29:
67:
79:
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to attempt to capture
Zangezur again. There was "hard evidence" that Azerbaijan planned to move against Zangezur on 25 March—days before the attack was set to occur, Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh rebelled against Azerbaijan with the aim of uniting themselves to Armenia, however, the uprising resulted
404:
That the
Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan pledge themselves to immediately appoint an equal number of delegates to meet in conference in Baku on Wednesday, 26 November, and to sojourn to Tiflis on 4 December, where the meetings of the conference will discuss all questions which are the cause of
400:
That the
Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan pledge themselves to settle all controversies, including boundaries, by means of peaceful agreements pending the decisions of the conference convened in the following paragraph. In case this is not possible, then to select a neutral party as arbiter,
408:
That this agreement becomes effective on the date of signing and becomes permanent when ratified by the parliaments of the two governments, and the prime ministers of
Armenia and Azerbaijan hereby bind their respective governments to faithfully support and carry out all the details of the above
273:. In March 1920, the local Armenians revolted with the support of Armenia, leading to the destruction of the Armenian quarter of Shusha—by April, Armenian forces were in control of the countryside, though were eventually ousted from the region by the
228:
Zangezur was under the control of a local
Armenian council in 1918 which successfully resisted Azerbaijani–Ottoman, and later Azerbaijani–British incursions until its incorporation into Armenia in 1919. In 1920, the region was invaded by units of the
256:
Nagorno-Karabakh, similarly to
Zangezur, was self-governed by its Armenian population since the collapse of Russian authority, however, its key city of Shusha was occupied by Azerbaijani–Ottoman forces in late 1918. After the Ottoman
791:
137:
322:
through the expulsion of tens of thousands of
Azerbaijanis, and destruction of tens of villages. These factors, coupled with the restrictions imposed by local Armenians on Muslim
209:
was established, lasting until its capitulation to
Armenian–British forces in May 1919. After two months of Armenian governance, the region fell again to local control during the
930:
102:
290:
294:
845:
397:
That the
Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan agree to take effective measures for repairing and re-opening, for peaceful traffic, the roads leading into Zangezur.
422:
was using artillery to plunder and destroy Muslim villages. On 11–12 March 1920, Azerbaijan dispatched to
Zangezur some ninety railway trucks of soldiers from
358:
launched a campaign to capture Zangezur on the dawn of 4 November 1919, confident in their success after subjugating the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh and the
159:
Despite the peace agreement, Azerbaijan in March 1920 again moved its forces westward to attempt to capture Zangezur, however, was stopped due to an Armenian
1146:
348:
441:
210:
218:
189:
over their territorial ambitions. The disputed regions were principally Nakhchivan, Zangezur, and Nagorno-Karabakh. Nakhchivan was occupied by the
28:
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832:
783:
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447:
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186:
180:
362:. Despite meeting success on all fronts and routing local forces, the Azerbaijanis suffered heavy casualties and retreated on 9 November.
405:
dispute or friction between the two Governments and will have full authority to settle all such questions by agreement or arbitration.
378:
of Azerbaijan under combined British and American diplomatic pressure signed a peace treaty under the auspices of foreign minister
949:
394:
That the government of Armenia and Azerbaijan pledge themselves to stop the present hostilities and not resort to force of arms.
270:
1079:
1052:
973:
943:
808:
401:
whose decisions, both governments agree to abide by, said neutral party for the present being col. James C. Rhea, U.S. Army.
1045:
From conflict to autonomy in the Caucasus: the Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh
1121:
185:
In 1918, after attaining independence from Russia, the newly established Armenian and Azerbaijani republics engaged in a
1033:
1007:
880:
858:
278:
265:
supplanted their forces in the region and in temporarily assigning Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan helped subjugate the
911:
784:"Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour, signed at Tiflis, 22 November 1919"
390:
describes the agreement as "basically a declaration of intent". The terms the two states agreed to were as follow:
448:
Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour, signed at Tiflis, 22 November 1919
1131:
242:
168:
1025:
999:
153:
133:
125:
1126:
238:
1151:
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As a result of the agreement, Azerbaijan withdrew its forces from Zangezur, however, alleged that the
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234:
121:
353:
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spread to Zangezur and remained active until July of that year when the rebels fled to neighbouring
1156:
214:
903:
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991:
387:
359:
868:
873:
The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920): On its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy
409:
agreement, in evidence of which they place their respective signatures to this agreement, …
375:
164:
83:
8:
1136:
371:
340:
258:
71:
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213:, not being retaken until July of the following year. Following the conclusion of the
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939:
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33:
Signing of the agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Tiflis on 23 November 1919
965:
311:
266:
206:
336:
160:
840:
315:
250:
237:, however, were mostly repelled. In early 1921, shortly after Armenia had been
198:
1062:
890:
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117:
Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour
22:
Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour
1115:
1089:
983:
921:
419:
319:
291:
Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) § Fight for Zangezur, November 1919
249:
after receiving assurances that the region "would become a permanent part of
190:
149:
328:
299:
106:
78:
145:
1022:
The Republic of Armenia: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920
295:
Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia in 1917–1921 § In Zangezur
344:
323:
303:
274:
230:
141:
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War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War
129:
66:
51:
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202:
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516:
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Following the British withdrawal from the South Caucasus, the
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The Republic of Armenia: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920
725:
723:
686:
684:
659:
657:
269:
to assent to Azerbaijani authority pending the result of the
932:
THE ISSUE OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH IN 1918-1920 AND GREAT BRITAIN
618:
128:
republics signed on 23 November 1919 in Tiflis (present-day
759:
596:
594:
423:
383:
246:
1072:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
846:
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
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681:
669:
654:
540:
261:
from the South Caucasus, the British under the command of
453:
332:
for Azerbaijan's campaign against Zangezur in late 1919.
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735:
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569:
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of Georgia and Colonel James Rhea of the United States.
482:
480:
343:
militias led by the brother of the Governor-General of
136:. The peace treaty came as a result of an unsuccessful
962:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
606:
579:
103:
Mutual Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan (1919)
642:
564:
552:
492:
875:. Fresno: The Press at California State University.
708:
477:
630:
528:
465:
326:taking their flocks into Zangezur, served as the
1113:
427:in the destruction of the Armenian quarter of
370:In Tiflis on 23 November 1919, prime minister
120:was a peace agreement between the short-lived
897:
867:
624:
546:
201:, however, after their withdrawal, the local
1016:
898:Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John, eds. (2012).
801:Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry
765:
522:
990:
729:
702:
690:
675:
663:
510:
277:. In 1921, the region was set to become an
1102:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
831:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
928:
753:
365:
318:brought about a "re-Armenianization" of
310:From 1918, Armenian partisan commanders
298:
284:
233:who sought to establish a link with the
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839:
648:
612:
600:
585:
573:
558:
534:
498:
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211:summer rebellions against Armenian rule
1114:
798:
794:from the original on 22 December 2022.
636:
1069:
959:
741:
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471:
1147:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
181:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
148:, in order to reach and support the
13:
14:
1168:
1142:Armenia–Azerbaijan peace process
97:
77:
65:
27:
788:Oxford Public International Law
775:
1026:University of California Press
1000:University of California Press
374:of Armenia and prime minister
1:
434:
174:
138:Azerbaijani military campaign
413:
7:
1070:Smele, Jonathan D. (2015).
152:in control of neighbouring
144:region controlled by local
10:
1173:
1122:Treaties concluded in 1919
288:
281:within Soviet Azerbaijan.
178:
1024:. Vol. 3. Berkeley:
998:. Vol. 2. Berkeley:
960:Hille, Charlotte (2010).
851:New York University Press
799:Broers, Laurence (2019).
625:Gerwarth & Horne 2012
96:
91:
58:
46:
38:
26:
1043:Saparov, Arsène (2014).
929:Gharibyan, Alik (2014).
1018:Hovannisian, Richard G.
992:Hovannisian, Richard G.
904:Oxford University Press
1132:Treaties of Azerbaijan
938:. Yerevan: YSU Press.
869:Der Matossian, Bedross
388:Richard G. Hovannisian
366:Terms of the agreement
360:Mughan Soviet Republic
307:
271:Paris Peace Conference
267:local Armenian council
217:, Nakhchivan became a
302:
285:Situation in Zangezur
1074:. Lanham, Maryland.
376:Nasib bey Yusifbeyli
235:Turkish Nationalists
215:Turkish–Armenian War
84:Nasib bey Yusifbeyli
50:Tiflis (present-day
16:1919 peace agreement
1127:Treaties of Armenia
955:on 13 October 2016.
744:, pp. 167–168.
705:, pp. 210–211.
525:, pp. 317–318.
462:, pp. 127–128.
372:Alexander Khatisian
349:Sultan bey Sultanov
72:Alexander Khatisian
23:
1152:1919 in Azerbaijan
547:Der Matossian 2020
308:
243:anti-Soviet revolt
167:and the country's
132:) and brokered by
21:
1081:978-1-4422-5281-3
1054:978-1-317-63783-7
975:978-90-474-4136-6
945:978-5-8084-1880-6
810:978-1-4744-5054-6
803:. Edinburgh, UK.
766:Hovannisian 1996a
603:, pp. 94–95.
523:Hovannisian 1996a
380:Evgeni Gegechkori
306:and his partisans
223:Soviet Azerbaijan
112:
111:
1164:
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948:. Archived from
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703:Hovannisian 1982
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691:Hovannisian 1982
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676:Hovannisian 1982
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664:Hovannisian 1982
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583:
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511:Hovannisian 1982
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
357:
337:Azerbaijani Army
312:Andranik Ozanian
207:Republic of Aras
165:Nagorno–Karabakh
101:
100:
82:
81:
70:
69:
42:23 November 1919
31:
24:
20:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
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1157:1919 in Armenia
1112:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1055:
1036:
1010:
976:
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946:
935:
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883:
861:
841:de Waal, Thomas
824:
823:
811:
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772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
736:
732:, pp. 223.
728:
721:
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709:
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697:
693:, pp. 217.
689:
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541:
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351:
297:
289:Main articles:
287:
263:General Thomson
183:
177:
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76:
64:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1170:
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1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1067:
1053:
1040:
1035:978-0520088030
1034:
1014:
1009:978-0520041868
1008:
988:
974:
957:
944:
926:
912:
895:
882:978-0912201672
881:
865:
860:978-0814719459
859:
837:
809:
796:
779:
777:
774:
771:
770:
768:, p. 149.
758:
756:, p. 226.
754:Gharibyan 2014
746:
734:
719:
717:, p. 167.
707:
695:
680:
678:, p. 239.
668:
666:, p. 213.
653:
641:
629:
627:, p. 179.
617:
615:, p. 111.
605:
590:
588:, p. 128.
578:
563:
551:
539:
527:
515:
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501:, p. 129.
491:
476:
474:, p. 135.
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412:
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410:
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398:
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367:
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316:Garegin Nzhdeh
286:
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251:Soviet Armenia
199:South Caucasus
179:Main article:
176:
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140:to absorb the
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1047:. Routledge.
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687:
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651:, p. 80.
650:
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621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
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587:
582:
576:, p. 94.
575:
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561:, p. 91.
560:
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549:, p. 49.
548:
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531:
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513:, p. 69.
512:
507:
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489:, p. 95.
488:
483:
481:
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440:
432:
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421:
420:Armenian army
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220:
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196:
193:during their
192:
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169:sovietisation
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147:
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127:
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108:
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62:
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57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1071:
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1021:
995:
961:
950:the original
931:
899:
872:
849:. New York:
844:
800:
787:
776:Bibliography
761:
749:
737:
710:
698:
671:
649:de Waal 2003
644:
639:, p. 4.
632:
620:
613:Saparov 2014
608:
601:Saparov 2014
586:de Waal 2003
581:
574:Saparov 2014
559:Saparov 2014
554:
542:
537:, p. 9.
535:Saparov 2014
530:
518:
506:
499:de Waal 2003
494:
487:Saparov 2014
467:
460:de Waal 2003
455:
443:
417:
369:
334:
327:
309:
255:
227:
219:protectorate
191:Ottoman army
187:two-year war
184:
158:
150:Azerbaijanis
116:
115:
113:
18:
637:Broers 2019
352: [
329:casus belli
205:-dominated
126:Azerbaijani
59:Signatories
1137:Ceasefires
1116:Categories
1063:1124532887
964:. Leiden:
902:. Oxford:
891:1162163551
819:1127546732
742:Hille 2010
715:Hille 2010
472:Smele 2015
435:References
386:historian
259:withdrawal
239:sovietised
175:Background
171:in April.
154:Nakhchivan
107:Wikisource
1098:cite book
1090:923010906
1020:(1996a).
984:668211543
922:827777835
827:cite book
414:Aftermath
324:shepherds
161:rebellion
146:Armenians
92:Full text
994:(1982).
871:(2020).
843:(2003).
792:Archived
345:Karabakh
320:Zangezur
304:Andranik
279:autonomy
275:Red Army
231:Red Army
195:invasion
142:Zangezur
122:Armenian
47:Location
341:Kurdish
197:of the
134:Georgia
130:Tbilisi
52:Tbilisi
1088:
1078:
1061:
1051:
1032:
1006:
982:
972:
942:
920:
910:
889:
879:
857:
817:
807:
429:Shusha
293:; and
203:Muslim
39:Signed
966:Brill
953:(PDF)
936:(PDF)
356:]
241:, an
1104:link
1086:OCLC
1076:ISBN
1059:OCLC
1049:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1004:ISBN
980:OCLC
970:ISBN
940:ISBN
918:OCLC
908:ISBN
887:OCLC
877:ISBN
855:ISBN
833:link
815:OCLC
805:ISBN
424:Baku
384:UCLA
339:and
314:and
247:Iran
124:and
114:The
253:."
221:of
163:in
105:at
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