replace slave labor. This brought him closer

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Afonso Pena died in the afternoon of 14 June 1909 at the Catete Palace, from severe pneumonia, the symptoms of which had worsened the night before. A medical commission consisting of doctors A. A. Azeredo Sodré, Benjamin A. da Rocha and Miguel Couto was formed that morning. At 09:30 the commission

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For Brazil, the 1907 convention marked the beginning of the country's presence at the great international events. At the head of the Brazilian delegation, Ruy Barbosa played a promiment role by defending equality between the states and positioning himself against the use of force. Barbosa recalled

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The arrival of immigrants also generated concern among the authorities, who saw in them the "peril of being spoiled by all vices" or being contrary to the "conservative elements of society". Migration control was the responsibility of the police, who could block the entry of criminals and beggars.

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The immense mass of immigrants who arrived in the country were willing to fight for labor rights. The absorption of all these workers by Brazilian industry was slow and a considerable amount of them suffered from abandonment and poverty. In January 1907 a decree granted workers the right to create

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Construction work lasted from January to June 1908, with the exhibition opening to the public on 11 August 1908, and remaining open until 15 November of the same year. The exposition featured pavilions and stands from Brazilian states, as well as from Portugal, the only foreign country invited, in

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and widely publicized in the press. Pena presented his government program on 12 October 1905 in the Cassino Fluminense. The election, held on 1 March 1906, took place peacefully and Pena was elected with 97.9% of the votes. In absolute terms, however, he received the lowest number of votes for the

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supported him, while those from the central region supported the official candidate. The governor of Minas Gerais, Francisco Sales, urged Pena to side with Rodrigues Alves against Pinheiro Machado, as he thought they could not defeat the president. Negotiations took a different turn, however, when

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The uncertainty regarding the official candidacy caused apprehension among the elites, as it was necessary to choose an official candidate before the convention. They feared that, if Rodrigues Alves succeeded in imposing his candidate, revolts and revolutions could break out, leading to the end of

1735:

Thus, on 13 December 1893, the state's legislature met in Barbacena and approved the law that provided for the construction of Belo Horizonte within a maximum period of four years in what was then the old colonial village of Curral d'el Rey, replacing Ouro Preto as the state's capital; the law had

1448:

by ameliorating its political conflicts and presiding over the commission that was tasked with drafting the state's constitution. As president of the commission, Pena opposed an initial constitutional draft sent to the assembly by the state government, as he deemed it a centralizing one; he argued

3071:

wrote that Rio Branco would need "to prove that he had not promoted anything hostile to the Argentine Republic, in the spirit of any American chancellery". In an unexpected move, Rio Branco then published the Brazilian cipher and the original text in order to prove that the Argentine version was

2580:

took over the Ministry of the Navy in 1902. According to Alessandro Candeas, Brazil had held the undisputed naval dominance in South America until the early 1890s, when a large part of its navy was destroyed during the 1893 Naval Revolt, and Argentina began to build up its fleet. The economic and

2560:

Despite the government's modernizing efforts, the reforms produced limited immediate results: the creation of large permanent units (the strategic brigades) and the acquisition of new equipment. Resistance within the army itself prevented the adoption of some measures, and the reforms' high costs

2433:

The idea of holding a National Exposition in Rio de Janeiro arose in 1905, and was accepted by the Brazilian Congress, which approved the budget for it in July 1907. The centennial of the opening of Brazilian ports to foreign trade, which took place on 28 January 1808, offered the pretext for its

1850:

through a set of reforms that sought to contain government spending, restore the country's credit, and revalue the currency's exchange rate. During that time, Pena adopted an even more protectionist stance, suggesting that imported products, where there were equivalent ones produced in Brazil, be

1397:

The work on the civil code was interrupted. That same day, Pena sent a telegram to Afonso Celso, who had been arrested, expressing his solidarity. Pena was pessimistic about the provisional government, later declaring "what we have is not a republic—it is pure militarism". After the republic was

3060:, in the Senate, which pushed Congress to approve the arms build-up and shifted public opinion against Brazil. Rio Branco promptly denied the allegations, stating that the document was "absolutely false" and the accusations could only be the product of "some man of the most exquisite bad faith". 2847:

rivers, was the target of jurisdictional conflicts between Brazilians and Colombians. In his report to president Pena, Rio Branco declared that the treaty represented "a prudent transaction because it forever dispels old concerns about conflicts that have already occurred in the uncertain border

2802:

The great influx of foreign capital to Brazil, obtained with the export of coffee, and the measures aimed at restricting the expansion of coffee crops adopted in the Taubaté Agreement, made it possible to expand the industrial sector during the period. In an industrial census held in 1907, 3,258

2127:

These politicians were young and still unknown, as the president wanted to diminish congressional influence in his government and to stabilize the country's currency, one of his main goals. These nominations displeased state leaderships, some of whom had backed Pena's candidacy, such as Pinheiro

1472:

The final constitutional draft, promulgated on 15 June 1891 with several amendments proposed by Pena, granted more autonomy for the municipalities, as he had envisioned years before, and established a bicameral legislature, with the senators being elected by direct vote; it also provided for the

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on 19 June of that year. Upon receiving his doctorate, Pena gave a speech in which he expressed his abolitionist thoughts, concluding that "the entire country is agitated to solve, in accordance with the principles of justice, the great question of the centuries – the emancipation of an enslaved

3018:

attacked Brazil and defended arms acquisitions for Argentina, whose navy, once the strongest in South America, had fallen behind Brazil's. Zeballos accused Brazil of breaking the naval balance of force between both countries and considered Brazil was "excessively arming its navy". The Argentine

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The Rondon Commission resulted in the construction of 25 stations and the laying of 2,268km of telegraph lines. By 1909 the country's total telegraph network size reached 69,457km. The president also improved all the country's ports, and continued the improvements in the port of Rio de Janeiro,

1834:

and become Brazil's plenipotentiary minister to Uruguay, in which he could help to pacify Rio Grande do Sul, where the civil war still raged, but he refused, arguing that he did not want to leave Minas Gerais. Pena only accepted the position of president of the Bank of the Republic, the current

1785:

In modern times, the issue par excellence that preoccupies the attention of governments, statesmen, assemblies, and the press is economics. The theory of the gendarme State, simple maintainer of order and dispenser of justice, has had its time, today finding few publicists who support it in its

3172:

thought. Likewise, for Cláudia Viscardi, out of all the presidents of the First Brazilian Republic, Afonso Pena was the most committed to the country's industrial development, while also not ignoring its predominant agricultural interests. Viscardi also remarked that David Campista's tenure as

3072:

false and that there were no aggressive Brazilian plans against Argentina. The situation caused enormous embarrassment in Argentine political circles. Demoralized, Zeballos was removed from the chancellery. With Zeballos' fall, relations between Argentina and Brazil gradually improved, and the

1494:

is an endemic disease in our country. What orientation do parents give their children? They send them to the faculties of law, engineering and medicine, and many only wait to be placed in jobs in public administration, thus sterilizing many activities. I think that, once technical education is

1288:

cabinet, which had succeeded Cotegipe, Pena examined the consequences of abolition and drew attention to the rise of republicanism among the conservative classes, as "it is certain that many see in the new regime a means of extorting the compensation that they were unable to obtain under this

1117:

in 1874, beginning his political career that same year and being elected provincial deputy to the 20th legislature in Minas Gerais. He remained in this office until 1878, being successively reelected to the 21st (1876–1877) and 22nd (1878–1879) legislatures, when he was elected general deputy,

2072:

According to Lacombe, most of Pena's cabinet choices resulted from his talks with the several new leaders he met while traveling the country before taking office. As a critic of traditional methods of political appointments, Pena based his ministerial nominations on more technical rather than

1421:

as president of Minas Gerais. Alvim had not joined the republican movement until late, which caused dissatisfaction among Minas Gerais' so-called "historical republicans", who felt betrayed. Pena's retirement from politics, however, did not last long: as he was famous for being a conciliatory

869:

after a close election. There was supposed to be only one editor in chief, but the election unexpectedly ended in a tie. It was then agreed to include both Pena and Alves as chief editors. The journal, focused on debating academic and political issues, was influenced by French authors such as

2410:

Pena made the first state purchase of coffee stocks in the Old Republic, thus transferring the burden of coffee value appreciation to the federal government, which was previously only practiced regionally by São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, which had signed the Taubaté Agreement.

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Pena inherited properties from his parents, including a gold mine, which he sold by the end of the 19th century, as its gold production had declined. He also had a textile factory, which he sold in the 1900s, as well as several investments in Brazil and abroad. In order to better manage his

1314:

by emperor Pedro II the previous year. Despite criticizing nominations based on political affinity, even committing himself to fighting them, Pena could not detach himself from it, so as to not harm his political career. The liberals, now once again in power, had met on 23 May 1889 in the

818:

priests, and Pena's father was one of its most prominent creditors. At the school, he had theology, ethics, philosophy, mathematics, geometry, history, rhetoric, and foreign language classes. Pena finished his studies in the Caraça School on 16 January 1864 and later moved to the city of

3563:

Rodrigues Alves declared: "It is a mistake to think that the country's agriculture cannot prosper without a low exchange rate. Statistics show, on the contrary, that with better rates than the current ones, the price of coffee has gone up and down, but the crop has lived and prospered",

3001:. Tensions between both countries began in 1904, when the Brazilian Congress approved the naval rearmament program, which threatened Argentine naval dominance in the South Atlantic Ocean and caused distrust regarding Brazil's perceived imperialist intentions. The situation worsened when 2063:

According to Américo Lacombe, "succeeding Rodrigues Alves was a terrible challenge for a statesman", as the outgoing president had had a "brilliant" administration, which earned him the epithet of "the great president". The new president, abandoning his old liberal convictions, took an

654:(PRM) and run for the State Senate in order to help with the creation of the new state constitution. Pena was elected for the position in 1891 and presided over the commission that was tasked with drafting the constitution. After resigning his position in the Senate, Pena was elected 1859:

Pena returned to Minas Gerais in 1899 and resumed his position as teacher and director at the Faculty of Law. That same year, he was elected the first president of the Deliberative Council of Belo Horizonte (1899–1904). In 1900, he was elected to the State Senate in order to replace

2958:, a circumstance that he never tired of boasting about. Dr. Ruy only had a distant and unknown Republic, incapable of military action and with a squadron still in the shipyards. However, at the end of the Conference, Dr. Ruy Barbosa had subjugated the most powerful of its members". 2274:, who were known for cannibalism and resistance to contact with non-indigenous people. From Manaus, Rondon headed to Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived in February 1910—after four years in the jungle, during which time he was even reported missing—and was acclaimed by the population. 8111: 3485:

The separatist movement, openly supported by Floriano Peixoto and minister Fernando Lobo, failed when the municipal elections took place normally and its governing board fell apart, despite the presence of general Marciano de Magalhães, tasked with supporting the movement,

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naval hegemony in the South Atlantic and providing the means for joint continental defense in case of an invasion by European powers or the United States. With Afonso Pena's election in 1906, however, the program would be drastically changed, mainly due to the launch of

3394:. After examining the papers, Soares closed the doors and windows and asked Afonso Júnior to swear never to tell anyone what he had seen. Afonso Júnior swore it, declaring "all the more so as I didn't understand anything that was written there in a secret language", 2881:

doctrine: of the 442,000 square kilometers claimed by Peru, 403,000 were attributed to Brazil, ending the dispute between the two countries that had been going on since 1863, when the Peruvian government began to claim the territory. Border issues with Venezuela and

1152:, was out of step with the party's main current, leaving a pessimistic impression on Pena. The issue of direct voting, the main point of the liberal program, was the subject of debates about which path should be adopted: a constitutional reform or the approval of an 2353:(Conversion Bank) in order to keep the exchange rate stable. Furthermore, for the loan to be viable, the federal government would need to act as a guarantor, as the guarantees required by international lenders went beyond the individual states' budgetary resources. 3009:, a long time rival of Rio Branco, as minister of foreign affairs. Convinced of Brazil's "political and military resurgence", Zeballos sought to diplomatically isolate Brazil, prevent its naval build up, and improve Argentina's relations with Uruguay and Paraguay. 1975:

of the presidential election. Mr. Ruy Barbosa's adherence to the opposition coalition, to the official candidacies, puts, at last, an end to the conjectures that the evolution of political maneuvers creates". Isolated, São Paulo chose to give veiled support to the

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was considered, for a time, the most powerful battleship in the world. The acquisition of the ship raised suspicions among major powers that Brazil was acting as a proxy to sell it to a third party, who could acquire the vessel without raising hostilities,

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Afonso Pena sought to improve the state's economy by solving some of its most immediate issues; these included the loss of income in coffee exports due to the fact that, by being a landlocked state, Minas Gerais' production had to be exported through the

1769:, where most of the state's coffee production was located, and made an agreement with president Floriano Peixoto by which each coffee-producing state would keep its production's revenue, thus greatly reducing Minas Gerais' dependency on Rio de Janeiro. 1915:

allowed, and Alves thought that he could get the oligarchies to accept his choice through mere imposition. His decision caused discontent among the dominant oligarchies of several states, which launched their own pre-candidates, including Afonso Pena.

1610:. Pena spoke out against the rebels and in favor of the government, with the aim of keeping Minas Gerais away from conflicts. As president of Minas Gerais, he opposed Peixoto's authoritarianism and gave sanctuary to his opponents in the state, notably 2677:

period in which they were the responsibility of the states. In total, Brazil received 232,545 immigrants from 1907 to 1909. The country had received almost 900,000 immigrants from 1894 to 1903. From 1904 to 1913 this number would rise to a million.

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was created, the first union organization on a national scale in the country. The 1908–1909 period was marked by the outbreak of several strikes across the country. No republican government in Brazil had faced problems of this severity until then.

1338:

after abolition and the prime minister drew up a loan plan for agriculture in an attempt to gain their sympathy. Afonso Celso defined his program as "making the Republic useless". Taking advantage of high coffee prices and favorable results in the

3076:, based on Rio Branco's "cordial political intelligence", was negotiated. Rio Branco later stated: "ore than ever, we need to put ourselves in a state of defense against this neighbor, since crazy people like Zeballos can stir up opinion there". 2553:, to watch military maneuvers. There he hired a German Military Mission to supervise the reorganization of the Brazilian Army, though it ended up not materializing. However, Fonseca's visit to Germany did bear fruit in the arms sector, with the 788:, Domingos later abandoned it; his earnings were sufficient to provide the family with a standard of living described as "comfortable". Afonso's mother came from an influential family in Santa Bárbara politics. Thus, Afonso's family was part of 2862:, by which the borders between both countries were settled and general principles regarding commerce and navigation were defined. Peru claimed a total area of 442,000 square kilometers, including a considerable part of the Brazilian state of 2828:, an office Paranhos had occupied since 1902. One of Brazil's main concerns during the First Republic was to solve its border issues with neighboring countries. During Pena's government, Brazil resolved border issues with Colombia and Peru. 3605:

One of Rio Branco's objectives was the rapprochement between Brazil, Argentina and Chile in order to ensure peace in the Southern Cone. This was based on Rio Branco's idea of "cordial political intelligence" which, in turn, was based on the

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The legality of Floriano Peixoto's position as president was questioned by civilians and high-ranking officers of the armed forces, who believed that new elections should be held. On 6 April 1892, 13 senior army and navy officers published

2008:

Before taking office, Pena went on a three-month tour around the country, traveling over 21,000 kilometers and visiting eighteen state capitals, an unprecedented feat at the time. The departure took place on 16 May 1906 aboard the liner

3043:

Despite resigning, Zeballos continued to claim he had documents signed by Rio Branco in which Brazil's aggressive intentions were evident. One of these documents was an encrypted telegram, known as Telegram No. 9, sent by Rio Branco to

1805:

and racial determinism. The government actions aimed at bringing entire families, in order to make their establishment permanent. During the imperial era, Pena had argued against the proposal of bringing Chinese immigrants, then called

3124:

According to Cláudia Viscardi, Pena's illness had been worsened by the deaths of his son Álvaro and one of his brothers, and the succession crisis. His wake was held at the government palace and, on 16 June, his body was buried in the

1487:, that is, students' excessive preference, at the time, for public jobs, which consumed public finances. This was also the opinion of other politicians at the time. For this reason, he defended technical education. In his own words: 2795:. The following year, revenue rose to 848:665$ 600 in gold and 813:210$ 373 in paper. The exchange rate in milréis to pence was 16 11/64 in 1906 and remained relatively stable in the following years, closing at 15 9/64 in 1909. The 1706:

Minas Gerais Congress would decide the issue and, at the end of 1891, it indicated Barbacena, Belo Horizonte, Paraúna, Várzea do Marçal, and Juiz de Fora as possible locations. A law was also approved determining the formation of a

2044:

Pena became the sixth president of Brazil after being inaugurated on 15 November 1906. His inauguration ceremony took place as usual: the official car, followed by a cavalry picket, with military honors at the Conde dos Arcos and

1156:. Most liberals were in favor of a constitutional reform, which would imply deliberation of the issue by the Senate, where there was a conservative majority. Pena was against this path, joining a dissident wing within the party. 2803:

companies were counted, which together employed 149,018 factory workers for a total real production of 1 trillion réis. However, 49% of the country's industrial production was concentrated in the Federal District and São Paulo.

1230:(1883–1884), and Interior and Justice in the cabinet of José Antônio Saraiva (1885). As Minister of Justice, Pena entirely reformed the police and improved the prison system; in this office he was also one of signatories of the 774:(also spelled "da Penha" or "Peña") and in the new country he owned land, a gold mine, and a large number of slaves. Domingos' father, Manuel José de Carvalho Penha (b. 1769), was supposedly the first to adopt the name "Pena". 1931:(PRP), as a candidate for the upcoming election. Despite being from São Paulo, Sales, who was president of Brazil from 1898 to 1902, was not well received among a large part of the São Paulo elites due to the unpopularity of 3193:

began to replace non-convertible ones, to the point that 40% of the circulating medium was already convertible by 1912. According to Steven Topik, "Brazil would never again be able to come so close to total convertibility".

1234:, which granted freedom to slaves aged 60 and over. However, he reinforced the capture of fugitive slaves and prosecuted the abolitionists who helped them. Saraiva fell on 20 August 1885, being succeeded by the conservative 3067:, that he had photographs of the documents and challenged Rio Branco "to review his secret Pacific archive and read the original document that exists in it, with the following addresses: "17 June 1908, at 06:57, number 9". 2425: 1531:

The first years of the republic in Brazil were plagued by disputes and political instability. The Brazilian Empire had been overthrown in a bloodless military coup, but the next decade was a bloody one. Deodoro da Fonseca

770:—Afonso Pena was the seventh of twelve children of Domingos José Teixeira Penna and Anna Moreira Teixeira Penna; being his mother's firstborn, as she was his father's second wife. Domingos was a Portuguese immigrant from 732:, and both countries hovered on the brink of war. In his final years in the presidency, Pena unsuccessfully tried to nominate David Campista as his successor. Pena died from severe pneumonia in 1909, being succeeded by 7581:

Missão Rondon: apontamentos sobre os trabalhos realizados pela Comissão de Linhas Telegráficas Estratégicas de Mato Grosso ao Amazonas, sob a direção do Coronel de Engenharia Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon, de 1907 a

2781:

had been docking its ships at the pier on an experimental basis. At the end of the year, the pier was already more than 1,900 meters long and 5 warehouses were finished. The port was officially opened on 20 July 1910.

667: 3446:"At the same time that he proclaimed himself an abolitionist and did not, supposedly, have any slaves on his property, he feared that immediate manumission would result in irreversible economic damage to the owners", 2360:(Conversion Bank). In order to be implemented, it had to be approved by Congress. Fearing that the president would veto the agreement, the signatory states made changes to the text and sent the proposal to create the 10249: 2694:

ideals among urban workers. Contention between immigrant workers and employers led to the possibility of expelling foreigners being discussed in Congress in 1906, after the outbreak of strikes and the holding of the

1175:. Dissatisfied with the reduction in the number of voters, Pena later criticized the law, declaring that "an electorate of 142,000 citizens cannot be the electorate of this Empire, which has 12 million inhabitants". 2988:

The fear of war between Brazil and Argentina increased during the period, encouraging militarization in both countries and reaching a peak in 1908, when the two nations hovered on the brink of war. At the time, the

2790:

In the economy, Brazilian exports exceeded imports by 5 million pounds in 1907, although the majority of exports continued to be primary goods, especially coffee. In 1908 the budget surplus reached 10,441:338$ 012

2653:

As one of his concerns since he was president of Minas Gerais, Pena instituted a more effective immigration policy. The president opted for the creation of colonial centers for the production of wine and wheat in

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with his party in parliamentary debates regarding slavery; Minas Gerais' politicians feared abolition could harm the province's economy, which largely relied on coffee. In any case, he later voted in favor of the

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and criticism of the program itself. Pena appointed Alexandrino Faria de Alencar to replace Noronha, and the program was modified in 1907, with the three projected 13,000 ton ironclads being changed to the new

8477: 8383: 8348: 8171: 8083: 8064: 8045: 8027: 7897: 7843: 7587:

Rondon Mission: notes on the work carried out by the Strategic Telegraph Lines Commission from Mato Grosso to Amazonas, under the direction of Engineering Colonel Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon, from 1907 to

1780:

ideas. In his own words, his position became that of a "moderate protectionism". He also began to envision the state as a modernizing actor, with the role of promoting economic growth. He later declared that:

3210:

Days after Afonso Pena's death, Ruy Barbosa stated in a speech in the Senate that "f public service has its martyrs, we have never witnessed the most singular example of this experience". In a session of the

1876:. With Rodrigues Alves as president and Pena as vice president, the country's leadership was then in the hands of two former members of the monarchy for the first time since the proclamation of the republic. 3459:

At the time the republic was proclaimed in Brazil, many politicians divided into two currents: the "historical republicans", that is, the ones that had supported a republic before it was proclaimed, and the

2718:; it allowed for the "cleansing" of undesirable immigrants from the country. Despite the law, the labor movement continued to promote strikes, and workers' newspapers denounced intimidation by the police. 2049:

palaces, and the reading of the constitutional oath before the Senate's vice president, Ruy Barbosa. A delegation of people nostalgic for the empire came from São Paulo to watch the inauguration ceremony.

3167:

In Steven Topik's evaluation, Pena's government "represented a fusion of the interventionist tendencies of the Empire with the new realities of the Republic", also pointing out that the president was of

2323:, an industrialist and importer from São Paulo, in 1903, but it was refused by president Rodrigues Alves, who remained faithful to his policy of containing public spending, which had begun in 1898 during 2135:

In this way, the government was supported by two opposing groups: on one side the "kindergarten" politicians, supported by a large part of the press, and on the other the traditional politicians of the

744: 3610:". Despite his peaceful intentions, Rio Branco still argued that Brazil needed "a minimum of military apparatus in order to, in an eventuality, support positions adopted at the international level", 2867: 1268:", a series of incidents that began in 1884 between the military and the civilian authorities. News of the incidents was alarming. On 30 September, Pena requested explanations about an incident in 1772:

At that time, Pena also defended the taxation of imported goods as a way to promote local production. Ever since his tenure in executive positions in the 1880s, he began to deviate towards a more

689:

began to buy production surplus in order to maintain the high price of coffee in international markets. Pena's government promoted the expansion of railways and immigration, the modernization and

2041:, who gave a speech on their behalf. From Rio Grande do Sul, Pena departed to Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived on 22 August 1906, heading to Belo Horizonte, the final destination, the next day. 2445:

Preparations for the exposition began under the Pena administration, when Miguel Calmon, then minister of industry, transport and public works, formed a 41-member commission headed by engineer

10154: 9035: 2379:

Discussions in Congress began on 19 July 1906 and the agreement was approved with a large majority on 6 August 1906, becoming Decree No. 1,489. Contrary to his predecessor, Afonso Pena – then

2296:

cover depicting Afonso Pena and the governors of São Paulo (Jorge Tibiriçá), Rio de Janeiro (Alfredo Backer), and Minas Gerais (João Pinheiro), satirizing the Taubaté Agreement, 5 January 1907

7717:

The Brazilian national exposition of 1908 in celebration of the centenary of the opening of Brazilian ports to the commerce of the world by the Prince Regent Dom João VI. of Portugal, in 1808

2515: 1830:

Pena left the government of Minas Gerais on 7 September 1894, being succeeded by Bias Fortes. Upon leaving office, he was invited by president Prudente de Morais to occupy a position in the

2387:, as he deemed it "essential to the balance of public finances". The bill for its creation was then approved in Congress on 6 December 1906 and signed by Pena, already sworn in office. The 2196: 1304: 2144: 9017: 2523:

In order to tackle this issue, the government reorganized the army and the National Guard, and instituted compulsory military service through a draft lottery with the introduction of the

1791: 1707: 1334:. The success in the elections encouraged Afonso Celso, who was oblivious to the growing deterioration in the military situation. Landowners had withdrawn their support to the government 1018: 10174: 10164: 9113: 1375: 3164:

intelligent, and admirably correct in his actions". In Lacombe's description, Pena fit the "typical Minas Gerais temperament", being "parsimonious, prudent, confident and tenacious".

2132:. The government's leadership in Congress also included other young politicians, such as João Luís Alves and James Darci. Together they were pejoratively nicknamed "the kindergarten". 10274: 10194: 8970: 2420: 1561: 643:

for Minas Gerais. In the succeeding years he reconciled legislative work with some periods occupying ministries—Ministry of War (1882), Agriculture (1883–1884), and Justice (1885).

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styles. The house also hosts the Affonso Penna Memorial, which is open to visitors, who can see there the president's personal objects, as well as newspapers and family portraits.

1303:

João Alfredo was succeeded by Afonso Celso on 7 June 1889, thus ending Pena's stay in the opposition. Due to his proximity to Afonso Celso, Pena had been appointed a member of the

1641:, the leader of the revolt, consulted the citizens as to whether they wanted the return of the monarchy or the maintenance of the republic; in response, Afonso Pena published his 10199: 2356:

The agreement was met with opposition from several sectors, including president Rodrigues Alves, who was against state intervention in the exchange rate with the creation of the

10309: 10279: 3533:

According to Cláudia Viscardi, the phrase, supposedly said in a speech by Pena given during João Pinheiro's inauguration as governor of Minas Gerais, may never have been said,

2852: 1861: 7546: 10269: 8953: 2113:

to diversify the country's agricultural exports by dealing with sectors other than coffee, but the new ministry would only come to function in the following administration.

1573: 771: 10264: 10364: 2726: 1284:, which finally abolished slavery in Brazil in 1888, but expressed his concerns regarding the effects the law would have. On 24 October, in a long speech criticizing the 670:

was founded. After presiding over the Bank of the Republic from 1895 to 1898, Pena became vice president to Rodrigues Alves in 1903. As vice president, he also served as

8785: 3520:

He was successively re-appointed as the Faculty's director until his death in 1909, despite being out of office while holding other executive and legislative positions,

10304: 10144: 10219: 10209: 778: 8599: 1330:

In order to draft the country's first civil code, the government created a commission and Pena was appointed one of its members. Pena wrote the chapter pertaining to

8862: 1399: 890: 10254: 10239: 9029: 1053: 10259: 9041: 8958: 2490: 1427: 804: 690: 7332: 2191:

as Supreme Court justices, ignoring Ruy Barbosa's appeal for the appointment of José Joaquim da Palma, who Pena thought was involved in gambling. As mayor of the

1552:

of Alvim, who had supported Deodoro, became untenable. Alvim faced constant pressure from the radical republicans, and even a separatist threat, when the city of

1033: 10334: 1717:

tasked with presenting its opinion on the suggested locations. The committee's members were appointed by Afonso Pena in December 1892 and its leadership fell to

1188: 1071:

investments, Pena was helped by João Ribeiro de Oliveira Sousa, who became president of Crédito Real, then Minas Gerais' largest bank, on Pena's recommendation.

945: 9023: 8943: 2341: 10294: 10234: 7870: 7813:[Order and chaos in South America: Baron of Rio Branco and Estanislao Severo Zeballos from the perspective of the illustrated magazine O Malho (1908)] 2690:

Soon the police authorities began to demand measures to expel immigrants who were considered "undesirable". Among them were petty criminals and propagators of

2313: 2109:). Apart from Rio Branco and the military ministers, the appointments were made in spite of the consolidated state oligarchies. The president also created the 10539: 8423: 3089:, the most influential congressman at the time). Pena tried to nominate Campos Sales and Rodrigues Alves, but without success. In the midst of all this, the 2082: 1130: 828: 627:, in 1847. His father, Domingos José Teixeira Pena, was a Portuguese immigrant who owned slaves and a gold mine. After graduating with a law degree from the 2950:

Brazil's stance at the convention was not without negative reactions both from the press and the adherents of the old hierarchical diplomatic practices. In

2936: 2495: 1385:

rebelled. They left their barracks to attack the government. Afonso Celso took refuge in the Army Headquarters. At dawn on the 15th, the rebels went to get

677:

Pena became president of Brazil in 1906 after an uncontested single-candidate election. He was the first Brazilian president to advocate intervening in the

3627:

The Brazilians argued that, due to the Dreadnoughts' size, they would not be able to navigate on the River Plate and thus there was no reason for concern,

3090: 1533: 1239: 2877:

in the border region, which were becoming increasingly violent and threatened relations between the two countries. The treaty was negotiated based on the

2391:

would receive deposits of legal tender gold coins and in return issue bills of equal value to the depositors; the exchange rate would also be fixed at 15

9841: 8933: 2215: 1801:, whose immigrants were perceived as skilled labors, necessary for the development of the state. This was in line with the ideas, common at the time, of 1544:

Minas Gerais' elite. Tensions were high in the federal government and Deodoro ended up resigning on 23 November 1891, being succeeded by vice president

10509: 7835: 2971: 2155: 996:

There he became known for advocating in defense of slaves and even for helping them escape, for which he came close to being denounced on the court in

8852: 2461:

addition to other individual buildings, such as the Industries Palace. The Liberal Arts Palace featured the work of several Brazilian artists such as

1222:

in 1885 satirizes the Saraiva-Cotegipe Law by depicting prime minister José Antônio Saraiva burying old slaves who died before they could be set free

8018: 10284: 8637: 7991: 2300:

In the second half of 1905, still during the government of president Rodrigues Alves, producers of Brazilian coffee, a product whose importance in

2181: 2078: 2064:

interventionist and protectionist line, determined to stimulate the economy through customs duties, immigration and development of infrastructure.

932:, as he was a fervent catholic and sympathetic to the monarchy in Brazil. His ideas distanced him from the Brazilian positivists, who defended the 300: 7974: 2872: 1149: 8662: 7436: 1235: 1183:

In 1882, Pena took a leave of absence from his position as general deputy, beginning his experience in executive positions after being appointed

2507:; upon taking office, Fonseca warned the president that conditions in the Brazilian Army were "woeful". A congressman stated that the country's 1718: 10544: 10289: 10105: 9225: 8092: 2708: 2477:, and Ernesto Giradet. The exposition received more than a million visitors over its three-month duration, who came from all over the country. 3246:(Old House of Afonso Pena) by its students, professors, and staff, as well as the entire academic and legal community that interacts with it. 2997:. In 1902, when Rio Branco assumed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil's external policy shifted to the goal of achieving hegemony in the 1919:

of São Paulo politicians in power and with the government's intention to control the succession process. Pena's thinking aligned with that of

8339: 2170: 2129: 1996:

The official launch of Afonso Pena's candidacy took place on 1 September 1905 with a manifesto written by Ruy Barbosa, which was read in the

2799:

achieved its goal of stabilizing the exchange rate from 1906 to 1914, when it ceased to operate, but failed to stabilize economic activity.

8301: 7811:"A ordem e o caos na América do Sul: o Barão do Rio Branco e Estanislao Severo Zeballos na perspectiva da revista ilustrada O Malho (1908)" 3332: 9405: 8114:[Space of experience and expectation horizons: railways and the developmentalist thought of politician Affonso Penna (1891-1906)] 8112:"Espaço de experiência e horizontes de expectativas: as ferrovias e o pensamento desenvolvimentista do político Affonso Penna (1891-1906)" 3433:

In 1870 there were more than a million voters in the country, a number that fell to just 150 thousand in the 1881 electoral registration,

2878: 1309: 1187:

in the cabinet of prime minister Martinho Campos at the age of 35. Pena was one of only two civilians to hold the office, the other being

10534: 10519: 3212: 1872:

1 March 1902, died on 20 September of that year, less than two months before taking office. At the time, the vice president was also the

1144:. The party's rise to power had not occurred on its own merit, and Pena alerted his companions to its unstable position. The new liberal 917:"General Communion". This association helped students that could not afford to pay for their studies. Pena maintained contact with other 7907: 2645: 2258:. Believing the solution to other economic, political, and social issues depended on the completion of the work, Pena appointed colonel 1590:

On 2 February 1893, parallel to the events unfolding in the capital, a civil war broke out in Rio Grande do Sul under the leadership of

7399: 7380: 2990: 2192: 10524: 8358: 7977:[A rallying cry against war: anarchist antimilitarism in the face of diplomatic tensions between Argentina and Brazil (1908)] 7527: 3464:", the ones that only joined the republican cause at the last moment. The most notable historical republican in Minas Gerais had been 2576:

In the navy, concrete actions aimed at modernizing the fleet began to be implemented during the previous administration, when admiral

2564: 2339:

rate and, as a result, diminish profits from the sale of coffee. For this reason, the agreement also provided for the creation of the

1796: 1712: 1118:

beginning his term in the Chamber of Deputies in the 17th legislature (1878–1881). Pena's political career was initially sponsored by

1343:, the minister embarked on an ambitious economic program. The idea was to modernize the country in an attempt to save the monarchy. 721:, and solved its border issues with neighboring countries. Tensions with Argentina reached a peak due to Brazil's acquisition of the 631:

and becoming a doctor at the same institution, Pena returned to his hometown, where he began to work as an attorney, later moving to

8583: 2734:

During Afonso Pena's term Brazil experienced a surge in railway construction, with several branches being opened in the states. The

8037: 1873: 1646: 936:

and the creation of a military republic in the country. Two other movements divided Brazil during his years at the Faculty of Law:

671: 201: 8375: 8163: 8074: 2531:, and proved to be insufficient. The new one, inspired by what was already practiced in the "most civilized countries", created a 1618:. Laet, a fervent monarchist, praised Afonso Pena for not having allowed "the Rio police to capture in the territory of Minas the 1327:, as the country lacked one. As was usual, the new prime minister dissolved the chamber of deputies and called for new elections. 545: 10514: 9834: 9695: 8055: 7579: 7469: 7248: 2327:'s tenure in the Ministry of Finance. On 26 February 1906, the governors of the three coffee producing states met in the city of 7975:"Um grito de guerra contra a guerra: antimilitarismo anarquista diante das tensões diplomáticas entre Argentina e Brasil (1908)" 7738:[The politics of the coffee economy: the conflicts between the republican oligarchies in Taubaté's Convention Project]. 1958:

After the news that Minas Gerais would not support Bernardino de Campos' candidacy, the states of Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, and

1483:

Pena defended the expansion of railways in Minas Gerais and the organization of public education. He was against what he called

10549: 2752: 1736:

been proposed by Afonso Pena. Ouro Preto's geographic features were considered an obstacle to the development of Minas Gerais.

1041: 9484: 8857: 8231: 8131:[Republican power in Minas Gerais and public education: between passive revolution, transformism and petty politics]. 2407:

come into effect in November 1908, after all conditions had been met, despite continuous pressure from São Paulo since 1906.

2149: 824: 658:

by consensus of the several political currents in the state, serving from 1892 to 1894. It was during his administration that

628: 505: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8792: 8671: 7704: 7679: 7568: 7458: 7426: 7369: 7346: 7266: 2582: 1923:, an influential senator from Rio Grande do Sul, who also sought to influence the presidential succession. Machado supported 1911: 1298: 1258: 1168: 1023: 647: 9991: 8129:"O poder republicano em Minas Gerais e a instrução pública: entre a revolução passiva, o transformismo e a pequena política" 3670:. This way of expressing oneself is nothing more than monkey manners of bad law. It's better to be a gaucho than a monkey", 3126: 2707:

of 7 January 1907 was approved, signed by the president. It became known by the name of its proponent, the São Paulo deputy

2102: 8923: 7852:

Deodato, Alberto; Castro, Amilcar de; Casassanta, Mário; Carvalho, Orlando Magalhães; Boson, Gerson de Brito Mello (1958).

7768: 7276: 3500: 2848:

region and where they would only increase given the development of activity and private interests that takes place there".

2825: 2742:, an old ambition since the Brazilian Empire, and in his message to Congress in 1909, Pena announced the completion of the 2696: 2486: 2449:

in October 1907. Together with mayor Marcelino de Sousa Aguiar, they chose Rio's Urca neighborhood to host the event. King

2106: 1885: 1123: 694: 585: 8562: 8469: 7810: 1668:

he deemed it necessary to maintain the country's unity. He went as far as to offer the federal government the help of the

1440:

Pena was then elected for the 1st legislature in the state's senate (1891–1895), helping in Minas Gerais' transition from

8712: 7756: 3319: 3309: 2747: 2682: 2503:

In line with his concerns about industrialization and military strengthening, Afonso Pena appointed Hermes da Fonseca as

1943:

the young Brazilian Republic, as the republic's turbulent early years, aggravated by an attempted coup d'état during the

1450: 1380: 7889: 3503:

Deodoro da Fonseca's vice president by Congress after the proclamation of the republic. A special provision of Brazil's

2816: 1285: 1119: 989:, he returned to Minas Gerais, where he began to work as a lawyer, at first practicing law in his hometown and later in 10529: 10504: 10098: 10072: 9827: 9750: 9570: 9515: 9317: 9284: 9218: 9167: 9056: 8691: 7654: 3235: 2901: 2735: 1319:

where they devised a broad reforms program and were determined to carry it out. It included turning the country into a

714: 589: 148: 108: 10129: 7735: 3249:

In Belo Horizonte's Municipal Park there is a monument to the city's "founders", which features Afonso Pena alongside

2832: 2446: 1599: 10114: 9705: 9474: 9120: 8986: 8834: 7618: 7500: 7309: 3274: 2603: 2601:" type battleships, which were significantly heavier. The new dreadnoughts were initially limited to the battleships 655: 256: 2609: 9609: 9599: 9393: 8569:[In 1917, Penápolis presented a petition to the São Paulo Legislature to become a district] (in Portuguese) 7736:"A política da economia cafeeira: os conflitos entre as oligarquias republicanas no projeto do Convênio de Taubaté" 2392: 2166: 2165:, who was married to one of Pena's daughters, as secretary of the presidency (a position equivalent to the current 2110: 2026: 1701:

Belo Horizonte's city plan, drawn up by the New Capital Construction Committee, headed by engineer Aarão Reis, 1895

1359: 1063:, an engineer who carried out several public works in Rio de Janeiro, including the landfill that gave rise to the 865:, and Rodrigues Alves. In 1870 Pena became, alongside Rodrigues Alves, an editor in chief of the faculty's journal 651: 456: 314: 9904: 9541: 9442: 9416: 9356: 2857: 1866: 9970: 9879: 9553: 9140: 8938: 8732:[Series "The missing Rio de Janeiro" II – The 1908 National Exhibition in the Passos Family Collection]. 7914:

Forging telegrams: Estanislau Severo Zeballos and Brazil-Argentina relations at the beginning of the 20th century

5468: 2967: 2098: 1677: 1566: 963: 729: 160: 1538: 10554: 8282: 7998:

Military Service, Democracy and National Defense: reasons for the permanence of the recruitment model in Brazil

3504: 3253:, Aarão Reis, and Bias Fortes. Pena also lends his name to the most important avenue in the city. Likewise, in 2994: 2636: 2632: 2536: 2123:

satire criticizing Pena for his young cabinet ministers. The sign reads: "Jardim da Infância", the kindergarten

1578: 933: 797: 10384: 1939:, José Marcelino, the state governor, launched Ruy Barbosa's candidacy, further complicating the succession. 1032:. Guilhermina was the daughter of João Fernandes de Oliveira Pena, the Viscount of Carandaí, and the niece of 902:—a secret student society of a liberal, abolitionist, and republican nature, which was inspired by the German 767: 620: 400: 10091: 9798: 9720: 9672: 9605: 9346: 9274: 9211: 3086: 1920: 1895: 1846:, was his colleague from the Faculty of Law; together they worked to solve the economic crisis caused by the 1049: 722: 3022: 968: 803:

After receiving his first schooling at his mother's house from private tutors, Pena went on to study at the

10314: 10184: 10149: 10012: 9996: 9808: 9740: 9715: 9637: 9619: 9574: 9361: 9130: 8813: 7964:[The Faculty of Law of the Federal University of Minas Gerais on the centenary of its foundation]. 2512:

District, which exposed the precarious state of the troops, as they lacked basic equipment and discipline.

2094: 2074: 1843: 1404: 1386: 1114: 854: 686: 636: 449: 9746: 9701: 9662: 8120:

XII Congresso Brasileiro de História Econômica & 13ª Conferência Internacional de História de Empresas

7993:

O Serviço Militar, Democracia e Defesa Nacional: razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil

9685: 7909:

Falsificando telegramas: Estanislau Severo Zeballos e as relações Brasil-Argentina no início do século XX

7258: 3641: 3181:

adopted in the years that followed, culminating in the permanent defense of coffee in 1924. In turn, the

2932: 2577: 1951: 1227: 1002: 815: 783: 10405: 8396:[Affonso Augusto Moreira Penna: twice the creator of the first Faculty of Law in Minas Gerais]. 1988: 1790:

Pena also adopted a more proactive state action by promoting immigration to Minas Gerais, in particular

10423: 9730: 9278: 8867: 8452: 8248: 2863: 1932: 1591: 1445: 897: 713:, which linked it to Rio de Janeiro by telegraph. In the international sphere, Brazil took part in the 8512: 8394:"Affonso Augusto Moreira Penna: duas vezes o criador da primeira Faculdade de Direito em Minas Gerais" 8181: 7961: 3157: 2839:

in exchange for recognition of its territorial claims in the region. The disputed region, between the

2743: 1058: 9940: 9691: 9459: 9383: 8393: 7853: 7715: 5047: 5045: 3295: 3270: 3121:

Belgium, Bolivia, Chile, France, Portugal, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

2380: 2312:

agreement in order to protect coffee prices. A coffee valorization proposal had already been made by

1928: 1160: 809: 640: 282: 3350: 1226:

In the following years, he was Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works in the cabinet of

1135: 9858: 9850: 9668: 9564: 9530: 9242: 9147: 8825: 8730:"Série "O Rio de Janeiro desaparecido" II – A Exposição Nacional de 1908 na Coleção Família Passos" 7927:"The Armed Forces and Industrialists in Modern Brazil: The Drive for Military Autonomy (1889-1954)" 7560: 3640:

Zeballos' first disagreement with Rio Branco had occurred in 1875. That year, when Argentine envoy

3014: 2895: 2770: 2762: 2504: 2090: 2014: 1634: 1423: 1391: 1193: 1184: 1145: 978:

at the same institution on 29 August 1871 – the only one in his class – after defending his thesis

950: 763: 601: 328: 127: 92: 8099:

Affonso Pena and the aggrandizement of Minas Gerais: professional instruction and republican ideas

7026: 7024: 5069: 5042: 3666:

and replied: "ne of the most important newspapers in Brazil described Mr. Tejedor's withdrawal as

3231: 3002: 2348: 1572:

not stand seeing Minas Gerais outside the government's influence and plotted Pena's fall. Colonel

1453:" and perfected the legislative process, without which the lower house would "reach omnipotence". 7440: 7255:

For domination of the South Seas: the modernization of the Navy in the First Republic (1891-1930)

2619:, far heavier and more powerful than its two predecessors, was launched in 1913, but sold to the 2318: 2030: 1997: 1172: 1028:

on 23 January 1875. The couple went on their honeymoon to Rio de Janeiro, where they met emperor

814:

in 1857, at the age of ten. The school, isolated from major urban centers, was maintained by the

1992:"The new spectacle right now!", Pena "presents" his cabinet to the public after his inauguration 1005:, who, according to Cláudia Viscardi, were "responsible for the progressive delay of the end of 9580: 7021: 6306: 2590: 2532: 2508: 2305: 1959: 1758: 1669: 1272:, where officers and students from the Military School demanded that the provincial president, 937: 678: 635:

and becoming known for defending slaves. His political career began in 1874 when he joined the

7962:"A Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais no centenário de sua fundação" 7299: 3644:

left Rio de Janeiro without greeting the Brazilian emperor, Rio Branco wrote in the newspaper

2739: 1905:

cover showing the children Pena and Peçanha being guided to the presidency by Pinheiro Machado

1839:, which he held from 1895 to 1898; it was the main Brazilian banking institution at the time. 1244: 9397: 8908: 8515:[Elections in the First Republic: an alternative approach to popular participation]. 8417: 8128: 7772: 7690: 3095: 3057: 3037: 2474: 1831: 1814:, the local climate, and cholera epidemics made Minas Gerais less attractive for immigrants. 1603: 1510: 1350:, with the aim of stimulating the economy, which led to unbridled speculation, known as the " 616:'s cabinet to become president of Brazil and the first Brazilian president to die in office. 6579: 4982: 2288: 2116: 1213: 1089: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10299: 10083: 9511: 9427: 9077: 8778: 8198: 7791: 7692:

Os presidentes: a história dos que mandaram e desmandaram no Brasil, de Deodoro a Bolsonaro

7280: 4560: 2981: 2792: 2766: 2655: 2615: 2450: 2018: 1950:

In Minas Gerais, the PRM was divided with regard to Pena's candidacy. Politicians from the

1811: 1629:

A Brazilian Army battery in Morro do Castelo, Rio de Janeiro, during the Naval Revolt, 1893

1231: 796:

Ambrosina, a slave. Pena would often accompany his father to the gold mines in Brumado and

609: 10379: 9981: 9401: 8928: 7697:

The presidents: the story of those who ruled and unruled Brazil, from Deodoro to Bolsonaro

7250:

Pelo domínio dos mares do sul: a modernização da Marinha na Primeira República (1891-1930)

5676: 5674: 2980:

Pena (fourth from left, front row) with his wife to his right, former Argentine president

2332: 2283: 1607: 1519: 682: 597: 8: 9470: 9234: 9174: 9001: 8816: 8640:[Afonso Pena cuts through BH and passes through five neighborhoods of the city]. 8513:"Eleições na Primeira República: um abordagem alternativa acerca da participação popular" 7364:] (in Portuguese). Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3372: 3291: 3174: 3006: 2691: 2662: 2640: 2367: 2221: 2160: 1441: 1340: 1207: 1203: 581: 73: 10189: 9884: 3261:, his name appears on the main avenue. He also lends his name to an important avenue in 875: 605: 10339: 9268: 9253: 8487: 8432: 8150: 7453:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Documentação e Disseminação de Informações. 5671: 3258: 2909: 2844: 2470: 1673: 1595: 1477: 1432: 1273: 1218: 1029: 613: 10048: 9919: 9625: 9352: 9336: 8529: 8094:

Affonso Pena e o engrandecimento mineiro: instrução profissional e ideário republicano

4881: 4572: 4054: 3654: 3045: 10389: 9305: 8656: 8567:"Em 1917, Penápolis apresenta petição ao Legislativo paulista para se tornar comarca" 8499: 8218: 8154: 7948: 7822: 7743: 7700: 7675: 7650: 7614: 7564: 7496: 7454: 7422: 7365: 7342: 7305: 7287:

The Minas Gerais Constituent Assemblies of 1891, 1935 and 1947: a historical analysis

7262: 3053: 2773:

reached its peak at the time, growing from 17,340.4km in 1906 to 21,466.6km in 1910.

2301: 2186: 2086: 1514: 1269: 1265: 1006: 710: 561: 10214: 9899: 9775: 9480: 9437: 9411: 9311: 8325:[The dispute for hegemony in the Southern Cone: a historical retrospective] 8322: 7665: 3108: 2758: 2259: 2038: 2002: 1971:

declared: "t seems that Mr. senator Pinheiro Machado's sword has cut, for once, the

1398:

proclaimed, he returned to Barbacena and withdrew from public life, saddened by the

1129:

The liberals' rise to power in 1878 came after a decade in ostracism (the so-called

1098: 975: 706: 639:

and was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Minas Gerais. In 1878, he was elected

600:

who had held the presidency since 1894. Before his presidency, he served as the 4th

513: 10437: 10329: 10001: 9869: 9262: 8991: 8948: 8729: 8524: 8405: 8260: 8210: 8140: 7938: 7320: 3607: 3227: 3216: 3169: 2778: 2704: 2324: 1802: 1638: 1545: 1367: 1320: 1037: 509: 404: 10204: 10169: 10139: 10134: 9521: 9448: 9367: 9190: 3465: 3242:). As its founder and first director, the faculty itself is affectionately called 2226: 1723: 1418: 1163:, then decided to carry out the electoral reform by means of an ordinary law. The 1140:), being tasked by the emperor with carrying out an electoral reform to establish 10449: 10319: 10229: 10159: 10053: 9874: 9342: 8764: 8760: 8756: 7521:]. Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo: Biblioteca do Exército e Companhia das Letras. 7159: 3250: 2777:

started in the previous administration. Since the beginning of 1908, the company

2713: 2462: 2454: 2201: 1836: 1159:

Cansanção fell on 28 March 1880, as desired by Pena. His successor, also liberal

1141: 1045: 20: 10359: 10349: 10038: 9960: 9894: 9536: 9299: 9157: 9063: 8184:[The Taubaté Agreement and the agricultural economy of Rio de Janeiro]. 7275: 7147: 7030: 5075: 5051: 2840: 2824:

Pena nominated the Baron of Rio Branco, Brazil's "Bismarckian" minister, to the

1625: 733: 172: 120: 10354: 10344: 10324: 10224: 9914: 9909: 9736: 9711: 9648: 9615: 9327: 8145: 7435: 6312: 3648:

that there had been "no international offense against Brazil. There was only a

3287: 2925: 2883: 2673: 2620: 2466: 2435: 2242:, Afonso Pena ordered the expansion of telegraph lines from Mato Grosso to the 2175: 2073:

personalistic criteria. The president handed the ministries to David Campista (

2037:, Pena was received by students under the leadership of the then young student 1944: 1615: 1347: 997: 903: 858: 853:

During his studies at the Faculty of Law, Pena was a colleague of Ruy Barbosa,

833: 749: 702: 659: 650:, Pena withdrew from public life; however, he was soon called upon to join the 420: 241: 35: 29: 10374: 10023: 9658: 8566: 8201:[Brazil in the gold standard: the Caixa de Conversão from 1906-1914]. 7943: 7926: 2251: 10483: 10473: 10369: 10028: 9681: 8963: 8503: 8222: 7952: 7826: 7747: 7339:

Brazil-Argentina integration: history of an idea in the "vision of the other"

4190: 3547: 3226:, which emerged next to the Northwestern Brazil Railway in 1907, the city of 3073: 2998: 2955: 2915: 2700: 2528: 2524: 2400: 2267: 2243: 2046: 1777: 1773: 1374:

On the night of 14 November 1889, low-ranking officers and students from the

1126:, two prominent politicians who helped him in his rise in the Liberal Party. 941: 698: 9955: 9819: 9493: 8620: 8265: 7341:] (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. 2835:

was signed on 24 April 1907, by which Brazil ceded navigation rights in the

2527:(Law No. 1,860 of 4 November 1908). The previous law on the matter had kept 879: 10043: 10033: 9986: 9929: 9726: 9589: 7510: 3254: 2836: 2439: 2429:

The Minas Gerais and São Paulo pavilions, photograph by Augusto Malta, 1908

2235: 2034: 1972: 1924: 1842:

Pena's appointment was due to the fact that Rodrigues Alves, then Brazil's

1766: 1619: 1352: 1257:

Cotegipe dissolved the liberal chamber and called for new elections, which

1153: 907: 862: 845: 789: 624: 593: 286: 8996: 8214: 3223: 3202: 1281: 820: 580:, was a Brazilian lawyer, professor, and politician who served as the 6th 9950: 9505: 3390:

died, he took the papers to Raul Soares, who he knew was a member of the

3299: 3262: 3186: 2993:" doctrine was common on the international scene and was also applied in 2951: 2667: 2598: 2247: 1744: 1611: 1331: 1164: 925: 886: 871: 718: 10444: 8901: 7334:

A integração Brasil-Argentina: história de uma ideia na "visão do outro"

7219: 3266: 3142: 10461: 10394: 10244: 9924: 9499: 9203: 8547: 3596:

Barbosa, Roberto Trompowsky Leitão de Almeida e Carlos Lemgruber Kropf.

2972:

Brazilian Army in the First Republic § Possible war with Argentina

2572:, the first of the Minas Geraes-class battleships, on 10 September 1908 2550: 2271: 2022: 1417:

The new republican government, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca, appointed

1324: 1199: 985: 929: 762:

Born on 30 November 1847 in Santa Bárbara do Mato Dentro—currently the

663: 500: 46: 8455:[Minas Gerais in the Taubaté Agreement: a different approach] 7785:(in Portuguese), vol. 9, Belo Horizonte: ALMG, pp. 1707–1714 7767: 6585: 5680: 4988: 4898: 4585: 4566: 4073: 3056:". The false document was read by the new Argentine foreign minister, 2984:

to his left, and other dignitaries at the Catete Palace, 12 March 1907

2396: 2328: 1036:, the Marquis of Paraná, one of the most prominent politicians in the 9779: 8197:

Oliveira, Maria Teresa Ribeiro de; Silva, Maria Luiza Falcão (2012).

7282:

As Constituintes mineiras de 1891, 1935 e 1947: uma análise histórica

7171: 5401: 2905: 1653: 990: 944:. Pena supported the former but not the latter, refusing to sign the 793: 632: 431: 10456: 8581: 7519:

Soldiers of the Fatherland: history of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937

7165: 6768: 6766: 2457:

on 1 February 1908, which did not impede the preparations, however.

1817: 1761:, which kept the tax revenues. To tackle this issue, Pena created a 662:

was established as the future state capital (which at that time was

8561: 8323:"A disputa pela hegemonia no Cone Sul: uma retrospectiva histórica" 7647:

State presence in the Political Economy of Brazil from 1889 to 1930

7293:. Belo Horizonte: Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Minas Gerais. 7153: 4226: 4091: 3049: 2266:

The commission started its work in May 1907, later discovering the

2239: 1762: 1553: 8490:[Political elites in Minas Gerais in the First Republic]. 7643:

A Presenca do Estado na Economia Politica do Brasil de 1889 a 1930

7636:] (in Portuguese) (6 ed.). São Paulo: Editora Alfa-Omega. 4750: 8453:"Minas Gerais no Convênio de Taubaté: uma abordagem diferenciada" 8251:[From the old professional army to the citizen soldier]. 7099: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6763: 5632: 5244: 1901: 1040:. They had nine children, including Afonso Júnior, who was later 974:

Pena graduated with a Law degree on 23 October 1870. He became a

24: 8409: 6444: 5912: 5910: 5425: 1822: 1584: 8586:[Learn the history of Conselheiro Pena] (in Portuguese) 7920:(in Portuguese), Associação Nacional de História, pp. 1–10 7421:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Belo Horizonte: Del Rey Editora. 4820: 3663: 2255: 1807: 8770: 8550:[About Curitiba International Airport] (in Portuguese) 7515:

Soldados da Pátria: história do Exército Brasileiro, 1889–1937

7207: 6903: 2499:

Pena (in the center with a topper) watching military maneuvers

58: 8361:[The foreign policy of the Old Republic (1889–1930)] 8127:

Mari, Cezar Luiz De; Filho, Licínio de Sousa e Silva (2019).

7699:] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: HarperCollins Brasil. 7649:] (in Portuguese). Translated by Gunter Altmann. Record. 7495:] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio Editora. 7135: 5907: 5686: 5644: 4447: 4445: 4397: 4395: 4274: 4214: 4151: 2943: 2649:

Italian immigrants disembarking in the Port of Santos in 1907

2554: 1936: 955:, as he considered Brazil was not ready for a regime change. 596:

to win the presidency, ending the series of politicians from

10113: 8234:[Electoral Cartoons: the 1910 presidential dispute] 8199:"O Brasil no padrão-ouro: a Caixa de conversão de 1906-1914" 7195: 4139: 3901: 3336:

Afonso Pena and king Carlos I of Portugal on a 1908 postcard

2866:

and the entire territory of Acre. Since 1897 there had been

1697: 1437:, and help the Minas Gerais' Constituent Assembly, in 1891. 8710: 8602:[Legislation on foreigners in the First Republic]. 8511:

Viscardi, Cláudia M. R.; Figueiredo, Vítor Fonseca (2019).

7356:

Ferreira, Jorge; Delgado, Lucilia de Almeida Neves (2018).

7225: 7051: 6802: 6294: 5829: 5608: 5486: 5315: 5184: 2557:

company becoming the main provider of artillery to Brazil.

1064: 9089: 8638:"Afonso Pena corta BH e passa por cinco bairros da cidade" 7041: 7039: 6970: 6934: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6519: 6420: 6374: 6372: 6323: 6321: 6243: 6241: 6177: 6175: 6085: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5787: 5785: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5391: 5389: 5196: 4958: 4505: 4442: 4392: 4313: 2491:

Reorganization of the Brazilian Army in the First Republic

2021:

Brazil, followed by a brief stop in Rio de Janeiro, where

921:

members, even after finishing his studies at the faculty.

6987: 6985: 6729: 6727: 6567: 6509: 6507: 6121: 6051: 6049: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4291: 4289: 4103: 3889: 3005:

became president of Argentina in 1906. Alcorta appointed

705:, with the acquisition of new ships. Pena also supported 8618: 8488:"Elites políticas em Minas Gerais na Primeira República" 8182:"O convênio de Taubaté e a economia agrícola fluminense" 7358:

O Brasil republicano: o tempo do liberalismo oligárquico

7177: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6265: 5739: 4844: 4762: 4250: 4163: 4127: 3934: 3853: 3222:

Pena was honored by his name being given to the city of

2761:

via rail allowed, for the first time, the connection of

2613:, ordered from British shipyards. The third battleship, 2414: 2238:, which had been incorporated into Brazil following the 1499: 983:

race". After turning down an invitation to teach at his

576:(30 November 1847 – 14 June 1909), often referred to as 7674:] (in Portuguese). Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados. 7412:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Brasília: Senado Federal. 7393:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Brasília: Senado Federal. 7075: 7036: 6997: 6838: 6739: 6468: 6432: 6369: 6357: 6318: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6238: 6226: 6204: 6202: 6187: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6145: 5868: 5841: 5797: 5782: 5722: 5620: 5596: 5584: 5560: 5510: 5498: 5449: 5437: 5386: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5330: 5305: 5303: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5232: 5220: 5143: 4970: 4933: 4931: 4728: 4726: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4079: 4044: 4042: 3998: 3996: 3754: 3546:

International coffee prices had been falling since the

3234:, and the Academic Center of the Faculty of Law of the 2730:

Pena inspecting the works in the port of Rio de Janeiro

1602:, the latter brought to power by Peixoto. Known as the 604:, under Rodrigues Alves (1903–1906) after the death of 227:

President of the Deliberative Council of Belo Horizonte

7406:

Rodrigues Alves: heyday and decline of presidentialism

7401:

Rodrigues Alves: apogeu e declínio do presidencialismo

7387:

Rodrigues Alves: heyday and decline of presidentialism

7382:

Rodrigues Alves: apogeu e declínio do presidencialismo

7063: 6982: 6958: 6946: 6790: 6724: 6695: 6693: 6620: 6618: 6591: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6408: 6396: 6097: 6073: 6046: 5992: 5961: 5885: 5883: 5819: 5817: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5208: 5006: 4948: 4946: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4774: 4738: 4711: 4660: 4603: 4407: 4380: 4368: 4325: 4286: 4262: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3376:; In the old spelling: Affonso Augusto Moreira Penna, 3313:

A bust of Pena in the Municipal Park of Belo Horizonte

2757:

was finished and the connection between São Paulo and

10421: 8600:"Legislação sobre estrangeiros na Primeira República" 7123: 7031:

Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Minas Gerais 1989

6891: 6855: 6814: 6751: 6705: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6133: 6021: 6019: 5980: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5076:

Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Minas Gerais 1989

5052:

Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Minas Gerais 1989

5030: 5018: 4994: 4832: 4699: 4529: 4493: 4238: 4115: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3812: 3112:

Afonso Pena's wake in the Catete Palace, 15 June 1909

1107:

Maria Guilhermina and Afonso Pena aged about 35, 1882

8359:"A política exterior da Velha República (1889–1930)" 8232:"Charges Eleitorais: a disputa presidencial de 1910" 7804:(in Portuguese), Belo Horizonte: ALMG, pp. 7–24 7326:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacioanal. 7318: 7111: 6922: 6456: 6384: 6313:

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 2007

6277: 6253: 6214: 6199: 6157: 5951: 5949: 5934: 5858: 5856: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5374: 5357: 5342: 5327: 5300: 5256: 5172: 5081: 5057: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4723: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4517: 4419: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4232: 4202: 4196: 4180: 4178: 4097: 4039: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3958: 3946: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3877: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3800: 1264:

By 1886, however, the main issue was the so-called "

9195: 8249:"Do velho exército profissional ao cidadão soldado" 7540:(in Portuguese). Revista de Informação Legislativa. 7362:

Republican Brazil: the era of oligarchic liberalism

7183: 6879: 6867: 6826: 6778: 6690: 6678: 6615: 5880: 5814: 5751: 5698: 5539: 5522: 5273: 4943: 4791: 4648: 4337: 3865: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3766: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 1683: 777:While initially following a military career in the 8510: 8289:The 1908 Exposition or Brazil seen from the inside 8021:[Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907)] 7779:Minas Gerais profiles: Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena 7634:Coffee expansion and origins of industry in Brazil 7630:Expansão cafeeira e origens da indústria no Brasil 7009: 6345: 6333: 6036: 6034: 6016: 6004: 5922: 5661: 5659: 5572: 5413: 5407: 5250: 5155: 5126: 5093: 4008: 3137: 3085:by groups supporting Hermes da Fonseca (mainly by 1739: 8755:Afonso Pena's messages to the National Congress ( 8696:Mapa: Memória da Administração Pública Brasileira 8604:Mapa: Memória da Administração Pública Brasileira 8545: 8422:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 7323:com varios esclarecimentos e quadros estatisticos 7213: 7087: 6630: 6603: 5946: 5895: 5853: 5763: 5710: 4856: 4672: 4615: 4541: 4481: 4457: 4349: 4175: 3970: 3913: 3824: 3185:operated successfully until the beginning of the 3177:were put in practice during the First Republic. 2681:unions and cooperatives. The following year, the 1818:President of the Bank of the Republic (1895–1898) 1465:Pena's address to the Constituent Assembly, 1891. 1001:to other politicians of his time, especially the 792:' elite. As a child, he was taken care of by the 10481: 8284:A Exposição de 1908 ou o Brasil visto por dentro 7277:Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Minas Gerais 6666: 6654: 6642: 3783: 3710: 3691: 2519:Brazilian troops parading in the 1908 Exposition 1879: 1422:politician, he was invited by the newly founded 1252: 1178: 8635: 8320: 7613:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Editora Brasil 21. 7437:Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 7355: 7298:Baily, Samuel L.; Míguez, Eduardo José (2003). 7201: 6916: 6772: 6109: 6061: 6031: 5656: 4756: 4636: 4591: 4469: 3173:finance minister marked a rare moment in which 2868:clashes between Brazilian and Peruvian settlers 1238:, thus ending seven years of liberal rule (the 33: and the second or paternal family name is 8674:[Four personalities in one monument]. 7851: 7594:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Conselho Editorial. 7577: 7141: 5692: 5650: 5638: 4301: 4027: 2961: 1854: 1236:João Maurício Vanderlei, the Baron of Cotegipe 1079: 584:, from 1906 until his death in 1909. Pena was 10099: 9849: 9835: 9219: 8786: 8582:Câmara Municipal de Conselheiro Pena (2017). 8548:"Sobre o aeroporto internacional de Curitiba" 8304:[Rui and the presidential elections] 8203:História Econômica & História de Empresas 8196: 7105: 5916: 3841: 3420:The provincial deputy term lasted two years, 2306:grown considerably since the mid-19th century 2234:In 1906, wanting to secure the occupation of 1776:stance, in contrast to his early liberal and 1606:, the rebels wanted to march north and reach 1476:As state senator, Pena also clashed with the 10540:Republican Party of Minas Gerais politicians 8623:[120 years: History] (in Portuguese) 8242:(in Portuguese). Anpuh-Rio de Janeiro: 1–10. 7774:Perfis mineiros: Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena 7548:As eleições na Primeira República, 1889-1930 3036:That year, Zeballos sent a secret letter to 2661:During Pena's government, the first wave of 2626: 2335:, inspired on Siciliano's earlier proposal. 1983: 8661:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8019:"Conferências da Paz de Haia (1899 e 1907)" 7297: 6586:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 6300: 5681:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 4989:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 4899:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 4586:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 4567:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 4074:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 1991 3213:Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute 2453:committed to attending the exhibition, but 2067: 739: 10106: 10092: 9842: 9828: 9804: 9226: 9212: 8793: 8779: 8672:"Quatro personalidades em um só monumento" 7759:[Faculty, law, and the republic]. 7553:Elections in the First Republic, 1889-1930 7482:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal. 7468:Jorge, Arthur Guimarães de Araújo (1999). 3238:, the Afonso Pena Academic Center (CAAP – 2154:for the presidency of the Bank of Brazil, 1910:that state, with Rodrigues Alves choosing 1504: 57: 10510:Presidents of the Federal Senate (Brazil) 8727: 8528: 8369:(in Portuguese) (111). Brasília: 253–270. 8264: 8246: 8144: 8126: 7942: 7166:Câmara Municipal de Conselheiro Pena 2017 6127: 5974: 3469: 2053: 9233: 8690:Pessoa, Gláucia Tomaz de Aquino (2019). 8584:"Conheça a história de Conselheiro Pena" 8486:Viscardi, Cláudia Maria Ribeiro (1995). 8485: 8450: 8179: 8054:Lang (b), Alice Beatriz da Silva Gordo. 7990:Kuhlmann, Paulo Roberto Loyolla (2001). 7989: 7664:Torres, João Camilo de Oliveira (2018). 7154:Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo 2015 7081: 6151: 5874: 5808: 5745: 5733: 4744: 3565: 3331: 3318: 3308: 3201: 3141: 3107: 3021: 2975: 2914: 2815: 2725: 2672:with 781 immigrants disembarking at the 2644: 2563: 2514: 2494: 2480: 2424: 2366: 2287: 2277: 2225: 2115: 1987: 1894: 1821: 1743: 1696: 1624: 1518: 1358: 1212: 1042:Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs 962: 844: 840: 743: 140:23 June 1903 – 15 November 1906 86:15 November 1906 – 14 June 1909 8597: 8398:Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos 7972: 7966:Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFMG 7733: 7486: 7398:Franco, Afonso Arinos de Melo (2001b). 7397: 7330: 7057: 7045: 7003: 6849: 6808: 6745: 6718: 6450: 6438: 6378: 6363: 6327: 6288: 6247: 6181: 5847: 5835: 5791: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5566: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5395: 5321: 5238: 5226: 5190: 5149: 4976: 4964: 4826: 4814: 4785: 4717: 4535: 4511: 4451: 4413: 4401: 4386: 4374: 4331: 4319: 4295: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4220: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 3907: 3895: 3859: 3818: 3806: 3611: 3508: 3487: 3434: 3408: 2889: 2851:As for Peru, Brazil signed a treaty on 2371:A 500 thousand réis bill issued by the 1412: 10482: 8689: 8669: 8356: 8321:Reckziegel, Setti; Luiza, Ana (2006). 7924: 7808: 7769:Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais 7754: 7713: 7663: 7509: 7416: 7379:Franco, Afonso Arinos de Melo (2001). 7378: 7301:Mass Migration to Modern Latin America 7189: 7069: 6991: 6976: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6796: 6733: 6597: 6525: 6513: 6498: 6486: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6208: 6139: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6055: 5998: 5940: 5889: 5214: 5202: 5024: 5012: 4937: 4910: 4838: 4768: 4732: 4705: 4523: 4499: 4208: 4085: 3964: 3952: 3628: 3615: 3521: 3421: 2209: 1826:The founding of Belo Horizonte in 1897 1658:on 11 December, in which he declared: 1346:Afonso Celso implemented a network of 1206:, for which he also supported the non 1012: 906:associations and founded by professor 889:, in the Faculty of Law he joined the 10545:Coffee with milk politics politicians 10087: 9823: 9207: 9194: 9093: 8971:Brazilian National Exposition of 1908 8774: 8451:Viscardi (b), Cláudia Maria Ribeiro. 8391: 8299: 8295:(in Portuguese), UFRGS, pp. 6–27 7959: 7905: 7868: 7789: 7757:"A faculdade, o direito e a repúlica" 7734:Andrade, Caio César Vioto de (2019). 7720:. Philadelphia, G. Barrie & sons. 7688: 7640: 7627: 7598: 7544: 7467: 7246: 7129: 7117: 6928: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6832: 6820: 6784: 6757: 6699: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6474: 6462: 6390: 6271: 6259: 6232: 6220: 6193: 6166: 5419: 5380: 5368: 5351: 5336: 5309: 5267: 5178: 5087: 5063: 5036: 5000: 4922: 4850: 4802: 4666: 4654: 4609: 4436: 4048: 4002: 3940: 3883: 3777: 3760: 3748: 3671: 3583: 3395: 3373:[aˈfõsuawˈɡustumoˈɾejɾɐˈpenɐ] 3371: 3100:also began, launched by Ruy Barbosa. 2919:The Brazilian delegation in The Hague 2421:Brazilian National Exposition of 1908 2415:Brazilian National Exposition of 1908 2214:Further information (in Portuguese): 1500:President of Minas Gerais (1892–1894) 1390:the country and the beginning of the 1299:Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil) 1292: 592:. Pena was the first politician from 16:President of Brazil from 1906 to 1909 8959:Reorganization of the Brazilian Army 8711:Prefeitura de Santa Bárbara (2010). 8467: 8229: 8109: 8090: 8053: 8036:Lang, Alice Beatriz da Silva Gordo. 7476:Rio Branco and the borders of Brazil 7471:Rio Branco e as fronteiras do Brasil 7015: 6351: 6339: 5823: 5578: 5554: 5533: 5294: 5166: 5137: 5120: 5108: 4952: 4875: 4693: 4630: 4554: 4362: 4343: 4184: 4021: 3987: 3928: 3871: 3835: 3794: 3729: 3704: 3534: 3473: 3447: 3377: 3079: 2665:arrived in the country, on the ship 2487:Brazilian Army in the First Republic 2130:president of the Chamber of Deputies 1886:1906 Brazilian presidential election 1692: 1249:) and Pena's stay in the executive. 588:, the chosen successor of president 8563:Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo 8337: 8280: 8110:Lima, Bárbara Braga Penido (2017). 8091:Lima, Bárbara Braga Penido (2016), 7931:Hispanic American Historical Review 7534:The Minas Gerais Senate (1891-1930) 7304:. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources. 7093: 6025: 6010: 5986: 5955: 5928: 5901: 5862: 5776: 5757: 5716: 5704: 5461: 3652:". Zeballos misunderstood the term 3577:According to Salomão Pontes Alves, 3551: 3273:, Paraná, the city's main airport, 2549:year, at the invitation of emperor 2197:Francisco Marcelino de Sousa Aguiar 2081:), Miguel Calmon Du Pin e Almeida ( 958: 13: 10535:Liberal Party (Brazil) politicians 10520:19th-century Brazilian politicians 9036:Belisário Augusto de Oliveira Pena 9018:Maria Guilhermina de Oliveira Pena 8430: 8338:Rossini, Gabriel Almeida Antunes. 8180:Mendonça, Sônia Regina de (1999). 7887: 7833: 7487:Lacombe, Américo Jacobina (1986). 4487: 4475: 4463: 4033: 3236:Federal University of Minas Gerais 2143:Pena's appointments also included 2058: 827:in 1866, which, together with the 354:Provincial Deputy of Minas Gerais 14: 10566: 10250:Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada 8987:Afonso Pena International Airport 8749: 8530:10.34019/2594-8296.2019.v25.28740 8468:Viscardi, Cláudia Maria Ribeiro. 8373: 8302:"Rui e as eleições presidenciais" 8161: 8072: 8016: 7790:Assis, Luiz Fernandes de (1997), 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6609: 6115: 6067: 6040: 5665: 4307: 3275:Afonso Pena International Airport 2935:of 1871, when a Brazilian envoy, 2924:how Brazil had taken part in the 2806: 2721: 2697:First Brazilian Workers' Congress 2399:. Thus, Brazil adopted a partial 1376:Military School of Praia Vermelha 1074: 10467: 10455: 10443: 10431: 10404: 10068: 10067: 9803: 9794: 9793: 9073: 9072: 8907: 8900: 8728:Wanderley, Andrea C. T. (2018). 8598:Camargo, Angélica Ricci (2020). 8392:Silva, José Anchieta da (2012). 8357:Santos, Norma Breda dos (1991). 8133:Cadernos de História da Educação 8035: 7525: 7226:Prefeitura de Santa Bárbara 2010 4642: 4597: 3847: 3634: 3621: 3599: 3589: 3571: 3557: 3540: 3527: 3514: 3280: 2811: 2683:Brazilian Workers' Confederation 2167:Chief of Staff of the Presidency 2145:João Ribeiro de Oliveira e Sousa 1684:Foundation of the Faculty of Law 1455: 1426:(PRM) to be a candidate for the 1424:Republican Party of Minas Gerais 1097: 1088: 728:battleships, which provoked the 652:Republican Party of Minas Gerais 544: 421:Rio de Janeiro, Federal District 9196:Articles related to Afonso Pena 8939:South American dreadnought race 8800: 7858:Revista da Faculdade de Direito 7761:Revista da Faculdade de Direito 7714:Wright, Marie Robinson (1908). 7447:Brazil: 500 years of settlement 7234: 5469:"História - 1906 - Afonso Pena" 3493: 3479: 3453: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3401: 3138:Historical reputation and image 3063:Zeballos then claimed, through 2968:South American dreadnought race 2623:due to financial difficulties. 1890: 1740:Economic policy and immigration 967:The Faculty of Law in 1862, by 849:Pena in his youth, unknown date 772:São Salvador da Ribeira de Pena 730:South American dreadnought race 481: 342:General Deputy for Minas Gerais 10525:University of São Paulo alumni 10515:19th-century Brazilian lawyers 8619:Faculdade de Direito da UFMG. 7856:[Afonso Pena's work]. 7763:(in Portuguese) (60): 523–546. 7442:Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento 7247:Alves, Salomão Pontes (2017). 5408:Viscardi & Figueiredo 2019 5251:Viscardi & Figueiredo 2019 3383: 3362: 2637:Japanese immigration in Brazil 2633:European immigration to Brazil 2537:Brazilian Constitution of 1891 2246:valley, and then to Acre, the 1899:"Rehearsing the first steps", 1400:banishment of emperor Pedro II 1315:headquarters of the newspaper 934:separation of Church and State 668:Faculty of Law of Minas Gerais 1: 10550:Brazilian liberal politicians 8281:Pereira, Margareth da Silva, 7973:Knevitz, Maurício M. (2021). 7819:Encontro Estadual de História 7319:Câmara dos Deputados (1889). 3680: 3407:Or 25 November, according to 3147: 3012:Argentine newspapers such as 2995:Argentine–Brazilian relations 2033:, and then heading south. In 2031:Third Pan-American Conference 1947:in 1904, still haunted them. 1929:Republican Party of São Paulo 1880:Presidential election of 1906 1637:on 6 September 1893, admiral 1523:The dissolution of Congress, 1253:In the opposition (1886–1889) 1210:of the State in the economy. 1179:Minister of State (1882–1885) 1034:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão 1019:Maria Guilhermina de Oliveira 753: 697:with the introduction of the 471:Maria Guilhermina de Oliveira 270:State Senator of Minas Gerais 215:State Senator of Minas Gerais 10185:Chrispim Jacques Bias Fortes 10150:Chrispim Jacques Bias Fortes 9997:Adalberto Pereira dos Santos 8342:[Taubaté Agreement] 8333:(in Portuguese) (8): 93–100. 8300:Porto, Walter Costa (2010). 8247:Peregrino, Humberto (1955). 8058:[Adolfo Gordo Laws] 7968:(in Portuguese) (34): 15–46. 7960:Horta, Raul Machado (1994). 7667:O presidencialismo no Brasil 7529:O Senado Mineiro (1891-1930) 7331:Candeas, Alessandro (2017). 7178:Faculdade de Direito da UFMG 3685: 3240:Centro Acadêmico Afonso Pena 3230:, which emerged next to the 3048:, the Brazilian minister in 3026:"The war... by telegrams!", 2535:in order to comply with the 2095:Alexandrino Faria de Alencar 2077:), Augusto Tavares de Lira ( 1935:, thus dividing the PRP. In 1670:Public Force of Minas Gerais 1364:Proclamation of the Republic 1259:were held on 15 January 1886 1050:Brazilian Academy of Letters 701:, and the rearmament of the 681:, putting into practice the 648:proclamation of the Republic 612:. He was the only member of 7: 10385:Alberto Pinto Coelho Júnior 10275:João Tavares Corrêa Beraldo 9094: 8954:Northwestern Brazil Railway 8858:Faculty of Law of São Paulo 8230:Paes, Rafael Lopes (2006). 7925:Hilton, Stanley E. (1982). 7821:(in Portuguese). ANPUH-RS. 7727:Articles and academic works 7607:The presidents: Afonso Pena 7602:Os presidentes: Afonso Pena 7561:Tribunal Superior Eleitoral 7559:(in Portuguese). Brasília: 6917:Reckziegel & Luiza 2006 6773:Reckziegel & Luiza 2006 4757:Ferreira & Delgado 2018 3344: 3323:Afonso Pena on a 1906 stamp 3244:Vetusta Casa de Afonso Pena 3206:Afonso Pena's resting place 2962:Possible war with Argentina 2833:Vásquez Cobo–Martins treaty 2826:ministry of foreign affairs 2748:Northwestern Brazil Railway 2738:studied its arrival at the 2364:to be voted on separately. 1855:Vice presidency (1903–1906) 1080:Parliamentarian (1874–1882) 768:Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais 717:, with a delegation led by 629:Faculty of Law of São Paulo 574:Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena 506:Faculty of Law of São Paulo 401:Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais 10: 10571: 10310:José Francisco Bias Fortes 10280:Júlio Ferreira de Carvalho 8924:1906 presidential election 8523:(2). Juiz de Fora: 12–36. 8517:Locus: Revista de história 8492:Revista Estudos Históricos 8253:Revista do Serviço Público 8186:Locus: Revista de História 8146:10.14393/che-v18n2-2019-11 7883:, Brasília: Senado Federal 7872:As sucessões presidenciais 7869:Filho, Luiz Viana (1983), 7836:"Proclamação da República" 7417:Guedes, Balmaceda (2016). 3197: 2965: 2893: 2785: 2630: 2484: 2418: 2281: 2219: 2213: 1883: 1592:Gaspar da Silveira Martins 1587:, thus ending the threat. 1508: 1478:Leopoldina Railway Company 1296: 969:Militão Augusto de Azevedo 18: 10530:Governors of Minas Gerais 10505:Vice presidents of Brazil 10402: 10124: 10115:Governors of Minas Gerais 10063: 10011: 9969: 9939: 9857: 9851:Vice presidents of Brazil 9761: 9636: 9552: 9458: 9426: 9382: 9241: 9201: 9172: 9164: 9154: 9145: 9137: 9127: 9118: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9051: 9010: 8979: 8916: 8898: 8845: 8835:President of Minas Gerais 8808: 8122:(in Portuguese). Niterói. 8105:(in Portuguese), Cedeplar 7944:10.1215/00182168-62.4.629 7798:The change of the capital 7672:Presidentialism in Brazil 7106:Oliveira & Silva 2012 5917:Oliveira & Silva 2012 4233:Câmara dos Deputados 1889 4199:, pp. 377, 384, 393. 4197:Câmara dos Deputados 1889 4098:Câmara dos Deputados 1889 3132: 3127:São João Batista Cemetery 2820:Brazilian borders in 1908 2736:Central do Brasil Railway 2627:Immigration and anarchism 2465:, João Batista da Costa, 2195:, Pena appointed general 1984:Election and inauguration 1633:With the outbreak of the 946:1870 Republican Manifesto 798:São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo 656:president of Minas Gerais 567: 557: 552: 540: 520: 499: 491: 465: 445: 437: 427: 410: 387: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 346: 334: 320: 306: 292: 274: 262: 257:President of Minas Gerais 248: 231: 219: 207: 193: 189: 182: 178: 166: 154: 144: 133: 126: 114: 102: 90: 79: 72: 68: 56: 44: 9606:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 9148:Vice President of Brazil 9121:Governor of Minas Gerais 8876:Parliamentary elections 8826:Vice President of Brazil 8713:"Memorial Affonso Penna" 8636:G1 Minas Gerais (2017). 8004:(Thesis). São Paulo: USP 7877:Presidential successions 7493:Afonso Pena and his time 6453:, pp. 388, 390–391. 5434:, pp. 321, 345–346. 4829:, pp. 158–159, 164. 3356: 3269:. He is also honored in 3175:heterodox economic ideas 3103: 3032:cover, 12 September 1908 2937:Marcos Antônio de Araújo 2896:Hague Convention of 1907 2068:Cabinet and appointments 1392:First Brazilian Republic 829:Faculty of Law of Recife 740:Early life and education 715:Hague Convention of 1907 602:vice president of Brazil 428:Cause of death 128:Vice President of Brazil 23:, the first or maternal 10365:Eduardo Brandão Azeredo 10315:José de Magalhães Pinto 8863:Burschenschaft Paulista 8670:Mendes, Daniel (2023). 8546:Aeroporto Afonso Pena. 8433:"PENA, Octávio Moreira" 8374:Silva, Beatriz Coelho. 8266:10.21874/rsp.v67i2.5128 7854:"A obra de Afonso Pena" 7809:Binelo, Sophia (2016). 7689:Vizeu, Rodrigo (2019). 7578:Senado Federal (2003). 7489:Afonso Pena e sua época 7257:]. Rio de Janeiro: 3158:José Murilo de Carvalho 3156:According to historian 2902:Second Peace Convention 2111:Ministry of Agriculture 2027:U.S. Secretary of State 2013:, initially heading to 1874:president of the Senate 1765:in the municipality of 1515:Brazilian Naval Revolts 1505:The threatened republic 1173:motion of no confidence 1113:Afonso Pena joined the 831:, formed the country's 672:president of the Senate 315:Minister of Agriculture 202:President of the Senate 63:Official portrait, 1906 10305:Clóvis Salgado da Gama 10145:Domingos José da Rocha 9880:Francisco Rosa e Silva 9042:Gilberto Affonso Penna 8734:Brasiliana Fotográfica 8481:(in Portuguese): 1–16. 8463:(in Portuguese): 1–19. 8437:Dicionário de verbetes 8412:(inactive 2024-09-12). 8068:(in Portuguese): 1–11. 8049:(in Portuguese): 1–11. 8031:(in Portuguese): 1–15. 7888:Franco, Gustavo H. B. 7742:(in Portuguese) (20). 7641:Topik, Steven (1987). 7628:Silva, Sergio (1985). 4283:, pp. 97–98, 102. 4223:, pp. 88, 90, 95. 4160:, pp. 70, 73, 75. 3351:Brazilian Belle Époque 3337: 3324: 3314: 3207: 3153: 3113: 3033: 2985: 2920: 2821: 2746:. Construction of the 2744:Madeira-Mamoré Railway 2731: 2650: 2583:arms race of their own 2578:Júlio César de Noronha 2573: 2546: 2520: 2500: 2430: 2383:– was in favor of the 2376: 2297: 2231: 2124: 2083:Industry and Transport 2054:Presidency (1906–1909) 2029:, had arrived for the 1993: 1906: 1827: 1788: 1759:port of Rio de Janeiro 1753: 1702: 1665: 1643:Manifesto dos Mineiros 1630: 1528: 1497: 1371: 1323:and the adoption of a 1223: 971: 850: 759: 748:The Caraça School, by 709:'s expeditions in the 10555:Brazilian monarchists 10335:Levindo Ozanan Coelho 9971:Military dictatorship 9554:Military dictatorship 8621:"120 anos: Histórico" 8387:(in Portuguese): 1–6. 8340:"Convênio de Taubaté" 8316:(2). Brasília: 46–57. 8215:10.29182/hehe.v4i1.88 8162:Mayer, Jorge Miguel. 8038:"MORAIS, Prudente de" 7901:(in Portuguese): 1–7. 7847:(in Portuguese): 1–7. 7755:Arnaut, Luiz (2012). 7599:Silva, Hélio (2004). 7545:Ricci, Paolo (2021). 7214:Aeroporto Afonso Pena 6588:, pp. 1712–1713. 4991:, pp. 1710–1711. 4569:, pp. 1709–1710. 4148:, pp. 69–70, 92. 3910:, pp. 29, 38–39. 3662:, i.e. acting like a 3470:Mari & Filho 2019 3335: 3322: 3312: 3277:being named for him. 3232:Vitória-Minas Railway 3205: 3145: 3111: 3058:Victorino de la Plaza 3025: 2979: 2918: 2819: 2729: 2648: 2567: 2541: 2518: 2498: 2481:Army and navy reforms 2475:Nicolina Vaz de Assis 2428: 2370: 2291: 2278:The Taubaté Agreement 2229: 2220:Further information: 2119: 1991: 1898: 1832:Supreme Federal Court 1825: 1783: 1752:s issue No. 670, 1894 1747: 1700: 1660: 1628: 1604:Federalist Revolution 1522: 1511:Federalist Revolution 1489: 1362: 1216: 966: 924:Pena was an adept of 910:—and became chief of 848: 841:At the Faculty of Law 747: 10300:Juscelino Kubitschek 9786:New elections held; 9512:Juscelino Kubitschek 9235:Presidents of Brazil 9030:Otávio Moreira Penna 8692:"Caixa de Conversão" 7793:A mudança da capital 7202:G1 Minas Gerais 2017 3472:, pp. 465–466; 3271:São José dos Pinhais 2982:Julio Argentino Roca 2933:Treaty of Washington 2890:The Hague Convention 2886:were also resolved. 2451:Carlos I of Portugal 2333:homonymous agreement 2314:Alessandro Siciliano 2254:rivers, and finally 2079:Interior and Justice 1912:Bernardino de Campos 1812:indentured servitude 1413:State Senator (1891) 1232:Saraiva-Cotegipe Law 1161:José Antônio Saraiva 1054:Octávio Moreira Pena 1048:and a member of the 1017:Afonso Pena married 441:Afonso Pena Memorial 242:Bank of the Republic 9692:Fernando H. Cardoso 9471:Eurico Gaspar Dutra 9175:President of Brazil 9002:Afonso Pena Station 8817:President of Brazil 8056:"Leis Adolfo Gordo" 7906:Heinsfeld, Adelar, 7142:Deodato et al. 1958 7108:, pp. 109–111. 7060:, pp. 370–371. 6979:, pp. 200–201. 6943:, pp. 199–200. 6811:, pp. 181–182. 6576:, pp. 127–128. 6528:, pp. 269–270. 6429:, pp. 436–437. 6094:, pp. 181–182. 5838:, pp. 264–265. 5693:Senado Federal 2003 5651:Senado Federal 2003 5639:Senado Federal 2003 5617:, pp. 376–377. 5495:, pp. 364–365. 5324:, pp. 262–263. 5205:, pp. 294–295. 5193:, pp. 243–244. 4967:, pp. 172–174. 4853:, pp. 182–183. 4759:, pp. 103–104. 4514:, pp. 127–128. 4454:, pp. 121–122. 4404:, pp. 118–120. 4322:, pp. 103–104. 3763:, pp. 178–179. 3490:, pp. 156–157. 3292:Rodolfo Bernardelli 3007:Estanislao Zeballos 2831:With Colombia, the 2769:by train. Brazil's 2763:Southeastern Brazil 2740:São Francisco River 2663:Japanese immigrants 2641:Anarchism in Brazil 2222:Amazon rubber cycle 2210:Rondon's expedition 1844:Minister of Finance 1750:Revista Illustrada' 1708:Technical Committee 1635:Second Naval Revolt 1598:, against governor 1341:balance of payments 1228:Lafayette Rodrigues 1204:economic liberalism 1150:João Lins Cansanção 1131:Conservative Decade 1013:Marriage and family 928:and an opponent of 582:president of Brazil 301:Minister of Justice 184:Other offices held 74:President of Brazil 10340:Francelino Pereira 10265:Benedito Valadares 9269:Prudente de Morais 9254:Deodoro da Fonseca 9106:Political offices 9024:Afonso Pena Júnior 8944:Caixa de Conversão 8192:(1). Juiz de Fora. 8076:Fonseca, Hermes da 6274:, pp. 22, 44. 5641:, pp. 17, 42. 5410:, pp. 23, 27. 4771:, pp. 50, 53. 4112:, pp. 55, 57. 3943:, p. 179-181. 3898:, pp. 28, 34. 3501:indirectly elected 3338: 3325: 3315: 3259:Mato Grosso do Sul 3208: 3191:Caixa de Conversão 3183:Caixa de Conversão 3154: 3114: 3034: 2986: 2921: 2910:Theodore Roosevelt 2822: 2797:Caixa de Conversão 2732: 2651: 2574: 2529:forced recruitment 2521: 2501: 2471:Belmiro de Almeida 2431: 2389:Caixa de Conversão 2385:Caixa de Conversão 2377: 2375:with Pena's effigy 2373:Caixa de Conversão 2362:Caixa de Conversão 2358:Caixa de Conversão 2342:Caixa de Conversão 2298: 2292:"The three Magi", 2232: 2125: 1994: 1969:Gazeta de Notícias 1907: 1828: 1792:German immigration 1754: 1703: 1674:Prudente de Morais 1631: 1600:Júlio de Castilhos 1596:Gumercindo Saraiva 1534:dissolved Congress 1529: 1525:Revista Illustrada 1372: 1293:Fall of the empire 1274:Deodoro da Fonseca 1240:Liberal Septennium 1224: 1219:Revista Illustrada 1169:the next elections 972: 867:Imprensa Acadêmica 851: 760: 687:federal government 685:, after which the 10419: 10418: 10413: 10412: 10390:Fernando Pimentel 10380:Antônio Anastasia 10200:Antônio de Salles 10119: 10081: 10080: 9992:Augusto Rademaker 9982:José Maria Alkmin 9941:Populist Republic 9817: 9816: 9653:never took office 9460:Populist Republic 9402:Isaías de Noronha 9372:never took office 9322:never took office 9306:Hermes da Fonseca 9188: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9155:Succeeded by 9128:Succeeded by 9087: 9086: 9057:← Rodrigues Alves 8934:Rondon Commission 8929:Taubaté Agreement 8519:(in Portuguese). 8494:(in Portuguese). 8400:(in Portuguese). 8376:"Questão Militar" 8331:Revista del CESLA 8205:(in Portuguese). 8188:(in Portuguese). 8164:"RONDON, Cândido" 8135:(in Portuguese). 8082:(in Portuguese), 7860:(in Portuguese). 7740:Crítica Histórica 7706:978-85-950-8639-5 7681:978-85-402-0704-2 7570:978-65-87461-06-9 7460:978-85-240-3940-9 7428:978-85-384-0438-5 7371:978-85-200-1385-4 7348:978-85-7631-659-6 7268:978-85-60207-92-3 6775:, pp. 94–96. 6687:, pp. 12–13. 6627:, pp. 10–11. 6477:, pp. 78–80. 6301:Baily et al. 2003 6235:, pp. 19–20. 6196:, pp. 14–15. 5989:, pp. 15–16. 5078:, pp. 47–48. 5054:, pp. 46–47. 4669:, pp. 18–21. 4612:, pp. 20–21. 4259:, pp. 95–96. 4172:, pp. 74–77. 4136:, pp. 58–60. 4088:, pp. 45–46. 3862:, pp. 33–34. 3505:1891 Constitution 3499:Peixoto had been 3424:, pp. 43–45. 3342: 3341: 3091:Civilist Campaign 3080:Succession crisis 2699:, which proposed 2284:Taubaté Agreement 2216:Rondon Commission 2087:Hermes da Fonseca 1693:New state capital 1645:in the newspaper 1470: 1469: 1387:Benjamin Constant 1270:Rio Grande do Sul 1266:Military Question 1007:slavery in Brazil 711:Amazon rainforest 683:Taubaté Agreement 619:Pena was born in 571: 570: 562:Brigadier general 358: 357: 239:President of the 10562: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10460: 10459: 10448: 10447: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10427: 10408: 10330:Aureliano Chaves 10260:Gustavo Capanema 10190:Silviano Brandão 10155:Álvares da Silva 10117: 10108: 10101: 10094: 10085: 10084: 10071: 10070: 10002:Aureliano Chaves 9885:Silviano Brandão 9870:Floriano Peixoto 9844: 9837: 9830: 9821: 9820: 9807: 9806: 9797: 9796: 9771:Died in office; 9565:Ranieri Mazzilli 9531:Ranieri Mazzilli 9263:Floriano Peixoto 9228: 9221: 9214: 9205: 9204: 9192: 9191: 9165:Preceded by 9138:Preceded by 9111:Preceded by 9103: 9102: 9091: 9090: 9076: 9075: 8992:Conselheiro Pena 8949:Adolfo Gordo Law 8911: 8904: 8871: 8838: 8829: 8820: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8772: 8771: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8666: 8660: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8565:(15 June 2015). 8558: 8556: 8555: 8534: 8532: 8507: 8482: 8474: 8464: 8458: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8431:Vilela, Amanda. 8427: 8421: 8413: 8388: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8353: 8352:(in Portuguese). 8345: 8334: 8328: 8317: 8307: 8296: 8294: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8268: 8243: 8237: 8226: 8193: 8176: 8175:(in Portuguese). 8168: 8158: 8148: 8123: 8117: 8106: 8104: 8087: 8081: 8069: 8061: 8050: 8042: 8032: 8024: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8003: 7986: 7985:(in Portuguese). 7980: 7969: 7956: 7946: 7921: 7919: 7902: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7865: 7848: 7840: 7830: 7816: 7805: 7803: 7786: 7784: 7764: 7751: 7721: 7710: 7685: 7660: 7637: 7624: 7612: 7595: 7593: 7574: 7558: 7541: 7539: 7526:Neto, Silveira. 7522: 7506: 7483: 7481: 7464: 7452: 7432: 7413: 7411: 7394: 7392: 7375: 7352: 7327: 7315: 7294: 7292: 7272: 7259:Arquivo Nacional 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7034: 7028: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6722: 6716: 6703: 6697: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5812: 5806: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5774: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5537: 5531: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5298: 5292: 5271: 5265: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5124: 5123:, pp. 4, 8. 5118: 5112: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4941: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4879: 4873: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4789: 4783: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3781: 3775: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3733: 3727: 3708: 3702: 3675: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3608:entente cordiale 3603: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3305: 3304: 3228:Conselheiro Pena 3170:developmentalist 3152: 3149: 3099: 3087:Pinheiro Machado 3038:Roque Sáenz Peña 3031: 3003:Figueroa Alcorta 2952:William T. Stead 2876: 2861: 2853:8 September 1909 2779:Lloyd Brasileiro 2756: 2717: 2705:Decree No. 1,641 2533:military reserve 2455:was assassinated 2352: 2325:Joaquim Murtinho 2322: 2302:Brazil's economy 2205: 2193:Federal District 2190: 2179: 2164: 2156:Edmundo da Veiga 2153: 1921:Pinheiro Machado 1870: 1803:social darwinisn 1800: 1727: 1716: 1657: 1639:Saldanha da Gama 1622:hidden there". 1582: 1570: 1546:Floriano Peixoto 1542: 1456: 1451:moderating power 1436: 1408: 1384: 1368:Benedito Calixto 1321:federal monarchy 1313: 1305:Council of State 1248: 1197: 1189:Pandiá Calógeras 1139: 1101: 1092: 1062: 1038:Empire of Brazil 1027: 959:Early law career 954: 916: 901: 876:Honoré de Balzac 823:to study at the 813: 787: 758: 755: 614:Emperor Pedro II 606:Silviano Brandão 553:Military service 548: 485: 483: 461: 454: 417: 405:Empire of Brazil 398:30 November 1847 397: 395: 383:Personal details 351: 350: 339: 338: 325: 324: 311: 310: 297: 296: 279: 278: 267: 266: 253: 252: 244: 236: 235: 224: 223: 212: 211: 198: 197: 180: 179: 169: 157: 138: 117: 105: 95: 84: 61: 42: 41: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10454: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10422: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10400: 10399: 10320:Israel Pinheiro 10255:Olegário Maciel 10240:Olegário Maciel 10230:Artur Bernardes 10160:Augusto de Lima 10120: 10112: 10082: 10077: 10059: 10058: 10054:Geraldo Alckmin 10049:Hamilton Mourão 10015: 10007: 10006: 9973: 9965: 9943: 9935: 9934: 9920:Estácio Coimbra 9875:Manuel Vitorino 9861: 9853: 9848: 9818: 9813: 9757: 9756: 9669:Collor de Mello 9640: 9632: 9631: 9626:João Figueiredo 9556: 9548: 9547: 9462: 9454: 9430: 9422: 9386: 9384:Second Republic 9378: 9377: 9353:Washington Luís 9343:Artur Bernardes 9337:Epitácio Pessoa 9318:Rodrigues Alves 9285:Rodrigues Alves 9245: 9237: 9232: 9197: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9170: 9168:Rodrigues Alves 9160: 9151: 9143: 9133: 9124: 9116: 9096: 9088: 9083: 9047: 9038:(father-in-law) 9006: 8975: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8896: 8865: 8841: 8832: 8823: 8812: 8804: 8799: 8752: 8739: 8737: 8736:(in Portuguese) 8718: 8716: 8715:(in Portuguese) 8701: 8699: 8698:(in Portuguese) 8681: 8679: 8678:(in Portuguese) 8676:Estado de Minas 8654: 8653: 8647: 8645: 8644:(in Portuguese) 8626: 8624: 8609: 8607: 8606:(in Portuguese) 8589: 8587: 8572: 8570: 8553: 8551: 8537: 8472: 8456: 8441: 8439: 8415: 8414: 8378: 8367:R. Inf. Legisl. 8362: 8343: 8326: 8305: 8292: 8271: 8269: 8240:Usos do Passado 8235: 8166: 8115: 8102: 8086:, pp. 1–16 8079: 8073:Lemos, Renato, 8059: 8040: 8022: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7978: 7917: 7892: 7880: 7838: 7834:Castro, Celso. 7814: 7801: 7782: 7724: 7707: 7682: 7657: 7621: 7610: 7591: 7571: 7556: 7537: 7503: 7479: 7461: 7450: 7429: 7409: 7390: 7372: 7349: 7312: 7290: 7269: 7237: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6904: 6900:, pp. 7–8. 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6864:, pp. 5–6. 6860: 6856: 6848: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6823:, pp. 3–4. 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6799:, pp. 1–2. 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6764: 6760:, pp. 1–2. 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6706: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6639:, pp. 1–2. 6635: 6631: 6623: 6616: 6612:, pp. 5–6. 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5962: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5798: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5764: 5760:, pp. 4–5. 5756: 5752: 5748:, pp. 4–5. 5744: 5740: 5732: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5707:, pp. 2–3. 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5683:, p. 1712. 5679: 5672: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5274: 5266: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955:, pp. 8–9. 4951: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4901:, p. 1711. 4897: 4882: 4874: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4792: 4784: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4588:, p. 1710. 4584: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4490:, pp. 5–7. 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466:, pp. 1–2. 4462: 4458: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4350: 4346:, pp. 4–5. 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4076:, p. 1709. 4072: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3784: 3776: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3736: 3728: 3711: 3703: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674:, pp. 1–2. 3639: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3618:, pp. 1–3. 3614:, p. 180; 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3558: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3480: 3476:, pp. 5–6. 3458: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3388: 3384: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3347: 3283: 3251:Augusto de Lima 3200: 3187:First World War 3150: 3140: 3135: 3106: 3093: 3082: 3046:Domício da Gama 3027: 2974: 2964: 2942:In a speech in 2898: 2892: 2870: 2855: 2814: 2809: 2788: 2771:railway network 2750: 2724: 2711: 2656:southern Brazil 2643: 2631:Main articles: 2629: 2585:in the 1890s. 2505:minister of war 2493: 2483: 2463:Eliseu Visconti 2423: 2417: 2381:president-elect 2346: 2331:and signed the 2316: 2286: 2280: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2199: 2184: 2173: 2158: 2147: 2107:Foreign Affairs 2070: 2061: 2059:Domestic policy 2056: 1986: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1864: 1862:Francisco Sales 1857: 1820: 1794: 1748:Afonso Pena in 1742: 1721: 1710: 1695: 1686: 1651: 1576: 1564: 1536: 1517: 1509:Main articles: 1507: 1502: 1430: 1415: 1402: 1378: 1317:Tribuna Liberal 1307: 1301: 1295: 1255: 1242: 1191: 1185:Minister of War 1181: 1133: 1120:Martinho Campos 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1082: 1077: 1056: 1046:Artur Bernardes 1021: 1015: 980:Letra de Câmbio 961: 948: 914: 895: 885:Although not a 843: 807: 781: 756: 742: 590:Rodrigues Alves 586:elected in 1906 536: 487: 484: 1875) 479: 475: 472: 459: 455: 452: 446:Political party 419: 415: 399: 393: 391: 348: 347: 336: 335: 329:Minister of War 322: 321: 308: 307: 294: 293: 276: 275: 264: 263: 250: 249: 240: 233: 232: 221: 220: 209: 208: 195: 194: 185: 167: 155: 149:Rodrigues Alves 139: 134: 115: 109:Rodrigues Alves 103: 91: 85: 80: 64: 52: 49: 40: 21:Portuguese name 17: 12: 11: 5: 10568: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10477: 10476: 10464: 10452: 10440: 10417: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10355:Newton Cardoso 10352: 10347: 10345:Tancredo Neves 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10325:Rondon Pacheco 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10285:Noraldino Lima 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10225:Delfim Moreira 10222: 10217: 10215:Venceslau Brás 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10175:Gama Cerqueira 10172: 10167: 10165:Gama Cerqueira 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10130:Antônio Olinto 10126: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10118:(1889–present) 10111: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10088: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016:(1985–present) 10009: 10008: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9915:Bueno de Paiva 9912: 9910:Delfim Moreira 9907: 9902: 9900:Venceslau Brás 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9855: 9854: 9847: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9824: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9801: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9744: 9737:Jair Bolsonaro 9734: 9724: 9712:Dilma Rousseff 9709: 9699: 9689: 9679: 9666: 9656: 9649:Tancredo Neves 9645: 9644: 9642: 9641:(1985–present) 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9623: 9616:Ernesto Geisel 9613: 9603: 9600:Military Junta 9597: 9587: 9578: 9571:Castelo Branco 9568: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9534: 9528: 9519: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9481:Getúlio Vargas 9478: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9446: 9438:Getúlio Vargas 9434: 9432: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9412:Getúlio Vargas 9409: 9394:Military Junta 9390: 9388: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9365: 9350: 9340: 9334: 9328:Delfim Moreira 9325: 9315: 9312:Venceslau Brás 9309: 9303: 9297: 9288: 9282: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9239: 9238: 9231: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9153: 9144: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9126: 9117: 9114:Gama Cerqueira 9112: 9108: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9068: 9067: 9064:Nilo Peçanha → 9060: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8855: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8751: 8750:External links 8748: 8747: 8746: 8725: 8708: 8687: 8667: 8633: 8616: 8595: 8579: 8559: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8535: 8508: 8483: 8470:"PENA, Afonso" 8465: 8448: 8428: 8389: 8371: 8354: 8335: 8318: 8297: 8278: 8259:(2): 269–278. 8244: 8227: 8194: 8177: 8159: 8139:(2): 461–477. 8124: 8107: 8088: 8070: 8051: 8033: 8017:Lafer, Celso. 8014: 7987: 7970: 7957: 7937:(4): 629–673. 7922: 7903: 7890:"Encilhamento" 7885: 7866: 7849: 7831: 7806: 7787: 7765: 7752: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7711: 7705: 7686: 7680: 7661: 7656:978-8510323758 7655: 7638: 7625: 7619: 7596: 7575: 7569: 7542: 7523: 7507: 7501: 7484: 7465: 7459: 7433: 7427: 7414: 7395: 7376: 7370: 7353: 7347: 7328: 7316: 7310: 7295: 7273: 7267: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7132:, p. 189. 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7072:, p. 216. 7062: 7050: 7048:, p. 297. 7035: 7020: 7008: 7006:, p. 124. 6996: 6994:, p. 201. 6981: 6969: 6967:, p. 200. 6957: 6955:, p. 199. 6945: 6933: 6921: 6902: 6890: 6878: 6866: 6854: 6852:, p. 182. 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6762: 6750: 6748:, p. 180. 6738: 6736:, p. 631. 6723: 6704: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6614: 6602: 6600:, p. 263. 6590: 6578: 6566: 6564:, p. 121. 6554: 6552:, p. 135. 6542: 6540:, p. 131. 6530: 6518: 6516:, p. 269. 6503: 6501:, p. 259. 6491: 6489:, p. 268. 6479: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6441:, p. 386. 6431: 6419: 6417:, p. 179. 6407: 6405:, p. 183. 6395: 6383: 6381:, p. 390. 6368: 6366:, p. 388. 6356: 6344: 6332: 6330:, p. 296. 6317: 6315:, p. 225. 6305: 6303:, p. 122. 6293: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6250:, p. 384. 6237: 6225: 6213: 6198: 6186: 6184:, p. 181. 6171: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6130:, p. 278. 6128:Peregrino 1955 6120: 6108: 6106:, p. 182. 6096: 6084: 6082:, p. 181. 6072: 6060: 6058:, p. 632. 6045: 6030: 6015: 6003: 6001:, p. 174. 5991: 5979: 5975:Wanderley 2018 5960: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5919:, p. 109. 5906: 5894: 5879: 5867: 5852: 5850:, p. 267. 5840: 5828: 5813: 5796: 5794:, p. 264. 5781: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5721: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5670: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5629:, p. 356. 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 365. 5595: 5593:, p. 381. 5583: 5571: 5569:, p. 373. 5559: 5538: 5521: 5519:, p. 374. 5509: 5507:, p. 369. 5497: 5485: 5460: 5458:, p. 350. 5448: 5446:, p. 348. 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5398:, p. 295. 5385: 5373: 5356: 5341: 5326: 5314: 5299: 5272: 5255: 5243: 5241:, p. 251. 5231: 5229:, p. 252. 5219: 5217:, p. 286. 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5154: 5152:, p. 201. 5142: 5125: 5113: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5041: 5039:, p. 186. 5029: 5017: 5015:, p. 539. 5005: 5003:, p. 185. 4993: 4981: 4979:, p. 192. 4969: 4957: 4942: 4927: 4925:, p. 183. 4915: 4903: 4880: 4855: 4843: 4841:, p. 117. 4831: 4819: 4817:, p. 158. 4807: 4790: 4788:, p. 165. 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4722: 4720:, p. 148. 4710: 4708:, p. 101. 4698: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4645:, p. 207. 4635: 4614: 4602: 4600:, p. 205. 4590: 4571: 4559: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4502:, p. 260. 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4441: 4439:, p. 182. 4418: 4416:, p. 120. 4406: 4391: 4389:, p. 115. 4379: 4377:, p. 112. 4367: 4348: 4336: 4334:, p. 105. 4324: 4312: 4300: 4298:, p. 102. 4285: 4273: 4271:, p. 113. 4261: 4249: 4237: 4235:, p. 388. 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4100:, p. 367. 4090: 4078: 4053: 4051:, p. 181. 4038: 4026: 4007: 4005:, p. 188. 3992: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3886:, p. 180. 3876: 3874:, p. 1-2. 3864: 3852: 3840: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3782: 3780:, p. 179. 3765: 3753: 3751:, p. 178. 3734: 3709: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3642:Carlos Tejedor 3633: 3620: 3598: 3588: 3570: 3556: 3539: 3526: 3513: 3511:, p. 164. 3492: 3478: 3452: 3439: 3426: 3413: 3400: 3382: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3329: 3326: 3316: 3288:Carrara marble 3282: 3279: 3199: 3196: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3105: 3102: 3081: 3078: 2963: 2960: 2894:Main article: 2891: 2888: 2884:British Guiana 2879:uti possidetis 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807:Foreign policy 2805: 2787: 2784: 2723: 2722:Infrastructure 2720: 2674:Port of Santos 2628: 2625: 2621:Ottoman Empire 2616:Rio de Janeiro 2568:The launch of 2482: 2479: 2467:Rodolfo Amoedo 2447:Antônio Olinto 2438:and physician 2436:Pereira Passos 2419:Main article: 2416: 2413: 2282:Main article: 2279: 2276: 2260:Cândido Rondon 2230:Manaus in 1909 2211: 2208: 2182:Canuto Saraiva 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2039:Getúlio Vargas 2003:Venceslau Brás 1985: 1982: 1960:Rio de Janeiro 1945:Vaccine Revolt 1933:his presidency 1892: 1889: 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1856: 1853: 1837:Bank of Brazil 1819: 1816: 1741: 1738: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1616:Carlos de Laet 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1428:State's Senate 1414: 1411: 1297:Main article: 1294: 1291: 1254: 1251: 1180: 1177: 1146:prime minister 1106: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Political rise 1073: 1067:neighborhood. 1014: 1011: 998:Rio de Janeiro 960: 957: 904:Burschenschaft 859:Joaquim Nabuco 842: 839: 834:intelligentsia 825:Faculty of Law 779:National Guard 750:Marianne North 741: 738: 707:Cândido Rondon 703:Brazilian Navy 695:Brazilian Army 691:reorganization 679:coffee economy 660:Belo Horizonte 641:general deputy 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 555: 554: 550: 549: 542: 538: 537: 535: 534: 531: 528: 524: 522: 518: 517: 503: 497: 496: 493: 489: 488: 477: 473: 470: 469: 467: 463: 462: 447: 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 429: 425: 424: 418:(aged 61) 412: 408: 407: 389: 385: 384: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 344: 343: 340: 332: 331: 326: 318: 317: 312: 304: 303: 298: 290: 289: 283:General Deputy 280: 272: 271: 268: 260: 259: 254: 246: 245: 237: 229: 228: 225: 217: 216: 213: 205: 204: 199: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 158: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 131: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 96: 93:Vice President 88: 87: 77: 76: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 47:His Excellency 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10567: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10475: 10465: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10439: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10407: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10370:Itamar Franco 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10295:Milton Campos 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10270:Nísio Batista 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10220:Bueno Brandão 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10210:Bueno Brandão 10208: 10206: 10205:João Pinheiro 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10170:Cesário Alvim 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10140:João Pinheiro 10138: 10136: 10135:Cesário Alvim 10133: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10104: 10102: 10097: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10074: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10029:Itamar Franco 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9905:Urbano Santos 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9838: 9833: 9831: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9810: 9802: 9800: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9763:End of term: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9747:Lula da Silva 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9702:Lula da Silva 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9682:Itamar Franco 9680: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9581:Costa e Silva 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9522:Jânio Quadros 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9449:José Linhares 9447: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9398:Tasso Fragoso 9395: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9368:Júlio Prestes 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9229: 9224: 9222: 9217: 9215: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9200: 9193: 9177: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9123: 9122: 9115: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9080: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9050: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8964:Sortition Law 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8869: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8853:Caraça School 8851: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8714: 8709: 8697: 8693: 8688: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8622: 8617: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8585: 8580: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8498:(15): 39–56. 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8449: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8341: 8336: 8332: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8279: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8020: 8015: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7891: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7620:85-7368-745-2 7616: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7511:McCann, Frank 7508: 7504: 7502:85-03-00124-1 7498: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7420: 7419:Affonso Penna 7415: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7317: 7313: 7311:9780842028318 7307: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7144:, p. 34. 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7120:, p. 54. 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7084:, p. 48. 7083: 7082:Viscardi 1995 7078: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7033:, p. 50. 7032: 7027: 7025: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6931:, p. 10. 6930: 6925: 6919:, p. 95. 6918: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6686: 6681: 6675:, p. 12. 6674: 6669: 6663:, p. 14. 6662: 6657: 6651:, p. 11. 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6465:, p. 64. 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6393:, p. 58. 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6262:, p. 22. 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6242: 6234: 6229: 6223:, p. 19. 6222: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6176: 6169:, p. 13. 6168: 6163: 6161: 6154:, p. 76. 6153: 6152:Kuhlmann 2001 6148: 6142:, p. 10. 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6028:, p. 19. 6027: 6022: 6020: 6013:, p. 17. 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5931:, p. 15. 5930: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5877:, p. 37. 5876: 5875:Mendonça 1999 5871: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5826:, p. 12. 5825: 5820: 5818: 5811:, p. 36. 5810: 5809:Mendonça 1999 5805: 5803: 5801: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5736:, p. 35. 5735: 5734:Mendonça 1999 5730: 5728: 5726: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5695:, p. 44. 5694: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5653:, p. 42. 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5557:, p. 13. 5556: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5536:, p. 11. 5535: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5383:, p. 94. 5382: 5377: 5371:, p. 49. 5370: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5354:, p. 93. 5353: 5348: 5346: 5339:, p. 92. 5338: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5312:, p. 91. 5311: 5306: 5304: 5297:, p. 10. 5296: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5270:, p. 90. 5269: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5253:, p. 23. 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5181:, p. 21. 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5090:, p. 17. 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5066:, p. 16. 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5027:, p. 56. 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4940:, p. 60. 4939: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4913:, p. 54. 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4805:, p. 23. 4804: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4747:, p. 44. 4746: 4745:Viscardi 1995 4741: 4735:, p. 50. 4734: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4657:, p. 18. 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4538:, p. 53. 4537: 4532: 4526:, p. 49. 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4247:, p. 95. 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4211:, p. 47. 4210: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4124:, p. 57. 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4024:, p. 15. 4023: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3967:, p. 44. 3966: 3961: 3955:, p. 43. 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3821:, p. 33. 3820: 3815: 3809:, p. 29. 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3592: 3586:, p. 20. 3585: 3580: 3574: 3568:, p. 36. 3567: 3566:Mendonça 1999 3560: 3553: 3549: 3548:Panic of 1893 3543: 3537:, p. 11. 3536: 3530: 3524:, p. 55. 3523: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3466:João Pinheiro 3463: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3437:, p. 92. 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3411:, p. 28. 3410: 3404: 3398:, p. 19. 3397: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3281:Resting place 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3130: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999:Southern Cone 2996: 2992: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2956:German Empire 2953: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2812:Border issues 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:direct action 2698: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Sortition Law 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2422: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2401:gold standard 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2268:Juruena River 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:Madeira River 2241: 2237: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2065: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1778:laissez-faire 1775: 1774:protectionist 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1678:1894 election 1675: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1620:Sebastianists 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1419:Cesário Alvim 1410: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1348:issuing banks 1344: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:direct voting 1137: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1115:Liberal Party 1100: 1091: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044:to president 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003:conservatives 999: 994: 992: 988: 987: 981: 977: 976:Doctor of Law 970: 965: 956: 952: 947: 943: 942:republicanism 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 913: 909: 905: 899: 894: 893: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 868: 864: 860: 856: 847: 838: 837:at the time. 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 817: 811: 806: 805:Caraça School 801: 799: 795: 791: 785: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 751: 746: 737: 735: 731: 727: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Sortition Law 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 637:Liberal Party 634: 630: 626: 622: 621:Santa Bárbara 617: 615: 611: 608:. Pena was a 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 566: 563: 560: 556: 551: 547: 543: 539: 532: 529: 526: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 468: 464: 458: 451: 448: 444: 440: 438:Resting place 436: 433: 430: 426: 422: 413: 409: 406: 402: 390: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 353: 345: 341: 333: 330: 327: 319: 316: 313: 305: 302: 299: 291: 288: 284: 281: 273: 269: 261: 258: 255: 247: 243: 238: 230: 226: 218: 214: 206: 203: 200: 192: 188: 181: 177: 174: 171: 165: 162: 159: 153: 150: 147: 143: 137: 132: 129: 125: 122: 119: 113: 110: 107: 101: 97: 94: 89: 83: 78: 75: 71: 67: 60: 55: 48: 43: 38: 37: 32: 31: 26: 22: 10360:Hélio Garcia 10350:Hélio Garcia 10290:Alcides Lins 10179: 10044:Michel Temer 10039:José Alencar 10034:Marco Maciel 10013:New Republic 9987:Pedro Aleixo 9961:João Goulart 9930:Vital Soares 9895:Nilo Peçanha 9889: 9859:Old Republic 9787: 9783: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9751:2023–present 9727:Michel Temer 9719: 9676: 9652: 9638:New Republic 9593: 9590:Pedro Aleixo 9584: 9583:(1967–1969) 9540: 9539:(1961–1964) 9537:João Goulart 9525: 9488: 9441: 9440:(1937–1945) 9415: 9414:(1930–1937) 9406:Mena Barreto 9371: 9360: 9331: 9330:(1918–1919) 9321: 9300:Nilo Peçanha 9294: 9293:(1906–1909) 9290: 9275:Campos Sales 9257: 9256:(1889–1891) 9243:Old Republic 9173: 9158:Nilo Peçanha 9146: 9141:Rosa e Silva 9119: 9071: 9062: 9055: 8980:Public image 8801: 8738:. 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Retrieved 7997: 7992: 7983:ANPUH-Brasil 7982: 7965: 7934: 7930: 7913: 7908: 7896: 7876: 7871: 7861: 7857: 7842: 7818: 7797: 7792: 7778: 7773: 7760: 7739: 7716: 7696: 7691: 7671: 7666: 7646: 7642: 7633: 7629: 7606: 7601: 7586: 7580: 7552: 7547: 7533: 7528: 7518: 7514: 7492: 7488: 7475: 7470: 7446: 7441: 7418: 7405: 7400: 7386: 7381: 7361: 7357: 7338: 7333: 7321: 7300: 7286: 7281: 7254: 7249: 7235:Bibliography 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7096:, p. 7. 7089: 7077: 7065: 7058:Lacombe 1986 7053: 7046:Lacombe 1986 7018:, p. 9. 7011: 7004:Lacombe 1986 6999: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6893: 6888:, p. 7. 6881: 6876:, p. 6. 6869: 6857: 6850:Candeas 2017 6835:, p. 5. 6828: 6816: 6809:Candeas 2017 6804: 6792: 6787:, p. 3. 6780: 6753: 6746:Candeas 2017 6741: 6721:, p. 1. 6719:Knevitz 2021 6702:, p. 1. 6680: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6494: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6451:Lacombe 1986 6446: 6439:Lacombe 1986 6434: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6379:Lacombe 1986 6364:Lacombe 1986 6359: 6354:, p. 3. 6347: 6342:, p. 1. 6335: 6328:Lacombe 1986 6308: 6296: 6289:Camargo 2020 6267: 6255: 6248:Lacombe 1986 6228: 6216: 6211:, p. 3. 6189: 6182:Candeas 2017 6147: 6135: 6123: 6118:, p. 6. 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6070:, p. 4. 6063: 6043:, p. 5. 6006: 5994: 5982: 5958:, p. 7. 5943:, p. 5. 5936: 5924: 5904:, p. 5. 5897: 5870: 5865:, p. 6. 5848:Andrade 2019 5843: 5836:Andrade 2019 5831: 5792:Andrade 2019 5779:, p. 4. 5753: 5746:Viscardi (b) 5741: 5719:, p. 3. 5712: 5700: 5688: 5668:, p. 4. 5646: 5634: 5627:Lacombe 1986 5622: 5615:Lacombe 1986 5610: 5603:Lacombe 1986 5598: 5591:Lacombe 1986 5586: 5581:, p. 1. 5574: 5567:Lacombe 1986 5562: 5517:Lacombe 1986 5512: 5505:Lacombe 1986 5500: 5493:Lacombe 1986 5488: 5476:. Retrieved 5473:Folha Online 5472: 5463: 5456:Lacombe 1986 5451: 5444:Lacombe 1986 5439: 5432:Lacombe 1986 5427: 5415: 5403: 5396:Lacombe 1986 5376: 5322:Lacombe 1986 5317: 5246: 5239:Lacombe 1986 5234: 5227:Lacombe 1986 5222: 5210: 5198: 5191:Lacombe 1986 5186: 5174: 5169:, p. 9. 5150:Lacombe 1986 5145: 5140:, p. 7. 5116: 5111:, p. 6. 5083: 5071: 5059: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4977:Lacombe 1986 4972: 4965:Lacombe 1986 4960: 4918: 4906: 4878:, p. 8. 4846: 4834: 4827:Lacombe 1986 4822: 4815:Lacombe 1986 4810: 4786:Lacombe 1986 4764: 4752: 4740: 4718:Lacombe 1986 4713: 4701: 4696:, p. 7. 4662: 4650: 4638: 4633:, p. 6. 4605: 4593: 4562: 4557:, p. 5. 4536:Lacombe 1986 4531: 4519: 4512:Lacombe 1986 4507: 4495: 4483: 4478:, p. 1. 4471: 4459: 4452:Lacombe 1986 4414:Lacombe 1986 4409: 4402:Lacombe 1986 4387:Lacombe 1986 4382: 4375:Lacombe 1986 4370: 4365:, p. 5. 4339: 4332:Lacombe 1986 4327: 4320:Lacombe 1986 4315: 4310:, p. 1. 4303: 4296:Lacombe 1986 4281:Lacombe 1986 4276: 4269:Lacombe 1986 4264: 4257:Lacombe 1986 4252: 4245:Lacombe 1986 4240: 4228: 4221:Lacombe 1986 4216: 4204: 4192: 4187:, p. 4. 4170:Lacombe 1986 4165: 4158:Lacombe 1986 4153: 4146:Lacombe 1986 4141: 4134:Lacombe 1986 4129: 4122:Lacombe 1986 4117: 4110:Lacombe 1986 4105: 4093: 4081: 4029: 3990:, p. 4. 3960: 3948: 3936: 3931:, p. 3. 3908:Lacombe 1986 3903: 3896:Lacombe 1986 3891: 3879: 3867: 3860:Lacombe 1986 3855: 3850:, p. 1. 3843: 3838:, p. 2. 3819:Lacombe 1986 3814: 3807:Lacombe 1986 3802: 3797:, p. 3. 3756: 3732:, p. 1. 3707:, p. 2. 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3631:, p. 3. 3623: 3612:Candeas 2017 3601: 3591: 3579:Minas Gerais 3578: 3573: 3559: 3554:, p. 2. 3542: 3529: 3516: 3509:Lacombe 1986 3495: 3488:Lacombe 1986 3481: 3461: 3455: 3450:, p. 2. 3442: 3435:Lacombe 1986 3429: 3416: 3409:Lacombe 1986 3403: 3391: 3385: 3380:, p. 2. 3364: 3296:neoclassical 3284: 3255:Campo Grande 3248: 3243: 3239: 3221: 3209: 3190: 3182: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3083: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3013: 3011: 2987: 2949: 2941: 2931:, under the 2926: 2922: 2904:was held in 2900:In 1907 the 2899: 2850: 2837:Amazon basin 2830: 2823: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2775: 2733: 2709:Adolfo Gordo 2688: 2679: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2614: 2608: 2604:Minas Geraes 2602: 2592: 2587: 2575: 2570:Minas Geraes 2569: 2559: 2547: 2542: 2522: 2509:Armed Forces 2502: 2459: 2444: 2442:since 1903. 2440:Oswaldo Cruz 2432: 2409: 2405: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2340: 2337: 2310: 2299: 2293: 2265: 2233: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2071: 2062: 2043: 2035:Porto Alegre 2015:northeastern 2010: 2007: 1995: 1977: 1973:Gordian knot 1968: 1964: 1957: 1952:Zona da Mata 1949: 1941: 1925:Campos Sales 1917: 1908: 1900: 1891:Negotiations 1858: 1848:Encilhamento 1847: 1841: 1829: 1789: 1784: 1771: 1767:Juiz de Fora 1755: 1749: 1734: 1730: 1704: 1687: 1666: 1661: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1589: 1574:Carlos Teles 1558: 1550: 1530: 1524: 1492:Empregomania 1491: 1490: 1485:empregomania 1484: 1482: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1439: 1416: 1396: 1373: 1363: 1353:Encilhamento 1351: 1345: 1335: 1329: 1316: 1302: 1286:João Alfredo 1278: 1263: 1256: 1225: 1217: 1208:intervention 1182: 1158: 1154:ordinary law 1128: 1124:Afonso Celso 1112: 1069: 1016: 995: 984: 979: 973: 938:abolitionism 923: 918: 911: 908:Julius Frank 891: 884: 866: 863:Castro Alves 852: 832: 802: 790:Minas Gerais 776: 764:municipality 761: 734:Nilo Peçanha 724:Minas Geraes 723: 676: 645: 625:Minas Gerais 618: 594:Minas Gerais 577: 573: 572: 416:(1909-06-14) 414:14 June 1909 287:Minas Gerais 173:Nilo Peçanha 168:Succeeded by 161:Rosa e Silva 135: 121:Nilo Peçanha 116:Succeeded by 98:Nilo Peçanha 81: 34: 28: 10500:Afonso Pena 10495:1909 deaths 10490:1847 births 10375:Aécio Neves 10235:Raul Soares 10180:Afonso Pena 10024:José Sarney 9951:Nereu Ramos 9890:Afonso Pena 9862:(1889–1930) 9776:Coup d'état 9659:José Sarney 9628:(1979–1985) 9508:(1955–1956) 9506:Nereu Ramos 9496:(1954–1955) 9451:(1945–1946) 9428:Estado Novo 9339:(1919–1922) 9314:(1914–1918) 9308:(1910–1914) 9302:(1909–1910) 9291:Afonso Pena 9287:(1902–1906) 9271:(1894–1898) 9265:(1891–1894) 9246:(1889–1930) 9131:Bias Fortes 8866: [ 8837:(1892–1894) 8828:(1903–1906) 8819:(1906–1909) 8802:Afonso Pena 8702:19 December 8442:14 February 8410:10.9732/179 7190:Mendes 2023 7070:Guedes 2016 6992:Guedes 2016 6977:Guedes 2016 6965:Guedes 2016 6953:Guedes 2016 6941:Guedes 2016 6797:Binelo 2016 6734:Hilton 1982 6598:Santos 1991 6526:Santos 1991 6514:Santos 1991 6499:Santos 1991 6487:Santos 1991 6427:Franco 2001 6415:Guedes 2016 6403:Guedes 2016 6209:Binelo 2016 6140:McCann 2009 6104:Guedes 2016 6092:Guedes 2016 6080:Guedes 2016 6056:Hilton 1982 5999:Guedes 2016 5941:Wright 1908 5890:Pessoa 2019 5215:Franco 2001 5203:Franco 2001 5025:Guedes 2016 5013:Arnaut 2012 4938:Guedes 2016 4911:Guedes 2016 4839:Guedes 2016 4769:Guedes 2016 4733:Guedes 2016 4706:McCann 2009 4524:Guedes 2016 4500:Torres 2018 4209:Guedes 2016 4086:Guedes 2016 3965:Guedes 2016 3953:Guedes 2016 3629:Binelo 2016 3616:Binelo 2016 3522:Guedes 2016 3422:Guedes 2016 3369:Portuguese: 3300:art-nouveau 3263:Porto Velho 3151: 1906 3094: [ 2991:armed peace 2871: [ 2856: [ 2751: [ 2712: [ 2668:Kasato Maru 2599:Dreadnought 2593:Dreadnought 2347: [ 2317: [ 2200: [ 2185: [ 2174: [ 2171:Pedro Lessa 2159: [ 2148: [ 1927:, from the 1865: [ 1795: [ 1722: [ 1711: [ 1652: [ 1612:Olavo Bilac 1577: [ 1565: [ 1562:a manifesto 1537: [ 1431: [ 1403: [ 1379: [ 1332:inheritance 1308: [ 1243: [ 1192: [ 1165:Saraiva Law 1134: [ 1057: [ 1022: [ 949: [ 926:natural law 896: [ 872:Victor Hugo 855:Bias Fortes 808: [ 782: [ 757: 1873 719:Ruy Barbosa 578:Afonso Pena 460:(1891–1909) 453:(1874–1889) 156:Preceded by 104:Preceded by 51:Afonso Pena 25:family name 10484:Categories 10395:Romeu Zema 10245:Melo Viana 10195:Costa Sena 9956:Café Filho 9925:Melo Viana 9790:Impeached 9767:Resigned; 9594:posthumous 9500:Carlos Luz 9494:Café Filho 9179:1906–1909 9152:1903–1906 9125:1892–1894 9044:(grandson) 8917:Presidency 8682:2024-08-26 8648:2024-09-03 8590:2024-08-31 8554:2024-09-04 7130:Silva 2012 7118:Topik 1987 6574:Jorge 1999 6562:Jorge 1999 6550:Jorge 1999 6538:Jorge 1999 6475:Silva 1985 6463:Silva 1985 6391:Silva 1985 6272:Alves 2017 6260:Alves 2017 6233:Alves 2017 6221:Alves 2017 6194:Alves 2017 6167:Alves 2017 5420:Vizeu 2019 5381:Ricci 2021 5369:Porto 2010 5352:Ricci 2021 5337:Ricci 2021 5310:Ricci 2021 5268:Ricci 2021 5179:Assis 1997 5088:Assis 1997 5064:Assis 1997 5037:Silva 2012 5001:Silva 2012 4923:Silva 2012 4851:Silva 2012 4803:Horta 1994 4667:Assis 1997 4655:Assis 1997 4610:Assis 1997 4437:Silva 2012 4049:Silva 2012 4003:Silva 2012 3941:Silva 2012 3884:Silva 2012 3778:Silva 2012 3761:Silva 2012 3749:Silva 2012 3681:References 3584:Alves 2017 3396:Horta 1994 3286:carved in 3054:Rio Grande 2966:See also: 2551:Wilhelm II 2485:See also: 2272:Nambikwara 2103:Rio Branco 2023:Elihu Root 1719:Aarão Reis 1325:civil code 1282:Golden Law 986:alma mater 930:positivism 880:Émile Zola 666:) and the 664:Ouro Preto 646:After the 610:monarchist 533:politician 521:Occupation 501:Alma mater 394:1847-11-30 10438:Biography 9974:(1964–85) 9944:(1946–64) 9780:self-coup 9741:2019–2023 9731:2016–2019 9716:2011–2016 9706:2003–2011 9696:1995–2003 9686:1992–1995 9673:1990–1992 9663:1985–1990 9620:1974–1979 9610:1969–1974 9575:1964–1967 9557:(1964–85) 9516:1956–1961 9485:1951–1954 9475:1946–1951 9463:(1946–64) 9431:(1937–46) 9387:(1930–37) 9357:1926–1930 9347:1922–1926 9279:1898–1902 8997:Penápolis 8504:2178-1494 8478:FGV CPDOC 8384:FGV CPDOC 8349:FGV CPDOC 8223:2525-8184 8172:FGV CPDOC 8155:203106688 8084:FGV CPDOC 8065:FGV CPDOC 8046:FGV CPDOC 8028:FGV CPDOC 7953:0018-2168 7898:FGV CPDOC 7844:FGV CPDOC 7827:2179-6475 7748:2177-9961 7016:Lima 2017 6929:Heinsfeld 6898:Heinsfeld 6886:Heinsfeld 6874:Heinsfeld 6862:Heinsfeld 6833:Heinsfeld 6821:Heinsfeld 6785:Heinsfeld 6758:Heinsfeld 6700:Heinsfeld 5579:Paes 2006 5138:Lima 2016 5109:Lima 2016 4555:Lima 2016 3988:Lima 2016 3795:Lima 2016 3705:Lima 2016 3686:Citations 3672:Heinsfeld 3668:gaucherie 3655:gaucherie 3650:gaucherie 3462:adesistas 3378:Lima 2016 3224:Penápolis 3069:La Prensa 3065:La Prensa 3015:La Prensa 2906:The Hague 2765:with the 2692:anarchist 2610:São Paulo 1608:São Paulo 1289:regime". 1200:political 991:Barbacena 887:freemason 821:São Paulo 794:nursemaid 633:Barbacena 598:São Paulo 541:Signature 530:professor 432:Pneumonia 349:1874–1878 337:1878–1882 323:1882–1882 309:1883–1884 295:1885–1885 277:1886–1889 265:1891–1891 251:1892–1894 234:1895–1898 222:1899–1902 210:1900–1903 196:1903–1906 145:President 136:In office 82:In office 10450:Politics 10073:Category 9799:Category 9408:) (1930) 9078:Category 8657:cite web 8540:Websites 7771:(1991), 7513:(2009). 7439:(2007). 7279:(1989). 6352:Lang (b) 6340:Lang (b) 5824:Viscardi 5555:Viscardi 5534:Viscardi 5478:4 August 5295:Viscardi 5167:Viscardi 5121:Viscardi 4953:Viscardi 4876:Viscardi 4694:Viscardi 4631:Viscardi 4363:Viscardi 4344:Viscardi 4185:Viscardi 4022:Viscardi 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