241:
delta submerged by 1.5 meters of water at the peak of the flooding. This yearly flooding of the river is known as inundation. As the floodwaters receded in
October, farmers were left with well-watered and fertile soil in which to plant their crops. The soil left behind by the flooding is known as silt and was brought from Ethiopian Highlands by the Nile. Planting took place in October once the flooding was over, and crops were left to grow with minimal care until they ripened between the months of March and May. While the flooding of the Nile was much more predictable and calm than other rivers, such as the Tigris and Euphrates, it was not always perfect. High floodwaters were destructive and could destroy canals that were made for irrigation. Lack of flooding created a potentially greater issue because it left Egyptians suffering from famine.
546:
30:
2428:
2360:
1933:
250:
from certain areas, such as cities and gardens, to keep them from flooding. Irrigation was also used to provide drinking water to
Egyptians. Despite the fact that irrigation was crucial to their agricultural success, there were no statewide regulations on water control. Rather, irrigation was the responsibility of local farmers. However, the earliest and most famous reference to irrigation in Egyptian archaeology has been found on the mace head of the
200:
1945:
2312:
2416:
2349:
2380:
272:
2390:
1969:
2370:
1957:
263:
the floods came, the water would be trapped in the basins formed by the walls. This grid would hold water longer than it would have naturally stayed, allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting. Once the soil was fully watered, the floodwater that remained in the basin would basically be drained to another basin that was in need of more water.
638:
Although the Nile was directly responsible for either good or bad fortune experienced by the
Egyptians, they did not worship the Nile itself. Rather, they thanked specific gods for any good fortune. They did not have a name for the river and simply referred to it as "River". The term "Nile" is not of
240:
The
Egyptians took advantage of the natural cyclical flooding pattern of the Nile. Because this flooding happened fairly predictably, the Egyptians were able to develop their agricultural practices around it. The water levels of the river would rise in August and September, leaving the floodplain and
304:
generally took place further from the floodplain of the Nile, and as a result, they required much more work. The perennial irrigation required by gardens forced growers to manually carry water from either a well or the Nile to water their garden crops. Additionally, while the Nile brought silt which
249:
To make the best use of the waters of the Nile river, the
Egyptians developed systems of irrigation. Irrigation allowed the Egyptians to use the Nile's waters for a variety of purposes. Notably, irrigation granted them greater control over their agricultural practices. Floodwaters were diverted away
262:
Egyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation. This practice allowed them to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs. A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that the river would flood. When
135:
At
Farafra Oasis, a goat dated around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) was found in the Hidden Valley village. At Nabta Playa, remains of sheep/goat and cattle are present beginning about 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Yet goats and cattle are almost the only Neolithic elements from the Near East that the oasis
98:
The
African humid period was gradually coming to an end, and by about 6,000–5,000 years ago it was over. Well before that time, the migrating herders were going to other parts of Africa, but also coming to the Nile delta, where there were relatively few indications of agriculture before that.
124:. In Dakhleh, the Bashendi culture people were mobile herder-foragers during the African humid period. They lived in slab-built settlement sites, and open-air sites consisting of clusters of hearth mounds. Elsewhere in the Western Desert of Egypt, Bashendi-like groups have also inhabited the
232:
that flows from Uganda. While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two-thirds of the water volume of the river. The names of the tributaries derive from the color of the water that they carry. The tributaries come together in
54:
to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the
Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation. Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as
254:, which has been roughly dated to about 3100 BC. The mace head depicts the king cutting into a ditch that is part of a grid of basin irrigation. The association of the high-ranking king with irrigation highlights the importance of irrigation and Egypt.
819:
Tafuri, Mary Anne; Bentley, R. Alexander; Manzi, Giorgio; di Lernia, Savino (September 2006). "Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of
Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)".
630:
In ancient Egypt, religion was a highly important aspect of daily life. Many of the
Egyptians' religious observances were centered on their observations of the environment, the Nile, and agriculture. They used religion as a way to explain
105:, in particular, has been the subject of considerable recent research, and it supplies important evidence for early Egyptian agriculture. It could be considered typical of post-Pleistocene developments in Northeastern Africa in general.
657:. Despite the fact that inundation was crucial to their survival, Hapi was not considered to be a major god. He was depicted as an overweight figure who ironically made offerings of water and other products of abundance to
49:
and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the
79:, this was the area with rich vegetation, and the human population in the Sahara had increased considerably by about 8000 years BC. They lived by hunting and fishing in the local lakes, and by gathering wild
534:
was another important industrial crop that had several uses. Its primary use was in the production of rope, and for linen which was the Egyptians' principal material for making their clothing.
169:
are found in the Faiyum at the sites of Kom K and Kom W, dated ca. 4500-4200 BC. Plentiful pottery is found at these sites, but there is little evidence of permanent structures being built.
305:
naturally fertilized the valley, gardens had to be fertilized by pigeon manure. These gardens and orchards were generally used to grow vegetables, vines and fruit trees.
992:
Wendrich, W.; Taylor, R.E.; Southon, J. (2010). "Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic".
216:
The civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa. This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts, and the
925:
Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.).
672:
was also closely associated with the Nile and the fertility of the land. During inundation festivals, mud figures of Osiris were planted with barley.
403:
developed. Unlike cereals and pulses, fruit required more demanding and complex agricultural techniques, including the use of irrigation systems,
399:
Fruits were a common motif of Egyptian artwork, suggesting that their growth was also a major focus of agricultural efforts as the civilization's
2006:
1918:
1573:
1536:
136:
dwellers accepted. Other cultural developments, such as the lithic industry, originated locally, or at least from within Northeastern Africa.
1269:
17:
2032:
909:
158:
are here. Sheep at the site of Qasr El-Sagha is dated at 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), and sheep, goats, and cattle at 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).
478:
Egyptians relied on agriculture for more than just the production of food. They were creative in their use of plants, using them for
2104:
1886:
1830:
927:"New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"
2333:
2161:
665:
was never built specifically for Hapi, but he was worshipped as inundation began by making sacrifices and the singing of hymns.
2279:
1220:
Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library.
2393:
2151:
2146:
2027:
1788:
1999:
1818:
176:
is dated from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These peoples came to develop a fully agricultural economy. Also the site called
2116:
1973:
1208:
1133:
2269:
2037:
1262:
2458:
2448:
2432:
2301:
2247:
2099:
1866:
1851:
1846:
1623:
2373:
2274:
1913:
1908:
1856:
1603:
1175:
752:
White, Kevin H.; Bristow, Charlie S.; Armitage, Simon J.; Blench, Roger M.; Drake, Nick A. (11 January 2011).
2463:
2060:
2055:
1992:
1588:
1299:
2207:
2082:
1608:
681:
702:
Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.
180:, about 15 miles northwest from Cairo, is believed to be the earliest permanently occupied town in Egypt.
2291:
2254:
2202:
2121:
1593:
1255:
994:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
1048:
2406:
2141:
1633:
1568:
1395:
191:
in Upper Egypt, which are dated somewhat later. These were all agricultural cultures Farming systems.
2264:
2232:
2217:
2212:
2111:
2065:
1370:
625:
729:
2383:
2259:
2180:
2131:
1881:
1467:
1380:
1365:
1320:
1060:
319:
288:
1808:
1531:
1526:
1417:
1385:
400:
1158:
2453:
2363:
2296:
2136:
1876:
1861:
1803:
1798:
1553:
1484:
1477:
1294:
1289:
1240:
724:
109:
51:
2328:
1692:
1472:
1035:
132:, to the south. The Bashendi used sandstone grinders to grind local wild millet and sorghum.
33:
Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in ancient Egypt. Painting from the burial chamber of
1075:
2420:
2353:
2311:
2168:
2077:
2070:
1937:
1773:
1563:
1422:
1375:
1001:
938:
873:
765:
719:
Janick, Jules (June 2002). "Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture".
593:
456:
224:
and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has two main tributaries: the
76:
1112:
Janick, Jules (February 2005). "The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding".
545:
8:
2173:
2094:
1961:
1390:
589:
177:
142:
of Egypt also provides evidence for agriculture from about the same period. Domesticated
1005:
942:
877:
769:
754:"Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert"
29:
2227:
2190:
2089:
1949:
1871:
1697:
1613:
969:
926:
796:
753:
632:
460:
412:
211:
2185:
2126:
1944:
1541:
1514:
1462:
1432:
1204:
1129:
1017:
974:
956:
891:
837:
801:
783:
648:
609:
436:
428:
408:
336:. However, their diets revolved around several staple crops, especially cereals and
2242:
2156:
1778:
1736:
1628:
1519:
1427:
1412:
1121:
1089:
Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt".
1009:
964:
946:
881:
829:
791:
773:
738:
734:
577:
184:
1753:
1489:
1221:
1090:
951:
886:
861:
662:
654:
523:
416:
204:
173:
2222:
1709:
1200:
1013:
613:
597:
573:
507:
188:
1125:
833:
600:
from Syria were introduced to Egypt, and seem to have replaced earlier types.
2442:
2015:
1903:
1768:
1726:
1672:
1494:
1315:
1241:
Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years
1235:
1021:
960:
895:
841:
787:
653:
The Egyptians personified the inundation with the creation of the god called
411:
and training. While the first fruits cultivated by the Egyptians were likely
341:
251:
221:
125:
102:
42:
920:
918:
778:
518:
was an extremely versatile crop that grew wild and was also cultivated. The
419:, more fruits were introduced as other cultural influences were introduced.
2284:
1823:
1682:
1657:
1499:
1457:
1402:
1360:
978:
805:
567:
432:
301:
300:
were also developed in addition to field planting in the floodplains. This
283:, painting in the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener, early 14th century B.C.
139:
1813:
1748:
1731:
1704:
1677:
1662:
1638:
1509:
1350:
1278:
915:
452:
345:
162:
129:
1102:"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l
985:
2323:
1984:
1504:
1452:
1447:
1330:
527:
424:
369:
365:
229:
217:
84:
46:
862:"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"
199:
1714:
1442:
1049:
http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml
635:, such as the cyclical flooding of the Nile and agricultural yields.
503:
499:
483:
329:
225:
220:. The Nile is the longest river in the world, flowing northward from
72:
34:
271:
2195:
1407:
487:
479:
361:
234:
92:
71:
To the west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara was the home of several
237:
and branches again when it reaches Egypt, forming the Nile delta.
2237:
1763:
1719:
1687:
658:
550:
522:
of the plant were eaten as food, but it was primarily used as an
515:
495:
404:
393:
389:
324:
The Egyptians grew a variety of crops for consumption, including
293:
117:
88:
60:
1061:
http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm
572:
Ancient Egyptian cattle were of four principal different types:
1741:
1667:
1335:
1325:
669:
585:
381:
377:
357:
337:
297:
280:
166:
155:
121:
80:
1247:
1758:
924:
535:
463:
448:
444:
440:
420:
385:
373:
349:
333:
325:
143:
1159:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml
352:. Other staples for the majority of the population included
1649:
1437:
855:
853:
851:
818:
581:
531:
519:
511:
491:
467:
353:
276:
147:
113:
56:
751:
1076:
http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1
539:
151:
1074:
Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation".
848:
584:. The earliest evidence for cattle in Egypt is from the
494:
perhaps had the most varied purposes; they were used in
1047:"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "
910:
Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs.
83:
of the Sahara, that were abundant. The cereals such as
530:
of the plant was used to make boats, mats, and paper.
2404:
991:
549:
Scene showing the presentation of Egyptian cattle to
937:(10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e108517.
2440:
1070:
1068:
1034:William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017),
758:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1222:http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/
1091:http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html
506:. Over 2000 different species of flowering or
194:
112:. It lies 350 km (220 mi.) from the
2000:
1263:
1065:
473:
183:Merimde culture overlapped in time with the
66:
619:
2007:
1993:
1270:
1256:
1053:
1036:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture.
968:
950:
885:
795:
777:
728:
714:
712:
710:
708:
2014:
1214:
1085:
1083:
859:
616:and were used to mass produce chickens.
544:
455:were introduced to Egyptians during the
270:
198:
28:
1157:Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile."
912:Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5
687:
14:
2441:
1203:, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1111:
1041:
822:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
718:
705:
698:
696:
228:which originates in Ethiopia, and the
1988:
1251:
1189:
1105:
1096:
1080:
244:
2369:
1956:
486:practices, and in the production of
340:. Other major grains grown included
2389:
1968:
1163:
1142:
693:
257:
24:
1819:Environmental impact of irrigation
1059:Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works.”
95:were an important source of food.
25:
2475:
2117:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
2426:
2414:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2310:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1932:
1931:
538:was grown for the production of
2379:
1887:Agriculture and the environment
1624:British Agricultural Revolution
1277:
1229:
266:
1831:Climate change and agriculture
1604:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1028:
1000:(7–8). Elsevier BV: 999–1002.
902:
812:
745:
739:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1
308:
13:
1:
313:
1609:Arab Agricultural Revolution
952:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517
887:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100
860:McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016).
682:Land reform in ancient Egypt
556:
415:, such as the palm date and
108:Dakhleh Oasis is located in
18:Agriculture in ancient Egypt
7:
2302:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
2122:Population history of Egypt
1197:The Field Guide to Chickens
675:
608:Manmade incubators, called
603:
588:region, dating back to the
195:The Nile and Field Planting
10:
2480:
1569:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1014:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083
646:
623:
565:
474:Industrial and fiber crops
317:
286:
209:
2342:
2319:
2308:
2046:
2023:
1928:
1919:Universities and colleges
1895:
1839:
1787:
1648:
1552:
1537:Universities and colleges
1349:
1342:
1308:
1285:
1176:"Cattle in Ancient Egypt"
1126:10.1002/9780470650301.ch8
834:10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002
626:Ancient Egyptian religion
561:
67:Beginnings of agriculture
2433:Agriculture and agronomy
2354:Ancient Egypt portal
1904:Agriculturist profession
1381:Agricultural engineering
1366:Agricultural cooperative
908:Graham Chandler (2006),
872:. Elsevier BV: 181–197.
866:Quaternary International
620:Religion and agriculture
320:Ancient Egyptian cuisine
289:Gardens of ancient Egypt
1809:Agricultural wastewater
1532:Sustainable food system
1527:Sustainable agriculture
1418:Animal-free agriculture
1386:Agricultural technology
779:10.1073/pnas.1012231108
642:
401:agricultural technology
384:were grown, along with
2459:History of agriculture
2449:Agriculture by culture
1909:Agricultural machinery
1867:History of agriculture
1852:Agriculture by country
1847:Agricultural machinery
1804:Agricultural pollution
1799:Agricultural expansion
1574:Austronesian expansion
1485:Mechanised agriculture
1114:Plant Breeding Reviews
553:
502:and in the process of
470:were also introduced.
427:were found throughout
284:
207:
110:Western Desert (Egypt)
52:first groups of people
38:
2028:Glossary of artifacts
1914:Government ministries
1857:Agriculture companies
1693:Convertible husbandry
1371:Agricultural supplies
1321:Agricultural Engineer
624:Further information:
548:
274:
210:Further information:
202:
116:between the oases of
75:cultures. During the
32:
2464:Agriculture in Egypt
1564:Neolithic Revolution
1423:Cellular agriculture
1376:Agricultural science
688:Notes and references
459:. Later, during the
429:predynastic Egyptian
77:African humid period
45:was indebted to the
41:The civilization of
2174:Cursive hieroglyphs
1006:2010NIMPB.268..999W
943:2014PLoSO...9j8517L
878:2016QuInt.410..181M
770:2011PNAS..108..458D
612:, date back to the
590:fifth millennium BC
510:have been found in
482:, as part of their
431:sites, as were the
279:from the Temple of
178:Merimde Beni Salama
2147:Funerary practices
1698:Rotational grazing
1614:Columbian exchange
721:Acta Horticulturae
610:Egyptian egg ovens
554:
461:Greco-Roman period
285:
245:Irrigation systems
212:Geography of Egypt
208:
39:
2402:
2401:
2157:Great Royal Wives
2127:Prehistoric Egypt
1982:
1981:
1542:Urban agriculture
1515:Rice-duck farming
1463:Intensive farming
1433:Extensive farming
649:Egyptian pantheon
639:Egyptian origin.
633:natural phenomena
16:(Redirected from
2471:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2314:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1779:Wildlife farming
1629:Green Revolution
1580:Ancient history
1520:Rice-fish system
1428:Contract farming
1413:Animal husbandry
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1139:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1038:Routledge. p. 76
1032:
1026:
1025:
989:
983:
982:
972:
954:
922:
913:
906:
900:
899:
889:
857:
846:
845:
816:
810:
809:
799:
781:
749:
743:
742:
732:
716:
703:
700:
576:, short-horned,
348:, grown to make
258:Basin irrigation
185:Faiyum A culture
21:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2315:
2306:
2042:
2019:
2013:
1983:
1978:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1891:
1882:Poultry farming
1835:
1790:
1783:
1754:Poultry farming
1644:
1620:Modern history
1600:Post-classical
1548:
1547:
1546:
1490:Organic farming
1345:
1344:
1340:
1304:
1281:
1276:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1143:
1136:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1029:
990:
986:
923:
916:
907:
903:
858:
849:
817:
813:
750:
746:
730:10.1.1.693.7643
717:
706:
701:
694:
690:
678:
651:
645:
628:
622:
606:
570:
564:
559:
524:industrial crop
508:aromatic plants
498:, medicine, as
476:
435:, dom palm and
388:crops, such as
322:
316:
311:
291:
269:
260:
247:
214:
197:
187:, and with the
174:Merimde culture
69:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1710:Insect farming
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:Ancient Greece
1586:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1201:Voyageur Press
1188:
1162:
1141:
1134:
1104:
1095:
1079:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1027:
984:
914:
901:
847:
828:(3): 390–402.
811:
764:(2): 458–462.
744:
723:(583): 23–39.
704:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
677:
674:
644:
641:
621:
618:
614:4th century BC
605:
602:
598:zebuine cattle
596:, hump-backed
563:
560:
558:
555:
475:
472:
437:Christ's thorn
315:
312:
310:
307:
287:Main article:
268:
265:
259:
256:
246:
243:
196:
193:
189:Badari culture
161:As for crops,
68:
65:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Ancient Egypt
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2421:Ancient Egypt
2412:
2411:
2408:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Egyptologists
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2016:Ancient Egypt
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Meat industry
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Biotechnology
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1789:Environmental
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Sheep farming
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Dairy farming
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:Farming Types
1647:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Ancient Egypt
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:Paludiculture
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:Biotechnology
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Agriculturist
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:Jared Diamond
1234:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1209:0-7603-2473-5
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1135:9780470650301
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
911:
905:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
740:
736:
731:
726:
722:
715:
713:
711:
709:
699:
697:
692:
683:
680:
679:
673:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
650:
640:
636:
634:
627:
617:
615:
611:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:einkorn wheat
339:
335:
331:
327:
321:
306:
303:
299:
295:
290:
282:
278:
273:
264:
255:
253:
252:Scorpion King
242:
238:
236:
231:
227:
223:
222:Lake Victoria
219:
213:
206:
201:
192:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
126:Farafra Oasis
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
103:Dakhleh Oasis
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
62:
58:
53:
48:
44:
43:ancient Egypt
36:
31:
27:
19:
2056:Architecture
2050:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1824:Overdrafting
1683:Goat farming
1594:Ancient Rome
1583:
1500:Permaculture
1458:Horticulture
1403:Agroforestry
1361:Agribusiness
1239:
1230:Bibliography
1216:
1196:
1195:Percy, Pam.
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1117:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1055:
1043:
1030:
997:
993:
987:
934:
930:
904:
869:
865:
825:
821:
814:
761:
757:
747:
720:
667:
652:
637:
629:
607:
571:
568:Cattle count
477:
433:sycamore fig
398:
360:, and later
323:
302:horticulture
292:
267:Horticulture
261:
248:
239:
215:
182:
171:
160:
140:Faiyum Oasis
138:
134:
107:
101:
97:
70:
40:
37:, c. 1200 BC
26:
2394:WikiProject
2208:Mathematics
2169:Hieroglyphs
2083:Portraiture
2051:Agriculture
2038:Main topics
1974:Wikiproject
1814:Overgrazing
1749:Pig farming
1732:Paddy field
1705:Hydroponics
1678:Fur farming
1663:Aquaculture
1658:Agrivoltaic
1639:Monoculture
1560:Prehistory
1510:Polyculture
1331:Farm worker
1309:Occupations
1279:Agriculture
1178:. Ucl.ac.uk
1120:: 255–320.
594:New Kingdom
574:long-horned
457:New Kingdom
453:pomegranate
409:propagation
346:emmer wheat
309:Crops grown
275:Gardens of
203:The Nile's
163:emmer wheat
130:Nabta Playa
2443:Categories
2324:Egyptology
2292:Technology
2255:Philosophy
2203:Literature
2095:Chronology
1840:Categories
1505:Plantation
1453:Free range
1448:Feed ratio
1182:2016-09-09
647:See also:
566:See also:
425:watermelon
413:indigenous
372:, such as
370:Root crops
366:fava beans
330:vegetables
318:See also:
314:Food crops
230:White Nile
218:River Nile
85:brachiaria
47:Nile River
2228:Mythology
2152:Geography
2142:Dynasties
2090:Astronomy
1872:Livestock
1715:Livestock
1443:Farmhouse
1022:0168-583X
961:1932-6203
896:1040-6182
842:0278-4165
788:1091-6490
725:CiteSeerX
592:. In the
557:Livestock
504:embalming
500:cosmetics
484:religious
362:chickpeas
226:Blue Nile
205:watershed
73:Neolithic
35:Sennedjem
2364:Category
2285:District
2280:Capitals
2265:Religion
2248:Titulary
2238:Pharaohs
2218:Military
2213:Medicine
2196:Hieratic
2186:Language
2112:Clothing
2066:Obelisks
1938:Category
1764:Orchards
1737:Pastoral
1408:Agronomy
979:25310283
931:PLOS ONE
806:21187416
676:See also
668:The god
659:pharaohs
604:Chickens
488:clothing
480:medicine
382:radishes
294:Orchards
235:Khartoum
93:urochloa
2407:Portals
2384:Outline
2374:Commons
2334:Museums
2270:Scribes
2260:Pottery
2191:Demotic
2181:History
2132:Cuisine
2061:Revival
1962:Commons
1774:Terrace
1720:Pasture
1688:Grazing
1634:Organic
1554:History
1468:animals
1391:Digital
1351:General
1295:History
1290:Outline
1244:, 1997.
1002:Bibcode
970:4195595
939:Bibcode
874:Bibcode
797:3021035
766:Bibcode
582:zebuine
551:Nebamun
516:Papyrus
496:cooking
464:peaches
417:sorghum
405:cloning
394:parsley
390:lettuce
358:lentils
298:gardens
118:Farafra
89:sorghum
81:cereals
61:papyrus
2233:People
2100:Cities
2018:topics
1950:Portal
1791:impact
1742:Bocage
1668:Cattle
1336:Herder
1326:Farmer
1207:
1132:
1020:
977:
967:
959:
894:
840:
804:
794:
786:
727:
670:Osiris
663:temple
586:Faiyum
578:polled
562:Cattle
526:. The
439:. The
421:Grapes
378:garlic
374:onions
338:barley
334:fruits
326:grains
281:Karnak
167:barley
156:cattle
154:, and
128:, and
122:Kharga
2297:Trade
2275:Sites
2223:Music
2137:Dance
2071:Pylon
2033:Index
1896:Lists
1759:Ranch
1727:Mixed
1478:crops
1300:Index
536:Henna
520:roots
512:tombs
492:Herbs
468:pears
449:apple
445:olive
441:carob
386:salad
354:beans
350:bread
148:goats
144:sheep
2243:List
2162:List
2105:List
1473:pigs
1438:Farm
1205:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1018:ISSN
975:PMID
957:ISSN
892:ISSN
838:ISSN
802:PMID
784:ISSN
661:. A
655:Hapi
643:Gods
580:and
532:Flax
528:stem
466:and
451:and
423:and
392:and
380:and
364:and
344:and
332:and
296:and
277:Amun
172:The
165:and
152:pigs
120:and
114:Nile
91:and
59:and
57:flax
2078:Art
1122:doi
1010:doi
998:268
965:PMC
947:doi
882:doi
870:410
830:doi
792:PMC
774:doi
762:108
735:doi
540:dye
2445::
1238:,
1199:,
1165:^
1144:^
1128:.
1118:25
1116:.
1082:^
1067:^
1016:.
1008:.
996:.
973:.
963:.
955:.
945:.
933:.
929:.
917:^
890:.
880:.
868:.
864:.
850:^
836:.
826:25
824:.
800:.
790:.
782:.
772:.
760:.
756:.
733:.
707:^
695:^
542:.
514:.
490:.
447:,
443:,
407:,
396:.
376:,
368:.
356:,
328:,
150:,
146:,
87:,
63:.
2409::
2008:e
2001:t
1994:v
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1211:.
1185:.
1138:.
1124::
1093:.
1024:.
1012::
1004::
981:.
949::
941::
935:9
898:.
884::
876::
844:.
832::
808:.
776::
768::
741:.
737::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
