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602:, a winter visitor to Africa, also has this adaptation. African fish eagles usually catch fish around 200 to 1,000 g (0.44 to 2.20 lb), but fish up to 4,200 g (9.3 lb) can be taken. If it catches a fish too heavy to allow the eagle to sustain flight, it will drop into the water and paddle to the nearest shore with its wings.
513:. Pairs often maintain two or more nests, which they frequently reuse. Because nests are reused and built upon over the years, they can grow quite large, some reaching 2.0 m (6.5 ft) across and 1.2 m (3.9 ft) deep. The nests are placed in a large tree and are built mostly of sticks and other pieces of wood.
370:
in birds of prey. Males usually have wingspans around 2.0 m (6.6 ft), while females have wingspans of 2.4 m (7.9 ft). The body length is 63–75 cm (25–29.5 in). The adult is very distinctive in appearance with a mostly brown body with a white head like the bald eagle and
597:
The
African fish eagle feeds mainly on fish, which it swoops down upon from a perch in a tree, snatching the prey from the water with its large, clawed talons. The eagle then flies back to its perch to eat its catch. Like other sea eagles, the African fish eagle has structures on its toes called
335:, this one consists of a white-headed species (the African fish eagle) and a tan-headed one (Madagascar fish eagle). These are an ancient lineage of sea eagles; like other sea eagles, they have dark talons, beaks, and eyes Both species have at least partially white tails even as juveniles. The
375:
of the juvenile is brown, and the eyes are paler than the adult's. The feet have rough soles and are equipped with powerful talons to enable the eagle to grasp slippery aquatic prey. While this species mainly subsists on fish, it is opportunistic and may take a wider variety of prey, such as
392:
This species is still quite common near freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and rivers, although it can sometimes be found near the coast at the mouths of rivers or lagoons. African fish eagles are indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, ranging over most of continental Africa south of the
371:
large, powerful, black wings. The head, breast, and tail of
African fish eagles are snow white, except for the featherless face, which is yellow. The eyes are dark brown in colour. The hook-shaped beak, ideal for a carnivorous lifestyle, is yellow with a black tip. The
516:
The female lays one to three eggs, which are primarily white with a few reddish speckles. Incubation is mostly done by the female, but the male incubates when the female leaves to hunt. Incubation lasts for 42 to 45 days before the chicks hatch.
1361:
Kemp, A. C. and J. S. Marks (2020). African Fish-Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of
Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
529:
dependence lasts up to three months, whereafter the juveniles become nomadic and may congregate in groups away from territorial adults. Those that survive their first year have a life expectancy of some 12 to 24 years.
441:
lakes. This is a generalist species, requiring only open water with sufficient prey and a good perch, as evidenced by the number of habitat types in which this species may be found, including
1480:
John, Jasson, and Woo Lee. "Kleptoparasitism of
Shoebills Balaeniceps rex by African Fish Eagles Haliaeetus vocifer in Western Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Science 45.2 (2019): 131-143.
1420:
O'Brien, G. C., et al. "First observation of
African tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus predating on barn swallows Hirundo rustica in flight." Journal of fish biology 84.1 (2014): 263-266.
526:
1386:
STEWART, KATHLYN, et al. "Prey diversity and selectivity of the
African fish eagle: data from a roost in northern Kenya." African Journal of Ecology 35.2 (1997): 133-145.
366:
The
African fish eagle is a large bird. The female, at 3.2–3.6 kg (7.1–7.9 lb) is larger than the male, at 2.0–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb). This is typical
578:
743:. It has also been observed feeding on domestic fowl (chickens). The African fish eagle is known to steal the catch of other bird species, a practice known as
1318:
1471:
Sumba, Seraphine JA. The biology of the
African fish eagle with special reference to breeding in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Diss. 1983.
891:
1764:
1169:
906:
1374:
Whitfield, A. K. & Blaber, S. J. M. 1978. Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Part 1: Diving birds. Ostrich 49:185-198.
1803:
461:, and even desert-bordering coastlines, such as that of Namibia. The African fish eagle is absent from arid areas with little surface water.
1973:
1963:
376:
waterbirds. Its distinctive cry is, for many, evocative of the spirit or essence of Africa. The call, shriller when uttered by males, is a
1040:
30:
1935:
1738:
304:
in appearance; though related, the two species occur on different continents, with the bald eagle being resident in North
America.
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1124:
1782:
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1447:
792:
by the IUCN. The estimated population size is about 300,000 individuals with a distribution area of 18,300,000 km.
1873:
1140:
1194:
264:. As a result of its large range, it is known in many languages. Examples of names include: Vis Arend in Afrikaans,
1968:
1881:
1066:
1808:
1430:
1020:"African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) - Birds.com: Online Birds Guide with Facts, Articles, Videos, and Photos"
1725:
565:
1337:
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100:
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525:, and the parents often successfully rear two or three chicks. Chicks fledge around 70 to 75 days old.
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433:. The African fish eagle is thought to occur in substantial numbers around the locations of
1978:
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wherever large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply occur. It is the
1983:
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is derived from its original genus name, so named by the French naturalist
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1517:"Animal Mummies and Remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt)"
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Mummified examples of the
African fish eagle have been found at the
775:, which usually hunt large fish and take a long time to handle them.
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518:
442:
397:. Several examples of places where they may be resident, include the
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spiricules that allow it to grasp fish and other slippery prey. The
1920:
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1041:"African Fish Eagle videos, photos and facts - Haliaeetus vocifer"
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1195:"Art Of The Wild by Roger Brown.: Cry of the African Fish Eagle"
640:) can be preyed upon by fish eagles, especially while predating
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An African fish eagle feeding on its prey, likely a mudfish
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1117:
Media Studies: Policy, Management and Media Representation
747:. Targeted species are usually large wading birds such as
437:
and other large lakes in Central Africa, particularly the
804:, it is the national bird of Zimbabwe and appears on the
732:
723:. Occasionally, it may even take mammalian prey, such as
1237:"BBC Nature - African fish eagle videos, news and facts"
312:
The African fish eagle is a species placed in the genus
1396:
1394:
1392:
1326:. Birds of Prey Programme, Endangered Wildlife Trust.
948:
1064:
1164:
1162:
1389:
1071:) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome
974:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695115A174556979.en
509:, when water levels are low. They are believed to
1197:. Artofthewildrogerbrown.blogspot.com. 2011-05-10
1159:
300:in Northern Sotho. This species may resemble the
1955:
808:. The bird also figures in the coats of arms of
612:) are common prey, though various fish such as
1431:"African Fish Eagle | the Peregrine Fund"
1065:Wink, M.; Heidrich, P.; Fentzloff, C. (1996).
1442:
1440:
778:
387:
1437:
1382:
1380:
320:). Its closest relative appears to be the
57:
29:
1402:"Haliaeetus vocifer (African fish eagle)"
1368:
1216:"African Fish Eagle {Haliaeetus vocifer}"
972:
1141:"African fish eagle - Wilkinson's World"
1067:"A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus
577:
350:
1514:
1508:
1377:
1289:"Haliaeetus vocifer African fish eagle"
1956:
1364:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.affeag1.01
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1310:
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1114:
343:, who called it 'the vociferous one'.
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1316:
1172:. The Booking Company. Archived from
1119:. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 370.
505:African fish eagles breed during the
1974:Birds of prey of Sub-Saharan Africa
1964:IUCN Red List least concern species
1553:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1307:
1280:
1250:
1082:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
960:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1317:Botha, André; et al. (2012).
549:African fish eagle carrying off a
14:
1995:
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1450:. Encounter.co.za. Archived from
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917:
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521:does not normally occur in this
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1495:) - BirdLife species factsheet"
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949:BirdLife International (2020).
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1102:10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X
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912:Juveniles in nest, Ethiopia
795:
687:. Other prey include small
307:
10:
2000:
1515:Gautier, Achilles (2005).
847:
831:
788:This species is listed as
571:A juvenile catching a fish
1910:
1571:
1115:Fourie, Pieter J (2010).
967:: e.T22695115A174556979.
201:
194:
96:Scientific classification
94:
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1448:"The African fish eagle"
1295:. University of Michigan
1043:. ARKive. Archived from
779:Relationship with humans
632:can be also taken. Even
480:An adult on the nest in
388:Distribution and habitat
1969:Birds described in 1800
1239:. Bbc.co.uk. 1970-01-01
533:
1268:. Encyclopedia of Life
594:
363:
355:African fish eagle in
331:). Like all sea eagle
236:is a large species of
1843:Paleobiology Database
1549:African fish eagle -
1491:"African Fish Eagle (
581:
354:
325:Madagascar fish eagle
322:critically endangered
1407:Animal Diversity Web
1293:Animal Diversity Web
1262:"African Fish Eagle"
996:"Appendices | CITES"
897:Juvenile in flight,
591:Kruger National Park
455:tropical rainforests
382:heee-ah, heeah-heeah
1343:on 18 February 2017
1145:wilkinsonsworld.com
1094:1996BioSE..24..783W
800:In the form of the
638:Hydrocynus vittatus
341:François Levaillant
229:Icthyophaga vocifer
205:Icthyophaga vocifer
49:Conservation status
40:Chobe National Park
24:African fish eagle
1900:Haliaeetus-vocifer
1630:haliaeetus-vocifer
1617:Haliaeetus_vocifer
1603:Haliaeetus vocifer
1573:Haliaeetus vocifer
1493:Haliaeetus vocifer
1320:Eagles and Farmers
1147:. 14 February 2010
953:Haliaeetus vocifer
595:
364:
242:sub-Saharan Africa
224:African fish eagle
1951:
1950:
1830:Open Tree of Life
1565:Taxon identifiers
1333:978-0-620-11147-8
1126:978-0-7021-7675-3
677:herons and egrets
651:It also feeds on
634:African Tigerfish
368:sexual dimorphism
240:found throughout
234:African sea eagle
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675:, hatchlings of
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153:Accipitriformes
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1497:. Birdlife.org
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622:), lungfish (
621:
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64:Least Concern
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1911:
1572:
1552:
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1524:
1521:archaeofauna
1520:
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1492:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1425:
1416:
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1345:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1319:
1297:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1265:
1260:Wildscreen.
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1189:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1170:"Fish Eagle"
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1116:
1110:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
990:
978:. Retrieved
964:
958:
952:
924:Lake Mburo,
835:
826:Zambian flag
799:
787:
784:Conservation
771:, and other
715:(especially
650:
645:
637:
623:
617:
616:, tilapias (
607:
596:
583:
555:Lake Baringo
515:
504:
482:Lake Baringo
465:Reproduction
403:South Africa
399:Orange River
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381:
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233:
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204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
163:Accipitridae
18:
1979:Icthyophaga
1752:iNaturalist
1597:Wikispecies
1531:25 December
1022:. Birds.com
980:12 November
822:South Sudan
773:fish eagles
761:kingfishers
625:Protopterus
619:Oreochromis
439:Rift Valley
419:Lake Malawi
347:Description
318:fish eagles
314:Icthyophaga
174:Icthyophaga
82:Appendix II
42:, Botswana
1958:Categories
1927:Q109578174
1895:Xeno-canto
1501:2012-12-12
1458:2012-12-12
1243:2012-12-12
1222:2012-12-12
1201:2012-12-12
1180:2012-12-12
1069:Haliaeetus
1051:2012-12-12
1026:2012-12-12
1005:2022-01-14
933:References
838:Necropolis
753:hammerkops
697:crocodiles
665:cormorants
657:waterbirds
507:dry season
443:grasslands
431:Mozambique
421:bordering
302:bald eagle
1527:: 139–170
1000:cites.org
757:shoebills
693:terrapins
630:characins
519:Siblicide
357:Lake Zway
232:) or the
181:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
38:Eagle at
1921:Wikidata
1856:Species+
1796:22695115
1770:10195187
1656:22695115
1651:BirdLife
1582:Wikidata
1347:11 April
1299:11 April
1272:11 April
1151:18 April
899:Ethiopia
796:Heraldry
765:pelicans
741:dik diks
717:termites
659:such as
614:cichlids
427:Tanzania
415:Botswana
361:Ethiopia
308:Taxonomy
262:Zimbabwe
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1941:9571724
1744:2480454
1705:affeag1
1679:affeag1
1638:Avibase
1588:Q217497
1266:eol.org
1090:Bibcode
848:Gallery
832:Mummies
814:Namibia
769:ospreys
729:monkeys
721:carrion
719:), and
713:insects
695:, baby
689:turtles
681:greater
673:darters
628:), and
609:Clarias
604:Mullets
557:, Kenya
551:catfish
484:, Kenya
451:marshes
407:Namibia
373:plumage
337:vocifer
294:isiZulu
290:inkwazi
254:Namibia
215:, 1800)
169:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
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1887:212677
1848:374120
1835:970753
1783:175427
1726:EURING
1718:914530
1669:113018
1625:ARKive
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866:Uganda
820:, and
818:Zambia
810:Malawi
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739:, and
705:skinks
679:, and
669:grebes
600:osprey
589:., in
459:fynbos
447:swamps
429:, and
423:Malawi
417:, and
409:, the
296:, and
282:hungwe
278:French
266:nkwazi
260:, and
258:Zambia
250:Malawi
213:Daudin
1882:WoRMS
1822:73151
1809:52649
1765:IRMNG
1700:eBird
1692:3JBK3
1676:BOW:
1341:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
1075:gene"
884:Kenya
842:Elkab
737:hares
725:hyrax
709:frogs
661:ducks
653:birds
585:Labeo
523:taxon
380:or a
298:ntšhu
286:Shona
270:Chewa
238:eagle
86:CITES
80:CITES
1936:GBIF
1874:7895
1861:9090
1804:NCBI
1791:IUCN
1778:ITIS
1757:5308
1739:GBIF
1731:2410
1664:BOLD
1533:2023
1349:2016
1328:ISBN
1301:2016
1274:2016
1153:2018
1121:ISBN
982:2021
965:2020
733:rats
691:and
683:and
534:Diet
405:and
222:The
143:Aves
1869:TSA
1713:EoL
1687:CoL
1612:ADW
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