African divination

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shake them and throw them out. After which they study them as per the direction each one took and give the answers either to the cause of illness or where about of the animals. Some may use the animals intestines to predict epidemic in the society or the blessings coming to the community. Mbiti states that 'when things go wrong people try to find the causes, and after these causes are believed to be human agents using magic, sorcery or witchcraft' (2010), p. 170. They always do not stop at only what or who caused things to go wrong. they engage to put it right what has gone wrong the soonest possible. When they want to use an animal, they do not kill by cutting the neck but by suffocating the animal. Then the specialists took to their business of skinning the animal with a lot of care to avoid the shedding of blood. They (diviners) remove the intestines and study them carefully the pattern of the clotted blood and give their results. Divination is an incredibly rich area for anthropological research—in fact, I would argue that there is no richer ethnography of a culture than the study of its divination system. In a very real sense, as the Yoruba of Nigeria explicitly state about their system of Ifa, a divination system constitutes a people's "book of knowledge" wherein their history and cultural guidelines are maintained.)

543: 571: 3204: 498: 39: 3218: 2694:, the man, to begin with, abstains from certain foods, and eats only a small amount of food of the foods he does eat. He complains about bodily pain. He dreams many things (he has become a house of dreams). He finally becomes ill and goes to a diviner to seek help, but the man stays unwell for perhaps two years. At this time he is already possessed by the Itongo. His hair falls out. His skin is now dry. About this time he becomes aware of his divinatory powers which are heard and seen by his sneezing and yawning repeatedly, and is also now liking 485: 3232: 2850:: A mouse of the variety field mouse is put within a cylindrical vessel within which vessel the mouse has something to eat. As the mouse eats it displaces little batons attached to the side of a tortoise shell tray within the vessel. As the batons fall they create a unique pattern on the ground and the diviner looks at these to tell the divination. The type of mouse living within the Ivory Coast includes the 3188:

created by the seeds put aside, and from this situation more measuring of seeds is made, the degree of counting depending on a decision by way of sacred knowledge which the ombiasa has, by up to the creation of twelve piles. By way of the influence of Zanahary, each pile is assigned a status as either slave or prince and assigned as being one of the

2703:. During the initiation the sleep pattern of the initiate changes to a number of brief periods and awaking to be active singing songs and leaping inside and outside (like a frog). The village make an effort to make the initiates Itongo white. At this time, a well-respected and known Inyanga makes ubulawo (an 3691:

Amulets and Superstitions: The Original Texts with Translations and Descriptions of a Long Series of Egyptian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Hebrew, Christian, Gnostic, and Muslim Amulets and Talismans and Magical Figures, with Chapters on the Evil Eye, the Origin of the Amulet, the Pentagon, the Swastika, the

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The ombiasa begins by making four piles of acacia seeds, then finds the number of seeds in one of the piles. If the number of seeds in this pile is an odd number of seeds then one seed is set aside, if even then two are set aside. This process is continued with each pile until another (fifth) pile is

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are used by Nyole people solely to determine the causes of misfortune, which is believed to be the cause of malignant or upset spirits. It is believed by the Nyole people that the possession of a person is largely due to the spirits of his kin, who may feel as though the afflicted person has not done

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and all of its entities. The second system is composed of a belief of possessive spirits known as "zar". The third system centers around a special, cursed group of people known as the budu, who divine through use of their eyes and facial expressions. Lastly, the fourth system focuses on the belief of

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are thought to possess the "evil eye": a divination symbol capable of casting spells and misfortune with just a glance or facial expression. "Evil eye spells" are believed to be the cause of multiple maladies such as "wasting sickness, domestic accidents, infertility, plain bad luck, sick livestock,

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people of north-eastern Nigeria use crabs for divination, called dlera. The crab is presented with a problem or asked a question, then placed in a pot of water, sand, and calabash shards for a period of time. The divination is performed by observing how the crab has moved about the pot during that

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very much, taking this often. He suffers convulsions in illness and has water poured over him, at which time the convulsions stop for a while. He cries and weeps. During the night sometimes others go to sing with him, after he has awoken them with his own singing, after having composed a song. His

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and by another means, the Baule make a contraption for the purposes of oracular divination, called a ghekre, which contains mice. The Baule diviners can be male or female. The diviners have paraphernalia, and this is hats, mallets, display weaponry and iron gongs, and the diviner also possesses a

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Giriama society is split into three main divination categories. First is the kaya, the elders of the society, in which many ritualistic and cultural traditions are held. Secondly, "ritual practitioners", or shaman, who provide spiritual support to Giriama entrepreneurs. Lastly, there are the high

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The Nandi diviners, known as "Chepsageinik" or "Kibarbarinik" or "Keeriik". Those who can see beyond - they are both diviners and locators. They can locate where the lost items, money or animals are. They use some small pieces of round stones called Barbarek which they put in a certain calabash,

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and blighted crops." The use of the evil eye is widely believed to be witchcraft steeped in envy or covetousness of another's possessions, status, or gain. As a result, those believed to be "cursed" with the evil eye are cast down to the lowest social level within Ethiopian community settings.

2270:, spirit-medium diviners are known as aganga a mburuga. Aganga a kuvoyera are both diviners and healers, who are additionally experts in locating witchcraft. This last capacity is thought important because of business situations giving rise to accusations of witchcraft. 780: 2790:

The Lobi diviner usually does not fulfill any other role than divination, and might see between five and twenty clients per day. The diviner is expected to not refuse anyone who wants a divination, if the diviner refuses then the Wathil expresses disapproval.

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Boki Tolasa, and Missaye Mulatie Mengstie. Perceived causes, diagnosis methods and treatment practices of mental illness among traditional healers of the Berta community in Assosa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2023;69(3):639-645.

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Within Benin, individuals known as Ebo participate in divination, by interpretation of the past, and prediction of the future, by way and use of Osun. Osun is a force of spiritualness, which the Ebo possesses by harnessing power from the use of plants.

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Many Giriama report being afflicted by "spirit possession" of Islamic ghosts who aim to convert Giriama to Islam. Such accounts report "symptoms of possession involv somatic reactions that force Giriama into Muslim food avoidance patterns".

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Songs and tales from the dark continent: the authoritative 1920 classic, recorded from the singing and the sayings of C. Kamba Simango, Ndau tribe, Portuguese East Africa, and Madikane Čele, Zulu tribe, Natal, Zululand, South

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A belief held by the Lobi is of behaviour which is deemed improper causing disharmony in a world which is harmonious, and the punishment of sickness, ignorance and death is made by God which is only alleviated by divination.

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as significant to their understanding. They might use lots to divinate, which are known collectively, being of a variety of forms, ditaolo. Of the family of objects which a Tswapong might use, one of these members are bones:

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A belief held by the Atuot is of behaviour that is deemed improper causing disharmony in a world that is harmonious, and the punishment of sickness, ignorance and death is made by God, which is only alleviated by divination.

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people, is the poison-chicken method, in this, a chicken is administered poison, and the effects with regards to consequent mortality or survival of the creature determines the divination. This method is named Benge.

1819:, and according to the source, it is almost certain (at the time of writing), native populations of Egypt began practice of these things by way of Grecian individuals who themselves had learnt about divination from 2077:

The bodiless and invisible spirits are used to be involved when believers "face difficult circumstances such as marital conflicts, gender and social inequalities or in response to social and cultural changes."

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Protection from sorcery is afforded by a diviner by recourse to amulets, for which the diviner might take payment for, or alternatively, the diviner might assist with the direct punishment of a sorcerer by

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instead of the Ifa oracle, or sixteen palm nuts. According to the Yoruba tribe, men and women are both allowed to practice the sixteen cowrie method, but only men are allowed to practice the Ifa method.

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to later defend the first shrine in Arochukwu from destruction. The shrine was ultimately destroyed in 1902. Members of the Aro were still participating in practices dedicated to Ibin Ukpabi in 2015.

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users.clas.ufl.edu/rserra/The%20Main%20Five%20Regions%20of%20Africa.doc The Main Five Regions of Africa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences - The University of Florida. Retrieved January 12, 2017.

3802:...Eritrean witch doctors to drive evil spirits away from individuals suffering from mental health problems. Witch doctors involved in the act of divination .... (open link shows multiple sources) 2895:. The results of the practice of divination within these shrines was utilised by Aro divinaters to move slaves to oppose the control of British colonial powers. The Aro people utilised divination 6067:– 'a person who detects witches)… using lottery-like divinatory practices… Tongo divination appears to have been a speciality of the Kpa-Mende people, in the area immediately north of 3578: 2638:

ki, the Nyamso lo might shudder, tremble and rock a little, with eyes either tightly shut, or open with a glassiness to them, and speaks with a voice which is unnatural in its

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makes a divination from asking question, which have either an affirmation or negation (i.e. either a yes or no answer), as a response (R. Devisch citing Retel-Laurentin;1974).

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had a number of shrines dedicated to the god Ibin Ukpabi that had uses including oracular practice, the foremost of these being located at the capital of the Aro territory in

2128:, commonly practice invocation as a form of divination. When a person is visibly afflicted (usually determined by change of character, wellness, vocal exclamations, etc.), 2794:

The status afforded to the Lobi diviner depends upon the quality of the service provided only, which is, the status held corresponds to the accuracy of the divination.

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people of south Togo are consulting fa or Afa when the face some differents trouble in their life. It is the base of their traditional religion or ancestors religion.

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or suspected sorcerer, divination is used to both confirm or deny the presence of sorcery and if a sorcerer is found to be responsible, to then identify the sorcerer.

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The Amhara tribe holds a strong history of divination. Within the tribe, there are 4 main belief systems. The first system is primarily focused on the tenets of

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Divination is an attempt to form, and possess, an understanding of reality in the present and additionally, to predict events and reality of a future time.

2173: 1623:. Divination might be thought of as a social phenomenon, and is thought of as central to the lives of people in societies of Africa (circa 2004 at least). 1585: 469: 5336: 6031: 3801: 2524:). In northeast Angola and neighboring regions of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, some diviners practice basket divination. 4613:

Strecker, Ivo. "Political discourse in an egalitarian society: the Hamar of Ethiopia." African Yearbook of Rhetoric 10, no. 1 (2020): 57-64.

4135: 452: 522: 5241: 3587: 2496: 2067: 1815:(c. 1930), and at least according to archaeological evidence, practice of divination among the people of Egypt did not begin until the 1136: 892: 5417: 1975:

are called by Amharan shamans in an effort to "heal" effected tribe members from a number of afflictions. The most common patients of

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The function of Divination and the roles of Ajuoga (Diviner-Doctor) in the changing society of the Luo of Western Africa 1904–1986

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1991 were still performing and using divination, within the urban and rural environments. Diviners might also fulfill the role of

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social class diviners who combine their skilled use of divination with politics to achieve high political capital and influence.

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as a means of "astrological numerology". Divination is made by counting stars in the night-sky. (R. Devisch citing Young; 1977).

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healing are said to be "women who feel neglected in a man's world in which they serve as hewers of wood and haulers of water..."

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Temne divination practice is an adoption of practices from outside of the Temne tradition. The divination of the Temne is from

1578: 515: 488: 22: 4776:"Zār Spirit Possession in Iran and African Countries: Group Distress, Culture-Bound Syndrome or Cultural Concept of Distress?" 6049: 6003: 5891: 5856: 5822: 5734: 5660: 5579: 5542: 5431: 5386: 5148:

M.A. Nyagolo - file:///C:/Users/GGA/Downloads/Nyagode_The%20function%20of%20divination%20and%20the%20roles%20of%20Ajuoga.pdf

5027: 4979: 4931: 4350: 4313: 4272: 4233: 3986: 3949: 3700: 3659: 3623: 3429: 3385: 5106:

McIntosh, Janet (2004). "Reluctant Muslims: Embodied Hegemony and Moral Resistance in a Giriama Spirit Possession Complex".

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Mambila Divination: Framing Questions, Constructing Answers (Routledge Studies in Anthropology) 2020. London: Routledge.

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Becoming Ngaka: Coming to terms with Oral Narrative Discourses (in) Orality, Literacy, and Colonialism in Southern Africa

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Cross (pagan and Christian), the Properties of Stones, Rings, Divination, Numbers, the Kabbâlâh, Ancient Astrology, Etc

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texts of Ancient Egypt (R. K. Ritner). Necromantic consultation of dead royalty was common during the beginning of the

1338: 912: 4917: 6035: 5971: 5761: 5626: 5501: 5362: 4566: 4481: 4450: 4423: 4391: 3787: 3545: 1571: 4219: 2707:) for the initiate, the initiate and the Inyanga spend two days together, then the initiate is himself an Inyanga. 1799:

Women of certain urban settlements of Algeria engage in divinatory practice involving the būqālah, which is both, a

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Young, Allan (1975). "Magic as a "Quasi-Profession": The Organization of Magic and Magical Healing among Amhara".

2207:) went for divination consultations for reasons of their own bad or failed health (please see reference page 16). 5718: 625: 5877: 2141:

enough to honor them or their legacy. There are three main types of unhappy kin spirits. The first are known as

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Gennep, A.V. (1904). Tabou Et Totémisme à Madagascar (in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux. ISBN 978-5-87839-721-6.

4923: 4591: 4442: 2923:, who provides divinatory insight. The Yoruba Ifa Odu verses are a corpus used for the purposes of divination. 2722:, then white impepo. White impepo is used to maintain trueness of inner sight after the black impepo. Both are 1002: 6027: 5810:

Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art: Worldview, Symbolism, and Culture in Africa, Oceania, and North America

4555: 2180:. Divination by the use of books is thought to have begun by way of the first influence of Ali bin Nasoor, a 1230: 775: 30: 5957: 5165: 5017: 3203: 3025:

of Sierra Leone contain individuals who practiced divination at a time circa the year 1991.(R. Shaw 1991).

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malicious spirits known as "satan" or "ciraq" that are unavoidable and enjoy wreaking havoc on innocents.

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set include "male and female items, bones or other parts of wild and domestic animals..." Each item in a

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societies, who is the theologian and jurist thought the most learned, also fulfills a role as a diviner.

2311: 2815: 6149: 5883: 5720: 5652: 4971: 4439:

The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal.

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The Lobi diviner is connected to a god known as a Wathil, and the Wathil is the diviners personal god.

447: 217: 5354: 2859: 1971:

Spirit possession is another strong tenet of Amharan divination techniques. Special spirits known as

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Parkin, David (1970). "Politics of Ritual Syncretism: Islam among the Non-Muslim Giriama of Kenya".

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Among the Hamar, a diviner throws a pair of sandals and predicts the future based on how they fall.

5413: 5211: 4961: 2855: 2149:, and are older family members such as grandparents. The second type are ancestor spirits known as 1689: 1200: 1052: 665: 562: 245: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 2634:

While possessed, the Nyamso lo is unconscious of the happenings which occur. In possession by Zin

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Algerian Women's Būqālah Poetry: Oral Literature, Cultural Politics, and Anti-Colonial Resistance

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time. Other types of divination are also called dlera, or "hearing the crab" as a generic term.

5873: 4687:

Finneran, Niall (2003). "Ethiopian Evil Eye Belief and the Magical Symbolism of Iron Working".

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Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions

4169: 3689: 3457: 1017: 5186: 4305: 4102: 4065: 3092:

is in fact central to health care provision within the Batammaliba and Gar-speaking peoples.

2559:, which are collections of various divination items. Examples of items that can be used in a 2335: 1561: 1343: 1180: 1072: 1067: 1022: 992: 268: 5616: 5726:

Manifestations of Masculine Magnificence: Divinity in Africana Life, Lyrics, and Literature

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Findings of an investigation made by S. R. Whyte found that the majority of people (in the

1490: 1215: 1100: 1062: 660: 610: 391: 5923:

Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present

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Rudolph Blier made a study of the diviner in the context of the health care system of the

8: 6154: 5314: 5013: 3453: 2204: 1557: 1397: 1175: 1107: 997: 4380:

Reluctant Landscapes: Historical Anthropologies of Political Experience in Siin, Senegal

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Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

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W. Burton made a study of the practice of divination of these peoples, particularly the

1899:

Among the Bertha, divination practices including the throwing of bones of wild animals (

1736: 5330: 5152: 5131: 5088: 4883: 4840: 4792: 4775: 4720: 4712: 4666: 3685: 3421: 2818:

and Zeitlyn 2020 ), and in the forest zone spiders are widely used in the form called

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The Edge of Islam: Power, Personhood, and Ethnoreligious Boundaries on the Kenya Coast

4213: 3068: 2675:(the Zulu people) of South East Africa is known as Izinyanga Zokabula, or an Inyanga. 1923:

Among the Me'en, there are specialists who read the entrails of a slaughtered animal,

6117: 6045: 5999: 5967: 5927: 5887: 5852: 5818: 5780: 5757: 5730: 5656: 5622: 5575: 5538: 5507: 5497: 5465: 5455: 5427: 5382: 5358: 5192: 5123: 5119: 5080: 5023: 4975: 4927: 4875: 4832: 4797: 4753: 4743: 4724: 4704: 4658: 4587: 4562: 4528: 4477: 4446: 4419: 4387: 4346: 4309: 4268: 4229: 4175: 4108: 4071: 4032: 3982: 3945: 3888: 3825: 3783: 3746: 3696: 3655: 3648: 3619: 3519: 3467: 3425: 3381: 3306: 2590: 2331: 1832: 1646: 1606: 1249: 1121: 982: 901: 819: 328: 161: 125: 100: 3141:

system of divination within the Madagascan peoples. Divining is a common profession

2618:

ki is friendly, and comes to the diviner from a place which is further away, the Zin

972: 6041: 5985: 5917: 5115: 5072: 4867: 4824: 4787: 4696: 4650: 4583: 4009: 3463: 3245: 2327: 1816: 1515: 1274: 1259: 1210: 1042: 338: 135: 115: 110: 58: 5991:

Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone

4622:

Abbink, Jon. "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse."

4152: 3852: 3723: 3402: 3029: 2836: 227: 6111: 5953: 5921: 5846: 5808: 5646: 5569: 5531: 5459: 5376: 5350: 4965: 4579: 4522: 4467: 4299: 4262: 4136:"Living with a Tyrant: Ndau Memories and Identities in the Shadow of Ngungunyana" 4026: 3976: 3935: 3882: 3819: 3777: 3613: 3513: 3415: 3371: 3300: 3255: 3189: 2695: 2237: 1917: 1698: 1539: 1510: 1500: 1323: 1144: 1007: 962: 917: 907: 705: 695: 620: 343: 177: 140: 130: 5302: 4700: 4641:

Reminick, Ronald A. (1974). "The Evil Eye Belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia".

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is a system of mathematical divination used by the ombiasa (diviner) within the

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The Religious System of the Amazulu: With a Translation Into English, and Notes

4473: 4407: 4336: 3586:. University of California, Journal of Arabic Literature, BRILL. Archived from 3265: 3237: 3053: 2975: 2193: 2007: 1720: 1681: 1520: 1495: 1368: 927: 922: 547: 156: 120: 95: 90: 85: 68: 63: 2700: 987: 6143: 5784: 5511: 5127: 5084: 4879: 4836: 4757: 4708: 4662: 3929: 3223: 2908: 2896: 2871: 2718: 2307: 2086: 1924: 1631: 1373: 1190: 1148: 1057: 1047: 1032: 1027: 977: 871: 424: 373: 303: 105: 53: 5494:

Along an African border : Angolan refugees and their divination baskets

4301:

Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages

2643: 5802: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5169: 4801: 3865: 3057: 3049: 3022: 2967: 2660: 2521: 2473: 2443: 2303: 2113: 2015: 2011: 1941: 1907: 1893: 1881: 1764: 1748: 1728: 1714: 1638: 1358: 1291: 1037: 967: 730: 725: 635: 333: 151: 4171:

Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

2116:

of Uganda include individuals who practice divination (S. Reynolds 1991).

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Natural Enemies: People-wildlife Conflicts in Anthropological Perspective

5963: 5529: 3074: 2777: 2672: 2500: 2485: 1857: 1652: 1471: 1417: 1348: 1303: 952: 866: 849: 745: 715: 675: 171: 5308: 5289: 4716: 3275: 2639: 5683:

United Nations: Department of Peace Keeping Operations (January 2004).

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Questioning Misfortune: The Pragmatics of Uncertainty in Eastern Uganda

4911: 4887: 4858:

Whyte, Susan Reynolds (1990). "Uncertain Persons in Nyole Divination".

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is the guiding deity for the divination, according to Sakalava belief.

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possesses divinatory powers because of the fact of the divinator being

2489: 2372:

means, for the explicit reason of effecting a cure for the affliction.

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of Kenya contain individuals who practice divination (D. Parkin 1991).

2097: 2002:. The use of Persuan Zara to import African slaves spread this cult in 1900: 1824: 1783: 1760: 1710: 1616: 1602: 1461: 957: 861: 690: 685: 670: 655: 645: 640: 615: 605: 358: 348: 273: 195: 5879:

The Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa: Côte D'Ivoire, 1880–1995

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Amhara traditions of knowledge : spirit mediums and their clients

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In cases and situations where ill and hurt or harm has been done by a

1634:, the proceeding countries are shown in the contents of this article: 1195: 5774: 5411: 4959: 4773: 3775: 3192:, and by this means the ombiasa is led to the divinatory conclusion. 2892: 2839:

people live within the Ivory Coast, they have diviners who divine by

2738:

Within an area close to Pretoria, a divinater is known as a sangoma.

2595: 1820: 1534: 1436: 1422: 1353: 1318: 1298: 1279: 1264: 809: 720: 630: 590: 293: 207: 5215: 5076: 4871: 4828: 4654: 2726:. The Inyanga sleeps with black impepo (under the head) to make the 2520:

The diviner is known as kimbanda, of nganga (the latter amongst the

2136:" in an attempt to ask a potentially malignant spirit who they are. 1953:

An Ethiopian ethnic group associated with the Amhara tribe known as

834: 6113:

Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Mathematics

5257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 3766: 3181: 3153: 3138: 3069:

The Batammaliba and Gar-speaking peoples of northern Togo and Benin

2971: 2957: 2920: 2916: 2742: 2181: 1869: 1861: 1732: 1706: 1663: 1656: 1505: 1456: 1446: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1390: 1313: 1244: 1237: 1225: 844: 804: 799: 429: 368: 323: 308: 6063:

divinatory practices of specialists known as Tongo Players (Mende

3424:, Ltd, (edited by Dr P. Curry – University of Wales). p. 41. 3231: 2970:

of the Gambia, Senegal, and Mauritania refer to their diviners as

2455:

When a divinater has a sickened person to treat, the tribal group

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Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination chez les Seereer

4415: 3250: 2940: 2811: 2803: 2723: 2456: 2421:

A number of individuals who are divinators within Burundi, use a

2339: 2267: 2233: 2189: 2071: 2063: 2031: 2019: 1865: 1854: 1800: 1756: 1744: 1685: 1659: 1642: 1546: 1527: 1483: 1378: 1269: 595: 419: 288: 278: 145: 4249: 3116:

The Cape Verde Islands divinator is called a médico divinhador.

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Theory to Practice in Vulnerable Mission: An Academic Appraisal

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Sixteen Cowries: Yoruba Divination from Africa to the New World

4063: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3172: 3157: 3149: 3001: 2997: 2979: 2961: 2840: 2727: 2704: 2426: 2405: 2369: 2315: 2197: 2059: 2055: 2027: 2003: 1995: 1752: 1702: 1675: 1466: 1220: 1205: 1185: 839: 700: 680: 600: 318: 313: 283: 5272:"Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 2912: 1963: 5561: 4774:

Fahimeh Mianji, PhD; Yousef Semnani, MD (September 1, 2015).

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Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture

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Smithsonian magazine May 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2016 (

4418:", Nouvelles Editions africaines du Sénégal (1990), p. 409, 3369: 3287: 2567:

set has a counterpart, which represents a need for balance.

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Divination's Grasp: African Encounters with the Almost Said

3931: 3088:

fulfills additionally the role of a health consultant. The

2984: 2974:. These are the "hereditary Rain priests" and guardians of 2944: 2807: 2185: 2043: 1999: 1768: 1170: 829: 353: 5983: 4335: 2978:

and customs, a birthright they inherited from the ancient

2488:

contain individuals who divine. Yaka divination, which is

5244:

nation.co.ke June 11, 2015 access-date: December 23, 2016

3045: 2252: 1284: 4497:"Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal" 3974: 3084:

is the word for the divinator of these peoples, and the

5959:

After abolition: Britain and the slave trade since 1807

4140:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2555:

Diviners of Mozambique use divining apparatus known as

5719:

T. N. Washington, P. Meyer cited by T. N. Washington (

5065:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

546:

Bag with objects for divination. Africa, 1880–1920. (

6116:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 41. 4994:

Volume 4 of Cambridge Studies in Medical Anthropology

4786:(4). Tehran University of Medical Sciences: 225–232. 4064:

R. Werbner (Professor Emeritus) (November 15, 2015).

3937:

Art and Oracle: African Art and Rituals of Divination

3779:

Traditions of Eritrea: linking the past to the future

3615:

Afrikology, Philosophy and Wholeness: An Epistemology

2663:

peoples contain individuals who practice divination.

2164:

also use books for divination. The books used by the

3680: 3678: 3199: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5447: 5229:

kenyan-naked-night-runners-plead-government-support

3302:

Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic

2462: 2310:text, Falak, to divinate, based on an earlier text 1982:It is a form of spiritism known and practicized in 5838: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5567: 5461:From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5108:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4020: 4018: 3684: 3647: 3572: 3570: 218:Index of African mythology and creation narratives 5571:Reviewing Reality: Dynamics of African Divination 5378:Reviewing Reality: Dynamics of African Divination 4764: 4554:R. K. Ritner (S. B. Noegel reviewer of Ritner) - 4264:Reviewing Reality: Dynamics of African Divination 3675: 2951: 2810:people of Cameroon use crabs for divination. The 2089:diviners also utilize a method which is known as 6141: 5916: 5844: 5640: 5638: 5537:. Courier Corporation. pp. 15, 16, 17, 18. 5518: 4769: 4767: 4524:The Post-colonial Literature of Lusophone Africa 3576: 3445: 2715:The initiating Inyanga first eats black impepo, 2290:(J. Harries 2012). The ajuoga are also known as 2034:). Cults whose name is etimologically linked ti 470:Traditional African religion and other religions 5798: 5796: 5794: 5707: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4586:University of California Press, April 3, 2006, 4580:Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4024: 4015: 3876: 3874: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3567: 3403:http://www.drew.edu/anthropology/faculty#Philip 2915:. By Ifa a divinator, known to his people as a 6032:European Association of Social Anthropologists 5644: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5530:Kam'ba Simango (and N. Curtis Burlin) (1920). 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4737: 4527:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 260. 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4155:Britannica online. Retrieved January 12, 2017. 3970: 3968: 3887:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 262. 3855:Britannica online. Retrieved January 12, 2017. 3776:T. G. Gebremedhin, G. H. Tesfagiorgis (2008). 3726:Britannica online. Retrieved January 12, 2017. 3611: 3564:Britannica online. Retrieved January 12, 2017. 3560:J. M. Abun-Nasr, B. H. Warmington, M. Brett - 3380:. Indiana University Press. pp. 2, 3, 4. 3298: 2982:. Each year, a divination ceremony called the 2934: 2625: 2622:ki is never a living human friend or relative 2345: 2081: 5772: 5635: 5180: 5178: 5155:, December 1987. Retrieved December 22, 2016. 4955: 4953: 4403: 4401: 4142:, January 1, 2008. Accessed January 12, 2017. 4104:Divination: Perspectives for a New Millennium 4096: 4094: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4012:Britannica online Retrieved January 12, 2017. 3880: 3734: 3732: 3605: 3417:Divination: Perspectives for a New Millennium 2010:and Arab Stated, in the countries facing the 1579: 575:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru 523: 5865: 5791: 5022:. Duke University Press. pp. 229, 281. 4919:African Religions: A Very Short Introduction 4894: 4374: 4372: 4196: 4163: 4161: 3871: 3806: 3645: 3507: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3413: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 2334:) most diviners were male, while within the 2321: 2282:is known as ajuoga. Ajuoga has the meaning, 2119: 1853:Divination plays a part in the lives of the 251:List of African deities and mythical figures 5648:The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 1815–1828 5614: 5599: 5335:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4998: 4433: 4431: 4322: 4260: 4174:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 217. 3975:D. Kabozi (S. L. Danver) (March 10, 2015). 3965: 3639: 3377:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 2897:during battles against the British military 2844:fine-art sculpture(s) of the human figure. 2767: 2432: 2318:to teach Africans astronomy and astrology. 5851:. Yale University Press. pp. 85, 86. 5405: 5374: 5184: 5175: 4950: 4516: 4514: 4460: 4458: 4398: 4091: 4052: 4031:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. 3817: 3738: 3729: 3511: 3407: 3305:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. 2825: 2362: 1903:) and also consultation of special books. 1586: 1572: 530: 516: 6109: 6103: 6019: 5910: 5351:The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism 5231:TUKO.co.ke access-date: December 23, 2016 5191:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 78. 4791: 4560:Magic and Divination in the Ancient World 4369: 4167: 4158: 4100: 3502: 3490: 3163:Ascher published a 1997 study of sikidy. 2733: 2350: 5815:Continuum International Publishing Group 5773:Blench, Roger; Zeitlyn, Zeitlyn (1989). 5105: 4686: 4640: 4428: 4297: 4291: 4070:. Indiana University Press. p. 10. 3618:. African Books Collective. p. 47. 3326: 3119: 1961: 1868:, but whose members are greatest within 1094:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion 541: 5977: 5053:, Indiana University Press, 2011, p. 1. 5051:The Silent Voices of African Divination 4520: 4511: 4491: 4489: 4476:(1997), pp. 43, 49, 52, 137, 211, 298, 4455: 4216:University of North Carolina Wilmington 2874:peoples know their diviner as a Sando. 2342:circa 2009, most diviners were female. 2215:Divination specialism exists in Kenya. 6142: 5464:. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 5. 5062: 4946:Volume 377 of Very Short Introductions 4558:in Leda Ciraolo and Jonathan Seidel - 4470:du Sénégal: la connaissance de la nuit 3742:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 3000:. The Xooy ceremony has been added by 2594:and, while possessed, controlled by a 2253:Power struggles (Divination vs. Islam) 2227: 5491: 5419:Divination and Healing: Potent Vision 4857: 4814: 4682: 4680: 4636: 4634: 4632: 3650:Ancient Egyptian Divination and Magic 3111: 2926:The Yoruba diviner might use sixteen 2911:have a system of divination known as 2243: 2192:, and also by the influence of other 1615:Cultures of Africa to the year circa 5496:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4486: 3868:Britannica online. January 12, 2017. 3695:. Courier Corporation. p. 443. 3137:Rajaonarimanana made a study of the 2776:Meyer studied divination within the 2541:Marapo a tse disuleng alaola ditsela 1994:, between Jewish Etyopians, ancient 783:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants 5313:. Federal Research Division of the 4267:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 185. 3210:Traditional African religion portal 2326:One investigation found within the 13: 5574:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 59. 5381:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 25. 5269: 4677: 4629: 4193:citing Melzian, Bradbury, Ben-Amos 3821:Theoretical Explorations In Africa 3646:E. L. Harris (September 1, 1998). 2492:, originated in the ngoombu cult. 2395: 913:Archaeology of religion and ritual 14: 6166: 5848:Mammals of the World: A Checklist 5242:Homa-Bay-night-runners-in-trouble 5216:http://www.vulnerablemission.org/ 3512:H. Holland (September 26, 2012). 2503:, while the country was known as 2278:The diviner (c.1904–1986) in the 2218: 2066:and North Africa, as well as the 1935: 228:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius) 208:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius) 5185:J. Harries (February 20, 2012). 5120:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00181.x 3230: 3216: 3202: 3035: 2814:use both crabs and spiders (see 2605: 2575: 2476:use instruments for divination. 2463:The Democratic Republic of Congo 2153:and the third type are known as 1884:also participate in divination. 569: 496: 484: 483: 37: 6094: 6084:"le culte Afa dans le sud Togo" 6076: 5947: 5766: 5750: 5485: 5343: 5270:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 5263: 5247: 5234: 5221: 5158: 5142: 5099: 5056: 5043: 4851: 4808: 4731: 4616: 4607: 4597: 4572: 4548: 4145: 4128: 4002: 3858: 3845: 3818:R. Devisch (October 28, 2013). 3739:C. Skutsch (November 7, 2013). 3716: 3011: 2649: 2314:, which was used by Arabic and 1835:, which began year ca.1195 BC. 626:Evolutionary origin of religion 6110:P. Gerdes (December 6, 2012). 5729:. Oya's Tornado. p. 154. 5365:. Retrieved December 29, 2015. 5260:access-date: December 23, 2016 4594:. Retrieved December 18, 2016. 4569:. Retrieved December 18, 2016. 4443:University of California Press 3554: 3551:. Retrieved December 21, 2016. 3539: 2952:Gambia, Senegal and Mauritania 2717:to take away dimness from the 1803:vessel, and a form of poetry. 781:Treatise on the Apparitions of 1: 5906:Volume 101 of African Studies 5317:(U.S. Department of the Army) 4860:Journal of Religion in Africa 4780:Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 4604:doi:10.1177/00207640221128163 4298:A. Dalby (October 28, 2015). 3864:E.K. Eggers, R. Lemarchand - 3414:L. S. Grillo (May 28, 2013). 3281: 3006:its list of cultural heritage 2685: 2570: 2550: 2273: 1231:Traditional African religions 776:Coral Gardens and Their Magic 442:Relation with other religions 31:Traditional African religions 5594:Volume 50 of African Studies 5401:Volume 50 of African Studies 5256:of the County Government of 4345:. Indiana University Press. 4287:Volume 50 of African Studies 3016: 2467: 2375: 1694:Democratic Republic of Congo 7: 5996:University of Chicago Press 5974:Retrieved January 12, 2017. 5845:A. Duff; A. Lawson (2004). 5805:California State University 5686:South East Africa Drain Map 5568:N. Lily-Rose Mlisa (2013). 5424:University of Arizona Press 5305:U.S. Department of the Army 4701:10.1080/0015587032000145414 4384:University of Chicago Press 4365:Volume 847 of Midland Books 3934:(P. de Montebello) (2000). 3195: 3144: 3124: 2935:Kapsiki and Higi of Nigeria 2797: 2763:Shamanism § Entheogens 2527: 2479: 2442:One method utilised by the 2346:Nilotic people of the Sudan 2082:Other divination techniques 1948: 1887: 1843: 1806: 10: 6171: 6028:Queen's University Belfast 5884:Cambridge University Press 5721:Grambling State University 5653:Cambridge University Press 5349:O. Roy, A. Sfeir (2007) – 5166:A Journey to Obama’s Kenya 4972:Cambridge University Press 4101:P.M. Peek (May 13, 2016). 3942:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3930:A. LaGamma; J. Pemberton; 3722:H. G. Marcus, D. A. Low - 3486:Issue 46 of Semeia studies 3400:African systems of thought 3170: 3106: 3077:peoples of northern Togo. 3048:) was a speciality of the 2955: 2877: 2760: 2740: 2678:Diviners are said to have 2666: 2450: 2416: 2411: 2338:area they were female. In 2261: 2095: 2046:, among the Digo in South 2042:) were also discovered in 1875: 1794: 448:African diaspora religions 5926:. Routledge. p. 23. 5355:Columbia University Press 3981:. Routledge. p. 72. 3824:. Routledge. p. 69. 3745:. Routledge. p. 12. 3577:Susan Slyomovics (2014). 2919:, invokes the Yoruba god 2902: 2865: 2816:Mambila spider divination 2710: 2515: 2499:, R. Devisch studied the 2322:Differentiation by gender 2297: 2124:Nyole diviners, known as 2120:Forms of Nyole divination 2102: 1930: 1309:Armenian Apostolic Church 5414:Arizona State University 5212:University of Birmingham 4962:University of Copenhagen 4437:Galvan, Dennis Charles, 4025:Adebayo Oyebade (2007). 3040:Detection of witches by 2856:Forest soft-furred mouse 2830: 2768:The Lobi of Burkina Faso 2752: 2654: 2510: 2495:A. Almquist studied the 2437: 2433:Central African Republic 2210: 2107: 1916: 1906: 1892: 1789: 1690:Central African Republic 1201:Native American religion 856:Revitalization movements 711:Sacred–profane dichotomy 563:Anthropology of religion 548:Wellcome Trust: L0057645 246:Index of African deities 5645:E. A. Eldredge (2014). 4914:Harvard Divinity School 4738:Aspen, Harald. (2001). 4499:. UNESCO Culture Sector 4339:(& Salacǫ) (1993). 4226:Temple University Press 3612:D. W. Nabudere (2011). 3299:J. C. Woodfork (2006). 3261:Mesopotamian divination 3063: 2826:Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana 2747: 2363:Protection from sorcery 2302:Swahili use the mostly 1848: 1838: 1115:The Journal of Religion 736:Theories about religion 213:Dogon astronomy (Nommo) 5874:University of Illinois 5492:Silva, Sónia. (2011). 4412:La civilisation sereer 4378:Richard, Francois G., 4218:) (January 25, 2010). 3881:E. W. Herbert (1984). 3095: 2882: 2860:Miller's striped mouse 2734:Divining near Pretoria 2598:force known as the Zin 2580:The diviner is called 2548: 2532:Tswapong know and see 2351:Identifying a sorcerer 1632:54 countries of Africa 1628:five regions of Africa 1161:Alaska Native religion 1156:Afro-American religion 751:Veneration of the dead 551: 5454:G. Nzongola-Ntalaja ( 5049:Philip M. Peek 2013, 4306:Bloomsbury Publishing 3156:peoples. Sikidy uses 3120:Peoples of Madagascar 2626:Possession by the Zin 2539: 2425:which is composed of 2157:, or "clan spirits". 1630:, of which there are 1562:cultural anthropology 1181:Chinese folk religion 1073:Anthony F. C. Wallace 1068:Daniel Martin Varisco 993:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 895:of the Religious Life 545: 463:Persecution of Serers 458:Persecution of Dogons 269:Bandiagara Escarpment 6088:www.researchgate.net 6044:. pp. 90, 100. 5615:H. Callaway (1868). 5557:Dover books on music 4261:W. van Beek (2013). 3944:. pp. 5, 7, 8. 3593:on December 23, 2016 2472:The diviners of the 1216:Shamanism in Siberia 1063:Edward Burnett Tylor 893:The Elementary Forms 661:Magic (supernatural) 611:Comparative religion 5998:. pp. 70, 71. 5375:R. Devisch (2013). 5315:Library of Congress 5014:Brandeis University 4974:. pp. 16, 65. 4556:Necromancy in Egypt 3546:Countries of Africa 3454:University of Natal 3452:M. Alpheus Masoga ( 2671:The diviner of the 2507:(pre-August 1992). 2228:Giriama and Swahili 1398:Hindu denominations 1339:Ethiopian Orthodoxy 1108:The Hibbert Journal 1018:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1003:Fustel de Coulanges 557:Part of a series on 5153:Nairobi University 4168:Kate Ezra (1992). 3686:E. A. Wallis Budge 3422:Ashgate Publishing 3112:Cape Verde Islands 2244:Giriama divination 2178:Abu Mashari Faraki 1813:E. A. Wallis Budge 1779:Cape Verde Islands 1607:cultures of Africa 1599:African divination 1452:Non-denominational 1364:Oriental Orthodoxy 918:Poles in mythology 651:Laying on of hands 552: 201:African divination 6150:Culture of Africa 6051:978-0-415-22440-6 6005:978-0-226-75131-3 5920:(March 4, 2015). 5893:978-0-521-78883-0 5858:978-0-300-10398-4 5824:978-0-8264-1465-6 5736:978-0-9910730-0-9 5662:978-1-107-07532-0 5581:978-3-643-90335-8 5544:978-0-486-42069-1 5456:Howard University 5433:978-0-8165-2377-1 5388:978-3-643-90335-8 5029:978-0-8223-9096-1 4981:978-0-521-59558-2 4933:978-0-19-979058-6 4578:Miriam Lichtheim 4445:, (2004), p 202, 4352:978-0-253-20847-7 4315:978-1-4081-0214-5 4274:978-3-643-90335-8 4235:978-1-4399-0175-5 3988:978-1-317-46400-6 3951:978-0-87099-933-8 3782:. Red Sea Press. 3702:978-0-486-23573-8 3661:978-1-57863-036-3 3625:978-0-7983-0255-5 3431:978-1-4094-8113-3 3387:978-0-253-34309-3 3167:Sikidy divination 2996:) takes place in 2852:Baer's wood mouse 2743:Moutse (Pretoria) 2690:In the period of 2332:Mijikenda peoples 1967:spirit possession 1860:, who range over 1833:Twentieth Dynasty 1811:According to Sir 1596: 1595: 1384:Russian Orthodoxy 1334:Eastern Orthodoxy 983:Arnold van Gennep 902:Purity and Danger 540: 539: 329:Point of Sangomar 6162: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6060: 6058: 6042:Psychology Press 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5986:Tufts University 5981: 5975: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5918:Jeffrey Ian Ross 5914: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5876:) (March 2006). 5869: 5863: 5862: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5800: 5789: 5788: 5770: 5764: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5716: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5691: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5612: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5527: 5516: 5515: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5372: 5366: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5300: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5261: 5254:official website 5251: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5182: 5173: 5164:Joshua Hammer - 5162: 5156: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5060: 5054: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5009: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4909: 4892: 4891: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4742:. Harrassowitz. 4735: 4729: 4728: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4638: 4627: 4626:(1993): 705-726. 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4521:C. Shaw (1996). 4518: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4493: 4484: 4462: 4453: 4435: 4426: 4405: 4396: 4386:(2018), p. 306, 4376: 4367: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4258: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4211: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4165: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4061: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4022: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3927: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3878: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3851:D. Birmingham - 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3815: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3736: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3654:. Weiser Books. 3653: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3574: 3565: 3558: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3509: 3500: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3367: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3296: 3246:Greek divination 3240: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3136: 3132: 3042:Tongo divination 2775: 2730:clear and true. 2546: 2383: 1817:Ptolemaic period 1588: 1581: 1574: 1329:Coptic Orthodoxy 1043:Marshall Sahlins 885:Related articles 573: 554: 553: 532: 525: 518: 501: 500: 487: 486: 339:Sangha Ogol Leye 41: 18: 17: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6069:Sherbro country 6056: 6054: 6052: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5982: 5978: 5954:Marika Sherwood 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5915: 5911: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5886:. p. xix. 5872:T. J. Bassett ( 5870: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5803:H. B. Werness ( 5801: 5792: 5771: 5767: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5717: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5655:. p. 106. 5643: 5636: 5629: 5621:. J. A. Blair. 5613: 5600: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5528: 5519: 5504: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5426:. p. 243. 5410: 5406: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5348: 5344: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5301: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5268: 5264: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5183: 5176: 5163: 5159: 5147: 5143: 5104: 5100: 5077:10.2307/1158883 5061: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5010: 4999: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4958: 4951: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4912:J. K. Olupona ( 4910: 4895: 4872:10.2307/1581424 4856: 4852: 4829:10.2307/3773255 4813: 4809: 4772: 4765: 4750: 4736: 4732: 4685: 4678: 4655:10.2307/3773168 4639: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4577: 4573: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4519: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4464:Kalis, Simone, 4463: 4456: 4436: 4429: 4408:Gravrand, Henry 4406: 4399: 4377: 4370: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4334: 4323: 4316: 4296: 4292: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4259: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4212: 4197: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4166: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4134:E. MacGonagle, 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4099: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4023: 4016: 4010:Southern Africa 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3973: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3928: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3816: 3807: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3774: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3683: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3568: 3559: 3555: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3466:. p. 217. 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3412: 3408: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3372:Drew University 3368: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3256:Kuba divination 3236: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3198: 3190:cardinal points 3175: 3147: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3114: 3109: 3098: 3071: 3066: 3052:, north of the 3038: 3019: 3014: 2964: 2956:Main articles: 2954: 2937: 2905: 2885: 2880: 2868: 2848:Mice divination 2833: 2828: 2800: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2736: 2713: 2688: 2669: 2657: 2652: 2632: 2612: 2578: 2573: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2530: 2518: 2513: 2482: 2470: 2465: 2453: 2440: 2435: 2419: 2414: 2398: 2396:Muslim diviners 2381: 2378: 2365: 2353: 2348: 2324: 2300: 2276: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2230: 2221: 2213: 2188:who settled in 2174:Sa'atili Habari 2170:The Holy Qur'an 2122: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2084: 1969: 1951: 1938: 1933: 1921: 1911: 1897: 1890: 1878: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1809: 1797: 1792: 1592: 1552: 1551: 1344:Greek Orthodoxy 1324:Catholic Church 1140: 1139: 1128: 1127: 1088: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1053:Stanley Tambiah 1008:Clifford Geertz 963:Joseph Campbell 948:Augustin Calmet 943: 942: 941:Major theorists 933: 932: 908:Myth and ritual 894: 887: 886: 877: 876: 782: 766: 765: 756: 755: 706:Sacred language 696:Rite of passage 621:Divine language 586: 585: 576: 536: 507: 495: 475: 474: 443: 435: 434: 410: 402: 401: 387: 379: 378: 264: 256: 255: 241: 233: 232: 191: 183: 182: 49: 12: 11: 5: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6137: 6136: 6123:978-9401143011 6122: 6102: 6093: 6075: 6050: 6018: 6004: 5976: 5946: 5933:978-1317461098 5932: 5909: 5892: 5864: 5857: 5837: 5823: 5817:. p. 81. 5790: 5776:A Web of Words 5765: 5749: 5735: 5706: 5694:United Nations 5675: 5661: 5634: 5627: 5598: 5580: 5560: 5543: 5517: 5502: 5484: 5471:978-9171065384 5470: 5446: 5432: 5404: 5387: 5367: 5342: 5288: 5262: 5246: 5233: 5220: 5198:978-1610979443 5197: 5174: 5157: 5141: 5098: 5071:(3): 217–233. 5055: 5042: 5028: 4997: 4980: 4949: 4932: 4926:. p. 48. 4893: 4850: 4823:(3): 245–265. 4807: 4763: 4749:978-3447044103 4748: 4730: 4695:(3): 427–433. 4676: 4649:(3): 279–291. 4628: 4615: 4606: 4596: 4571: 4547: 4534:978-1850652502 4533: 4510: 4485: 4454: 4427: 4397: 4368: 4351: 4321: 4314: 4308:. p. 80. 4290: 4273: 4248: 4234: 4228:. p. 46. 4214:N.S. Murrell ( 4195: 4181:978-0870996337 4180: 4157: 4153:Western Africa 4144: 4127: 4114:978-1317149026 4113: 4090: 4077:978-0253018953 4076: 4051: 4038:978-0313331473 4037: 4014: 4008:S. E. Marks - 4001: 3987: 3964: 3950: 3907: 3894:978-0299096045 3893: 3870: 3857: 3853:Central Africa 3844: 3831:978-1136137860 3830: 3805: 3788: 3765: 3752:978-1135193881 3751: 3728: 3715: 3701: 3674: 3660: 3638: 3624: 3604: 3566: 3553: 3538: 3525:978-0143527855 3524: 3518:. Penguin UK. 3501: 3489: 3473:978-9004130869 3472: 3444: 3430: 3406: 3386: 3325: 3312:978-0313332036 3311: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3266:Obi divination 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3238:Society portal 3227: 3213: 3197: 3194: 3171:Main article: 3146: 3143: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3097: 3094: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3037: 3034: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 2976:Serer religion 2953: 2950: 2936: 2933: 2904: 2901: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2867: 2864: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2799: 2796: 2769: 2766: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2735: 2732: 2712: 2709: 2687: 2684: 2668: 2665: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2631: 2624: 2611: 2604: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2529: 2526: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2481: 2478: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2449: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2397: 2394: 2377: 2374: 2364: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2323: 2320: 2299: 2296: 2275: 2272: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2219:Nandi of Kenya 2217: 2212: 2209: 2151:emigu j'abafu, 2121: 2118: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2083: 2080: 2062:, the bori in 2008:Ottoman Empire 1968: 1960: 1950: 1947: 1937: 1936:Belief systems 1934: 1932: 1929: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1877: 1874: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1808: 1805: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1718: 1696: 1679: 1650: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1576: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369:Pentecostalism 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149:folk religions 1141: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 973:Émile Durkheim 970: 965: 960: 955: 953:Akbar S. Ahmed 950: 944: 940: 939: 938: 935: 934: 931: 930: 928:Elite religion 925: 923:Lived religion 920: 915: 910: 905: 898: 888: 884: 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 869: 864: 858: 857: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 796: 795: 791: 790: 785: 778: 772: 771: 767: 763: 762: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 587: 584:Basic concepts 583: 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 566: 565: 559: 558: 538: 537: 535: 534: 527: 520: 512: 509: 508: 506: 505: 493: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 466: 465: 460: 450: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 204: 203: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 77: 76: 71: 61: 56: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6167: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5972:9781845113650 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5763: 5762:9780367199500 5759: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5695: 5688: 5687: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5628:9781105792359 5624: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5595: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5503:9780812242935 5499: 5495: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5364: 5363:0-231-14640-X 5360: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5307:(1986–1998). 5306: 5303:personnel of 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5240:M. Kaluoch - 5237: 5230: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5181: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5114:(1): 91–112. 5113: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5012:J. McIntosh ( 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4947: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4567:90-041-2406-3 4564: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4517: 4515: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4483: 4482:9782738451965 4479: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4459: 4452: 4451:0-520-23591-6 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4425: 4424:9782723610551 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4392:9780226252544 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4366: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4294: 4288: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4107:. Routledge. 4106: 4105: 4097: 4095: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4019: 4011: 4005: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3969: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3803: 3791: 3789:9781569022221 3785: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3589: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3515:African Magic 3508: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3487: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3224:Africa portal 3214: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3140: 3117: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036:The Kpa-Mende 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2929: 2928:cowrie-shells 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2764: 2759: 2744: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2582:the Nyamso lo 2576:The Nyamso lo 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2522:Kongo peoples 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2460: 2458: 2448: 2445: 2430: 2429:, to divine. 2428: 2424: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2373: 2371: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2312:'ilm al-Falak 2309: 2308:numerological 2305: 2295: 2293: 2292:night-runners 2289: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2216: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1946: 1943: 1928: 1926: 1925:haruspication 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1882:witch-doctors 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:western Ghana 1738: 1737:Côte d'Ivoire 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605:practiced by 1604: 1600: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1374:Protestantism 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1058:Victor Turner 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1048:Melford Spiro 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033:Roy Rappaport 1031: 1029: 1028:Steven Ozment 1026: 1024: 1023:Robert Marett 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 978:Mircea Eliade 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 937: 936: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 903: 899: 897: 896: 890: 889: 881: 880: 873: 872:Handsome Lake 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 855: 854: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 793: 792: 789: 786: 784: 779: 777: 774: 773: 769: 768: 760: 759: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 580: 579: 572: 568: 567: 564: 561: 560: 556: 555: 549: 544: 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 513: 511: 510: 504: 499: 494: 492: 491: 482: 481: 479: 478: 471: 468: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 439: 438: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 406: 405: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 383: 382: 375: 374:Youga Dogorou 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 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Shaw ( 5785:757566262 5512:606785118 5331:cite book 5128:1359-0987 5085:0001-9720 4880:0022-4200 4837:0014-1828 4817:Ethnology 4758:469545742 4725:161976625 4709:0015-587X 4663:0014-1828 4643:Ethnology 4414: : " 3050:Kpa-Mende 3017:The Temne 2893:Arochukwu 2701:emaciated 2591:possessed 2586:Nyamso lo 2468:The Pende 2376:The Atuot 2328:Kaya area 2288:just juok 2284:juok only 2200:traders. 2168:might be 2006:, in the 1880:Eritrean 1821:Babylonia 1621:herbalist 1535:Digambara 1477:Yazdânism 1457:Quranists 1437:Ahmadiyya 1423:Ayyavazhi 1354:Methodism 1319:Calvinism 1299:Adventism 1280:Vajrayana 1265:Theravada 1255:Pure Land 1137:Religions 810:Bobohizan 721:Shamanism 631:Fetishism 591:Afterlife 386:Education 294:Igbo-Ukwu 190:Doctrines 48:Religions 6065:tôngô mô 6034:(2000). 5281:June 22, 5258:Homa Bay 4802:27006667 4717:30035127 4689:Folklore 4582:, p. x, 4503:March 2, 3688:(1930). 3276:Opon Ifá 3196:See also 3182:Zanahary 3154:Sakalava 3145:Sakalava 3139:Antemoro 3125:Antemoro 3056:area in 2972:Saltigue 2958:Saltigue 2921:Orunmila 2917:babalawo 2798:Cameroon 2644:guttural 2596:sentient 2544:— 2528:Botswana 2497:Pagibeti 2480:The Yaka 2357:sorcerer 2336:Magarini 2330:(of the 2176:and the 2134:ohwebusa 2068:Iamadsha 2014:and the 1949:The Buda 1888:Ethiopia 1870:Djibouti 1862:Ethiopia 1844:Djibouti 1807:Egyptian 1733:Cameroon 1707:Botswana 1664:Ethiopia 1657:Djibouti 1516:Orthodox 1506:Haymanot 1447:Mahdavia 1413:Smartism 1408:Shaktism 1403:Shaivism 1391:Hinduism 1314:Baptists 1250:Nichiren 1245:Mahayana 1238:Buddhism 1226:Tengrism 1101:Folklore 1086:Journals 845:Slametan 805:Babaylan 800:Angakkuq 490:Category 430:Saltigue 369:Yaboyabo 309:Nri-Igbo 81:Bushongo 23:a series 21:Part of 5214:& 5136:3804099 5093:1158883 4924:OUP USA 4888:1581424 4845:3773255 4793:4801492 4671:3773168 4416:Pangool 3866:Burundi 3251:Iyalawo 3107:Islands 3054:Sherbro 2988:(also: 2980:lamanes 2941:Kapsiki 2878:Nigeria 2812:Mambila 2804:Kapsiki 2724:emetics 2673:Amazulu 2667:Amazulu 2614:The Zin 2606:The Zin 2565:tinholo 2561:tinholo 2557:tinholo 2457:Nzakara 2451:Nzakara 2417:Burundi 2412:Central 2340:Malindi 2268:Malindi 2262:Malindi 2238:Swahili 2234:Giriama 2194:Swahili 2190:Busolwe 2143:ohulama 2087:Amharan 2072:Morocco 2064:Nigeria 2036:shatana 2032:Karbala 2020:Baghdad 1876:Eritrea 1866:Eritrea 1855:nomadic 1829:Demotic 1801:ceramic 1795:Algeria 1757:Senegal 1745:Nigeria 1686:Burundi 1682:Central 1660:Eritrea 1643:Algeria 1626:Of the 1547:Sikhism 1528:Jainism 1511:Karaite 1501:Hasidic 1484:Judaism 1379:Quakers 1275:Tibetan 1270:Tiantai 1260:Shingon 1196:Kejawèn 1122:Oceania 596:Animism 420:Houngan 279:Dahomey 240:Deities 174:(Oromo) 162:Tumbuka 146:Odinala 126:Lugbara 6120: 6048: 6002: 5970: 5966:2007 5930: 5890: 5855: 5821: 5783: 5760: 5733: 5659: 5625: 5578: 5541: 5534:Africa 5510: 5500: 5468: 5430: 5385: 5361: 5195: 5134: 5126: 5091: 5083: 5026: 4978: 4930: 4886: 4878: 4843: 4835: 4800: 4790: 4756: 4746: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4669: 4661: 4590: 4565: 4531: 4480: 4449: 4422: 4390: 4349: 4312: 4271: 4232: 4178: 4111: 4074: 4035: 4028:Angola 3985: 3948: 3891: 3828: 3786: 3749: 3699: 3658: 3622: 3522: 3470: 3428: 3384: 3309: 3173:Sikidy 3150:Sikidy 3135: 3131: 3002:UNESCO 2998:Fatick 2962:Lamane 2909:Yoruba 2903:Yoruba 2872:Senufo 2866:Senufo 2841:trance 2774: 2728:dreams 2711:Impepo 2705:emetic 2534:seriti 2516:Angola 2427:copper 2406:Muslim 2382: 2370:occult 2298:Method 2205:sample 2198:Arabic 2182:trader 2172:, the 2166:lamuli 2162:lamuli 2138:Lamuli 2130:lamuli 2126:lamuli 2103:Uganda 2060:Zambia 2056:Ndembu 2050:, the 2028:Medina 2004:Muscat 1996:Persia 1931:Amhara 1864:, and 1753:Gambia 1747:; 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