Afro-Colombians - Knowledge

1358:. It is recorded that the African slaves that entered throughout the 15th to 18th century were not given their freedom by the republic but by their own accord. During religious festivals and other days, slaves were permitted to work for their profit. Then, they would save up their money to buy their freedom. This marked the beginning of Afro-Colombians and their relationship with Colombia. In 2007, the Colombian national government implemented a new section in the government for Afro-Colombians called "la Comisión Intersectorial para el Avance de la Población Afrocolombiana, Palenquera y Raizal." This sector was intended for the advancement of the education of Afro-Colombians. Not only this but the Colombian government had also conducted specialized studies and 18 workshops across the cities of Colombia. Due to this, about 4000 Afro-Colombian community leaders came together to write recommendations to the government by May 2009. However, after many years, none of the strategies have worked and Afro-Colombians still lack the same opportunities as their whiter Colombian counterparts. The Colombian government has tried to help the Afro-Colombian people by creating more programs to further the education of Afro-Colombians past high school. The main program is the "Admisión Especial a Mejores Bachilleres de la Población Negra, Afrocolombiana, Palenquera y Raizal" which gives admission to about 200 Afro-Colombians per semester into the National Colombian University. This program can be compared to affirmative action in the United States, once again highlighting the imbalance of opportunities for Afro-Colombians. The Ministry of Education has attempted to make recommendations on the subject of the background and history of Afro-Colombians when teaching Colombian history. In hopes of incorporating more Afro-Colombian history, the ministry of education plans to add Afro-Colombian history on exams of the state. 2314:

versión hacia 1999 y luego en forma definitiva en agosto del 2001; si bien debe advertirse que esta publicación no salió en forma oficial por el DNP y que los funcionarios de esta entidad manifiestan informalmente que no son datos oficiales porque no se respaldan en una fuente estadística confiable. En este documento se hacen estimaciones del orden del 26% del total de la población en el país como afrocolombiana (cercanos a los 11.2 millones), frente al 18.1% de nuestras estimaciones (7.8 millones, ver Cuadro 1), y claro, con valores para diferentes ciudades del país, bien por encima de los valores que aparecen en el Cuadro 1A, lo cual significaría que si esos estimativos son ciertos en algunos casos como la ciudad de Cali por lo menos un 50% de ella sería afrocolombiana (en ese documento se estima 1,1 millón de personas). Esto difiere de los hallazgos empíricos con muestras estadísticamente representativas de las tres encuestas de hogares allí realizadas con una metodología equivalente como ya se explicó antes (un 25% en la primera encuesta de junio de 1998, el 32% en septiembre de 1999 y un 26.5% en la de diciembre del 2000, ver Cuadro 1 A). Aunque es posible que nuestros estimativos sean conservadores, por lo menos cuentan con algún nivel de confiabilidad a través de un instrumento científico; en cambio, otros como los que acabamos de mencionar presentan el efecto contrario, ya que sobreestiman la población afrocolombiana.

1439:) and the government was concreted and signed. This long civil war affected and continues to affect most Colombians, however, according to the World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People (WDMIP), some particular communities have been significantly more affected than others. One of these, says WDMIP, are Afro-Colombian communities, who have been strongly impacted by the civil war, mainly because of their vulnerability and lack of protection from the government. For years, the FARC guerrilla has sought areas to invade and gain possession of as many Colombian territories as they can. Territories that are occupied by minority groups such as indigenous groups and Afro-Colombians are typically the poorest and therefore seen as the easiest areas to invade. Many Afro-Colombian regions have been "attacked" and taken over by the FARC, which has resulted in more than 2 million Afro-Colombians being displaced. Most of them have been forced to migrate towards bigger cities (like Bogotá, Cali, or Medellín), which has increased their level of poverty (due to the higher cost of living in such urban areas), as well as their exposure to discrimination and violence. Even though the occurrences of these scenarios has significantly decreased since the peace treaty was signed last year, the people who were displaced continue to be affected by this situation and struggle to go back to their hometowns. 1301:

population is not only due to its location and the rapid entrance of transportation of boats and slaves during colonization, but also due to emancipation around the year 1815. The act of emancipation led for the Pacific coast to become a refugee zone and develop into a safer place for slaves from the Choco area as well as those from the interior of the country and other urban sites throughout the country. This allowed for the Afro-Colombian population to grow in this region of the country and therefore develop within certain cultural characteristics such musical genres of African descent but are born or popularized in Colombia. With this evidence, although the Bambuco is not originally from Colombia, it became a national identity for many due to its multicultural composition. It has since spread from west to north in the country.

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specific region. Another piece of evidence is the syncopation and other forms of rhythms within the same piece of music. African music utilizes syncopated rhythms just like Bambuco does. Others theorized different appearances of Bambuco in different locations of the country, but they all coincide in an African origin or inspiration for the formation of this musical genre. For instance, on the western side of what is now Mali, a century ago, a nation named "Bambouk" existed and potentially the name of bambuco was derived from this nation in Mali. In a country at the horn of Africa in Eritrea, there is a town called Bambuco. In Angola, there is a town called Bambuca and very close to that town there is another one called Cauca. Like mentioned above, the Cauca department is argued to be the place where the Bambuco genre emerged.

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Afro-Colombians are much poorer than the rest of the Colombian population is one of the main reasons that they are in a position of disadvantage when it comes to seeking health care services and being healthy in general. This is supported by their findings that showed that just under 5% of Afro-Colombians have medical insurance, compared to almost 30% of all non-Afro Colombians. Additionally, they found that most Afro-Colombians live in unsanitary conditions that increase exposure to a large variety of diseases as well as a common trend among Afro-Colombian children with bad health. This is often due to uneducated mothers.

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treatment if they are sick. Nevertheless, when they do look for medical treatment, they tend to receive it in the same numbers as non-Afro-Colombians. These results are not just explained by disadvantages in socioeconomic status, health insurances, or educational level, but by the discrimination that Afro-Colombians experience in their daily lives. Even when health insurance is given for free, Afro-Colombians are far less likely to be enrolled and this can be explained by structural and internalized discrimination.

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Research from 2003 shows that 53.8% of black people did not have access to health insurance compared to 37.9% of the indigenous population. Only 10.64% of Afro-Colombians were affiliated to the subsidised regime in comparison with most of the indigenous population. Moreover, 65.8% vs. 74.6% of non-minorities groups characterized their health status as very good and good while 30.7% vs. 22.7% of indigenous and Afro-Colombians described it as fair and 3.5% vs. 2.8% as poor. This reveals the

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level education because secondary education (or high school education) is only offered to 62% of Afro-Colombians, while this type of education is offered to 75% of all other Colombians. Furthermore, researchers have found that the overall educational quality of schools located in Afro-Colombian communities is much lower and poorer than those in other communities, mainly because of the lack of government support and investment in these areas. This was reflected in the results of the

1446:, have become the combat zone between the FARC guerrilla and the Colombian government. More specifically, this means that they have been exposed to bombs, shootings, and deaths at a much higher level than all other Colombians. Because of this, many Afro-Colombians have been victims of collateral damage and have been killed due to this war, which has become another major reason for displacement to occur. According to research done by one of Colombia's official radio stations called 50: 5678: 233: 2192: 1345:(AFRODES) or Chao Racismo, as well as various Afro-Colombian activists, have come together to fight for this ethnic group's rights. However, Afro-Colombians continue to protest for their rights and demand equality between themselves and all non-Afro Colombians in certain social aspects. Social issues concerning Afro-Colombians range from socio-economic inequalities to physical violence and other forms of inequality and discrimination in Colombia. 1199: 5688: 1417:

where many elites and tourists usually go. People have been moved aside and questioned because of their skin color, while other people can get in without further questioning. Bouncers usually tell them that they are hosting a private party and they need invitations to get in. They use this as an excuse to stop them from entering these places.

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the northern coast and experimentation with many new rhythms is common. Thus a lot of commerce emerged around these varying new rhythms and much more music has become available from the African continent. This is another example of the multicultural composition of musical genres due to the diaspora throughout the country of Colombia.

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these communities are tempted by these options because they see them as the only way out to combat the poverty in which they live. As a result, over 40% of the people in the guerrilla group is composed of Afro-Colombians who now support the conflict and have been manipulated to continue supporting that side of the conflict.

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most influential in Latin America. Particular to cumbia, a typical Spanish dress was adapted to available native resources. In the present day, it is culturally significant enough to know about cumbia, and it is a concern to preserve it. The main festival that celebrates cumbia nowadays is the Festival de la Cumbia in

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Recientemente fue publicado en el diario El Tiempo , un resumen periodístico del documento "Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de la Población Afrocolombiana", el cual fue elaborado en el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) por un grupo de consultores de organizaciones afrocolombianas, con una primera

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Finally, another conflict that has been generated by the civil war is that of drug trafficking and prostitution. For years, the FARC guerrilla was seeking to recruit people that would do this for them at a low cost. Given that a high percentage of Afro-Colombians are extremely poor, young people from

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exam (national standardized exam), which showed that the average results for Afro-Colombians were significantly lower than the results of the rest of Colombians. Given that only a very few numbers of Afro-Colombians can reach college/university education, the range of jobs for most Afro-Colombians is

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recently reported that the percentage of Afro-Colombians that receive primary education is higher than the percentage of primary education received by the rest of Colombians, being 42% versus 32%, respectively. However, many Afro-Colombians are not able to receive any higher education besides primary

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It has been estimated that only 4.4 million Afro-Colombians actively recognize their black ancestry, while many other African Colombians do not as a result of inter-racial relations with white and indigenous Colombians. Afro-Colombians often encounter a noticeable degree of racial discrimination and

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that only low income, rural workers, usually people of African descent, would use due to their low socioeconomic status. These Bowie knives are used to cut the grass, and keep yards or streets clean, and therefore this musical genre is associated with a status and also race. This genre is native to

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is a mixture of rhythms from Afro-Colombians and indigenous native Colombiansto bring about a different style. Unlike the Bambuco, cumbia certainly originated in the northern part of Colombia, and its instrumentation is the key evidence of its origin, as well as its dances.This dance has become the

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White Colombians in Bogota strengthen already existing racial ladders and reinforce them in urban areas through spatial isolation—placing racism and racial discrimination external to their social worlds. Discrimination based on race and spatial isolation affects the interaction between citizens in

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The racism in Colombia is so extreme that it can get Afro-Colombians stopped for just looking suspicious. It maximizes where they can go and where they cannot. For instance, Afro-Colombians are prevented from getting into some nightclubs and restaurants. They are denied entrance to certain places

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is supported by the biggest population of Afro-Colombians in the country residing in the department of Choco, on the Pacific coast. The Pacific coast is the only place in the country where the absolute majority is of African descent. The reason for the Pacific coast's vast majority Afro-Colombian

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Researchers have found that the adult Afro-Colombian population is less likely to be described as being in good health compared to the rest of the population. They are also more likely to report that they are sick and are dealing with chronic issues. This population is also less likely to obtain

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Health inequality has negatively affected many minorities in Colombia; particularly those from a very low socioeconomic status such as Afro-Colombians. In comparison with the indigenous populations in Colombia, Afro-Colombians are at a greater disadvantage when it comes to access to health care.

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Urban researchers have found drastic economic differences between the residents of Bogota. Suburbs are segregated and more uniform with people with similar incomes. This stratification has a racial and economic element to it. Afro-Colombians are segregated and live in all 19 sectors of the city,

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Afro-Colombians are a significant portion (almost one quarter) of Colombia's overall population, yet they are one of the poorest ethnic groups of the country. More specifically, studies have shown that three-quarters of the Colombian population which is classified as being "poor", is composed of

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Throughout the years, the African heritage in music has been evolving from bambuco to porro to cumbia to champeta. Champeta is the more modern rhythm inspired by African culture and music style. The Champeta is born through a blend of African and Caribbean rhythms, including the cumbia. The name

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It is believed that the Bambuco is a musical genre that inevitability was brought by the Africans when the first slaves arrived at Cauca region. There is also a relationship between Bambuco and the name of a town in French Sudan "Bambuk," and it has been theorized that this genre comes from that

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and domestic work would have been impossible without African labor. In pre-abolition Colombian society, many Afro-Colombian captives fought the Spanish, their colonial forces and their freedom as soon as they arrived in Colombia. Those who escaped from their oppressors would live in free Black

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revealed that Afro-Colombians are at an extreme disadvantage in terms of being healthy when compared to the rest of the Colombian population. Furthermore, this study showed that many socioeconomic factors are involved in this and that contribute to such disparities. For example, the fact that

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Ever since Afro-Colombians arrived in Colombia in the first decade of the 16th century, they have been considered a minority group by the Colombian government, exposing them to discrimination and inequality. Many advocacy groups, including the National Association of Displaced Afro-Colombians

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This is a result of the inequality present in the Colombian education system. The quality of education afforded to the black population pales in comparison to that of the white/mestizo population. The black population is also not granted the same opportunities when it come to jobs or social

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The Bambuco has a unique indigenous origin, but is also composed of a multicultural tradition. The Bambuco is established in Colombia's central Andean and Cauca area and is played by string ensembles. The Bambuco combines elements of notations that fluctuate between a

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After the revolution, (modern day Colombia and Venezuela) created "The Law of July 21 on Free Womb, Manumission, and Abolition of the Slave trade" in the Cúcuta Congress. This led to the creation of a Free Womb trade that existed until emancipation in 1852.

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Bambuco. The pacific coast and the northern coast of Colombia have an Afro-Colombian population that surpasses the average in comparison to any other region in the country (90% and 50%, respectively). In the region of Cauca at the coast and in between the

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There is an acknowledgment of a racist undertone in Colombia. There is a lack of implementing the history of Afro-Colombian culture, language, and overall visibility within Colombian educational hubs. Even so, their history is not told correctly to the

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gave them the right to collective ownership of traditional Pacific coastal lands and special cultural development protections. Critics argue that this important legal instrument is not enough to address their social and developmental needs completely.

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In the 1970s, there was a major influx of Afro-Colombians into urban areas in search of greater economic and social opportunities for their children. This led to an increase in the number of urban poor in the marginal areas of big cities like

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prejudice, possibly as a socio-cultural leftover from colonial times. They have been historically absent from high-level government positions and many of their long-established settlements around the Pacific coast remain underdeveloped.

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Afro-Colombians. This is reflected in some of the most basic, daily, aspects of their lives, such as the average annual salary of Afro-Colombians. While people from this ethnic group earn, on average, 500 dollars a year (or 1.5 million

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Castro, Fatimah Williams. "Afro-Colombians and the Cosmopolitan City: New Negotiations of Race and Space in Bogotá, Colombia." Latin American Perspectives, vol. 40, no. 2, 2013, pp. 105–117. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23466025.

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Robinson, Lori S. "Fighting for Black Lives in Colombia: At War's End, the Search for a Seat at the Table." The Root, The Root, 3 July 2017, www.theroot.com/fighting-for-black-lives-in-colombia-at-war-s-end-the-1796521962.

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which are sectors with the two lowest stratum classification such as designations, Bosa, Kennedy, and Ciudad Bolivar, which are situated very far away from Zona Rosa, a city full of nightlife and entertainment.

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ethnic groups earn an average of 1500 dollars a year (or 4.5 million Colombian Pesos). This means that the average Afro-Colombian earns three times less than the average White/Mestizo Colombian.

3432: 3394: 3511: 1980: 636:. Most Afro-Colombians are currently living in urban areas. Only around 25%, or 1.2 million people, are based in rural areas, compared to 75%, or 3.7 million people, in urban zones. The 4223: 5398: 4187: 4170: 3908: 4271: 4141: 3896: 3431:

Dedios, María C. "Poor Health Outcomes amongst Afro-Colombians Are Driven by Discrimination as Well as Economic Disadvantage." LSE Latin America and the Caribbean, 1 Nov. 2017,

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Los afrodescendientes representan aproximadamente 26% de la población total del país, alrededor de 10 y medio millones de personas, es decir, la cuarta parte de los colombianos.

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African Colombians have played a role in contributing to the development of certain aspects of Colombian culture. For example, several of Colombia's musical genres, such as

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According to a study, between 2002 and 2010 Afro-Colombian legislators proposed 25 bills directly affecting the Afro-Colombian community and only two bills were approved.

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Gardiner, C. Harvey (April 1954). "Colonial Placer Mining in Colombia. By Robert C. West. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952. Pp. x, 157. $ 3.00.)".

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Another study done by the National Union School found that 65% of Afro-Colombians in the informal sector and 29% in the formal sector make less than the minimum wage.

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In Colombia, native songs and musical genres are characterized by an exchange of multiple energetic and progressive musical processes. Notable examples include

3220:"Afrocolombianidad y Educación Como Política De Estado." Afrocolombianidad y Educacion Como Poltica De Estado - Ministerio De Educacion Nacional De Colombia, 3433:

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/10/31/poor-health-outcomes-amongst-afro-colombians-are-driven-by-discrimination-as-well-as-economic-disadvantage/

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or the Magdalena River, if they were to have come from the northern side of the country. On the other hand, the argument that the Bambuco evolved in the

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In Colombia's ongoing internal conflict, Afro-Colombians are both victims of violence and displacement as well as members of armed factions, such as the

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Soendergaard, Maren. "How Political Exclusion Affects Colombia's Afro-descendant Minority." Colombia News | Colombia Reports, 26 Feb. 2015,

3208:"Cátedra De Estudios Afrocolombianos." Afrocolombianidad y Educacion Como Poltica De Estado - Ministerio De Educacion Nacional De Colombia, 5722: 3099: 2695: 400:

reported 66% of the alluvial gold is illegally mined, with 42% of these illegal activities directly affecting Afro-Colombian communities.

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for self-protection. There they learned to have a harmonious relationship with the jungle environment and share the territory with

397: 4192: 3913: 1863: 5637: 5595: 4228: 4146: 4276: 4158: 3901: 1565: 726:, have African origins or influences. Some African Colombians have also been successful in sports, such as Olympic weightlifter 5080: 704: 4240: 5712: 5179: 4570: 3991: 2306:"Perfiles sociodemográficos de la población afrocolombiana en contextos urbano-regionales del país a comienzos del siglo XXI" 2219: 1965: 1960: 1540: 4175: 4008: 3955: 3298: 499:

In 1851, after the abolition of slavery, the plight of Afro-Colombians was very difficult. They were forced to live in the

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On another hand, the civil war has made Afro-Colombians victims of violence because Afro-Colombian territories, such as

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were often targeted by armed groups who wanted to displace them in order to take their land for sugar cane plantations,

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advancement. These are the factors that contribute to an 80 percent rate of poverty among African descendants. The

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https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/bitstream/handle/11445/811/WP_2005_No_29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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and footballer, Patrocinio Bonilla, also known as "Patrón" (believed to have been murdered on August 11, 2020).

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Afro-Colombians are concentrated on the northwest Caribbean coast and the Pacific coast in such departments as

568: 4362: 4336: 3555: 2860:"The tragic assassination of Colombia's sports hero Patrón, lover of football and his Afro-Colombian community" 2421: 2249: 2229: 1986: 637: 17: 5256: 5219: 5119: 5050: 5036: 4780: 4714: 3998: 2086: 657: 504: 492:'s army were African. Afro-Colombians were able to participate at all levels of military and political life. 153: 3506: 3395:"Poor health outcomes amongst Afro-Colombians are driven by discrimination as well as economic disadvantage" 2784: 1669: 328:

population, which was rapidly decreasing due to extermination genocide campaigns, disease and forced labor.

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Bernal, Raquel, and Mauricio Cárdenas. "Race and ethnic inequality in health and health care in Colombia."

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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Revealing the Race-Based Realities of Workforce Exclusion." NACLA, 9 Feb. 2015,

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is another typical Colombian musical genre that emerged from the African slaves in Colombia. In this case,

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began in the year 1964 and finished in the year 2017, when a peace treaty between the guerrilla movement (

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Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World. A complete pronouncing Gazetteer ... New edition ... enlarged, etc

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very limited and obtaining high-level jobs with a good salary is very difficult for them to achieve.

2381:"Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" 1443: 615: 5224: 4948: 4659: 4398: 331: 5657: 5449: 5104: 4775: 2151: 1689: 1574: 1203: 370: 1874: 5575: 5370: 5129: 4605: 4553: 4543: 4531: 4122: 2703: 2643: 1833: 567:

The African Colombian population in Colombia is concentrated mainly in the regulatory coastal (

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was created, the first predominantly African political-administrative division in the country.

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gold deposits and the growing of sugar cane in the areas that are known in modern times as the

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https://colombiareports.com/afro-colombian-political-exclusion-effects-social-indicators/

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group living in Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina, speaking the

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in Colombia. They were from various places across the continent, including: modern-day

203: 95: 4472: 3125: 3120:, Studies in Symbolic Interaction, vol. 28, Emerald (MCB UP ), pp. 127–171, 3020:, Travaux de l'IFEA (in Spanish), Institut français d’études andines, pp. 51–62, 1931: 1758: 1620: 1560: 1495: 1421: 5580: 5520: 5380: 5246: 5114: 5005: 4761: 4736: 4252: 4247: 4182: 4165: 3943: 3547: 3516: 3161: 3129: 3084: 3064: 3021: 2991: 2969: 2959: 2935: 2923: 2629: 2617: 2396: 2041: 1890: 1700: 1570: 676:. Colombia is considered to have the largest Black/African-descent population in the 664:

where over 80% of the population is Afro-Colombian. Considerable numbers are also in

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Comunidades negras en el Pacífico colombiano : Innovaciones y dinámicas étnicas

2071: 2056: 1925: 1734: 1292:, the most traditional black population is settled. Many slaves came in through the 5353: 5022: 4975: 4943: 4869: 4807: 4790: 4756: 4689: 4654: 4649: 4627: 4622: 4558: 4536: 4440: 4415: 4378: 4117: 4112: 4032: 3925: 3483:"The Gap Matters: poverty and well-being of Afro-Colombians and indigenous peoples" 3153: 3121: 3056: 2915: 2609: 2239: 2066: 1936: 1839: 1579: 1510: 1355: 382: 169: 116: 91: 5278: 3803: 3658: 2176: 2146: 1954: 1857: 1550: 5304: 5236: 5159: 5041: 5017: 4985: 4980: 4904: 4894: 4800: 4679: 4499: 4482: 4445: 4435: 3933: 3703: 2244: 2197: 2116: 2106: 2046: 2036: 2026: 2021: 1991: 1815: 1782: 1770: 1728: 1644: 1639: 1545: 1535: 1530: 1475:

among minority groups in Colombia in comparison with the rest of the population.

1289: 386: 358: 137: 3648: 3613: 3368:"El 25% de la población Afro-Colombian en Quindío es esplanade por la violencia" 2834:"Óscar Figueroa and the Precarious World of an Afro-Colombian Gold Medal Winner" 2787:[Is Colombia moving toward racial integration?] (in Spanish). BBC.com.uk 1942: 1920: 1811: 1685: 1654: 478: 5647: 5632: 5144: 5134: 5092: 5060: 5055: 4995: 4899: 4844: 4834: 4795: 4637: 4632: 4521: 4430: 3863: 3838: 3813: 3798: 3778: 3668: 3663: 3633: 3608: 3573: 3563: 2807:"Colombian fighting displaced more than 900 families since January - UN agency" 2171: 2101: 2076: 2031: 2006: 1634: 1629: 1615: 1589: 1515: 1500: 1368: 745: 625: 521: 485: 253: 3603: 3499: 3474: 3468: 2973: 2311:. Centro de Investigaciones y Documentación Socioeconómica. 2001. p. 13. 2081: 2011: 1975: 1489: 470: 5706: 5348: 5273: 5209: 5139: 5000: 4990: 4970: 4958: 4926: 4721: 4642: 4575: 4504: 4465: 3833: 3763: 3753: 3618: 3312:

https://nacla.org/article/revealing-race-based-realities-workforce-exclusion/

3068: 3014:"Capítulo 2. La región del pacífico. Entre "marginalidad" y "particularidad"" 2995: 2927: 2621: 2400: 2211: 2166: 2156: 2131: 2111: 2051: 1996: 1948: 1752: 1746: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1447: 1297: 1269: 685: 517: 293: 141: 2126: 1283:

A different branch of bambuco emerged in the Pacific Coast of Colombia, the

524:

and indigenous peoples went deep into isolated jungles. Afro-Colombians and

5605: 5600: 5439: 5097: 5087: 4819: 4425: 3868: 3843: 3818: 3788: 3768: 3713: 3693: 3678: 3653: 2136: 2121: 2061: 2016: 1902: 1896: 1740: 1706: 1520: 673: 297: 249: 3157: 2919: 484:

African people played key roles in the struggle for independence from the

5622: 5464: 5288: 5251: 5241: 5214: 4829: 4741: 4450: 3853: 3773: 3748: 3733: 3708: 3698: 3688: 3683: 3598: 3583: 3013: 2613: 2091: 1805: 1711: 1679: 1332: 1293: 347: 289: 49: 3491: 3276: 1450:, over 25% of Afro-Colombians have left their hometown due to violence. 629: 548: 5590: 5261: 5201: 4919: 4526: 4514: 3148:

CALLE, Sebastián Restrepo; Medina, Diego Pérez (2018), "Introducción",

2326:

Detector: La cifra de afros en Colombia de Francia Márquez es debatible

1787: 1764: 1675: 1380: 540:

and wood exploitation. This form of discrimination still occurs today.

456: 354: 199: 124: 3076: 232: 4859: 3673: 3643: 3638: 2545:"Already a Scourge, Illegal Gold Mining in Colombia Is Getting Worse" 722: 512: 351: 3723: 649: 633: 428: 408: 390: 5010: 4963: 4909: 4726: 4610: 4580: 4563: 4347: 3783: 3628: 3623: 3593: 3060: 677: 450: 366: 362: 321: 269: 257: 149: 4455: 1198: 5652: 5642: 3828: 3808: 3793: 3578: 3461: 2906:

Varney, John (2001). "An Introduction to the Colombian Bambuco".

1372: 1348: 1219: 653: 474: 444: 436: 424: 420: 317: 301: 277: 265: 245: 207: 3873: 461:

or fugitives. Some historians considered Chocó to be a very big

4936: 4854: 4812: 4487: 3848: 3823: 3743: 3728: 3718: 3588: 3453: 1716: 1223: 1207: 739: 716: 689: 661: 537: 533: 529: 500: 440: 281: 273: 261: 165: 1202:"Fiesta in Palenque" Traditional African Colombian dance from 5329: 4953: 3858: 3738: 1385: 1227: 693: 416: 313: 285: 215: 211: 145: 1276:(a faster more playful rhythm) or the contemporary Bambuco. 1212:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

1436: 665: 309: 305: 2759:

Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics

1339: 656:

or white. Similar numbers are found in the port cities of

3352: 3118:

Carnaval, Cumbia and Queens: Representations of Blackness

2283: 3222:

https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-208086.html

2726:"Who is Indigenous? Who is Afro-Colombian? Who Decides?" 1427: 3210:

https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-87286.html

755: 520:. In order to maintain their cultural traditions, many 488:. Historians note that three of every five soldiers in 3546: 324:. They were forcibly taken to Colombia to replace the 75:

15%, 18.1%, 19.4%, 21%, 22%, 25%, or 26% of Colombians

3152:, Editorial Universidad del Rosario, pp. 25–29, 3150:

En diálogo con la tierra. Por una Colombia sostenible

335:"A Gold-Washing Technique, Province of Barbacoas" by 2187: 3348:"Twenty-First Century Blackface : Code Switch" 240:. Cartagena was the largest slave port in Colombia. 2353: 1492:vallenato music composer, singer and accordionist. 1400: 652:, is 95.3% Afro-Colombian as opposed to just 2.3% 431:relied on African labourers. Other sectors of the 2378: 5704: 3490:African-Diasporic Regions of Colombia plus more 2885:"Proyección Población Pertenencia Étnico Racial" 2693: 2667: 2661: 2347: 510:Beginning in 1851, the Colombian State promoted 3185:"Afro-Colombians face surge in racial violence" 3100:"Cumbia: The Musical Backbone Of Latin America" 1411: 3262: 3260: 2858:Prishad, Vijay; et al. (20 August 2020). 2644:"afro colombians armed actors - Google Search" 1361: 1349:Educational disparities in Afro-Colombian life 365:. African slaves pioneered the extraction of 4363: 3532: 2953: 2356:"Étnia, condiciones de vida y discriminación" 1939:, Afro-Colombian author, journalist, engineer 1899:, Miss Colombia 2015 winner and fashion model 1731:, Miss Colombia 2001 winner and fashion model 575:) zones in areas with low population density. 3473:Colombian 2005 Census Television Commercial 2831: 2778: 2776: 2479:"African Origins of AfroColombian Lastnames" 1672:, first Afro-Colombian lawyer and politician 3257: 3147: 2410:on 20 September 2008: see table on page 218 555:and some autonomous decision-making power. 4370: 4356: 3539: 3525: 3501:Libertad En Colombia (Liberty In Colombia) 2343:. Universidad del Área Andina. p. 20. 1482: 1206:, a former enclave, now considered by the 48: 3393:Dedios, Maria Cecilia (31 October 2017). 2773: 2673:"El Chocó: The African Heart of Colombia" 3046: 3011: 2785:"¿Colombia hacia la integración racial?" 2595: 2438:. Ministry of National Education. 2001. 2276: 1197: 1188: 614: 562: 551:provided the possibility of building an 403:In eastern Colombia, near the cities of 330: 231: 3512:"Law 70: English Translation of Ley 70" 2857: 2832:Medina Uribe, Pabloe (16 August 2016). 2782: 2753:[Profile: General Census 2005] 1340:Current issues faced by Afro-Colombians 14: 5705: 3498:Documentary 150 years after abolition 3392: 3115: 2905: 2687: 2372: 54:Women making traditional fruit baskets 4351: 3520: 3277:https://www.jstor.org/stable/23466025 3233: 3231: 3229: 3178: 3176: 3097: 3007: 3005: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2436:"Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos" 2379:Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (2005). 2220:Afro-American peoples of the Americas 1457: 1428:Effects of the war on Afro-Colombians 5687: 4377: 3182: 2877: 2270:"Grupos étnicos información técnica" 1905:, Miss Universe Colombia 2021 winner 764:Colombian cities by Afro population 756:Top Afro-Colombian Urban Populations 82:Regions with significant populations 5723:Colombian people of African descent 3450:"Afro-Colombian Solidarity Network" 3243:Minority Rights Group International 2515:"African Origins of AfroColombians" 27:Colombian people of African descent 24: 3548:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia 3226: 3173: 3002: 2990:. J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1880. 2942: 2563: 1666:with known Afro-Colombian ancestry 98:and urban areas across the country 25: 5734: 3442: 3334:"Translation – I'm not your Joke" 2783:Salazar, Hernando (25 May 2007). 1951:weightlifter and Olympic medalist 1331:champeta is derived by a form of 680:, and the fourth largest in the 469:, especially in the areas of the 5686: 5677: 5676: 4559:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2696:"Ethnic groups: Afro-Colombians" 2675:. Columbian Human Rights Network 2596:Barragan, Yesenia (April 2021). 2204: 2190: 1981:Laura Victoria Valencia Rentería 1462:A recent study conducted by the 1424:includes a blackface character. 1371:) people that are from White or 3481:The World Bank's Sector Report 3464:Afro-Colombian News in English. 3425: 3412: 3386: 3360: 3340: 3326: 3317: 3304: 3291: 3282: 3269: 3214: 3202: 3141: 3109: 3091: 3040: 3012:Hoffmann, Odile (4 June 2015), 2980: 2899: 2851: 2825: 2799: 2761:(in Spanish). 14 September 2010 2743: 2718: 2636: 2589: 2537: 2507: 2471: 1897:Jealisse Andrea Tovar Velásquez 1401:Statistics on jobs and politics 558: 481:and Barule fought for freedom. 72:of the population, 2018 census) 4337:Race and ethnicity in Colombia 2445: 2428: 2338:"Geografia Humana de Colombia" 2330: 2319: 2298: 2262: 2250:Indigenous peoples in Colombia 2230:Race and ethnicity in Colombia 1854:, Major League Baseball player 1743:, Afro-Colombian hip-hop group 1682:singer-songwriter and composer 744:The Raizal ethnic group is an 13: 1: 3476:Orgullosamente Afrocolombiano 3183:Aidi, Hisham (18 July 2015). 3126:10.1016/s0163-2396(04)28014-0 2255: 1814:, American soccer player for 750:San Andrés-Providencia Creole 465:, with a large population of 121:San Andrés–Providencia Creole 5713:African diaspora in Colombia 2751:"Perfil: Censo General 2005" 2702:(in Spanish). Archived from 1412:Example of social inequality 553:African territorial identity 505:Colombia's indigenous people 454:, where they would live as " 7: 2908:Latin American Music Review 2549:www.worldpoliticsreview.com 2354:Schwartzman, Simon (2008). 2183: 1909:Paula Marcela Moreno Zapata 1573:, professional boxer from 1362:Socio-economic inequalities 1325: 733: 638:1991 Colombian Constitution 543:In 1945, the department of 10: 5739: 5571:African diaspora religions 4695:Indigenous Black Canadians 3507:Colombia contra el racismo 3399:London School of Economics 2420:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 1796:, police brigadier-general 1670:Luis Antonio Robles Suárez 1625:Vice President of Colombia 1464:London School of Economics 1233: 737: 238:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 225: 221: 5672: 5561: 5546:African Hebrew Israelites 5531: 5485: 5422: 5411: 5391: 5322:Afro-Asians in South Asia 5287: 5200: 5035: 4885: 4670: 4596: 4406: 4392: 4385: 4322: 4287: 4031: 3924: 3889: 3882: 3554: 3486:Click here for the report 2694:Fundación Hemera (2007). 1664:President of the Republic 1304: 164: 159: 135: 130: 107: 102: 86: 81: 64: 59: 47: 40: 4588:Turks and Caicos Islands 3469:Afro-Colombian community 2730:www.culturalsurvival.org 1928:, historian and activist 1802:, diplomat and historian 1193: 419:, Africans manufactured 41: 3098:Garsd, Jasmine (2015), 2700:Ethnicities of Colombia 2486:Clopedia Afrocolombiana 2395:(May–August): 185–232. 1690:San Basilio de Palenque 1575:San Basilio de Palenque 1483:Notable Afro-Colombians 1204:San Basilio de Palenque 619:Afro-Colombian children 346:were forced to work in 344:Enslaved African people 5576:Anti-African sentiment 3116:Davila, Deisy (2005), 2954:Isaacs, Jorge (2016). 2669:Gilberto Murillo, Luis 1881:winner for the country 1834:Manuel Zapata Olivella 1818:and son of Nixon Perea 1800:Alfonso Múnera Cavadía 1420:The television comedy 1215: 620: 612: 340: 241: 193: 5628:Civil rights movement 5516:Afro-Caribbean people 4825:Chestnut Ridge people 4747:African-American Jews 4549:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3158:10.2307/j.ctv11wjh4.5 2920:10.1353/lat.2001.0017 2864:Monthly Review Online 2575:Minority Rights Group 2457:Minority Rights Group 1828:Luis Gilberto Murillo 1610:Edna Liliana Valencia 1201: 1189:Cultural contribution 880:San Andrés de Tumaco 618: 566: 448:African towns called 423:in commercial mills. 393:in western Colombia. 334: 235: 160:Related ethnic groups 5586:Atlantic slave trade 5274:United Arab Emirates 2671:(23 February 2001). 2614:10.1017/tam.2020.136 2225:Afro-Latin Americans 2162:Luis Manuel Orejuela 1875:María Isabel Urrutia 1842:, professional boxer 1723:Éder Álvarez Balanta 1719:, singer and actress 1433:Colombia's civil war 852:Cartagena de Indias 5718:Society of Colombia 5475:Sierra Leone Creole 5326:India and Pakistan 4571:Trinidad and Tobago 4421:Antigua and Barbuda 4332:Lists of Colombians 2706:on 22 February 2008 1822:Luis Amaranto Perea 1660:Juan José Nieto Gil 1320:El Banco, Magdalena 765: 592: 20.4% - 44.9% 228:Slavery in Colombia 204:sub-Saharan African 202:of full or partial 37: 5618:Black Lives Matter 5225:Ethiopian Israelis 4875:African immigrants 4850:Louisiana Redbones 4786:Chickasaw freedmen 4715:African immigrants 4483:Dominican Republic 3462:AfroColombiany.org 2887:(in Spanish). DANE 2235:Mestizo Colombians 2097:Pedro Portocarrero 1879:Olympic gold medal 1794:Luis Alberto Moore 1585:Cristhian Mosquera 1556:Aquivaldo Mosquera 1506:Cristhian Mosquera 1473:health disparities 1458:Health disparities 1216: 763: 682:western hemisphere 621: 613: 610: Without data 598: 5.8% - 20.3% 580: 72.7% - 100% 341: 242: 190:African-Colombians 96:Interandean Valles 77:(external sources) 35: 5700: 5699: 5668: 5667: 5581:Anti-Black racism 5521:British Jamaicans 5511:African Americans 5496:African Americans 5450:Americo-Liberians 5435:African Americans 5407: 5406: 5230:Sudanese refugees 5031: 5030: 4801:Seminole freedmen 4781:Cherokee freedmen 4762:Black Southerners 4737:African Americans 4685:African Americans 4345: 4344: 4318: 4317: 3239:"Afro-Colombians" 2571:"Afro-Colombians" 2453:"Afro-Colombians" 2042:Mikkel Mena Qvist 1987:Emerson Rodriguez 1891:Carlos Valderrama 1701:Faustino Asprilla 1695:Caterine Ibargüen 1662:, first and only 1571:Antonio Cervantes 1186: 1185: 787:City's population 648:, whose capital, 586: 45% - 72.6% 526:indigenous people 433:Colombian economy 427:mines outside of 183: 182: 154:African religions 113:Caribbean Spanish 109:Colombian Spanish 16:(Redirected from 5730: 5690: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5420: 5419: 4808:Creoles of color 4791:Choctaw freedmen 4757:Black Mennonites 4690:Black Mennonites 4537:Jamaican Maroons 4493:Samaná Americans 4404: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4379:African diaspora 4372: 4365: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4328: 4280: 4268: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4179: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4024: 4012: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3917: 3905: 3887: 3886: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3457: 3452:. Archived from 3436: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3374:. 8 October 2015 3364: 3358: 3357: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336:. 24 April 2018. 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2521:. Archived from 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2494: 2488:. Archived from 2483: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2411: 2409: 2403:. Archived from 2386: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2240:White Colombians 2214: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2067:Vicente Besuijen 1937:Candelario Obeso 1869:Davinson Sánchez 1840:Breidis Prescott 1777:Jackson Martínez 1580:Carlos Carbonero 1526:Eliécer Espinosa 1511:Danovis Banguero 1356:Colombian people 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1108:Valle del Cauca 828:Valle del Cauca 800:Valle del Cauca 766: 762: 609: 603: 597: 591: 585: 579: 473:. This is where 337:Manuel María Paz 170:African diaspora 92:Caribbean Region 60:Total population 52: 38: 34: 21: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5664: 5638:Genetic history 5563: 5557: 5533: 5527: 5507:United Kingdom 5481: 5460:Afro-Brazilians 5415: 5413: 5403: 5387: 5292: 5283: 5196: 5039: 5027: 4887: 4881: 4752:Alabama Creoles 4672: 4666: 4598: 4592: 4397: 4381: 4376: 4346: 4341: 4326: 4314: 4283: 4274: 4262: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4173: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4027: 4018: 4006: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3920: 3911: 3899: 3878: 3550: 3545: 3456:on 16 May 2020. 3448: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3372:Caracol Armenia 3366: 3365: 3361: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3114: 3110: 3096: 3092: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3010: 3003: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2966: 2952: 2943: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2813:. 10 March 2017 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2525:on 8 April 2016 2519:AfroColombia NY 2513: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2495:on 11 June 2016 2492: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2245:Arab Colombians 2210: 2205: 2203: 2198:Colombia portal 2196: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2142:Sebastian Villa 2117:William Tesillo 2107:Mateo Cassierra 2047:Yerson Mosquera 2037:Macnelly Torres 2027:Humberto Osorio 2022:Harold Preciado 1992:Luis Sinisterra 1932:Cucho Hernández 1846:Julián Quiñones 1816:Orlando City SC 1783:Robinson Zapata 1771:Alfredo Morelos 1759:Cristián Zapata 1729:Vanessa Mendoza 1645:Jonathan Copete 1640:Jefferson Lerma 1621:Francia Márquez 1561:Andrés Colorado 1546:Justin Arboleda 1536:Jherson Vergara 1531:Jaminton Campaz 1496:Alexander Mejía 1485: 1460: 1430: 1422:Sábados Felices 1414: 1403: 1369:Colombian pesos 1364: 1351: 1342: 1328: 1307: 1290:Magdalena River 1264: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1196: 1191: 778:Afro-Colombians 758: 742: 736: 611: 607: 605: 604: 0% - 5.7% 601: 599: 595: 593: 589: 587: 583: 581: 577: 561: 387:Valle del Cauca 230: 224: 195:afrocolombianos 186:Afro-Colombians 174:Afro-Caribbeans 73: 55: 43: 42:Afrocolombianos 36:Afro-Colombians 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5736: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5648:Pan-Africanism 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Creole peoples 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5349:Black Dutchmen 5341: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5165:United Kingdom 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4796:Creek freedmen 4793: 4788: 4783: 4769: 4767:Black Hispanic 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4733:United States 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4638:Miskito people 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4602: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4446:Cayman Islands 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4401: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4180: 4168: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3893: 3891: 3884: 3883:Non-indigenous 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3664:Embera-Wounaan 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3496: 3488: 3479: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3443:External links 3441: 3438: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3385: 3359: 3339: 3325: 3316: 3303: 3290: 3281: 3268: 3256: 3245:. 19 June 2015 3225: 3213: 3201: 3172: 3166: 3140: 3134: 3108: 3090: 3061:10.2307/977703 3055:(4): 506–507. 3039: 3026: 3001: 2979: 2964: 2941: 2914:(2): 123–156. 2898: 2876: 2850: 2824: 2798: 2772: 2742: 2717: 2686: 2660: 2648:www.google.com 2635: 2608:(2): 229–257. 2588: 2577:. 19 June 2015 2562: 2551:. 27 July 2018 2536: 2506: 2470: 2459:. 19 June 2015 2444: 2427: 2391:(in Spanish). 2371: 2346: 2329: 2318: 2297: 2284:"Informe 2018" 2275: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2201: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2172:Mauricio Cuero 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2102:Stiven Mendoza 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2077:Wilmar Barrios 2074: 2072:Wason Rentería 2069: 2064: 2059: 2057:Orlando Berrío 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2032:Mauricio Cuero 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2007:Wbeymar Angulo 2004: 2002:Víctor Montaño 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1926:Antumi Toasijé 1923: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1887:, weightlifter 1885:Óscar Figueroa 1882: 1872: 1866: 1864:Carlos Sánchez 1861: 1855: 1852:Édgar Rentería 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1735:Piedad Córdoba 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635:Jeison Murillo 1632: 1630:Jader Valencia 1627: 1618: 1616:Hugo Rodallega 1613: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1590:David Ferreira 1587: 1582: 1577: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516:Deiver Machado 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501:Angelo Balanta 1498: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1459: 1456: 1429: 1426: 1413: 1410: 1402: 1399: 1393:urban spaces. 1363: 1360: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1327: 1324: 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181: 180: 178:African people 162: 161: 157: 156: 136:Predominantly 133: 132: 128: 127: 105: 104: 100: 99: 88:Pacific Region 84: 83: 79: 78: 62: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 31: 26: 18:Afro-Colombian 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5735: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5693: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471:Sierra Leone 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414:Afro-American 5410: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4949:French Guiana 4947: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Somali Bantus 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4772:Black Indians 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4742:Affrilachians 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700:New Brunswick 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4643:Miskito Sambu 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4576:Dougla people 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466:Ganga-Longoba 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399:Latin America 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4047: 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Moreno 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997:Victor Ibarbo 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971:Carlos Cuesta 1969: 1967: 1966:Brayan Moreno 1964: 1962: 1961:Brayan Angulo 1959: 1956: 1955:Ilia Calderón 1953: 1950: 1949:Diego Salazar 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858:Freddy Rincón 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753:Juan Cuadrado 1751: 1748: 1747:Linda Caicedo 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688:, founder of 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605:Eddie Salcedo 1603: 1601: 1600:Eddie Salcedo 1598: 1596: 1595:Diego Valoyes 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1551:Agustín Julio 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541:Jhon Mosquera 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1448:Caracol Radio 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1359: 1357: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1248: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:María La Baja 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 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519: 518:miscegenation 515: 514: 508: 506: 502: 497: 493: 491: 490:Simón Bolívar 487: 486:Spanish Crown 482: 480: 477:leaders like 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 458: 453: 452: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353: 349: 345: 338: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 308:and parts of 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:Guinea-Bissau 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 248:in the early 247: 239: 234: 229: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:Protestantism 139: 134: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 58: 51: 46: 39: 30: 19: 5399:Saint Helena 5335:in Karnataka 5252:Saudi Arabia 4931: 4820:Brass Ankles 4461:Cape Verdean 4294: 4224:Scandinavian 3500: 3492: 3482: 3475: 3454:the original 3427: 3414: 3402:. 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Retrieved 2278: 2264: 2137:Miguel Borja 2122:Yairo Moreno 2062:Rene Higuita 2017:Jordy Monroy 1957:, journalist 1945:, footballer 1943:Duván Zapata 1921:Adrián Ramos 1917:, footballer 1911:, politician 1903:Valeria Ayos 1893:, footballer 1871:, footballer 1860:, footballer 1848:, footballer 1830:, politician 1824:, footballer 1812:Andrés Perea 1808:, footballer 1790:, footballer 1779:, footballer 1773:, footballer 1761:, footballer 1755:, footballer 1749:, footballer 1741:ChocQuibTown 1737:, politician 1725:, footballer 1707:Felipe Pardo 1703:, footballer 1686:Benkos Biohó 1655:Jhon Vásquez 1650:Jorge Segura 1566:Andres Reyes 1521:Dorlan Pabon 1477: 1469: 1461: 1452: 1441: 1431: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1404: 1395: 1391: 1377: 1365: 1352: 1343: 1329: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1285:contemporary 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1261: 1246: 1237: 1217: 1159: 1131: 1103: 1075: 1047: 1019: 992:Barranquilla 991: 964:Bogotá, D.C. 963: 935: 907: 879: 851: 824:Buenaventura 823: 795: 759: 743: 721: 715: 713: 702: 698: 684:, following 674:Barranquilla 658:Buenaventura 643: 622: 559:Demographics 542: 511: 509: 498: 494: 483: 479:Benkos Biohó 466: 462: 455: 449: 402: 395: 361:, and large 342: 298:Sierra Leone 250:16th century 243: 194: 189: 185: 184: 74: 69: 65: 32:Ethnic group 29: 5658:Reparations 5623:Black power 5371:New Zealand 5202:Middle East 5155:Switzerland 5115:Netherlands 4830:Dominickers 4705:Nova Scotia 4623:El Salvador 4554:Saint Lucia 4544:Puerto Rico 4275: [ 4263: [ 4239: [ 4227: [ 4215: [ 4203: [ 4191: [ 4174: [ 4157: [ 4145: [ 4133: [ 4104: [ 4092: [ 4080: [ 4068: [ 4056: [ 4044: [ 4019: [ 4007: [ 3990: [ 3978: [ 3966: [ 3954: [ 3912: [ 3900: [ 3774:Pira-tapuya 3584:Awa-Kwaiker 2838:Okay Africa 2710:29 December 2463:8 September 2286:. 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