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945:. This category of Lugbara rite is the most varied across the Lugbara people. In Lugbara religion, spirits are believed to be âin the airâ, and thus there is no set place where these offerings must occur. It is believed that only diviners are capable of communicating with spirits and offerings are performed by them by entering a trance in a dark hut far from the village. The offering is typically performed near a
932:. The ram is first led in a circle around the entire territory of the lineage group and then chased over a river into mountains by the rainmaker. It is believed that the ram transforms into a leopard and then into rain. Contrary to other rituals, the dead are not involved and there is no direct killing of the animal. A human who had been
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means the person with a big body. In some versions of the
Lugbara creation myth, Meme is a man but in most she is a woman. She was created by Adronga âba oâbapiri, along with Gborgboro. Wild animals came from her womb, the gazelle broke out first and the other animals followed. After the animals had
688:
Lugbara mythology has two hero ancestors, Jaki and
Dribidu. Whilst both of their stories share similarities, they are not related to one another and entered the Lugbara Highlands independently of one another. Both shared superhuman and magical abilities and were the first rain makers. In addition,
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ghosts. This sacrifice is also made as a result of sickness. An animal, such as a goat, ox, bird or most commonly, a sheep, is assigned to the sick person and blessed by an elder. After the sick person has recovered, the animal is killed in their home and divided into three portions; the first
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portion is given to the dead by placing the meat at their shrines; the second is eaten by the lineage group; the third is taken home to be given to more distant lineage members. The recovered person is then blessed with breath and spit through the use of leaves, then the meat is eaten.
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located both near and inside the home, designed to honour the dead and other spirits. Sacrificial rites are an activity that is distanced from regular religious behaviour associated with the
Lugbara. There are four rites of sacrifice that occur most commonly across Lugbara:
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and bandits as long as they did not look over their shoulder to ensure that an
Adroanzi was following; if the person did so, the Adroanzi killed them. They ate the people they killed. They were also sometimes known as water snakes. Some Lugbara consider them gardeners.
953:
power. The diviner will offer food and drink to the spirits, such as milk and grains. These offerings take place after a spirit is thought to have communicated with the living either by sending illness or through possession of a personâs body.
727:
There are many different names for God in
Lugbara mythology. John Middleton (1955) wrote that the Lugbara believe that God has two aspects, one transcendent and the other immanent. The transcendent aspect is often referred to as
718:
Both Jaki and
Dribidu have myths about how they both found a leper woman who provided him with fire to cook. In both myths, they cure the woman using a medicine that has since been forgotten and in the end, they marry her.
695:
Dribidu, âthe hairy oneâ, had long hair covering most of his body. He is also referred to as
Banyale, âeater of menâ, because he ate his children until he was discovered and forced to leave his home on the east bank of the
669:. Gborgboro and Meme had two children together, Arube and Oâdu. The siblings and subsequent siblings had children together for several generations. The last pair of siblings were the parents of the hero-ancestor Jaki.
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is assigned to the sick man. The sheep is then walked the perimeter of the sick manâs home, given a âritual addressâ, then killed and eaten by members of the lineage group. A similar rite called
866:
of the dead man. It can be determined that the sickness was sent by Divine Spirit after consultations with oracles and then diviners. The ritual is performed by the patrilineal elder, in which a
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spread across bordering areas of the modern-day
Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan. The Lugbara people speak in a Sudanese language. The basic social and
665:. Whilst there are many different versions of the Lugbara creation myth, most agree that God created the first beings Gborgboro and Meme at Loloi to the North in
591:
808:, means miraculous omen. She was one of the first set of siblings and was born with teeth. Some versions of the myth say she and Arube are the same person.
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they shared their knowledge of magical medicines with their descendents. Furthermore, their many sons became the founders of the original
Lugbara clans.
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who has died before the disagreement could be resolved. It is believed that sickness is likely to strike the child of the sick man if he is to take the
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Other versions of the creation myth explain the separation of God and mankind in the sky, the separation of black and white people, the building of a
531:
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or God creator of men, created the first beings on Earth, Gborgboro and Meme, as well as creating domestic livestock. God is also referred to as
514:
814:, means maker of miracles. He was one of the first set of siblings and was born with teeth. Some myths say he is the same person as Oâdu.
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peoples as well as the various tribes and languages of the world. Some versions also explain the creation of the world as it is today.
100:
928:. In this ritual, a rainmaker adorns a white ram with beads that were once owned by a man who has since died of a disease such as
820:, means owner of the land. He was the first man to settle and farm land and was the father of Jaki, one of the hero-ancestors.
577:
550:
84:
1131:
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means âthe person coming from the skyâ. He was created by
Adronga âba oâbapiri, along with Meme. Father of Oâdu and Arube.
564:
312:
988:
620:. Their number totaled approximately 240,000, with around 180,000 residing in north-western Uganda, with the remaining
67:
45:
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Both hero-ancestors died on mountains overlooking the Lugbara plains. Jaki on Mount Liru, and Dribidu on Mount Eti.
38:
609:
524:
519:
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Jaki entered the Lugbara highlands from the north and north-west, where the Kakwa people reside today.
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1126:. London: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press. Reprinted 1999;
982:
832:, nor consistently shared ritual behaviours. Offerings and sacrifices are typically made at a selection of
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Due to extreme variations in culture in different Lugbara groups, there is not one clearly defined rite of
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who was near death. He was depicted as a very tall white man with only one half of a body, missing one
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135:
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646:. In addition to the male elder, other religious leaders include diviners, oracles, and rain men.
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atop a hill was the original offering in this sacrifice and the sheep is the modern replacement.
638:, meaning "big man". These lineage groups, often referred to as sub-tribes, typically lived in a
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and other sacred wild areas. At night, they followed people and protected them from
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appeared in both good and evil aspects; he was the creator god and appeared on
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rite may be enacted. A common case is to cleanse sickness from the body of a
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is a lineage group under the authority of a male genealogical elder called
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The third rite is an offering given to Divine Spirit. This act is called
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left her womb, she bore two children, Oâdu and Arube, a girl and a boy.
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Lugbara religion; ritual and authority among an East African people
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This is an offering given in order to receive rain or to remove an
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676:. Furthermore, they explain the appearance of the Lugbara and
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Lucy Mair and John Middleton, âReview of Lugbara Religion,â
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John Middleton, âRites of Sacrifice among the Lugbara,â
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outside of marriage or persistent disagreements.
754:, one leg, etc. His children were called the Adroanzi.
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Dalfovo, A.T (1998). "The Divinity among the Lugbara".
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978:
773:
280:Index of African mythology and creation narratives
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858:who has had a disagreement with a member of his
532:Traditional African religion and other religions
1037:Journal of the International African Institute
732:whilst the immanent aspect is referred to as
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313:List of African deities and mythical figures
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1114:4, no. 4 (September 1, 1979): pp. 175-192.
882:, may be performed in the occurrence of a
757:The Adroanzi were nature gods of specific
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578:
1033:"Some Social Aspects of the Lugbara Myth"
1030:
850:There are several scenarios in which the
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
657:believe that they are all of one blood,
31:This article includes a list of general
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1147:
1010:Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa
661:, and that blood was created by God,
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1026:
1024:
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824:Rites of Sacrifice Among the Lugbara
17:
1112:Systèmes de PensÊe En Afrique Noire
989:Traditional African religion portal
13:
1012:(London: Routledge, 2004), p. 257.
37:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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290:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius)
270:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius)
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774:Key figures in Lugbara Mythology
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610:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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546:
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1008:John Middleton and E H Winter,
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949:, as they are places of great
1:
1075:Journal of Religion in Africa
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504:Relation with other religions
93:Traditional African religions
1141:60, no. 239 (1961): 199â200.
7:
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700:. He traveled through the
510:African diaspora religions
642:built atop a hillside or
1031:Middleton, John (1954).
723:God in Lugbara Mythology
308:Index of African deities
1087:10.1163/157006698X00251
942:offering to the spirits
879:cleansing the territory
275:Dogon astronomy (Nommo)
52:more precise citations.
1122:Middleton, J. (1960).
939:The fourth rite is an
628:unit found in Lugbara
779:Adronga âba oâbapiri,
525:Persecution of Serers
520:Persecution of Dogons
331:Bandiagara Escarpment
663:Adronga 'ba o'bapiri
889:The second rite is
848:cleansing the body.
1059:– via JSTOR.
263:African divination
1155:Lugbara mythology
1132:978-0-85255-284-1
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921:to beseech.
897:patrilineal
708:in eastern
702:Nile valley
667:South Sudan
515:Persecution
361:KanemâBornu
234:Waaqeffanna
50:introducing
996:References
930:meningitis
909:, meaning
876:, meaning
873:angu edezu
793:Gborgboro,
622:population
471:Priesthood
421:Tattaguine
411:Sine River
336:Benin City
285:Philosophy
258:Divination
33:references
951:spiritual
892:ori owizu
884:pregnancy
852:rua edezu
843:rua edezu
830:sacrifice
706:East Madi
448:Education
356:Igbo-Ukwu
252:Doctrines
110:Religions
1149:Category
958:See also
926:epidemic
626:economic
552:Category
492:Saltigue
431:Yaboyabo
371:Nri-Igbo
143:Bushongo
85:a series
83:Part of
1057:1156423
834:shrines
767:animals
659:ari alo
655:Lugbara
640:village
635:ba wara
630:culture
606:Lugbara
482:Houngan
341:Dahomey
302:Deities
236:(Oromo)
224:Tumbuka
208:Odinala
188:Lugbara
46:improve
1130:
1055:
860:family
759:rivers
710:Uganda
614:Uganda
565:Portal
396:Sangha
381:Ouidah
376:Nsukka
346:Fatick
240:Yoruba
210:(Igbo)
198:Maasai
178:Lotuko
121:Baluba
35:, but
1053:JSTOR
947:river
906:aâizu
868:sheep
864:widow
846:, or
812:Arube
799:Meme,
787:Adroa
763:trees
746:as a
744:Earth
740:Adroa
678:Kakwa
644:ridge
618:Sudan
487:Mambo
477:Hogon
459:Okuyi
426:Tukar
229:Vodun
219:Serer
203:Mbuti
193:Luhya
173:Nubia
168:Hausa
153:Dogon
148:Dinka
131:Kongo
126:Bantu
1128:ISBN
914:pray
818:Yeke
806:Oâdu
783:Adro
734:Adro
698:Nile
604:The
454:Ndut
416:Somb
406:Sine
183:Lozi
158:Efik
136:Zulu
116:Akan
1083:doi
1045:doi
918:or
912:to
856:man
785:or
752:eye
748:man
704:at
386:Oyo
351:Ifáşš
214:San
163:Gbe
1151::
1095:^
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