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September 1945 the
Japanese government offered to provide material for 300,000 small temporary houses to evacuees, but the emphasis of its policies in this year and 1946 was to stop people returning to the damaged cities. The reconstruction of 115 cities began in 1946, and this work was conducted in line with guidelines developed by the Japanese government. The Allied occupation authorities were not involved in the urban rebuilding effort, but allowed this work to go ahead despite criticizing it as inappropriate to Japan's status as a defeated country. Requisitions of land and buildings for use by the occupation force and a requirement that the Japanese government prioritize the construction of housing for the Allied troops interfered with reconstruction, however. In many cities rebuilding was accompanied by a process of land readjustment which sought to improve the urban layout, though the success of both such readjustment and rebuilding programs varied between locations. Overall, most of the new buildings constructed were of poor quality, and it was not until well after the war that major
1964:
Japanese forces; the majority of the losses were due to flying accidents. The attacks had a limited impact on
Japanese civilian morale but forced the Japanese military to reinforce the home islands' air defenses at the expense of other areas. These results did not justify the large allocation of Allied resources to the operation, however. Moreover, the diversion of some supply aircraft flown between India and China to support XX Bomber Command's efforts may have prevented the Fourteenth Air Force from undertaking more effective operations against Japanese positions and shipping. The official history of the USAAF judged that the difficulty of transporting adequate supplies to India and China was the most important factor behind the failure of Operation Matterhorn, though technical problems with the B-29s and the inexperience of their crews also hindered the campaign. The adverse weather conditions common over Japan also limited the effectiveness of the Superfortresses, as crews that managed to reach their target were often unable to bomb accurately due to high winds or cloud cover.
3018:
3205:. As a result, few of the subsequent Allied raids were intercepted. The effectiveness of Japanese anti-aircraft batteries also decreased during 1945 as the collapse of the national economy led to severe shortages of ammunition. Moreover, as the anti-aircraft guns were mainly stationed near major industrial areas, many of the raids on small cities were almost unopposed. Imperial General Headquarters decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June, but by this time there were too few fighters available for this change of tactics to have any effect. The number of fighters assigned to the Air General Army peaked at just over 500 during June and July, but most frontline units had relatively few serviceable aircraft. During the last weeks of the war Superfortresses were able to operate with near impunity owing to the weakness of the Japanese air defenses; LeMay later claimed that during this period "it was safer to fly a combat mission over Japan than it was to fly a B-29 training mission back in the United States".
3053:, sinking three small warships and 12 merchant vessels, before the fleet sailed east to avoid a typhoon and replenish its supplies. Its next attacks against Japan took place on 9 and 10 August, and were directed at a buildup of Japanese aircraft in northern Honshu which Allied intelligence believed were to be used to conduct a commando raid against the B-29 bases in the Marianas. The naval aviators claimed to have destroyed 251 aircraft in their attacks on 9 August and damaged a further 141. On 13 August, TF 38's aircraft attacked the Tokyo region again and claimed to have destroyed 254 Japanese aircraft on the ground and 18 in the air. Another raid was launched against Tokyo on the morning of 15 August, and the 103 aircraft of its first wave attacked their targets. The second wave aborted its attack when word was received that Japan had agreed to surrender. Several Japanese aircraft were shot down while attempting to attack TF 38 later that day, however.
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bombing caused to Japan's economy, however, as the Allied naval blockade also contributed to general breakdown which occurred from late 1944. Statistics compiled by the USSBS show a correlation between the number of B-29 sorties directed at different industries and the amount by which their production declined, but air attacks were not the only reason for these differences. In addition to the heavy bomber attacks, the operations by Allied aircraft carriers tightened the blockade by disrupting
Japanese coastal shipping; the naval aircraft were unable to carry enough bombs to seriously damage Japanese industrial plants, however. Compounding the effects of the air attacks, Japan's rice crop of 1945 failed. The resulting shortage of rice caused widespread malnutrition, and mass starvation would have occurred had the war continued. In financial terms, the Allied air campaign and attacks on merchant ships destroyed between one third and a quarter of Japan's wealth.
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factory in Tokyo on 10 August. The next day, President Truman ordered a halt to the bombing due to the possibility that it would be interpreted as a sign that the peace negotiations had failed. On 11 August, Spaatz issued a new targeting directive for any renewed attacks that reduced the emphasis on bombing cities in favor of intensified attacks on transport infrastructure. On 13 August, B-29s dropped copies of the
Japanese government's conditional offer to surrender over Japanese cities. Negotiations appeared to be stalled, and on 14 August Spaatz received orders to resume the bombing campaign. Arnold requested the largest attack possible, and hoped that USASTAF could dispatch 1,000 aircraft against the Tokyo region and other locations in Japan. In fact, 828 B-29s escorted by 186 fighters (for a total of 1,014 aircraft) were dispatched; during the day precision raids were made against targets at Iwakuni, Osaka and Tokoyama and at night the cities of
2869:
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2462:; 300,000 houses were destroyed in Osaka. This attack marked the end of the first phase of XXI Bomber Command's attack on Japan's cities. During May and June the bombers had destroyed much of the country's six largest cities, killing between 112,000 and 126,762 people and rendering millions homeless. The widespread destruction and high number of casualties from these raids caused many Japanese to realize that their country's military was no longer able to defend the home islands. American losses were low compared to Japanese casualties; 136 B-29s were downed during the campaign. In Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, and Kawasaki, "over 126,762 people were killed ... and a million and a half dwellings and over 105 square miles (270 km) of urban space were destroyed." In Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, "the areas leveled (almost 100 square miles (260 km)) exceeded the areas
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3788:. While conventional attacks inflicted more damage and casualties on Japan than the atomic bombs, discussions of the air campaign have been focused on the use of nuclear weapons. Shortly after the atomic bombings an opinion poll found that about 85 percent of Americans supported the use of atomic weapons, and the wartime generation believed that they had saved millions of lives. Criticisms over the decision to use the bombs have increased over time, however. Arguments made against the attacks include that Japan would have eventually surrendered and that the attacks were made to either intimidate the Soviet Union or justify the Manhattan Project. In 1994, an opinion poll found that 55 percent of Americans supported the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. When registering the only dissenting opinion of the judges involved in the
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2082:, was made against the Musashino aircraft plant in the outskirts of Tokyo on 24 November 1944. Only 24 of the 111 B-29s dispatched attacked the primary target, and the others bombed port facilities as well as industrial and urban areas. The Americans were intercepted by 125 Japanese fighters but only one B-29 was shot down. This attack caused some damage to the aircraft plant and further reduced Japanese civilians' confidence in the country's air defenses. In response, the IJAAF and IJN stepped up their air attacks on B-29 bases in the Mariana Islands from 27 November; these raids continued until January 1945 and resulted in the destruction of 11 Superfortresses and damage to another 43 for the loss of probably 37 Japanese aircraft. The IJA also began launching
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the B-29s, however. Many of Japan's major harbors, including those of Tokyo, Yokohama and Nagoya, became closed to shipping. During the last weeks of the war, B-29s continued to drop large numbers of mines off Japan and the campaign was expanded into Korean waters. The 313th Bombardment Wing lost only 16 B-29s during mine-laying operations. Overall, mines dropped by
Superfortresses off the home islands sank 293 ships, which represented 9.3 percent of all Japanese merchant shipping destroyed during the Pacific War and 60 percent of losses between April and August 1945. Following the war, the USSBS assessed that the Twentieth Air Force should have placed a greater emphasis on attacking Japanese shipping given the effectiveness of these attacks.
2522:
314:
303:
292:
281:
270:
259:
2499:(USSBS) team, which was assessing the effectiveness of air attacks on Germany, that operations against Japan should focus on the country's transportation network and other targets with the goal of crippling the movement of goods and destroying food supplies. LeMay's plan called for precision attacks on important industrial targets on days when the weather over Japan was clear and incendiary attacks guided by radar on overcast days. As both the cities and industrial facilities targeted were relatively small, the B-29 force would be sent against multiple locations on days in which attacks were conducted. This targeting policy, which was labeled the "Empire Plan", remained in force until the last days of the war.
2049:
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2518:, Mizushima and Akashi in southern Honshu. Most of the factories targeted were badly damaged. Four days later, 510 B-29s escorted by 148 P-51s were sent against nine factories in southern Honshu and Shikoku. Heavy clouds over the region meant that many bombers attacked targets of opportunity individually or in small groups, and little damage was done to the raid's intended targets. Cloudy weather prevented any further large-scale precision attacks until 24 July, when 625 B-29s were dispatched against seven targets near Nagoya and Osaka. Four of the factories attacked suffered heavy damage. Renewed cloudy weather prevented any further Empire Plan precision attacks in the last weeks of the war.
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area attacks. In late
December 1944 Arnold decided to relieve Hansell of his command. Seeing LeMay's success in improving XX Bomber Command's performance, Arnold thought LeMay could solve the problems at XXI Bomber Command, and replaced Hansell with him. Hansell was informed of Arnold's decision on 6 January, but remained in his position until mid-January. During this period, XXI Bomber Command conducted unsuccessful precision bombing attacks on the Musashino aircraft plant in Tokyo and a Mitsubishi Aircraft Works factory in Nagoya on 9 and 14 January respectively. The last attack planned by Hansell was more successful, however: a force of 77 B-29s crippled a
1436:
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Superfortress was shot down during this attack, and all members of its crew were rescued after the aircraft ditched into the sea. This raid marked the end of the first firebombing campaign as XXI Bomber
Command had exhausted its supplies of incendiary bombs. The Command's next major operation was an unsuccessful night precision attack on the Mitsubishi aircraft engine factory conducted on the night of 23/24 March; during this operation five of the 251 aircraft dispatched were shot down. B-29s also began to drop propaganda leaflets over Japan during March. These leaflets called on Japanese civilians to overthrow their government or face destruction.
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Nevertheless, 458 heavy bombers and 27 P-51s reached the city and the bombardment killed 3,960 Japanese and destroyed 3.15 square miles (8.2 km) of buildings. On 5 June 473 B-29s struck Kobe by day and destroyed 4.35 square miles (11.3 km) of buildings for the loss of 11 bombers. A force of 409 B-29s attacked Osaka again on 7 June; during this attack 2.21 square miles (5.7 km) of buildings were burnt out and the
Americans did not suffer any losses. Osaka was bombed for the fourth time in the month on 15 June when 444 B-29s destroyed 1.9 square miles (4.9 km) of the city and another 0.59 square miles (1.5 km) of nearby
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a strong defense that downed two
Superfortresses and damaged another 64; another eight B-29s were lost to other causes. The Americans claimed 18 Japanese fighter "kills" as well as another 30 "probables" and 16 damaged. Nagoya was attacked again by 457 B-29s on the night of 16 May, and the resulting fires destroyed 3.82 square miles (9.9 km) of the city. Japanese defenses were much weaker by night, and the three bombers lost in this attack crashed due to mechanical problems. The two raids on Nagoya killed 3,866 Japanese and rendered another 472,701 homeless. On 19 May 318 B-29s conducted an unsuccessful precision bombing raid on the
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1874:. A small number of sophisticated shelters were constructed for air defense headquarters and to protect key telephone facilities. However, less than two percent of civilians had access to bombproof air-raid shelters, though tunnels and natural caves were also used to protect civilians from B-29 raids. Following the outbreak of war, the Home Ministry expanded the number of firefighters, though these generally remained volunteers who lacked adequate training and equipment. Civilians were also trained to fight fires and encouraged to swear an "air defense oath" to respond to attacks from incendiary or high explosive bombs.
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225:
214:
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192:
181:
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Arnold's targeting directive for XXI Bomber
Command, which specified that urban areas were to be accorded the second-highest priority for attacks after aircraft factories. The directive also stated that firebombing raids should be conducted once M-69 bombs had been tested in combat and the number of B-29s available was sufficient to launch an intensive campaign. LeMay did not seek Arnold's specific approval before launching his firebombing campaign, however, to protect the USAAF commander from criticism if the attacks were unsuccessful. The Twentieth Air Force's Chief of Staff, Brigadier General
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justifications for authorizing the surrender. To achieve this, the American Twentieth Strategic Air Force, in concert with its Allies, dropped 160,800 tons of bombs on the Japanese home islands. Of this total, 147,000 tons of bombs were dropped by the B-29 bomber force. Around 90 percent of the American tonnage fell in the last five months of the war. The financial cost of the campaign to the United States was $ 4 billion; this expenditure was much lower than the $ 30 billion spent on bomber operations in Europe, and a small proportion of the $ 330 billion the US Government spent on the war.
109:
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149:
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a million lost their homes; postwar estimates of deaths in this attack have ranged from 80,000 to 100,000. Damage to Tokyo's war production was also substantial. Japanese opposition to this attack was relatively weak; 14 B-29s were destroyed as a result of combat or mechanical faults and a further 42 damaged by anti-aircraft fire. Following the attack on Tokyo, the Japanese government ordered the evacuation of all schoolchildren in the third to sixth grades from the main cities, and 87 percent of them had departed to the countryside by early April.
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2898:. The actual Japanese aircraft losses in this operation are uncertain, however; the Imperial General Headquarters admitted losing 78 aircraft in dogfights and did not provide a figure for those destroyed on the ground. TF 58's ships were not attacked during this period in Japanese waters, and on 18 February sailed south to provide direct support to the landings on Iwo Jima. The Task Force attempted a second raid against the Tokyo area on 25 February, but this operation was frustrated by bad weather. The American ships sailed south, and attacked
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45:
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their losses as 161 of the 191 aircraft they committed in the air and an unspecified number on the ground. From 23 March, TF 58 conducted strikes against Okinawa, though its aircraft made further sweeps of Kyushu on 28 and 29 March. Following the landing on 1 April, TF 58 provided air defense for the naval force off Okinawa and regularly conducted patrols over Kyushu. In an attempt to stem the large-scale Japanese air attacks against the Allied ships, part of TF 58 struck at kamikaze aircraft bases on Kyushu and
2783:. On the night of 6/7 July the 315th Bombardment Wing destroyed the Maruzen oil refinery near Osaka, and three nights later it completed the destruction of the Utsube refinery. The wing had conducted 15 operations against Japanese oil facilities by the end of the war. During these attacks it destroyed six of the nine targets attacked for the loss of four B-29s. However, as Japan had almost no crude oil to refine due to the Allied naval blockade of the home islands these raids had little impact on the country's war effort.
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134:
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3375:" atomic bomb over the center of the city. The resulting explosion killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed about 4.7 square miles (12 km) of buildings. The six American aircraft involved in this attack returned safely to the Marianas. Postwar estimates of casualties from the attack on Hiroshima range from 35,000 to 50,000 fatalities and 69,000 to 151,000 injured. More subsequently died as a result of radiation and other injuries. Of the survivors of the bombing, 171,000 were rendered homeless.
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aircraft, but the two forces often operated separately. On 10 July TF 38's aircraft conducted raids on airfields in the Tokyo region, destroying several aircraft on the ground. No Japanese fighters were encountered in the air, however, as they were being kept in reserve for a planned large-scale suicide attack on the Allied fleet. Following this raid TF 38 steamed north, and began a major attack on Hokkaido and northern Honshu on 14 July. These strikes continued the next day, and sank 8 of the 12
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gun range, the well-built B-29s were often able to sustain large amounts of damage. Due to the difficulty of intercepting and downing B-29s, the Japanese fighter pilots increasingly perceived their efforts as being futile. From August 1944 Japanese aircraft occasionally conducted suicide ramming attacks on B-29s, and several specialized kamikaze fighter units were established in October; by the end of the war, ramming tactics had destroyed nine B-29s and damaged another 13 for the loss of 21 fighters.
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were destroyed. The cities were almost undefended and no B-29s were lost to Japanese actions. This operation was judged a success, and set the pattern for XXI Bomber Command's firebombing attacks until the end of the war. As the campaign continued and the most important cities were destroyed, the bombers were sent against smaller and less significant cities. On most nights that raids were conducted, four cities were attacked, each by a wing of bombers. Two-wing operations were conducted against
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both fighters and bombers, and the city of Kagoshima was frequently bombed. Seventh Air Force B-24 Liberators also bombed the railway terminals in the port of Nagasaki on 31 July and 1 August. While these raids were focused on tactical targets, the Okinawa-based aircraft made several strategic attacks against industrial facilities; these included an unsuccessful raid on a coal liquefaction plant at Ōmuta on 7 August. Bombers of the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces also made firebombing attacks against
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developing strategies for the air campaign against Japan, developed plans for a two-stage campaign against 22 Japanese cities. The JTG also recommended that precision bombing attacks on particularly important industrial facilities continue in parallel to the area raids, however. While this campaign was intended to form part of preparations for the Allied invasion of Japan, LeMay and some members of Arnold's staff believed that it alone would be sufficient to force the country's surrender.
3761:, who served as an officer in the Army Air Forces under General Curtis LeMay during the bombings of Japan, LeMay once said that had the United States lost the war they would have been tried for war crimes, McNamara agrees with this assessment. McNamara believed that, "He (LeMay), and I'd say I, were behaving as war criminals." and that "LeMay recognized that what he was doing would be thought immoral if his side had lost. But what makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win?"
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until 20 September. During this period the B-29s flew almost 1,000 sorties and delivered close to 4,500 tons of supplies. Eight aircraft crashed during these missions and another was damaged by a Soviet fighter over Korea. The 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, which had operated over Japan throughout the bombing campaign, also continued its photo reconnaissance and mapping flights over the home islands during this period. While Spaatz ordered that B-29s and fighters fly continuous
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in urban areas. The planners estimated that incendiary bomb attacks on Japan's six largest cities could cause physical damage to almost 40 percent of industrial facilities and result in the loss of 7.6 million man-months of labor. It was also estimated that these attacks would kill over 500,000 people, render about 7.75 million homeless and force almost 3.5 million to be evacuated. The USAAF tested the effectiveness of incendiary bombs on Japanese-style buildings at
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industrial areas frequently intercepted American air raids between 24 November 1944 and 25 February 1945, and inflicted significant losses for a period. The number of fighters available declined from late January, however. Poor coordination between the IJAAF and IJN also continued to hamper Japan's defensive efforts throughout this period. The Americans suffered few losses from Japanese fighters during the night raids which were conducted from March 1945 until the end of the war.
1841:). By late June the air defense units in the home islands were assigned 260 fighters, and could draw on approximately 500 additional aircraft during emergencies. Additional anti-aircraft gun batteries and searchlight units were also established to protect major cities and military bases. The GDC's authority was strengthened when the army units in the Eastern, Central and Western military districts were placed under its command in May. The IJN defensive fighter units stationed at
2118:. The first two of these attacks on 13 and 18 December used precision bombing tactics, and damaged the city's aircraft plants. The third raid was a daylight incendiary attack which was conducted after the Twentieth Air Force directed that 100 B-29s armed with M-69 bombs be dispatched against Nagoya to test the effectiveness of these weapons on a Japanese city. Hansell protested this order, as he believed that precision attacks were starting to produce results and moving to
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2075:; this was the first American aircraft to fly over the city since the Doolittle Raid. Further F-13 sorties were conducted during early November to gather intelligence on aircraft factories and port facilities in the Tokyo–Yokosuka area. The F-13s were generally able to evade the heavy anti-aircraft fire they attracted and the large numbers of Japanese fighters that were scrambled to intercept them as they flew at both high speed and high altitude.
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initially fiercely contested, from early July onwards they encountered little opposition as the Japanese aircraft were withdrawn so that they could be preserved for later operations. Between 1 and 13 July, the Americans flew 286 medium and heavy bomber sorties over Kyushu without loss. As the fighters met few Japanese aircraft, they were mainly used to attack transportation infrastructure and targets of opportunity; these included at least two
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3259:("Military Police Corps"). For instance, 33 American airmen were killed by IJA personnel at Fukuoka, including 15 who were beheaded shortly after the Japanese Government's intention to surrender was announced on 15 August. Mobs of civilians also killed several Allied airmen before the Japanese military arrived to take the men into custody. In addition to these killings, most captured B-29 crewmen were brutally interrogated by the Kempeitai.
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kept copies of these leaflets. On the night of 27/28 July, six B-29s dropped leaflets over 11 Japanese cities warning that they would be attacked in the future; this was intended to lower the morale of Japanese civilians and convince them that the United States was seeking to minimize civilian casualties. As these cities were very weakly defended, the warnings did not increase the risks facing the American bomber forces. Six of the cities (
2413:. XXI Bomber Command made further large-scale firebombing attacks against Tokyo on the nights of 23 and 25 May. In the first of these raids 520 B-29s destroyed 5.3 square miles (14 km) of southern Tokyo with 17 aircraft lost and 69 damaged. The second attack involved 502 B-29s and destroyed 16.8 square miles (44 km) of the city's central area, including the headquarters of several key government ministries and much of the
1573:. These leaflets did not have any effect on Japanese civilians, but demonstrated that China could potentially conduct small scale air attacks on the area. The Japanese military later incorrectly concluded that the ROCAF had aircraft capable of mounting attacks at a range of 1,300 miles (2,100 km) from their bases, and took precautions against potential raids on western Japan when Chinese forces launched an offensive during 1939.
2510:; both facilities were badly damaged. A single group of Superfortresses also attempted to bomb a Kawasaki Aircraft Industries factory at Akashi but accidentally struck a nearby village instead. The next day, XXI Bomber Command bombers escorted by 107 P-51s successfully attacked six different factories in the Tokyo Bay region. Precision bombing raids were also conducted on 22 June, when 382 B-29s attacked six targets at Kure,
3049:, sinking an aircraft carrier, three battleships, two heavy cruisers, a light cruiser and several other warships. Most of the surviving large warships of the Japanese navy were sunk in this attack. A force of 79 USAAF Liberators flying from Okinawa participated in this attack on 28 July. Allied casualties in this operation were heavy, however, as 126 aircraft were shot down. On 29 and 30 July the carrier aircraft struck at
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Yawata, and by October, 375 aircraft were assigned to the three air defense air divisions. These divisions remained at about this strength until March 1945. Arnold relieved XX Bomber Command's commander, Brigadier General Kenneth Wolfe, shortly after the raid on Yawata when he was unable to make follow-up attacks on Japan due to insufficient fuel stockpiles at the bases in China. Wolfe's replacement was Major General
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2011, the Osaka District Court handed down a similar ruling, adding that the government did not violate its constitution in its treatment of bombing victims. This judgement stated that there had not been "unreasonable disparity" in how civilians, soldiers, and atomic bomb survivors were treated, and that the government had showed "no gross deviation from its discretionary right in not legislating for redress measures".
1948:
raid against Ōmura on 25 October destroyed the city's small aircraft factory, though a follow-up raid on 11 November ended in failure. The city was attacked again by 61 B-29s on 21 November and by 17 bombers on 19 December. XX Bomber Command made its ninth and final raid on Japan on 6 January 1945 when 28 B-29s once again struck Ōmura. During the same period the command conducted a number of attacks on targets in
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operations and complicated the process of launching and recovering the bombers. By March 1945 the USAAF's commanders were highly concerned about the failure of the campaigns mounted from China and the Mariana Islands, and believed that the results to date made it difficult to justify the high costs of the B-29 program and also threatened their goal of demonstrating the effectiveness of independent air power.
3201:, but by this time the fighter force's effectiveness had been greatly reduced due to high rates of casualties in training accidents and combat. Due to the poor standard of the remaining pilots and the deployment of P-51 Mustangs to escort B-29s, the Japanese leadership decided in April to withdraw their remaining fighters from combat. These aircraft were placed in reserve to counterattack the anticipated
2099:, specifically developed to damage Japanese urban areas. The aircraft plant was attacked on 27 November and 3 December and was only lightly damaged as high winds and clouds prevented accurate bombing. The incendiary raid conducted on the night of 29/30 November by 29 Superfortresses burnt out one tenth of a square mile, and was also judged to be unsuccessful by the Twentieth Air Force's headquarters.
2263:—was carried out against Tokyo on the night of 9/10 March, and proved to be the single most destructive air raid of the war. XXI Bomber Command mounted a maximum effort, and on the afternoon of 9 March 346 B-29s left the Marianas bound for Tokyo. They began to arrive over the city at 2:00 am Guam time on 10 March, and 279 bombers dropped 1,665 tons of bombs. The raid caused a massive
1499:(IJN) fighter aircraft, many of which were obsolete, as well as 500 Army-manned and 200 IJN anti-aircraft guns. Most of the IJAAF and IJN formations in the home islands were training units which had only a limited ability to counter Allied attacks. The Army also operated a network of military and civilian observation posts to provide warning of air attack and was in the process of building
3239:. There was, however, no international treaty or instrument protecting a civilian population specifically from attack by aircraft at the time. As a result of the cabinet directions, captured Allied airmen were subject to trial and possible execution. The frequency of such executions differed between military districts, however. While no airmen were executed in the Tōbu district (eastern
2994:, including 70 out of the 272 small sailing ships which carried coal between the islands. Once again no Japanese aircraft opposed this attack, though 25 were destroyed on the ground. The loss of the train ferries reduced the amount of coal shipped from Hokkaido to Honshu by 80 percent, which greatly hindered production in Honshu's factories. Cities on Hokkaido such as Hakodate,
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of Tokyo, 3.6 square miles (9.3 km) of Kawasaki and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km) of Yokohama for the loss of 12 bombers. On 24 April the Tachikawa aircraft engine factory at Yamato near Tokyo was destroyed by 131 B-29s. An attack on the aircraft arsenal at Tachikawa six days later was aborted due to cloud cover; some of the heavy bombers attacked the city of
2164:. However, these attacks were frustrated by high winds and cloud cover and little damage was inflicted. A firebombing raid conducted against Tokyo by 172 B-29s on 25 February was considered successful as it burnt or damaged approximately one square mile of the city's urban area. This attack was a large-scale test of the effectiveness of firebombing.
1633:. The Japanese air defense units were taken by surprise, and all the B-25s escaped without serious damage. The aircraft then continued to China and the Soviet Union, though several crashed in Japanese-held territory after running out of fuel. Japanese casualties were 50 killed and over 400 wounded. About 200 houses were also destroyed.
2068:, who had also participated in Eighth Air Force operations against Germany. XXI Bomber Command B-29s flew six practice missions against targets in the Central Pacific during October and November in preparation for their first attack on Japan. On 1 November, an F-13 photo reconnaissance variant of the B-29 from the
2226:, was aware of the change in tactics though and provided support. The decision to use firebombing tactics represented a move away from the USAAF's previous focus on precision bombing, and was believed by senior officials in the military and US Government to be justified by the need to rapidly bring the war to an end.
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damage was caused. XXI Bomber Command raided the Musashino aircraft plant in Tokyo again on 27 December, but did not damage the facility. On 3 January 1945, 97 B-29s were dispatched to conduct an area bombing raid on Nagoya. This attack started several fires, but these were quickly brought under control.
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2962:. TF 58, renumbered TF 38, continued operations off Okinawa in late May and June, and on 2 and 3 June one of its task groups attacked airfields on Kyushu. Another attack was made against these airfields on 8 June; two days later, TF 38 left Japanese waters for a period of recuperation at
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Much of Japan's industrial capacity was also destroyed by Allied bombing. Over 600 major industrial facilities were destroyed or badly damaged, contributing to a large decline in production. Absenteeism caused by the air attacks further reduced output. It is not possible to determine the exact damage
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calculated in 1949 that 323,495 people had been killed by air attacks in the home islands. The destruction of buildings housing government records during air raids contributed to the uncertainty about the number of casualties. The Twentieth Air Force lost 414 B-29s during attacks on Japan. Over 2,600
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Japan's bomb-damaged cities were rebuilt after the war. War damage and the need to rehouse soldiers and civilians returning from overseas resulted in a shortage of 4.2 million units of housing which, combined with food shortages, led to many civilians being forced to live in harsh conditions. In
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Following the attack, a statement from President Truman was broadcast to announce that the United States had used an atomic bomb against Hiroshima and that further air attacks would be conducted on Japan's industrial facilities and transportation network. The statement included a threat that if Japan
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to prevent Japanese warships from using this route to attack the US landing force off Okinawa. Mine-laying operations were disrupted in April as the wing was assigned to support operations in Okinawa and participate in conventional bombing raids. Its rate of effort increased in May, when it conducted
2705:
XXI Bomber Command also conducted an intensive propaganda campaign alongside its firebombing raids. It has been estimated that B-29s dropped 10 million propaganda leaflets in May, 20 million in June and 30 million in July. The Japanese government implemented harsh penalties against civilians who
2541:
were each attacked by a wing of B-29s using similar tactics to those employed in the firebombing raids against the major cities. Of the 477 B-29s dispatched, 456 struck their targets and Hamamatsu, Kagoshima, Yokkaichi suffered extensive damage; overall 6.073 square miles (15.73 km) of buildings
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In mid-June Arnold visited LeMay's headquarters at Saipan. During this visit he approved a proposal for XXI Bomber Command to attack 25 relatively small cities with populations ranging from 62,280 to 323,000 while also continuing precision raids on major targets. This decision was made despite a
2289:
The Japanese government was concerned about the results of the March firebombing attacks as the raids had demonstrated that the Japanese military was unable to protect the nation's airspace. As well as the extensive physical damage in the targeted cities, the attacks also caused increased absenteeism
2285:
The USAAF assessed that the firebombing campaign had been highly successful, and noted that American losses during these attacks were much lower than those incurred during day precision raids. Accordingly, the Joint Target Group (JTG), which was the Washington, D.C.-based organisation responsible for
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that overwhelmed Tokyo's civil defenses and destroyed 16 square miles (41 km) of buildings, representing seven percent of the city's urban area. The Tokyo police force and fire department estimated that 83,793 people were killed during the air raid, another 40,918 were injured and just over
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on 4 February caused significant damage to the city and its main factories. Moreover, while improved maintenance procedures implemented by LeMay reduced the number of B-29s that had to return to base during raids due to technical problems, the Command suffered a loss rate of 5.1% in these operations.
1904:
in northern Kyūshū. This attack caused little damage and cost seven B-29s, but received enthusiastic media coverage in the United States and indicated to Japanese civilians that the war was not going well. The Japanese military began expanding the fighter force in the home islands after the attack on
1516:
and most relied on volunteers. Such firefighting forces that did exist lacked modern equipment and used outdated tactics. Air raid drills had been held in Tokyo and Osaka since 1928, however, and from 1937 local governments were required to provide civilians with manuals that explained how to respond
1511:
due to their design and the weak state of the country's civil defense organization. Urban areas were typically congested, and most buildings were constructed from highly flammable materials such as paper and wood. In addition, industrial and military facilities in urban areas were normally surrounded
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after the war. Advance parties of the FEAF began to arrive at Atsugi airfield on 30 August, and units of the Fifth Air Force were established across the home islands during September and October. Besides transporting occupation troops, the Fifth Air Force conducted armed patrols over Japan and Korea
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advanced rapidly. On this day, B-29s dropped three million leaflets on Japanese cities warning that atomic bombs would be used to destroy all the country's military resources unless the Emperor ended the war. At this time a third atomic bomb was expected to be ready by the end of August. Eight bombs
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district. Official Japanese figures issued in the late 1990s state the total number of people killed as a result of this attack exceeded 100,000. The attack also crippled the city's industrial production; steel production was set back by one year, electrical power was severely reduced for two months
3165:
and reach the bombers' cruising altitude before they arrived over their target, and most raids were intercepted by only small numbers of aircraft. Moreover, the American bombers were capable of flying faster at high altitude than many Japanese fighters. Even when the fighters managed to close within
3081:
in Kyushu. In operations conducted between 26 April and 22 June the American fighter pilots claimed the destruction of 64 Japanese aircraft and damage to another 180 on the ground, as well as a further ten shot down in flight; these claims were lower than the American planners had expected, however,
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By the end of these raids just over half (50.8 percent) of Tokyo had been destroyed and the city was removed from XXI Bomber Command's target list. The Command's last major raid of May was a daylight incendiary attack on Yokohama on 29 May conducted by 517 B-29s escorted by 101 P-51s. This
2408:
After being released from supporting the Okinawa campaign, XXI Bomber Command conducted an intensive firebombing campaign against Japan's main cities from mid-May. A force of 472 B-29s struck Nagoya by day on 13 May and destroyed 3.15 square miles (8.2 km) of the city. The Japanese mounted
2372:
LeMay resumed night firebombing raids on 13 April when 327 B-29s attacked the arsenal district of Tokyo and destroyed 11.4 square miles (30 km) of the city, including several armaments factories. On 15 April 303 Superfortresses attacked the Tokyo region and destroyed 6 square miles (16 km)
2234:
force was weak and the anti-aircraft batteries were less effective at night, LeMay also had most of the B-29s' defensive guns removed; by reducing the weight of the aircraft in this way they were able to carry more bombs. These changes were not popular with XXI Bomber Command's aircrew, as they
2217:
and incendiary bombs, was increased in production from 500,000 lb (230,000 kg) in 1943 to 8 million lb (3.6 kt) in 1944. Much of the napalm went from nine US factories to bomb-assembly plants making the M-69 incendiary and packing 38 of them into the E-46 cluster bomb; these
2167:
Several factors explain the poor results of XXI Bomber Command's precision bombing campaign. The most important of these was the weather; the American raiders frequently encountered cloudy conditions and high winds over Japan which made accurate bombing extremely difficult. Moreover, the bomber
2138:
In late January 1945 the Imperial General Headquarters belatedly adopted a civil defense plan to counter the American air raids. This plan assigned responsibility for fighting fires to community councils and neighborhood groups as the professional firefighting units were short-handed. Civilians were
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claimed that 100 bombers had been downed during this attack, and one of the crashed B-29s was placed on display in Tokyo. XX Bomber Command's performance improved after LeMay instituted a training program and improved the organization of the B-29 maintenance units during August and September. A
1284:
assigned to defensive duties in the home islands was inadequate, and most of these aircraft and guns had difficulty reaching the high altitudes at which B-29s often operated. Fuel shortages, inadequate pilot training, and a lack of coordination between units also constrained the effectiveness of the
3743:
described the summer 1945 peak of the bombing campaign as "still perhaps unrivaled in the magnitude of human slaughter" and stated that the factors contributing to its intensity were a combination of "technological breakthroughs, American nationalism, and the erosion of moral and political scruples
3731:
There has been debate over the morality of the air campaign against Japan since the war. During the war the American public approved of the bombing of Germany and Japan, and the few people who criticized the raids were seen as unrealistic or even traitors. Some United States government and military
3189:
Air combat was most intense in late 1944 and early 1945. Following the first B-29 raids on Tokyo, the number of IJN aircraft assigned to air defense duties was greatly increased and all 12-centimeter (4.7 in) guns were allocated to protect the capital. Fighters stationed to defend Japan's main
3117:
fighters flying from the Ryukyus made frequent day and night patrols over Kyushu to disrupt the Japanese air units there. On 21 June an additional fighter group joined this effort, and the campaign was reinforced by bombers and another fighter group from 1 July. While these American operations were
3085:
Due to the lack of Japanese air opposition to the American bomber raids, VII Fighter Command was solely tasked with ground attack missions from July. These raids were frequently made against airfields to destroy aircraft being held in reserve to attack the expected Allied invasion fleet. While
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and a powerful force of escorts. TF 58 approached Japan undetected, and attacked airfields and aircraft factories in the Tokyo region on 16 and 17 February. The American naval aviators claimed 341 "kills" against Japanese aircraft and the destruction of a further 160 on the ground for the loss
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on 19 June and Ōmuta on 26 July, however. Sixteen multi-city incendiary attacks had been conducted by the end of the war (an average of two per week), and these targeted 58 cities. The incendiary raids were coordinated with precision bombing attacks during the last weeks of the war in an attempt to
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fighters, sparking an intense air battle in which five B-29s were shot down and another 175 damaged. In return, the P-51 pilots claimed 26 "kills" and 23 "probables" for the loss of three fighters. The 454 B-29s that reached Yokohama struck the city's main business district and destroyed 6.9 square
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after the airfields were found to be covered by clouds. From 17 April until 11 May, when the B-29s were released for other duties, about three-quarters of XXI Bomber Command's effort was devoted to attacking airfields and other targets in direct support of the Battle of Okinawa; this included 2,104
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air raids on the Allied invasion fleet, during which suicide aircraft damaged or sank many warships and transports. As part of the Allied response to these attacks, XXI Bomber Command conducted major raids on airfields in Kyushu on 8 and 16 April, though the first of these attacks was diverted
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In light of the poor results of the precision bombing campaign and the success of the 25 February raid on Tokyo, and considering that many tons of incendiaries were now available to him, LeMay decided to begin firebombing attacks on Japan's main cities during early March 1945. This was in line with
2186:
In 1943, USAAF planners began assessing the feasibility of a firebombing campaign against Japanese cities. Japan's main industrial facilities were vulnerable to such attacks as they were concentrated in several large cities and a high proportion of production took place in homes and small factories
1979:
In spring 1944, the Soviets asked for assistance in creating a long-range bombing force for Japan, with 300 (lend-lease) B-24s and 240 B-29s. In negotiations in July and August, the United States agreed to supply 200 B-24s (50 per month; probably via Abadan) and to train operational and maintenance
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Overall, Operation Matterhorn was not successful. The nine raids conducted against Japan via bases in China succeeded only in destroying Ōmura's aircraft factory. XX Bomber Command lost 125 B-29s during all of its operations from bases in India and China, though only 22 or 29 were destroyed by
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posed the greatest threat. The Japanese military planned to destroy the air bases within range of the home islands if Japan and the Soviet Union ever went to war. When the Pacific War began, the Japanese government believed that the best way to prevent American air raids was to capture and hold the
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on 7 December 1941 led to open hostilities between the US and Japan and ended the need for covert operations, however, and this unit did not become active. The small number of Second Air Volunteer Group personnel who were dispatched from the United States in November 1941 were diverted to Australia
1231:
bomber was ready for combat. From June 1944 until January 1945, B-29s stationed in India staged through bases in China to make a series of nine raids on targets in western Japan, but this effort proved ineffective. The strategic bombing campaign was greatly expanded from November 1944 when bases in
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The moral defense of the attacks on Japanese cities rests on an argument that they saved lives by shortening the war. The USSBS concluded that the effects of strategic bombing and blockade would have forced Japan to surrender by the end of 1945 even if atomic bombs had not been used and the Soviet
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conducted by the USSBS found that air attacks were the most important factor in convincing the Japanese that the war had been lost. During the final months of the war the raids also contributed to the deterioration of the Japanese social fabric. However, civilian morale did not collapse due to the
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flying reconnaissance missions from Okinawa were attacked by IJN fighters near Tokyo. From 17 August the Twentieth Air Force was made responsible for supplying Allied prisoner of war camps in Japan, Korea and China until the prisoners were evacuated. Supply drops began 10 days later, and continued
3125:
Attacks on airfields and transportation infrastructure in southern Japan continued until the end of the war. By this time the Fifth Air Force's bombers had flown 138 sorties against airfields in Kyushu and the Seventh Air Force had conducted a further 784. Road and railway bridges were attacked by
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joined the 313th Bombardment Wing on occasion. In response to this offensive, the Japanese greatly expanded their mine-sweeping force by 349 ships and 20,000 men and deployed additional anti-aircraft guns around the Shimonoseki Strait. They had little success in clearing minefields or downing
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radar that allowed targets to be accurately located at night. Arriving in the Marianas in April 1945, the 315th underwent a period of operational training before flying its first attack against the Utsube Oil Refinery at Yokkaichi on the night of 26 June. The 30 bombers (out of 38 dispatched) that
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XXI Bomber Command followed up the firebombing of Tokyo with similar raids against other major cities. On 11 March 310 B-29s were dispatched against Nagoya. The bombing was spread over a greater area than had been the case at Tokyo, and the attack caused less damage. Nevertheless, 2.05 square
2040:
between June and August 1944. USAAF and US Navy engineers subsequently constructed six airfields on the islands to accommodate hundreds of B-29s. These bases were more capable of supporting an intensive air campaign against Japan than those in China as they could be easily supplied by sea and
1887:
from December 1943, and a program of evacuating entire classes of schoolchildren was implemented. By August 1944, 330,000 schoolchildren had been evacuated in school groups and another 459,000 had moved to the countryside with their family. Little was done to disperse industrial facilities to make
1704:
The Eleventh Air Force and US Navy units continued to make small-scale raids on the Kuril Islands until the closing months of the war. The USAAF attacks were broken off for five months following a raid on 11 September 1943 when nine of the 20 B-24s and B-25s dispatched were lost, but raids by
3710:
stated that the combination of the conventional B-29 raids, Potsdam Declaration and atomic bombings gave the Government the opportunity to begin negotiations with the Allies. Emperor Hirohito cited damage from the attacks, inadequate preparations to resist invasion and the Soviet offensive as his
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were firebombed. While the Eighth Air Force units at Okinawa had not yet conducted any missions against Japan, General Doolittle decided not to contribute aircraft to this operation as he did not want to risk the lives of the men under his command when the war was effectively over. These were the
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USAAF P-51 Mustang fighters of the VII Fighter Command stationed at Iwo Jima from March 1945 were initially used mainly to escort B-29s. They also conducted a series of independent ground attack missions against targets in the home islands. The first of these operations took place on 16
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the next day. On 20 March, TF 58 sailed south but continued fighter sweeps over Kyushu to suppress Japanese aircraft. During the attacks on 18 and 19 March, the American naval aviators claimed to have destroyed 223 Japanese aircraft in the air and 250 on the ground, while the Japanese placed
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in Japan's home waters to strengthen the blockade of the country. Arnold and his staff were unenthusiastic about these proposals, however, as they believed that such missions would divert too many Superfortresses away from precision bombing attacks. In response to repeated requests from the Navy,
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Arnold was disappointed with what XXI Bomber Command had achieved, and wanted the Command to produce results quickly. In addition, Hansell's preference for precision bombing was no longer in accordance with the views of the Twentieth Air Force headquarters, which wanted a greater emphasis on
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would be counterproductive, but agreed to the operation after he was assured that it did not represent a general shift in tactics. Despite the change in armament, the 22 December raid was planned as a precision attack on an aircraft factory using only 78 bombers, and bad weather meant that little
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and Yokosuka were also assigned to the GDC in July, but cooperation between the GDC's Army units and the much smaller number of naval units was poor. Despite these improvements, Japan's air defenses remained inadequate as few aircraft and anti-aircraft guns could effectively engage B-29s at their
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dismissed one of the suits, stating that it was not possible to identify individuals who deserve compensation as almost all Japanese suffered as a result of the war. The court also ruled that any compensation should be allocated through the legislative, rather than judicial, process. In December
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The air attacks on Japan caused hundreds of thousands of casualties, though estimates of the number who were killed and wounded vary considerably. The strategic attacks by the Twentieth Air Force caused most of the casualties and damage. The figures most frequently cited in the literature on the
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On 1 July, TF 38 sailed from Leyte to strike at the Japanese home islands. At this time the Task Force comprised nine fleet carriers, six light carriers and their escorts. Halsey sought to coordinate his fleet's attacks during the last months of the war with those of the USAAF's land-based
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began the next month. By the end of the war 614,000 housing units had been destroyed to clear firebreaks; these accounted for a fifth of all housing losses in Japan during the war and displaced 3.5 million people. The government also encouraged old people, children and women in cities that were
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areas in China and the Pacific from which such attacks could be launched. It was expected that the Allies would not be able to re-capture these bases. However, the Japanese anticipated that the Allies might still make small-scale attacks against the home islands using naval aircraft flying from
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The Japanese government began negotiations with the Allies about the terms of surrender on 10 August. During this period B-29 attacks on Japan were limited to a raid by the 315th Bombardment Wing against an oil target on the night of 9/10 August and a daytime precision bombing attack on a
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the next day. The FEAF staged its last attacks against Japan on 12 August; aircraft were dispatched on 14 August but recalled while en route to their targets. Overall, the two air forces flew 6,435 sorties against targets in Kyushu during July and August for the loss of 43 aircraft to Japanese
1304:. The most commonly cited estimate of Japanese casualties from the raids is 333,000 killed and 473,000 wounded. Other estimates of total fatalities range from 241,000 to 900,000. In addition to the loss of mostly civilian life, the raids contributed to a large decline in industrial production.
3756:
argues that this difference was attributable to the evolution in views towards bombing over the course of the war, the limited intelligence on the structure of the Japanese economy available to the Allies and the much greater vulnerability of Japanese cities to incendiary bombs. According to
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between the Mariana Islands and Japan, which broke up formations and caused navigation problems. XXI Bomber Command's effectiveness was also limited by poor B-29 maintenance practices and over-crowding at its airfields—these factors reduced the number of aircraft which were available for
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Allied air raids significantly influenced the Japanese government's decision to surrender. While the USSBS did not state that any single factor caused the surrender, during interrogations most Japanese wartime leaders nominated the prolonged air attacks on the home islands as the single most
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The firebombing campaign against major cities ended in June. On the first day of the month 521 B-29s escorted by 148 P-51s were dispatched in a daylight raid against Osaka. While en route to the city the Mustangs flew through thick clouds, and 27 of the fighters were destroyed in collisions.
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that a force of 105 modern fighters and 40 bombers (including twelve heavy bombers) would be able to "accomplish the downfall of Japan" within six to twelve months. The USAAF's headquarters did not regard these claims as credible, and Chennault's requests for reinforcements were not granted.
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To maximize the effectiveness of the firebombing attacks, LeMay ordered the B-29s to fly at the low altitude of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) and bomb by night; this represented a significant change from the Command's standard tactics, which focused on high-altitude daylight bombing. As Japan's
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Of the approximately 545 Allied airmen who were captured in the Japanese home islands (excluding the Kuril and Bonin Islands), 132 were executed and 29 were killed by civilians. Another 94 airmen died from other causes while in Japanese custody, including 52 who were killed when they were
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destroyed 7 square miles (18 km) of the city (equivalent to half its area), killed 8,000 people and rendered 650,000 homeless. Three B-29s were lost. Nagoya was attacked again on the night of 18/19 March, and the B-29s destroyed 2.95 square miles (7.6 km) of buildings. Only one
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patrols of the Tokyo area from 19 August until the formal surrender ceremony took place, these operations were initially frustrated by bad weather and logistics problems. The first patrols were not flown until 30 August, when they were made in conjunction with the landing of General
3208:
Overall, Japanese fighters shot down 74 B-29s, anti-aircraft guns accounted for a further 54, and 19 were downed by a combination of anti-aircraft guns and fighters. IJAAF and IJN losses during the defense of Japan were 1,450 aircraft in combat and another 2,750 to other causes.
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On two occasions Japanese citizens have sued their government for damages from the bombings, arguing that the government is culpable for having waged a "reckless war" that provoked the bombings and for requiring civilians to remain in the targeted areas. In December 2009 the
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argued that Japan's leadership had not conspired to commit atrocities and stated that the decision to conduct the atomic bomb attacks was the clearest example of a direct order to conduct "indiscriminate murder" during the Pacific War. Since then, Japanese academics, such as
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force the Japanese government to surrender. As the small cities were not defended by anti-aircraft guns and Japan's night-fighter force was ineffective, only a single B-29 was shot down during this campaign; a further 66 were damaged and 18 crashed as a result of accidents.
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did not surrender under the terms specified in the Potsdam Declaration it would be subjected to "a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth". Two days later, daylight incendiary raids were conducted against the cities of Yawata and
3010:, as well as rural areas of Hokkaido were also attacked, resulting in significant civilian casualties. This operation has been described as the single most effective strategic air attack of the Pacific War. TF 38's battleships and cruisers also began a series of
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TF 58 renewed its attacks on Japan in mid-March when it made a series of raids that sought to destroy Japanese aircraft within range of Okinawa prior to the landing there. On 18 March, carrier aircraft struck Japanese airfields and other military facilities on
2352:
on the night of 3 April. These raids were unsuccessful as XXI Bomber Command lacked the specialized equipment needed to strike targets accurately at night, and LeMay decided not to conduct similar operations. Small forces of B-29s also struck Tokyo and nearby
1939:. Another unsuccessful raid was conducted against Yawata on 20 August in which the B-29 force was intercepted by over 100 fighters. Twelve of the sixty-one Superfortresses that reached the target area were shot down, including one which was destroyed in a suicide
3090:. By the end of the war, VII Fighter Command had conducted 51 ground attack raids, of which 41 were considered successful. The fighter pilots claimed to have destroyed or damaged 1,062 aircraft and 254 ships along with large numbers of buildings and railway
3334:; further practice missions took place on 24, 26 and 29 July. Japanese fighters did not attempt to intercept these aircraft and their bombing altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m) was beyond the range of most anti-aircraft guns. Meanwhile, on 24 July President
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From autumn 1943 the Japanese government took further steps to prepare the country's major cities for air attacks. An air defense general headquarters was established in November and a program of demolishing large numbers of buildings in major cities to create
1721:
escort fighters, and it continued to attack targets in the Kurils until June 1945. While these raids caused little damage, they caused the Japanese to divert large numbers of soldiers to defend their northern islands against a potential United States invasion.
3383:; these attacks destroyed 21 percent of Yawata's urban area and over 73 percent of Fukuyama. Japanese aircraft intercepted the force dispatched against Yawata and shot down a B-29 and five of the escorting P-47s for the loss of approximately 12 fighters.
2343:
A few attacks on Japanese cities were conducted during the Battle of Okinawa. On 1 April, a night precision bombing raid was flown against the Nakajima engine factory in Tokyo by 121 B-29s and three similar attacks were conducted against engine factories in
3520:, US Navy and United States Marine Corps air units were also deployed to Japan for occupation duties. There was no Japanese resistance to the Allied occupation, and the number of air units stationed in the country was gradually reduced from late 1945.
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The next American raids on Japan were not successful. XXI Bomber Command attacked Tokyo three times between 27 November and 3 December; two of these raids were made against the Musashino aircraft plant while the other targeted an industrial area using
2290:
as civilians were afraid to leave their homes to work in factories which might be bombed. Japanese air defenses were reinforced in response to the firebombing raids, but remained inadequate; 450 fighters were assigned to defensive duties in April.
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The US Navy conducted its first attacks against the Japanese home islands in mid-February 1945. This operation was undertaken primarily to destroy Japanese aircraft that could attack the US Navy and Marine Corps forces involved with the
2769:
From late June the 315th Bombardment Wing conducted a series of night precision bombing attacks against the Japanese oil industry, independently of the precision day and night incendiary raids. The wing's B-29s were fitted with the advanced
1652:
to capture the airfields in central China at which the Doolittle Raiders had intended to land. This offensive achieved its objectives and resulted in the deaths of 250,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians; many of these civilian deaths were due to
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and other doctors conducted four such sessions throughout May and early June. The Western Military Command assisted in arranging these operations. Many of the Japanese personnel responsible for the deaths of Allied airmen were prosecuted in the
1460:. The government chose not to develop strong defenses to meet the threat of air attack as the country's industrial resources were unable to maintain offensive air forces in China and the Pacific as well as a defensive force in the home islands.
1861:
The Japanese government also sought to improve the country's civil defenses in response to the Doolittle Raid and the threat of further attacks. The national government placed the burden of constructing civilian air-raid shelters on the
1373:
nullified pre-war US plans for attacks against the Japanese homeland and a series of attempts to start a small-scale campaign from bases in China were unsuccessful. Before the outbreak of war, the USAAF had planned to bomb Japan from
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methodology. While this figure is also occasionally cited, the USSBS' investigators regarded the work of their statistical teams as unsatisfactory, and the researchers were unable to calculate the error rate of this estimate. The
2218:
were shipped across the Pacific and stored for future use. Arnold and the Air Staff wanted to wait to use the incendiaries until a large-scale program of firebombing could be mounted, to overwhelm the Japanese city defenses.
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stations. Command and control of the air defenses was fragmented, and the IJAAF and IJN did not coordinate their activities or communicate with each other. As a result, the forces were unable to react to a sudden air attack.
2015:
one year later, Stalin told Roosevelt that American B-29s would be based at the remote Komsomolsk-Nikolaevsk area. Antonov said that they would start preliminary base construction. However, the proposal subsequently lapsed.
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Union had remained neutral. Historian E. Bartlett Kerr supported this assessment, and argued that the firebombing of Japan's major cities was the key factor motivating Hirohito's decision to end the war. American historian
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instead. Another precision raid was made against the Hiro Naval Aircraft Factory at Kure on 5 May when 148 B-29s inflicted heavy damage on the facility. Five days later B-29s successfully attacked oil storage facilities at
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units could provide longer warning times of incoming raids by eavesdropping on the bombers' radio communications, but were unable to predict the target of the attack. As a result, fighter units did not have enough time to
3692:
The attacks also caused extensive damage to Japan's urban areas. Approximately 40 percent of the urban area of the 66 cities subjected to area attacks were destroyed. This included the loss of about 2.5 million
1244:
against urban areas as much of the manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes: this approach resulted in large-scale urban damage and high civilian casualties. Aircraft flying from Allied
1226:
campaign against Japan began in earnest in mid-1944 and intensified during the war's last months. While plans for attacks on Japan had been prepared prior to the Pacific War, these could not begin until the long-range
2803:, which was to include Australian, British, Canadian and New Zealand heavy bomber squadrons and attack Japan from Okinawa, was also to come under the command of USASTAF when it arrived in the region during late 1945.
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miles (18 km) of buildings; over 1000 Japanese were killed. Overall, the attacks in May destroyed 94 square miles (240 km) of buildings, which was equivalent to one seventh of Japan's total urban area. The
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During mid-July the USAAF strategic bomber forces in the Pacific were reorganized. On 16 July, XXI Bomber Command was re-designated the Twentieth Air Force and LeMay appointed its commander. Two days later the
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and destroyed 8.1 square miles (21 km) of the city for the loss of two aircraft. Kobe was the next target in the firebombing campaign, and was attacked by 331 B-29s on the night of 16/17 March. The resulting
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August 1945 began with further large-scale raids against Japanese cities. On the 1st of the month, 836 B-29s staged the largest single raid of World War II, dropping 6,145 tons of bombs and mines. The cities of
1999:) as a base; he "virtually ignored" earlier proposals for a Soviet bombing force. However, despite an American team going to Moscow in December 1944 they failed to reach agreement. On 16 December 1944 General
2365:, and the Americans claimed to have shot down 101 Japanese aircraft for the loss of two P-51s and seven B-29s. Over 250 B-29s struck three different aircraft factories on 12 April; during this operation the
2154:
The first attacks conducted under LeMay's leadership achieved mixed results. XXI Bomber Command flew six major missions between 23 January and 19 February with little success, though an incendiary raid
2086:
against the United States during November. This campaign caused little damage and was abandoned in March 1945. By this time 9,000 balloons had been dispatched but only 285 were reported to have reached the
2721:
and Uwajima) were attacked on 28 July. No B-29s were lost in the raids on these cities, though six were damaged by attacks from between 40 and 50 fighters and another five were hit by anti-aircraft fire.
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which estimated that 333,000 Japanese were killed and 473,000 wounded. Included in this figure were an estimated 120,000 dead and 160,000 injured in the two atomic bomb attacks. Another USSBS report,
3338:
approved the use of atomic bombs against Japan and the next day Spaatz received written orders to this effect. These orders specified that the first attack should be made after 3 August, and named
2357:
on 4 April. Two successful large-scale precision bombing raids were flown against aircraft factories in Tokyo and Nagoya on 7 April; the raid on Tokyo was the first to be escorted by Iwo Jima-based
2318:
as well as an aircraft plant at Ōmura on 27 March, and struck Ōita and Tachiarai again on the 31st of the month. No B-29s were lost in these raids. From 6 April the Japanese conducted large-scale
2160:
From 19 February to 3 March, XXI Bomber Command conducted a series of precision bombing raids on aircraft factories that sought to tie down Japanese air units so they could not participate in the
3035:, which was designated Task Force 37 and included another four fleet carriers. Strikes on the Tokyo area on 17 July were disrupted by bad weather, but the next day aircraft from the fleet
2799:, which at the time was moving from Europe to Okinawa. The Eighth Air Force was led by James Doolittle (who had been promoted to general) and was being reequipped with B-29s. The Commonwealth
2203:", using incendiary bombs attached to bats dropped by aircraft to attack Japanese cities, but this project was abandoned in 1944. During early 1945 the USAAF conducted raids against cities in
1644:
were transferred from the Pacific to defend the home islands. In an attempt to prevent further naval raids, the IJN launched an offensive in the Pacific Ocean which ended in defeat during the
1240:. Initial attempts to target industrial facilities using high-altitude daylight "precision" bombing were largely ineffective. From February 1945, the bombers switched to low-altitude night
1825:
detected the construction of B-29 bases in India and China, and the military began to develop plans to counter air raids originating from China. The three IJAAF air brigades stationed in
3493:. A similar operation was conducted the next day, and on 2 September 462 B-29s and many naval aircraft overflew the Allied fleet in Tokyo Bay following the surrender ceremony on board
3752:
was a factor motivating the USAAF's emphasis on firebombing during the campaign against Japan while most of its raids on Germany used precision bombing tactics. However, historian
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sorties flown against 17 airfields. These raids cost the Command 24 B-29s destroyed and 233 damaged and failed to completely suppress kamikaze attacks from the targeted airfields.
1709:
continued. In response to the American attacks, the IJN established the North-East Area Fleet in August 1943, and in November that year Japanese fighter strength in the Kurils and
13812:
3358:
owing to Kyoto's cultural value; the city had also been excluded from the urban firebombing raids on the same grounds. On 26 July the United States, Britain and China issued the
12294:
2306:
The start of the major firebombing campaign was delayed as XXI Bomber Command was used to attack airfields in southern Japan from late March to mid-May in support of the
3735:
The moral concerns over the attacks have focused on the large number of civilian casualties and property damage they caused. For this and other reasons, British philosopher
3362:, which demanded Japan's surrender after warning that the country would be devastated if the war continued. The Japanese government rejected the Allied demands on 28 July.
1467:(GDC) had been formed in July 1941 to oversee the defense of the home islands, but all combat units in this area were assigned to the four regional military districts (the
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to be the Twentieth Air Force's specialist mine-laying unit, and the Navy provided assistance with its training and logistics. LeMay designated the aerial mining campaign
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crews. But with difficulties over the arrangements, the USSR announced on 29 September that they would forego American training in view of the uncertainty over the B-24s.
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and coastal areas in China. However, these areas were rapidly captured by Japanese forces, and the USAAF heavy bomber force in the Philippines was largely destroyed when
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6548:
1636:
Although the Doolittle Raid caused little damage, it had important ramifications. The attack raised morale in the United States and its commander, Lieutenant Colonel
12163:
10174:
3785:
3193:
Resistance to the air raids decreased sharply from April 1945. On 15 April the IJAAF and IJN air defense units were belatedly placed under a single command when the
2942:. The Japanese fought back against these raids with kamikaze and conventional attacks, and inflicted light damage on three carriers on 18 March and severely damaged
1301:
2990:(Seikan) train ferries were rendered inoperable, severing the main artery that connected Hokkaido to Honshu. Many other ships were also destroyed in and around the
7439:
3354:, Japan's former imperial capital, had been included in an earlier version of the target list but Nagasaki was substituted on the direction of US Secretary of War
3017:
1896:
XX Bomber Command began flying missions against Japan in mid-June 1944. The first raid took place on the night of 15/16 June when 75 B-29s were dispatched to
10501:
10097:
10069:
9213:
2766:
were attacked on 5 August. These raids had also been preceded by propaganda leaflets and radio broadcasts from Saipan warning that the cities would be attacked.
1972:
In 1944, the bombing of Japan from the Soviet Union by American aircraft with American or Soviet crews was considered. Following a request from Roosevelt at the
13873:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
12142:
10821:
10508:
9635:
3011:
1821:
The Japanese military began transferring fighter aircraft to the home islands from China and the Pacific in early 1944 in anticipation of B-29 raids. Japanese
1098:
623:
3272:
13754:
11124:
10487:
9789:
9414:
1884:
1606:
USAAF aircraft bombed Japan for the first time in mid-April 1942. In an operation conducted primarily to raise morale in the United States and to avenge the
1422:
medium bombers, which he believed would be sufficient to "destroy" the Japanese aircraft industry. Three months later Chennault told United States President
1792:. Construction of the airfields began in January 1944, and the project involved around 300,000 conscripted Chinese labourers and 75,000 contracted workers.
1447:
The Japanese government's pre-war plans to protect the country from air attack focused on neutralizing enemy air bases. Before the war it was believed that
10130:
10076:
9262:
7659:
Francis, Timothy Lang (November 1997). ""To Dispose of the Prisoners" : The Japanese Executions of American Aircrew at Fukuoka, Japan, during 1945".
3773:
and the high winds common over Japan, the B-29s were incapable of bombing individual targets without also causing widespread damage to surrounding areas.
2003:
said that Soviet forces would need all their naval and air bases in the Maritime Provinces' and American B-29s would have to be based far to the north of
12287:
10594:
10083:
9699:
1927:
Subsequent B-29 raids staging through China generally did not meet their objectives. The second raid took place on 7 July when 17 B-29s attacked Sasebo,
1013:
2386:. On 11 May a small force of B-29s destroyed an airframe factory at Konan. XXI Bomber Command reached its full strength in April when the 58th and
1689:
conducted a series of raids against the Kurils to suppress the Japanese air units stationed there. The first of these attacks was made against southern
1300:
in mid-August 1945. However, there has been a long-running debate over the morality of the attacks on Japanese cities, and the use of atomic weapons is
9109:
1199:
from 1942 to 1945, causing extensive destruction to the country's cities and killing between 241,000 and 900,000 people. During the first years of the
1325:(USAAF) in February 1942) began developing contingency plans for an air campaign against Japan during 1940. During that year the naval attaché to the
12689:
10480:
9920:
9796:
3748:
wrote in 1987 that Japanese people commonly regard the Allied bombing of civilians as the worst atrocity of the war. It has also been suggested that
2788:
2615:
1976:, Stalin agreed on 2 February 1944 that the United States could operate 1,000 bombers from Siberia after the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan.
685:
2832:. As the United States had only occasionally used mines up to this time, the Japanese military had placed relatively little emphasis on keeping its
13878:
9773:
9153:
7597:
7564:
7065:
5770:
3925:
3906:
3789:
3263:
deliberately left in a prison in Tokyo during the 25/26 May raid on the city. Between six and eight US airmen shot down on 5 May were subjected to
2072:
1581:
6257:
3805:, have argued that use of the bombs was immoral and constituted a war crime. In contrast, President Truman and, more recently, historians such as
2852:
missions against harbors and other choke points around Honshu and Kyushu. The air-dropped minefields greatly disrupted Japanese coastal shipping.
2750:
were the main targets of this operation; all four suffered extensive damage and 99.5 percent of buildings in Toyama were destroyed. The cities of
2272:
miles (5.3 km) of buildings were burnt out and no B-29s were lost to the Japanese defenses. On the night of 13/14 March, 274 Superfortresses
2135:
on 19 January. During XXI Bomber Command's first three months of operations, it lost an average of 4.1% of aircraft dispatched in each raid.
1410:
force, but were re-tasked to support Allied operations in the Mediterranean. In July 1942, the commander of the American Volunteer Group, Colonel
10210:
9522:
7069:
3984:
1697:
by eight B-25s on 10 July. The Kurils were attacked again on 18 July by six B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, and the unopposed liberation of Kiska (
1491:—Japan's highest military decision-making body—and the military districts. In early 1942, forces allocated to the defense of Japan comprised 100
4178:
1390:
was attacked on 8 December 1941. The USAAF subsequently attempted to send thirteen heavy bombers to China in March and April 1942 to attack the
12280:
10029:
9331:
1850:
cruising altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m) and the number of radar stations capable of providing early warning of raids was insufficient.
1798:
was assigned responsibility for Operation Matterhorn, and its ground crew began to leave the United States for India during December 1943. The
1069:
589:
13356:
12035:
8731:
7793:
858:
10828:
10791:
10768:
10282:
9204:
9174:
3434:, was advocating that they be reserved for use against tactical targets in support of the planned invasion rather than be dropped on cities.
2824:
Arnold decided in November 1944 to begin mine-laying operations once sufficient aircraft were available. In January 1945, LeMay selected the
2502:
Five major precision bombing attacks were conducted as part of the Empire Plan. On 9 June, two groups of B-29s bombed an aircraft factory at
10543:
2310:, an island only a few hundred miles south of the home islands. Prior to the landings on 1 April, the Command bombed airfields in Kyushu at
2041:
were 1,500 miles (2,400 km) south of Tokyo, which allowed B-29s to strike most areas in the home islands and return without refueling.
1784:, closer to Japan, but this area was judged too vulnerable to counterattack. However, the decision to build airstrips at Chengdu meant that
12584:
10921:
10777:
10761:
10733:
9974:
9181:
3306:
Beginning in 1942 the United States, with assistance from Britain and other Allied countries, devoted considerable resources to developing
3014:
on 14 July which continued until almost the end of the war. Around 2,900 people were killed in the bombing of Hokkaido on 14 and 15 July.
1640:, was seen as a hero. The weak state of the country's air defenses greatly embarrassed the Japanese military leadership, and four fighter
13807:
13040:
11678:
10745:
10657:
10601:
10564:
9839:
6101:
3471:
Limited air operations continued over Japan in the weeks following the Japanese government's decision to surrender. On 17 and 18 August,
2042:
1081:
606:
415:
3086:
the P-51 pilots only occasionally encountered Japanese fighters in the air, the airfields were protected by anti-aircraft batteries and
12939:
12794:
12599:
10650:
9375:
3566:, included a much higher estimate of 900,000 killed and 1.3 million injured which was reached by a Japanese research team using a
930:
780:
12319:
13604:
13519:
12156:
10784:
9167:
9125:
3932:, Figures 12 and 25 for weapons and army personnel strength (127,285), p. 255 for navy personnel strength (41,615). Retrieved 5/26/23
3697:, which rendered 8.5 million people homeless. The urban area attacks reduced the morale of the Japanese population, and postwar
3408:, decided to attack the secondary target of Nagasaki instead. The bomb was dropped at 10:58 am local time, and the resulting 20
3301:
2078:
XXI Bomber Command's initial attacks against Japan were focused on the country's aircraft industry. The first attack, codenamed
1293:
were constructed for civilians. As a result, the B-29s were able to inflict severe damage on urban areas while suffering few losses.
1266:
1074:
594:
549:
8554:
Yorifusa, Ishida (2003). "Japanese Cities and Planning in the Reconstruction Period: 1944–55". In Hein, Carola; et al. (eds.).
2421:. The Japanese defenses were relatively successful on this occasion, and 26 Superfortresses were shot down and another 100 damaged.
1956:
from its bases in China, as well as striking targets in Southeast Asia from India. The command flew its final mission from India, a
12799:
12005:
9817:
9591:
9354:
9220:
9031:
8390:
Szasz, Ferenc Morton (2009). ""Pamphlets Away": The Allied Propaganda Campaign Over Japan During the Last Months of World War II".
3431:
3326:" test of the first nuclear bomb was successfully conducted on 16 July. Four days later the 509th Composite Group's modified "
2192:
969:
894:
821:
12744:
12674:
12468:
10900:
10697:
10349:
9727:
9227:
9139:
9075:
1944:
7140:
12569:
12534:
12519:
11103:
10615:
9458:
8996:
3486:
12809:
7175:
13574:
12724:
12639:
12634:
12303:
11699:
11604:
11131:
10877:
10752:
9831:
9805:
9662:
9368:
9285:
8821:
8780:
8661:
8585:
8544:
8463:
8439:
8299:
8242:
8201:
8182:
8159:
7991:
7782:
7744:
7697:
7640:
7529:
7468:
7406:
7384:
7034:
3827:
2558:
The firebombing campaign against small cities continued through June and July. On the night of 19 June B-29s struck Fukuoka,
1326:
1212:
828:
741:
707:
678:
503:
8069:
2424:
1713:
peaked at 260 aircraft. The Eleventh Air Force resumed its offensive in February 1944 after it had been reinforced with two
1463:
Few air units or anti-aircraft batteries were stationed in the home islands during the early months of the Pacific War. The
13663:
13621:
13514:
13509:
13494:
13299:
13087:
12779:
12749:
12729:
12644:
12559:
12488:
11932:
11339:
11225:
10390:
9850:
9846:
9824:
9428:
8944:
The Last Flight of Bomber 31: Harrowing Tales of American and Japanese Pilots Who Fought World War II's Arctic Air Campaign
7708:
3579:
The following table provides examples of the estimated number of Japanese casualties from air attack in different sources:
2775:
struck the refinery destroyed or damaged 30 percent of the facility. The unit's next attack was against a refinery at
1353:
fighter aircraft. A second American Volunteer Group was also formed in late 1941 to attack Japan from bases in China using
984:
942:
775:
652:
564:
543:
538:
508:
12684:
6540:
13599:
13579:
13338:
13304:
12894:
12854:
12704:
12509:
12463:
11847:
11311:
10643:
10629:
9835:
7576:. War in Asia and the Pacific. Volume 12: Defense of the Homeland and End of the War. New York City: Garland Publishing.
7543:. War in Asia and the Pacific. Volume 12: Defense of the Homeland and End of the War. New York City: Garland Publishing.
7336:
3031:
Following the attacks on Hokkaido and northern Honshu TF 38 sailed south and was reinforced by the main body of the
2868:
1086:
751:
611:
579:
574:
559:
2847:
The 313th Bombardment Wing conducted its first mine-laying operation on the night of 27/28 March when it mined the
1657:. The destruction of the airfields and heavy casualties badly damaged China's war effort. The IJA also began developing
13802:
13721:
13559:
13414:
13005:
12979:
12959:
12929:
12924:
12899:
12869:
12849:
12679:
12629:
12619:
12589:
12574:
12453:
12390:
12056:
11925:
11803:
11381:
11096:
11047:
10805:
10360:
9605:
9444:
9292:
9146:
8512:
3231:
Many of the Allied airmen who were captured after being shot down over Japan were mistreated. On 8 September 1944, the
2533:
XXI Bomber Command began incendiary raids against small cities from 17 June. On that night, Hamamatsu, Kagoshima,
2417:; the bomber crews had been briefed to not target the palace as the US Government did not want to risk killing Emperor
2025:
1957:
1802:
was formed in April 1944 to oversee all B-29 operations. In an unprecedented move, the commander of the USAAF, General
1237:
746:
569:
13529:
3148:
Japan's air defenses were unable to stop the Allied air attacks. Owing to the short range of the country's land-based
518:
13554:
13489:
13374:
13368:
13326:
13066:
12914:
12834:
12719:
12664:
12539:
12524:
12172:
11054:
11026:
10843:
10425:
10137:
10104:
8952:
8931:
8905:
8884:
8865:
8843:
8802:
8720:
8699:
8563:
8420:
8380:
8361:
8318:
8261:
8223:
8140:
8058:
8039:
8018:
7948:
7927:
7905:
7886:
7867:
7806:
7763:
7617:
7581:
7548:
7449:
7428:
7325:
7275:
7254:
7230:
Cahill, William M. (Spring 2012). "Imaging the Empire: The 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron in World War II".
3732:
personnel believed that the bombing campaign was morally ambiguous, however, but rarely voiced their views publicly.
3702:
bombing, and post-war investigations found that most Japanese had remained willing to continue the war if necessary.
3459:
633:
528:
463:
246:
9320:
3875:
British approval of the use of the bombs on Japan had been recorded at a Combined Policy Committee meeting on 4 July
3156:, the defenders typically had only about an hour to respond to incoming B-29s once they had been detected. Japanese
13588:
13484:
13362:
13118:
13108:
12989:
12969:
12919:
12909:
12884:
12789:
12694:
12624:
12473:
12385:
12349:
12209:
11367:
11304:
10439:
10268:
9391:
2362:
2260:
1610:, 16 B-25 Mitchell medium bombers were carried from San Francisco to within range of Japan on the aircraft carrier
1492:
671:
523:
474:
9945:
3417:
and arms production was greatly reduced. All the American aircraft involved in the operation returned safely. The
3082:
and the raids were considered unsuccessful. USAAF losses were 11 P-51s to enemy action and seven to other causes.
13524:
13504:
13332:
12949:
12934:
11733:
11574:
11563:
11399:
11158:
11117:
11010:
10948:
10328:
9598:
9467:
9435:
8088:
2937:
996:
533:
493:
408:
10115:
9683:
7898:
The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K and other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II
3576:
American bomber crew members were killed, including POWs who died in captivity, and a further 433 were wounded.
13733:
12784:
12119:
12091:
11969:
11762:
10999:
10450:
10376:
10165:
9536:
9255:
9160:
9045:
8746:
1641:
1468:
923:
913:
263:
7310:
3809:
have argued that the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified as they induced the Japanese surrender.
3739:
has concluded that the Allied area bombing campaigns against both Japan and Germany constituted moral crimes.
1512:
by densely populated residential buildings. Despite this vulnerability, few cities had full-time professional
13817:
13614:
12406:
12179:
12112:
12063:
11994:
11819:
11325:
11276:
11040:
11033:
10636:
10397:
10181:
9234:
7176:"With Hammers and Wicker Baskets : The Construction of U.S. Army Airfields in China During World War II"
2471:
2391:
2069:
1921:
1897:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1322:
1223:
1113:
838:
638:
453:
296:
285:
274:
3109:(FEAF), also attacked targets in Kyushu and western Honshu from bases in Okinawa and other locations in the
2298:
1681:
provided the USAAF with bases within range of the Kurils. As part of the preparations for the liberation of
1333:
were weak, and proposals were made for American aircrew to volunteer for service with Chinese forces in the
1215:
raids began in June 1944 and continued until the end of the war in August 1945. Allied naval and land-based
13287:
13025:
12253:
12149:
11524:
11485:
10404:
10232:
10217:
10144:
10123:
9941:
9619:
9405:
9398:
9382:
9093:
9052:
9024:
3418:
3404:" bomb. The city was found to be covered in smoke and haze, however; as a result, the plane's pilot, Major
2811:
1586:
1419:
1318:
1153:
863:
768:
719:
2369:
inflicted heavy damage on the Musashino aircraft plant and fought off 185 Japanese fighters without loss.
13658:
13045:
13035:
12411:
12216:
11540:
11492:
11110:
11082:
10935:
10550:
10529:
10043:
9706:
9612:
9102:
7737:
Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan
3744:
about killing of civilians, perhaps intensified by the racism that crystallized in the Pacific theater".
3517:
3472:
3066:
3046:
3027:
under attack on 28 July 1945, she was sunk in Kure along with most of the IJN's surviving large warships.
2927:
2815:
A map showing the areas of Japanese and Korean waters mined by the Twentieth Air Force up to 31 July 1945
2358:
1535:
1403:
1346:
1018:
498:
251:
7504:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume VII. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
5762:
3922:
3903:
13409:
13292:
12014:
11510:
11429:
11374:
11262:
11218:
10868:
10494:
10418:
10313:
10190:
10062:
10055:
10015:
9988:
9720:
9653:
9248:
9059:
8989:
8277:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
7293:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume IV. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
6726:
6251:
3841:
3509:
3322:
to deliver these weapons once they were complete; it deployed to Tinian during May and June 1945. The "
3277:
3040:
3022:
2931:
2410:
2204:
2128:
1932:
1521:
and other air defense facilities for civilians and industry were constructed prior to the Pacific War.
1395:
1108:
937:
908:
792:
401:
12614:
7023:
Julie., McNamara, Robert S., 1916-2009. Kamen, Jon. Morris, Errol. Williams, Michael. Ahlberg (2004).
3976:
2446:, concluded after these raids that Japan's civil defense arrangements were "considered to be futile".
12529:
11916:
11833:
11618:
11478:
11450:
11283:
11188:
10978:
10411:
9478:
9132:
6541:"Formal Surrender of Japan, 2 September 1945 – Aircraft Flyover as the Ceremonies Conclude"
4186:
3490:
3330:" B-29s began flying practice raids against Japanese cities, each armed with a single high-explosive
3114:
2885:(TF 58). This task force was the US Navy's main striking force in the Pacific, and comprised 11
2463:
1870:
directed households in the major cities to build their own shelters, though these were normally only
1706:
1678:
1661:
capable of carrying incendiary and anti-personnel bombs from Japan to the continental United States.
1649:
1415:
1228:
1008:
49:
9676:
7843:
2503:
2064:
began arriving in the Mariana Islands during October 1944. The Command was led by Brigadier General
13113:
11655:
11632:
10884:
10685:
10678:
10335:
9995:
9967:
9960:
9347:
8752:
7812:
2567:
2496:
2088:
1992:
1984:
1539:
1484:
1338:
1334:
1296:
The Allied bombing campaign was one of the main factors which influenced the Japanese government's
1173:
954:
814:
12974:
12804:
9692:
9669:
8074:. Reports of General MacArthur. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center for Military History.
7571:
7538:
3280:
following the war. Several of those found guilty were executed and the remainder were imprisoned.
13739:
12944:
12859:
12421:
12077:
12021:
11891:
11751:
11436:
11089:
10985:
10891:
10459:
10320:
10290:
10254:
10239:
10111:
10003:
9981:
9927:
9913:
9895:
9559:
9340:
9068:
9017:
8272:
3798:
3749:
2969:
2882:
2856:
2251:
1718:
1464:
1139:
959:
307:
229:
218:
8218:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Champaign: University of Illinois.
13883:
13831:
13705:
13700:
13437:
12324:
11769:
11662:
11464:
11415:
11318:
11211:
11181:
10964:
10852:
10578:
10369:
9953:
9934:
9904:
9451:
9421:
7059:
3833:
3769:
has also written that area attacks were unavoidable because, owing to the limitations of their
3706:
important factor which influenced their decision to end the war. In particular, Prime Minister
3323:
2890:
2872:
Major Allied naval air attacks and bombardments of targets in Japan during July and August 1945
2825:
2587:
1866:. However, few shelters were built due to shortages of concrete and steel. In October 1943 the
1853:
1734:
Locations of B-29 bomber bases in China and the main targets they attacked in East Asia during
1607:
1496:
1362:
1192:
1003:
714:
139:
12514:
8604:
Dower, John W. (28 February 1995). "The Bombed: Hiroshimas and Nagasakis in Japanese Memory".
6109:
1764:
heavy bombers in India and establishing forward airfields in China. This strategy, designated
1406:
heavy bombers were dispatched from the United States to operate from China in May 1942 as the
13846:
13344:
13123:
12734:
12260:
11983:
11826:
11722:
11692:
11648:
11388:
11353:
11346:
11269:
11167:
10608:
10585:
10432:
10036:
9573:
9313:
9299:
8982:
8131:
Meilinger, Phillip S. (1999). "The B-29 Air Campaign Against Japan". In Dennis, Peter (ed.).
8010:
8002:
3567:
3315:
3178:
3162:
3032:
2986:
which carried coal from Hokkaido to Honshu and damaged the remaining four. All of the Aomori-
2521:
2439:
2414:
2255:
Bodies of people killed in Operation Meetinghouse laid out in Ueno Park, Tokyo, 16 March 1945
2196:
2107:
2079:
2048:
2029:
1867:
1822:
1753:
1423:
1281:
1158:
918:
761:
240:
12829:
12654:
12609:
9871:
8328:
Russ, John (2001). "VLR!: VII fighter command operations from Iwo Jima, April–August 1945".
7206:
3719:
2914:
1829:
and Kyūshū were expanded to air divisions between March and June (these were designated the
1435:
13432:
13092:
13020:
12879:
12764:
12084:
11939:
11590:
11547:
11517:
11443:
11253:
11232:
10151:
9628:
9306:
8211:
7362:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume V. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
3814:
3494:
3157:
2943:
2894:
of 60 aircraft in combat and 28 in accidents. Several ships were also attacked and sunk in
2836:
force up to date. As a result, the IJN was unprepared for the large-scale USAAF offensive.
2829:
2776:
2655:
2619:
2607:
2188:
1863:
1777:
1765:
1742:
1735:
1487:. As a result, the GDC's functions were limited to coordinating communications between the
1411:
1391:
1350:
1103:
1091:
979:
785:
628:
616:
81:
13071:
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12478:
8627:"A cartographic fade to black: mapping the destruction of urban Japan during World War II"
8:
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207:
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8472:
8031:
Flames Over Tokyo: The U.S. Army Air Force's Incendiary Campaign Against Japan 1944–1945
3061:
1788:
was the only part of the home island chain within the B-29's 1,600-mile (2,600 km)
13727:
13594:
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13061:
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1761:
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1358:
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1254:
1132:
1125:
1064:
1028:
880:
802:
644:
584:
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513:
458:
196:
13320:
12769:
12458:
8107:
7186:
3463:
US Navy carrier aircraft flying over the Allied fleet in Tokyo Bay following the
2839:
2735:
2394:
equipped with a total of 1,002 B-29s and was the most powerful air unit in the world.
1935:, causing little damage, and on the night of 10/11 August 24 Superfortresses attacked
1928:
1617:. These aircraft were launched on 18 April, and individually bombed targets in Tokyo,
1402:
was reluctant to allow them to operate from territory under his control. A further 13
13684:
13609:
13549:
13544:
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13442:
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13261:
13176:
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12874:
12369:
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9508:
9487:
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8880:
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8839:
8817:
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8742:
8716:
8710:
8695:
8678:
8657:
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8523:
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8493:
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8459:
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8403:
8376:
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7882:
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7802:
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7716:
7693:
7636:
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7613:
7577:
7544:
7525:
7505:
7497:
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7445:
7424:
7402:
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7363:
7344:
7321:
7294:
7271:
7265:
7250:
7148:
7040:
7030:
5758:
3802:
3745:
3482:
3448:
3439:
3311:
3268:
3252:
3113:. These raids formed part of the preparation for the invasion of Japan. From 17 May,
3102:
2800:
2707:
2663:
2639:
2631:
2603:
2599:
2571:
2507:
2307:
2115:
2011:
in the Komsomolsk-Nikolaevsk area. It was decided to press for this at Yalta. At the
1973:
1811:
1795:
1757:
1698:
1611:
1590:
1165:
1118:
1023:
868:
853:
797:
483:
185:
53:
12984:
12964:
12904:
12864:
12754:
12483:
8895:
8474:
8123:
7286:
3707:
2534:
2331:
393:
13679:
13584:
13564:
13246:
13236:
13171:
13010:
12889:
12839:
12759:
12604:
12544:
12364:
12314:
12105:
12098:
12042:
11706:
11471:
11457:
11360:
11297:
11248:
11061:
10914:
10861:
10671:
10622:
10536:
9759:
9736:
9269:
8860:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
8739:
Piercing the Fog : Intelligence and Army Air Forces Operations in World War II
8638:
8613:
8399:
8103:
7967:
7668:
7605:
7357:
7222:
7218:
3753:
3355:
3251:
and Seibu (western Musashi) districts were sometimes killed after a brief trial or
3240:
3232:
3194:
3078:
2796:
2687:
2679:
2611:
2579:
2366:
2302:
The areas of Japan's main cities which were destroyed in air attacks during the war
2273:
2119:
2037:
2033:
2012:
1960:, on 29 March; its constituent units were then transferred to the Mariana Islands.
1910:
1846:
1645:
1518:
1457:
1452:
1440:
1290:
1277:
1246:
1216:
1059:
887:
873:
843:
756:
736:
488:
469:
318:
12774:
12564:
12448:
9278:
8672:
7979:
2697:
2671:
2515:
2132:
1669:
Following the Doolittle Raid, the next air attacks on Japan were made against the
13534:
13256:
13226:
13196:
12128:
11840:
11755:
11713:
11611:
11554:
11422:
11204:
11195:
10724:
10299:
10275:
9529:
8814:
The B-29 Superfortress: A Comprehensive Registry of the Planes and Their Missions
8449:
7958:
Huston, John W. (Summer 1995). "The Impact of Strategic Bombing in the Pacific".
3929:
3910:
3766:
3758:
3513:
3427:
3405:
3335:
3198:
3131:
3098:
3087:
2780:
2755:
2667:
2550:
2449:
2311:
2156:
2096:
2000:
1991:(where six or seven large aerodromes had been built and reserved) and the use of
1901:
1842:
1803:
1399:
1354:
1286:
1233:
989:
964:
833:
313:
302:
291:
280:
269:
258:
174:
154:
13015:
12954:
12669:
12579:
12549:
12240:
7724:
3549:
3248:
3244:
3177:
fighter which may have been operated by one of the six Japanese airmen from the
2905:
13637:
13404:
13251:
13211:
13201:
13181:
13146:
12709:
12135:
11671:
11597:
9642:
9501:
8790:
7732:
7517:
7394:
3793:
3780:
The charred remains of a woman who was carrying a child on her back, Tokyo 1945
3736:
3724:
3694:
3449:
Hirohito made a radio broadcast announcing his country's intention to surrender
3447:
last attacks conducted against Japan by heavy bombers, as at noon on 15 August
3443:
3409:
3347:
3307:
3293:
3110:
3050:
2991:
2958:
assumed command of the Fifth Fleet (redesignated the Third Fleet) from Admiral
2899:
2848:
2751:
2747:
2651:
2643:
2591:
2538:
2247:
The partially incinerated remains of Japanese civilians in Tokyo, 10 March 1945
2223:
1940:
1601:
1387:
1250:
1204:
1047:
901:
809:
731:
448:
425:
235:
126:
32:
12649:
8877:
Bringing the Thunder: The Missions of a World War II B-29 Pilot in the Pacific
8643:
8626:
7044:
3288:
2718:
2486:
13867:
13266:
13241:
13191:
13186:
13166:
11946:
9864:
9713:
9552:
8831:
8682:
8573:
8527:
8282:
8079:
7851:
7720:
7509:
7416:
7367:
7348:
7298:
7244:
3525:
3477:
3182:
3174:
3091:
2886:
2779:
three nights later, and on the night of 2 July it struck another refinery at
2739:
2443:
2401:
2345:
2264:
2231:
2169:
2144:
1888:
them less vulnerable to attack, however, as this was logistically difficult.
1789:
1670:
1342:
1330:
1273:
1208:
224:
213:
202:
191:
180:
169:
114:
12504:
8484:
7971:
3386:
1772:
in inland China which would be used to refuel B-29s traveling from bases in
13206:
13156:
12245:
12049:
10342:
10247:
9878:
9241:
9005:
8741:. Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program. pp. 297–348.
8503:
8115:
7572:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980).
7539:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980).
4415:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
4388:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
4372:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
4107:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
4082:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
4069:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
4056:
Foreign Histories Division, Headquarters, United States Army Japan (1980),
3855:
3806:
3331:
3319:
3153:
2963:
2675:
2627:
2467:
2235:
believed that it was safer to fly heavily armed aircraft at high altitude.
2214:
1906:
1807:
1682:
1448:
1253:
also frequently struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for the
1038:
1033:
947:
3394:
The second atomic bomb attack was made on 9 August. On this day, the B-29
1730:
1538:(ROCAF) conducted a single attack on the Japanese home islands during the
13389:
13221:
12416:
11884:
11870:
11532:
10201:
10022:
10007:
9361:
8853:
3740:
3327:
3264:
2983:
2759:
2659:
2383:
2207:
to trial tactics which could be later used against Japanese urban areas.
2102:
2004:
1988:
1785:
1674:
1566:
1543:
1513:
1508:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1241:
1200:
1188:
724:
695:
429:
36:
8341:
7690:
Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the invasion of Japan, 1945–47
3412:
explosion destroyed 1.45 square miles (3.8 km) of buildings in the
3365:
Hiroshima was attacked on 6 August. At 8:15 am local time the B-29
2725:
2397:
1710:
13216:
13161:
11239:
10992:
10971:
9857:
9190:
9118:
7680:
7306:
6268:– via Office of the Historian, United States Department of State.
3541:
3372:
2820:
2795:. USASTAF's role was to command the Twentieth Air Force as well as the
2763:
2623:
2336:
2008:
1694:
1550:
7024:
3223:
2843:
A Tinian-based B-29 dropping sea mines over Japanese home waters, 1944
2147:
were normally able to provide an hour's warning of American raids and
13231:
13151:
12339:
12329:
11502:
10907:
10704:
10515:
10306:
10261:
7204:
7026:
The fog of war : eleven lessons from the life of Robert McNamara
4384:
4382:
3776:
3770:
3508:
as well and also made many photo reconnaissance and mapping sorties.
3367:
3339:
3256:
3236:
3169:
3045:
and sank four other warships. On 24, 25 and 28 July the Allied fleet
3007:
2895:
2459:
2374:
2349:
2324:
2278:
2243:
1996:
1949:
1879:
1814:
was XX Bomber Command's main combat unit, and its movement from
1776:
en route to targets in Japan. Chennault, by now the commander of the
1654:
1258:
1147:
9782:
8773:
Superfortress: The Boeing B-29 and American airpower in World War II
7672:
6776:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Morale Division (1947), p. 1
3094:. American losses were 91 pilots killed and 157 Mustangs destroyed.
2819:
From mid-1944, the US Navy pressed for B-29s to be used to lay
1826:
1257:
scheduled for October 1945. During early August 1945, the cities of
9766:
9494:
8732:"Taking the Offensive: From China-Burma-India to the B-29 Campaign"
3977:"Executive Order 9082 Reorganizing the Army and the War Department"
3422:
3396:
3119:
3070:
2987:
2855:
LeMay increased the number of mine-laying sorties in June, and the
2771:
2715:
2711:
2418:
2319:
2200:
1936:
1622:
1618:
1554:
1289:, the firefighting services lacked training and equipment, and few
1262:
57:
8194:
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7574:
Japanese Monograph No. 157: Homeland Air Defense Operations Record
4379:
1916:
44:
8473:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947).
8254:
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7940:
Inferno: The Firebombing of Japan, March 9 – August 15, 1945
7133:
6725:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947),
3413:
3401:
3003:
2995:
2974:
2951:
2610:
were attacked. On 6 July, attacks were conducted against Akashi,
2575:
2390:
arrived in the Marianas; at this time the command comprised five
1769:
1690:
1558:
1546:
1207:
in April 1942 and small-scale raids on military positions in the
8969:
8492:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Morale Division (1947).
10383:
8974:
8256:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
8133:
1945 : War and Peace in the Pacific : Selected Essays
7858:
Valley of Darkness : The Japanese People and World War Two
7633:
The Pacific War Companion : From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima
3597:
The Effects of Bombing on Health and Medical Services in Japan:
3426:
were scheduled to have been completed by November, and General
3343:
2923:
2791:(USASTAF) was established at Guam under the command of General
2595:
2210:
1953:
1871:
1815:
1781:
1773:
1626:
1570:
1562:
1407:
1285:
fighter force. Despite the vulnerability of Japanese cities to
8476:
The Effects of Bombing on Health and Medical Services in Japan
3560:
The Effects of Bombing on Health and Medical Services in Japan
2638:
were struck on 9 July. Three nights later, the B-29s targeted
663:
10571:
7267:
The Doolittle Raid 1942: America's first strike back at Japan
6253:
No. 619 Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee
3351:
3149:
2999:
2028:, US forces captured Japanese-held islands in the Battles of
1500:
8168:
8152:
Eighth Air Force : The American Bomber Crews in Britain
5092:
5090:
4050:
8537:
Cataclysm : General Hap Arnold and the Defeat of Japan
7291:
The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan August 1942 to July 1944
2045:
on the airfield at Saipan while it was under construction.
2019:
1630:
1379:
8922:
The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon
8654:
Field of Spears : The Last Mission of the Jordan Crew
7421:
War Without Mercy : Race and Power in the Pacific War
4607:
4043:
4041:
3296:
from the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945
1760:
against the Japanese home islands and East Asia by basing
1394:. These aircraft reached India, but remained there as the
12302:
7801:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Historical Studies Office.
7629:"Ending the Pacific War 'No alternative to annihilation'"
5507:
5505:
5503:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5404:
5402:
5087:
4597:
4595:
1398:
caused logistics problems and Chinese Nationalist leader
8270:
7441:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II
6874:
6872:
5606:
5604:
5188:
5186:
3952:
3950:
2686:
were bombed on 19 July. After a break of almost a week,
2259:
The first firebombing attack in this campaign—codenamed
1857:
Civilians participating in an air-raid drill during 1942
7877:
Hein, Carola (2003). Hein, Carola; et al. (eds.).
7246:
U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology
5356:
5354:
4038:
2973:
Large clouds of smoke rising from burning buildings in
2490:
Japanese cities attacked by B-29 bombers during the war
2114:
Four of XXI Bomber Command's next five raids were
1967:
9636:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
8237:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
6899:
6608:
6099:
5950:
5500:
5438:
5399:
5381:
4592:
4580:
3588:
Estimate of Japanese casualties from Allied air raids
2056:
posing with a map of the Tokyo region in November 1944
1507:
Japanese cities were highly vulnerable to damage from
1276:
were unable to stop the Allied attacks. The number of
7541:
Japanese Monograph No. 17: Homeland Operations Record
7480:
Grand Strategy Volume V, August 1943 – September 1944
7242:
7141:"Damages suit over 1945 air raids on Osaka dismissed"
6869:
6763:
6761:
5601:
5183:
4185:. National Museum of the US Air Force. Archived from
3947:
3839:
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1806:, took personal command of this unit and ran it from
423:
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The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale:
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1818:
to India took place between April and mid-May 1944.
1768:, involved the construction of large airstrips near
1369:
Japanese successes during the opening months of the
8670:
8495:
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale
8415:. Aviation Elite Units. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
8410:
8051:
China and the United States: A New Cold War History
8009:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp.
7500:. In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.).
7289:. In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.).
3723:A woman and her child outside their bombed home in
3564:
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale
3390:
Part of Nagasaki six weeks after the atomic bombing
3235:directed that indiscriminate bombing constituted a
2453:
Incendiary bombs being dropped on Kobe, 4 June 1945
2199:. The American military also attempted to develop "
330:
27,261 B-29 sorties, exclusive of mining operations
130:
8919:
8558:. Houndmills, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
8539:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press.
8354:Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan
8170:
8169:Miller, Donald L.; Commager, Henry Steele (2001).
7881:. Houndmills, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
7855:
7320:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History.
7318:Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority
7249:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History.
6803:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1995), p. 2
6758:
6169:
6084:
4402:
4400:
4398:
3227:A captured crew member of a downed B-29, July 1945
3056:
8926:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
8053:. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
8007:The Oxford Companion to American Military History
7610:Downfall. The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
5753:
5751:
2789:United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific
2729:Toyama burns after a B-29 air raid, 1 August 1945
1780:in China, advocated building the B-29 bases near
13865:
8879:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
8770:
8694:. New York City: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
8656:. King's Lynn, United Kingdom: Paulownia Press.
7758:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
6721:
6719:
5317:
5315:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4179:"America Hits Back: The Doolittle Tokyo Raiders"
4171:
3790:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3212:
2478:(approximately 79 square miles (200 km))."
2106:A B-29 falls in flames after a direct hit by an
8775:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing.
8271:Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1953).
5817:
5815:
5576:
5574:
5528:
5526:
4395:
3243:), which included Tokyo, those captured in the
2335:The ruins of a Kagoshima residential area with
1664:
8455:Whirlwind: The Air War Against Japan 1942–1945
8432:Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History
8430:Tanaka, Yuki; Young, Marilyn B., eds. (2009).
7900:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
7692:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
7463:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
7205:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1995).
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6547:. United States Navy Naval Historical Center.
5748:
5285:
2143:from 10:00 pm. Japanese positions in the
13874:Military history of Japan during World War II
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8858:Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
8624:
7795:Hitting Home: The Air Offensive Against Japan
7522:The War of the World. History's Age of Hatred
6962:
6806:
6716:
6201:
6199:
6032:
6030:
6028:
5991:
5989:
5757:
5475:
5473:
5312:
5024:
4906:
4904:
4822:
4820:
4467:
4305:
4303:
4094:
4092:
3658:300,000 civilians killed and 500,000 wounded
3138:
2554:Part of Sendai after the raid on 19 July 1945
2238:
2151:were sounded in cities threatened by attack.
679:
409:
8692:Closing the Circle: War in the Pacific: 1945
7960:The Journal of American-East Asian Relations
7775:Nemesis : The Battle for Japan, 1944–45
7739:. New York City: Walker Publishing Company.
7596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7563:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7375:Dear, I. C. B; Foot, M. R. D., eds. (2005).
7064:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6187:
6151:
5812:
5571:
5523:
5140:
5138:
4990:
4988:
4913:
4838:
4155:
4153:
4013:
4011:
1430:
8797:. New York City: Diane Publishing Company.
8429:
8313:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
7076:
3558:campaign are sourced from the USSBS report
2928:attacked Japanese warships at Kure and Kobe
2506:and another two groups raided a factory in
1987:to the United States having air bases near
1267:struck and mostly destroyed by atomic bombs
16:Aerial bombing of Japan during World War II
12295:
12281:
8997:
8983:
8940:
8900:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
8671:Halsey, William F.; Bryan, Joseph (1947).
8498:. United States Strategic Bombing Survey.
8479:. United States Strategic Bombing Survey.
8311:War with Japan. Volume VI Advance to Japan
8308:
8292:The Pacific War and Its Political Legacies
7491:. London: HMSO (British official history).
7482:. London: HMSO (British official history).
7356:Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, eds. (1953).
7355:
7068:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6779:
6434:
6326:
6196:
6025:
5986:
5470:
5461:
5042:
4901:
4817:
4619:
4499:
4300:
4089:
3940:
3938:
3400:was dispatched to attack Kokura with the "
2481:
1483:districts) which reported directly to the
686:
672:
416:
402:
13520:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
8874:
8789:
8642:
8373:The Royal Australian Air Force: A History
8130:
8067:
7687:
7285:Coles, Harry L.; Olson, James C. (1951).
6908:
6881:
6851:
5535:
5420:
5135:
4985:
4449:
4162:
4150:
4008:
3923:Survey of Japanese antiaircraft artillery
3904:Survey of Japanese antiaircraft artillery
3890:
3888:
3886:
3610:900,000 killed, 1.3 million injured
3302:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2594:were bombed on 1 July. Two nights later,
8893:
8816:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
8553:
8370:
8071:MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation Phase
8005:. In Chambers, John Whiteclay II (ed.).
7772:
7731:
7516:
7374:
7243:Carter, Kit C.; Mueller, Robert (1991).
6395:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 719–720, 725
5932:
5923:
5896:
3775:
3718:
3639:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1995)
3548:
3540:
3536:
3458:
3432:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
3385:
3318:was formed under the command of Colonel
3287:
3222:
3197:was formed under the command of General
3168:
3060:
3016:
2968:
2904:
2867:
2838:
2810:
2724:
2696:
2549:
2520:
2485:
2448:
2423:
2396:
2330:
2297:
2250:
2242:
2181:
2168:forces often had to pass through severe
2101:
2070:3rd Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron
2047:
2020:Initial attacks from the Mariana Islands
1915:
1898:attack the Imperial Iron and Steel Works
1852:
1729:
1673:in mid-1943. The liberation of Alaska's
1580:
1434:
13879:World War II strategic bombing of Japan
13630:
8708:
8580:. Fortress. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
8458:. New York City: Simon & Schuster.
8448:
8348:
8210:
8086:
8000:
7920:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict
7791:
7658:
7486:
7477:
7399:B-29 Superfortress Units of World War 2
7334:
6100:Javier Guisández Gómez (30 June 1998).
4613:
4601:
4586:
3935:
3650:Approximately 400,000 civilians killed
3130:on 5 August, Kumamoto on 10 August and
1725:
1648:. The Japanese Army also conducted the
145:
13866:
10851:
10829:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
8914:
8875:Robertson, Gordon Bennett Jr. (2006).
8651:
8572:
8375:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
8251:
8191:
8149:
7978:
7957:
7850:
7706:
7458:
7229:
7022:
6260:from the original on 18 September 2017
4390:Homeland Air Defense Operations Record
4109:Homeland Air Defense Operations Record
4071:Homeland Air Defense Operations Record
4058:Homeland Air Defense Operations Record
3883:
3784:The atomic bomb attacks have been the
3626:About 330,000 killed, 476,000 wounded
3553:Aerial view of Osaka following the war
3545:Aerial view of Tokyo following the war
3097:From May 1945 aircraft of the USAAF's
2497:United States Strategic Bombing Survey
2404:burning after an air raid, 14 May 1945
2176:
2043:Japanese aircraft made several attacks
1312:
12304:Strategic bombing during World War II
12276:
11700:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
11132:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
10778:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
10734:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
9832:Rape during the occupation of Germany
8978:
8830:
8729:
8625:Fedman, David; Karacas, Cary (2012).
8603:
8389:
8135:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
8034:. New York City: Donald I. Fine Inc.
7756:Case Studies in Strategic Bombardment
7649:
7626:
7604:
7437:
7415:
7211:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
6551:from the original on 12 November 2020
6166:Takai and Sakaida (2001), pp. 113–114
6139:Takai and Sakaida (2001), pp. 115–116
6106:International Review of the Red Cross
6093:
3987:from the original on 25 February 2007
3974:
3828:Strategic bombing during World War II
3503:Allied air units participated in the
3181:(Air Group) who were downed over the
2954:on 12 and 13 May. On 27 May, Admiral
2881:on 19 February, and was conducted by
2806:
2701:Street view of Okayama in August 1945
1891:
1327:Embassy of the United States in Tokyo
667:
397:
13397:
10822:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
9847:Rape during the liberation of France
8852:
8811:
8689:
8534:
8510:
8411:Takai, Kōji; Sakaida, Henry (2001).
8327:
8232:
8048:
8027:
7936:
7914:
7895:
7876:
7753:
7495:
7393:
7377:The Oxford Companion to World War II
7305:
7263:
7173:
5237:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 638, 650
4297:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. xiii, 65
4120:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 610, 623
4026:Romanus and Sunderland (1953), p. 24
2863:
1968:Proposed Soviet-American cooperation
1443:being built in Japan, September 1940
1236:became available as a result of the
13839:
8771:LeMay, Curtis; Yenne, Bill (2007).
8289:
8049:Li, Xiaobing; Li, Hongshan (1998).
7943:. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books.
7379:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7359:The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki
7130:Tanaka and Young (2009), pp. 7, 134
6866:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 752–753
6605:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 733–734
6503:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 732–733
5965:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 697–700
5947:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 695–696
5920:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 634–635
5598:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 670–674
5589:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 668–670
5568:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 662–666
5520:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 658–661
5458:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 674–675
5435:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 654–655
5417:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 653–654
5396:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 651–652
5378:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 650–651
5330:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 642–644
5309:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 640–642
5282:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 639–640
5255:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 638–639
5228:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 637–638
5105:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 632–633
5057:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 623–627
4871:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 610–611
4835:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 575–576
4814:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 570–573
4796:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 568–570
4769:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 565–568
4760:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 566–568
4724:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 564–565
4688:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 581–582
4679:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 559–560
4670:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 553–554
4661:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 555–556
4577:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 165–175
4261:Coles and Olson (1951), pp. 387–391
3983:. The American Presidency Project.
3786:subject of long-running controversy
3371:, piloted by Tibbets, dropped the "
1345:") began operations as part of the
72:18 April 1942 – 15 August 1945
13:
11048:German invasion of the Netherlands
9321:Weather events during World War II
8618:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1995.tb00658.x
8596:
8294:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
8087:McCurry, Justin (11 August 2005).
5773:from the original on 14 April 2022
3039:where they damaged the battleship
3012:bombardments of industrial targets
2361:very-long-range fighters from the
2339:in the background, 1 November 1945
2294:Destruction of Japan's main cities
1883:believed likely to be attacked to
1203:these attacks were limited to the
14:
13895:
11679:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
8963:
8556:Rebuilding Urban Japan After 1945
7879:Rebuilding Urban Japan After 1945
7316:. In Cooling, B. Franklin (ed.).
7147:. 9 December 2011. Archived from
6545:Online Library of Selected Images
6458:Giangreco (2009), p. 111–112
5763:"朝日新聞デジタル:空襲の記憶 風化させぬ - 北海道 - 地域"
5559:Carter and Mueller (1991), p. 727
4327:Craven and Cate (1953), pp. 75–79
3284:Atomic bombings and final attacks
3135:anti-aircraft guns and fighters.
1913:bombing attacks against Germany.
1756:approved a proposal to begin the
1576:
1219:also attacked Japan during 1945.
12239:
9004:
8434:. New York City: The New Press.
8404:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2009.00694.x
8177:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
7612:. New York City: Penguin Books.
7124:
7115:
7106:
7097:
7088:
7016:
7007:
6998:
6989:
6980:
6971:
6953:
6944:
6935:
6926:
6917:
6890:
6860:
6842:
6824:
6815:
6797:
6788:
6770:
6767:Takai and Sakaida (2001), p. 110
6749:
6740:
6731:
6707:
6698:
6689:
6680:
6671:
6662:
6653:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6599:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6563:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6244:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6214:Takai and Sakaida (2001), p. 116
6208:
6178:
6175:Takai and Sakaida (2001), p. 114
6160:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6090:Takai and Sakaida (2001), p. 115
6075:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6039:
6016:
6007:
5998:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5941:
5914:
5905:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5851:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5803:
5794:
5785:
5739:
5730:
5721:
5712:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5592:
5583:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5514:
5491:
5482:
5452:
5429:
5411:
5390:
5372:
5363:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5303:
5294:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5174:
5165:
5156:
5147:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5099:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5051:
5033:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
3869:
3849:
3666:241,309 killed, 213,041 injured
3599:333,000 killed, 473,000 wounded
3454:
3421:also began on 9 August, and the
3122:attacks on groups of civilians.
3047:attacked Kure and the Inland Sea
2428:A B-29 over Osaka on 1 June 1945
1752:In late 1943, the United States
1493:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
312:
301:
290:
279:
268:
257:
245:
234:
223:
212:
201:
190:
179:
168:
147:
132:
119:
107:
43:
8631:Journal of Historical Geography
7335:Correll, John T. (March 2009).
4892:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4829:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4490:
4481:
4458:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4409:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4101:
4076:
4063:
4029:
4020:
3314:. In December 1944 the USAAF's
3143:
3105:, which were grouped under the
3057:Raids from Iwo Jima and Okinawa
2977:after a carrier raid, July 1945
2323:to strike residential areas in
1747:
1529:
693:
386:Extensive damage to urban areas
11926:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
9629:Territorial changes of Germany
9537:Indonesian National Revolution
8712:A History of Strategic Bombing
8511:Wolk, Herman S. (April 2004).
8392:The Journal of Popular Culture
8001:Johnson, James Turner (1999).
7223:10.1080/00963402.1995.11658059
7174:Bell, Raymond E. (Fall 2014).
6995:Tanaka and Young (2009), p. 87
6932:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 756
6905:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 751
6704:Yorifusa (2003), pp. 30–31, 41
6614:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 734
6587:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 735
6422:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 720
6377:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 655
6359:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 723
6108:(323): 347–363. Archived from
5956:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 696
5911:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 634
5848:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 698
5610:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 754
5511:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 675
5449:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 656
5408:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 652
5387:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 651
5273:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 639
5246:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 638
5192:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 649
5180:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 636
5123:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 647
5096:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 631
4889:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 485
4742:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 564
4514:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 102
4406:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 172
4279:Coles and Olson (1951), p. 401
3999:
3968:
3959:
3916:
3897:
3593:USSBS, Medical Division (1947)
3531:
2116:made against targets in Nagoya
1983:Stalin had agreed at the 1944
1945:Japanese government propaganda
1524:
1:
11326:Japanese invasion of Thailand
11277:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
11041:German invasion of Luxembourg
9415:Mediterranean and Middle East
8513:"The Twentieth Against Japan"
8108:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67041-9
7715:. Vol. 73, no. 10.
7707:Glines, C.V. (October 1990).
7459:Downes, Alexander B. (2008).
7401:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
7270:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
7166:
6659:MacArthur (1950), pp. 270–277
6623:MacArthur (1950), pp. 268–270
6022:Coox (1994), pp. 413–414, 426
5201:Craven and Cate (1953), p. 66
3642:Approximately 500,000 killed
3634:Approximately 393,367 killed
3604:USSBS, Morale Division (1947)
3213:Treatment of prisoners of war
3077:April, when 57 P-51s strafed
2433:force was intercepted by 150
2097:M-69 incendiary cluster bombs
1489:Imperial General Headquarters
1323:United States Army Air Forces
1307:
1224:United States Army Air Forces
384:Very heavy damage to industry
11233:Invasion of the Soviet Union
10922:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
10233:Independent State of Croatia
8677:. London: Whittlesey House.
8356:. London: Cassell & Co.
8274:Stillwell's Mission to China
7986:. New York: Pantheon Books.
7631:. In Marston, Daniel (ed.).
6986:Grayling (2007), pp. 271–281
6878:Tillman (2010), pp. 262, 264
5736:Morrison (1960), pp. 311–312
5682:Morison (1960), pp. 272, 299
4478:Dear and Foot (2005), p. 484
3419:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
3152:, and Allied attacks on IJN
3037:attacked Yokosuka naval base
2694:were firebombed on 26 July.
2213:, used by the Americans for
2129:Kawasaki Aircraft Industries
1665:Bombing of the Kuril Islands
1319:United States Army Air Corps
1140:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
12217:End of World War II in Asia
12057:Western invasion of Germany
11564:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
11541:Second Battle of El Alamein
11111:Hundred Regiments Offensive
11083:Battle of the Mediterranean
10936:Italian invasion of Albania
9103:Air warfare of World War II
8737:. In Kreis, John F. (ed.).
8715:. New York City: Scribner.
8068:MacArthur, Douglas (1950).
7792:Haulman, Daniel L. (1999).
7423:. London: Faber and Faber.
7264:Chun, Clayton K.S. (2006).
7185:(93): 30–53. Archived from
6578:Tillman (2010), pp. 250–251
6569:Tillman (2010), pp. 247–248
6184:Tillman (2010), pp. 171–172
6148:Francis (1997), pp. 471–472
5893:Tillman (2010), pp. 242–244
5884:Morison (1960), pp. 334–335
5866:Morison (1960), pp. 331–332
5830:Tillman (2010), pp. 209–211
5727:Morison (1960), pp. 310–311
5673:Tillman (2010), pp. 132–133
5637:Tillman (2010), pp. 123–124
5300:Tillman (2010), pp. 172–173
5075:Tillman (2010), pp. 156–157
4982:Tillman (2010), pp. 149–153
4946:Huston (1995), pp. 171, 173
4523:Spector (1984), pp. 490–491
4464:Tillman (2010), pp. 142–146
4270:Tillman (2010), pp. 273–275
4138:Tillman (2010), pp. 142–143
3913:, p. 230. Retrieved 5/26/23
3821:
3714:
3573:postwar Japanese government
3518:Royal New Zealand Air Force
2913:aircraft dropping bombs on
1701:) took place on 15 August.
1542:. On 19 May 1938 two ROCAF
1536:Republic of China Air Force
1349:(ROCAF) in late 1941 using
1347:Republic of China Air Force
1321:(which was subsumed by the
938:Dutch East Indies (1941–42)
895:Strategic bombing (1944–45)
382:8,500,000 rendered homeless
375:~545 Allied airmen captured
252:Republic of China Air Force
10:
13900:
12143:Naval bombardment of Japan
11511:First Battle of El Alamein
11430:Battle of Christmas Island
11375:Japanese invasion of Burma
11139:Italian invasion of Greece
11055:German invasion of Belgium
11027:German invasion of Denmark
11000:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
10869:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
9126:Comparative military ranks
8941:Wetterhahn, Ralph (2004).
8150:Miller, Donald L. (2008).
8028:Kerr, E. Bartlett (1991).
7984:The Pacific War, 1931–1945
7627:Frank, Richard B. (2005).
7461:Targeting Civilians in War
7207:"Editor's Note: Dehousing"
6737:Frank (1999), pp. 334, 435
6695:Yorifusa (2003), pp. 19–21
6686:Yorifusa (2003), pp. 25–26
6677:Yorifusa (2003), pp. 24–25
6668:Yorifusa (2003), pp. 22–23
5664:Morison (1960), pp. 99–100
4805:Tillman (2010), pp. 99–100
4787:Havens (1978), pp. 159–161
4487:Havens (1978), pp. 158–159
4417:Homeland Operations Record
4374:Homeland Operations Record
4225:Chun (2006), pp. 84, 88–91
4084:Homeland Operations Record
3615:Japanese Government (1949)
3528:projects were undertaken.
3510:Royal Australian Air Force
3299:
3278:Yokohama War Crimes Trials
3269:Kyushu Imperial University
3216:
3173:A recovered and preserved
3139:Japanese military response
2930:, damaging the battleship
2411:Tachikawa Aircraft Company
2239:March firebombing campaign
2060:The Twentieth Air Force's
1740:
1599:
1396:Japanese conquest of Burma
1366:upon the outbreak of war.
1302:particularly controversial
1087:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
612:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
13830:
13795:
13764:
13753:
13714:
13693:
13672:
13651:
13477:
13456:
13425:
13388:
13313:
13277:
13132:
13101:
13080:
13054:
12998:
12822:
12497:
12437:
12430:
12399:
12378:
12357:
12348:
12310:
12232:
12064:Bratislava–Brno offensive
12004:
11995:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
11732:
11619:Allied invasion of Sicily
11573:
11479:Aleutian Islands campaign
11451:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
11398:
11389:Greek famine of 1941–1944
11284:Second Battle of Changsha
11189:German invasion of Greece
11157:
11034:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
11009:
10947:
10842:
10723:
10449:
10359:
10200:
9903:
9894:
9652:
9477:
9369:North and Central Pacific
9330:
9092:
9085:
9012:
8947:. Boston: Da Capo Press.
8894:Schaffer, Ronald (1988).
8644:10.1016/j.jhg.2012.02.004
8196:. London: Penguin Books.
8173:The Story of World War II
7862:. New York City: Norton.
7754:Hall, R. Cargill (1998).
7661:Pacific Historical Review
7524:. London: Penguin Books.
7502:Services Around the World
7337:"The Matterhorn Missions"
7112:Frank (1999), pp. 331–332
7029:. Sony Pictures Classic.
6755:Frank (1999), pp. 334–335
6494:Frank (1999), pp. 313–314
6485:Frank (1999), pp. 303–304
6476:Frank (1999), pp. 302–303
6431:Frank (1999), pp. 281–283
6386:Frank (1999), pp. 283–285
6323:Polmar (2004), pp. 31, 33
6305:Frank (1999), pp. 232–234
6296:Frank (1999), pp. 149–150
6063:Coox (1994), pp. 415, 427
5839:Royal Navy (1995), p. 223
5800:Frank (1999), pp. 157–158
5709:Royal Navy (1995), p. 214
5655:Morison (1960), pp. 94–95
5646:Royal Navy (1995), p. 192
5628:Morison (1960), pp. 22–25
5619:Morison (1960), pp. 20–21
4652:Tillman (2010), pp. 77–79
4634:Tillman (2010), pp. 71–75
4550:Tillman (2010), pp. 58–65
4532:Tillman (2010), pp. 53–56
4354:Tillman (2010), pp. 43–44
4288:Correll (2009), pp. 62–63
4047:Tillman (2010), pp. 32–33
4005:Tillman (2010), pp. 31–32
3350:and Nagasaki as targets.
1679:Aleutian Islands Campaign
1650:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign
1569:, and other locations on
1431:Pre-war Japanese defenses
1255:planned invasion of Japan
1229:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
703:
437:
380:213,000–1,300,000 wounded
341:
324:
161:
100:
64:
42:
30:
25:
12320:Aerial bombing of cities
11656:Allied invasion of Italy
11633:Solomon Islands campaign
11382:Third Battle of Changsha
10979:First Battle of Changsha
10885:Second Sino-Japanese War
9818:German military brothels
9684:United States war crimes
8812:Mann, Robert A. (2009).
8709:Kennett, Lee B. (1982).
8652:Hadley, Gregory (2007).
8535:Wolk, Herman S. (2010).
8413:B-29 Hunters of the JAAF
8371:Stephens, Alan (2006) .
8233:Neer, Robert M. (2013).
7688:Giangreco, D.M. (2009).
7094:Kerr (1991), pp. 291–293
6941:Kerr (1991), pp. 292–293
6848:Kerr (1991), pp. 278–279
6650:MacArthur (1950), p. 290
6632:MacArthur (1950), p. 270
6467:Kerr (1991), pp. 273–274
6413:Hall (1998), pp. 360–361
6287:Kerr (1991), pp. 268–269
6223:Polmar (2004), pp. 17–20
6102:"The Law of Air Warfare"
6081:Zaloga (2010), pp. 54–55
6045:Coox (1994), pp. 415–416
6004:Coox (1994), pp. 404–405
5983:Zaloga (2010), pp. 52–53
5497:Kerr (1991), pp. 267–268
5369:Kerr (1991), pp. 258–260
5339:Kerr (1991), pp. 261–262
5084:Coox (1994), pp. 414–415
4928:Kerr (1991), pp. 145–146
4853:Wolk (2010), pp. 112–113
4751:Kerr (1991), pp. 118–119
4733:Kerr (1991), pp. 117–118
4715:Kerr (1991), pp. 108–109
4697:Horn (2005), pp. 205–207
4252:Horn (2005), pp. 205–206
4234:Hoyt (1987), pp. 277–279
4168:Li and Li (1998), p. 265
3956:Kerr (1991), pp. 280–281
3862:
3674:At least 330,000 killed
3663:Takai and Sakaida (2001)
2495:recommendation from the
2440:Minister of Home Affairs
2089:contiguous United States
2026:Mariana Islands campaign
1810:in Washington, D.C. The
1540:Second Sino-Japanese War
1414:, sought a force of 100
1339:American Volunteer Group
1335:Second Sino-Japanese War
1238:Mariana Islands Campaign
1174:Second Sino-Japanese War
1014:Estevan Point Lighthouse
769:Indian Ocean (1941–1945)
720:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
12078:Second Guangxi campaign
11933:Philippines (1944–1945)
11437:Battle of the Coral Sea
11340:Fall of the Philippines
10986:Battle of South Guangxi
10892:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
10291:Italian Social Republic
8730:Kreis, John F. (1996).
8690:Hoyt, Edwin P. (1982).
8252:Polmar, Norman (2004).
8089:"The Day the Bomb Fell"
7972:10.1163/187656195x00327
7937:Hoyt, Edwin P. (2000).
7922:. London: Arrow Books.
7777:. London: HarperPress.
7438:Dower, John W. (1999).
7311:"Air War Against Japan"
7121:Dower (1986), pp. 37–38
6968:Hastings (2007), p. 339
6812:Meilinger (1999), p. 79
6641:Stephens (2001), p. 213
5348:Frank (1999), pp. 76–77
5321:Hastings (2007), p. 336
5264:Frank (1999), pp. 74–75
5030:Hastings (2007), p. 330
5021:Frank (1999), pp. 68–69
5012:Frank (1999), pp. 66–67
5003:Ferguson (2007), p. 573
4973:Frank (1999), pp. 64–66
4844:Hastings (2007), p. 319
4706:Frank (1999), pp. 54–56
3975:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
3750:anti-Japanese sentiment
3485:and the US Army's
2891:light aircraft carriers
2857:505th Bombardment Group
2525:Part of Shizuoka after
2482:Attacks on small cities
2388:315th Bombardment Wings
2080:Operation San Antonio I
1885:move to the countryside
1864:prefectural governments
1677:in May 1943 during the
1465:General Defense Command
776:Japanese merchant raids
335:5,916 automatic cannons
308:General Defense Command
12325:Area bombing directive
11663:Armistice of Cassibile
11465:Battle of Dutch Harbor
11416:Battle of the Java Sea
11319:Attack on Pearl Harbor
11219:Syria–Lebanon campaign
11212:Battle of South Shanxi
11182:Invasion of Yugoslavia
10965:Battle of the Atlantic
10579:Korean Liberation Army
10285:(until September 1943)
10242:(until September 1944)
10220:(until September 1944)
8674:Admiral Halsey's Story
8216:Victory in the Pacific
7773:Hastings, Max (2007).
7496:Fagg, John E. (1983).
7487:Ehrman, John (1956b).
7478:Ehrman, John (1956a).
7444:. London: Allen Lane.
6830:Tillman (2010), p. 256
6449:Tillman (2010), p. 237
6350:McCurry (2005), p. 441
6193:Tillman (2010), p. 171
6157:Tillman (2010), p. 170
5875:Morison (1960), p. 332
5857:Tillman (2010), p. 217
5821:Morison (1960), p. 314
5809:Tillman (2010), p. 204
5745:Tillman (2010), p. 202
5718:Tillman (2010), p. 201
5700:Morison (1960), p. 310
5691:Morison (1960), p. 307
5580:Tillman (2010), p. 198
5532:Tillman (2010), p. 240
5210:Tillman (2010), p. 167
5153:Tillman (2010), p. 165
5132:Tillman (2010), p. 164
4446:Kerr (1991), pp. 61–64
4363:Kerr (1991), pp. 60–61
4318:Bell (2014), pp. 45–46
4098:Chun (2006), pp. 24–27
4035:Chun (2006), pp. 7, 30
3834:Grave of the Fireflies
3781:
3728:
3623:Craven and Cate (1953)
3554:
3546:
3487:11th Airborne Division
3468:
3391:
3297:
3228:
3186:
3073:
3028:
2978:
2918:
2873:
2844:
2826:313th Bombardment Wing
2816:
2730:
2702:
2555:
2530:
2491:
2454:
2429:
2405:
2340:
2303:
2261:Operation Meetinghouse
2256:
2248:
2111:
2057:
2007:near the mouth of the
1924:
1922:Yawata on 15 June 1944
1858:
1758:strategic air campaign
1738:
1685:in the Aleutians, the
1608:attack on Pearl Harbor
1597:
1497:Imperial Japanese Navy
1451:aircraft based in the
1444:
1363:attack on Pearl Harbor
1329:reported that Japan's
1075:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
919:Burma and India (1944)
742:Gilberts and Marshalls
595:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
378:241,000–900,000 killed
11827:Second Battle of Guam
11723:Bengal famine of 1943
11693:Second Battle of Kiev
11649:Battle of the Dnieper
11354:Battle of Wake Island
11226:East African campaign
11168:Battle of South Henan
10813:atrocities by Germans
10586:Korean Volunteer Army
9560:Occupation of Germany
9314:Music in World War II
8836:The Air War 1939–1945
8578:Defense of Japan 1945
8212:Morison, Samuel Eliot
8192:Mitter, Rana (2014).
7735:(2007). "Judgement".
7085:Johnson (1999), p. 86
6923:Huston (1995), p. 178
6521:Miller (2008), p. 519
6205:Ienaga (1978), p. 189
5360:Miller (2001), p. 460
4910:Downes (2008), p. 126
4862:Downes (2008), p. 125
4826:Haulman (1999), p. 22
4778:Tillman (2010), p. 99
4625:Tillman (2010), p. 68
4568:Correll (2009), p. 65
4559:Tillman (2010), p. 65
4505:Correll (2009), p. 63
4496:Havens (1978), p. 158
4345:Tillman (2010), p. 45
4336:Tillman (2010), p. 41
4309:Haulman (1999), p. 10
4243:Mitter (2014), p. 263
4147:Havens (1978), p. 155
4017:Tillman (2010), p. 32
3779:
3722:
3682:About 425,000 killed
3552:
3544:
3537:Casualties and damage
3462:
3389:
3316:509th Composite Group
3291:
3226:
3172:
3064:
3033:British Pacific Fleet
3020:
2972:
2936:and aircraft carrier
2908:
2871:
2842:
2814:
2728:
2700:
2553:
2524:
2489:
2452:
2427:
2415:Tokyo Imperial Palace
2400:
2367:73rd Bombardment Wing
2334:
2301:
2254:
2246:
2197:Dugway Proving Ground
2182:LeMay changes tactics
2105:
2051:
1919:
1856:
1812:58th Bombardment Wing
1754:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1733:
1584:
1438:
1424:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1392:Japanese home islands
1298:decision to surrender
1272:Japan's military and
985:Philippines (1944–45)
943:Philippines (1941–42)
342:Casualties and losses
241:British Pacific Fleet
82:Japanese home islands
12690:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
12422:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
12113:Surrender of Germany
11591:Battle of West Hubei
11548:Guadalcanal campaign
11518:Battle of Stalingrad
11444:Battle of Madagascar
10211:Albania protectorate
9998:(formerly Swaziland)
9707:Wehrmacht war crimes
9523:Expulsion of Germans
9307:Art and World War II
9205:British contribution
9154:Governments in exile
8003:"Bombing, ethics of"
7896:Horn, Steve (2005).
7498:"Aviation Engineers"
7013:Frank (1999), p. 336
6950:Frank (1999), p. 345
6794:Dower (1986), p. 298
6785:Frank (1999), p. 334
6746:Frank (1999), p. 435
6596:Cahill (2012), p. 19
6512:Frank (1999), p. 313
6440:Szasz (2009), p. 537
6368:Frank (1999), p. 269
6341:Polmar (2004), p. 33
6332:Frank (1999), p. 286
6278:Frank (1999), p. 262
6241:Polmar (2004), p. 25
6036:Zaloga (2010), p. 54
5995:Zaloga (2010), p. 53
5974:Zaloga (2010), p. 51
5791:Frank (1999), p. 157
5550:Frank (1999), p. 152
5479:Frank (1999), p. 153
5467:Szasz (2009), p. 535
5219:Frank (2005), p. 224
5066:Frank (1999), p. 304
5048:Szasz (2009), p. 534
4455:Zaloga (2010), p. 27
4428:Zaloga (2010), p. 52
4216:Tillman (2010), p. 7
4159:Zaloga (2010), p. 25
3815:Tokyo District Court
3568:statistical sampling
3158:signals intelligence
2926:. The next day they
2830:Operation Starvation
1920:B-29s about to raid
1778:Fourteenth Air Force
1766:Operation Matterhorn
1743:Operation Matterhorn
1736:Operation Matterhorn
1726:Operation Matterhorn
1517:to air attacks. Few
1412:Claire Lee Chennault
1361:medium bombers. The
786:Homfreyganj massacre
653:Hokkaido (cancelled)
360:VII Fighter Command:
13765:Mandatory Palestine
12203:Potsdam Declaration
12092:Italy (Spring 1945)
11855:Liberation of Paris
11312:Siege of Sevastopol
10323:(until August 1944)
10226:Wang Jingwei regime
10048:from September 1943
10008:from September 1944
9946:from September 1944
9806:Romanian war crimes
9797:Persecution of Jews
9783:Croatian war crimes
9753:Japanese war crimes
9567:Occupation of Japan
9516:First Indochina War
9228:Military production
9140:Declarations of war
8758:on 23 November 2016
8309:Royal Navy (1995).
8290:Roy, Denny (2009).
7852:Havens, Thomas R.H.
7818:on 23 November 2016
7287:"The North Pacific"
7151:on 22 November 2012
7004:Hoyt (1987), p. 388
6977:Dower (1986), p. 41
6959:Hall (1998), p. 366
6914:Kerr (1991), p. 282
6896:Dower (1999), p. 45
6887:Kerr (1991), p. 281
6857:Kerr (1991), p. 280
6839:Frank (2013), p. 21
6530:Kerr (1991), p. 275
6404:Hall (1998), p. 360
6314:Kerr (1991), p. 271
6232:Kerr (1991), p. 269
6130:Kerr (1991), p. 250
6072:Coox (1994), p. 426
6054:Coox (1994), p. 427
6013:Coox (1994), p. 413
5541:Kerr (1991), p. 331
5426:Kerr (1991), p. 262
5291:Hoyt (1987), p. 398
5171:Coox (1994), p. 424
5162:Kerr (1991), p. 225
5144:Kerr (1991), p. 226
5114:Frank (1999), p. 72
5039:Frank (1999), p. 69
4994:Kerr (1991), p. 207
4964:Wolk (2010), p. 125
4937:Wolk (2010), p. 124
4643:Fagg (1983), p. 305
4616:, pp. 214–216.
4541:Hoyt (1987), p. 363
4437:Coox (1994), p. 408
4207:Coox (1994), p. 394
4129:Frank (1999), p. 48
3965:Coox (1994), p. 417
3944:Kerr (1991), p. 276
3928:26 May 2023 at the
3909:26 May 2023 at the
3737:A. C. Grayling
3505:occupation of Japan
3467:on 2 September 1945
3360:Potsdam Declaration
3219:Japanese war crimes
2966:in the Philippines.
2960:Raymond A. Spruance
2911:Grumman TBF Avenger
2879:landing on Iwo Jima
2470:cities by both the
2363:VII Fighter Command
2308:invasion of Okinawa
2177:Firebombing attacks
2108:anti-aircraft shell
2084:Fu-Go balloon bombs
1800:Twentieth Air Force
1313:United States plans
333:2,833 heavy AA guns
208:Twentieth Air Force
13041:Rotterdam (Allied)
12196:Surrender of Japan
12029:Battle of Iwo Jima
11878:Belgrade offensive
11291:Siege of Leningrad
11175:Battle of Shanggao
11104:British Somaliland
11069:Dunkirk evacuation
11020:Norwegian campaign
10958:Invasion of Poland
10785:Japanese prisoners
9746:Italian war crimes
9677:British war crimes
9592:Soviet occupations
9376:South-West Pacific
9263:Allied cooperation
9221:Military equipment
8916:Sherry, Michael S.
8838:. London: Europa.
8795:History of Bombing
8606:Diplomatic History
8522:. pp. 68–73.
8520:Air Force Magazine
8350:Spector, Ronald H.
7713:Air Force Magazine
7635:. Oxford: Osprey.
7343:. pp. 62–65.
7341:Air Force Magazine
6821:Hoyt (2000), p. xi
5938:Russ (2001), p. 25
5929:Russ (2001), p. 24
5902:Russ (2001), p. 22
4955:Dorr (2002), p. 36
4919:Wolk (2004), p. 73
4898:Neer (2013), p. 56
3894:Wolk (2004), p. 72
3782:
3729:
3555:
3547:
3469:
3465:Japanese surrender
3392:
3298:
3253:summarily executed
3229:
3187:
3107:Far East Air Force
3074:
3029:
2979:
2919:
2874:
2849:Shimonoseki Strait
2845:
2817:
2807:Aerial mine laying
2731:
2703:
2556:
2531:
2492:
2476:British air forces
2455:
2430:
2406:
2341:
2304:
2257:
2249:
2162:Battle of Iwo Jima
2112:
2066:Haywood S. Hansell
2062:XXI Bomber Command
2058:
2054:Haywood S. Hansell
2052:Brigadier General
1925:
1892:Attacks from China
1859:
1839:12th Air Divisions
1762:B-29 Superfortress
1739:
1687:Eleventh Air Force
1638:James H. Doolittle
1598:
1445:
1282:anti-aircraft guns
1217:tactical air units
1197:air raids on Japan
1133:Japanese surrender
1099:Naval bombardments
1029:Fire balloon bombs
752:Volcano and Ryukyu
747:Marianas and Palau
624:Naval bombardments
197:Eleventh Air Force
50:B-29 Superfortress
26:Air raids on Japan
13859:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13826:
13825:
13755:Mediterranean and
13749:
13748:
13647:
13646:
13384:
13383:
13157:Barrow-in-Furness
13142:Battle of Britain
12818:
12817:
12595:Freiburg (Allies)
12335:Strategic bombing
12270:
12269:
12228:
12227:
12071:Battle of Okinawa
11970:Burma (1944–1945)
11804:Mariana and Palau
11584:Tunisian campaign
11409:Fall of Singapore
11333:Fall of Hong Kong
11076:Battle of Britain
10929:Operation Himmler
10838:
10837:
10502:Dutch East Indies
10138:Southern Rhodesia
9890:
9889:
9790:Genocide of Serbs
9693:German war crimes
9670:Soviet war crimes
9663:Allied war crimes
9509:Division of Korea
9488:Chinese Civil War
9286:Strategic bombing
9198:Manhattan Project
8970:Japanairraids.org
8823:978-0-7864-4458-8
8782:978-1-59416-039-4
8663:978-0-9555582-1-4
8587:978-1-84603-687-3
8546:978-1-57441-281-9
8465:978-1-4165-8440-7
8441:978-1-59558-547-9
8330:Air Power History
8301:978-0-313-37566-8
8244:978-0-674-07545-0
8203:978-0-14-103145-3
8184:978-0-7432-2718-6
8161:978-1-84513-336-8
8154:. London: Aurum.
7993:978-0-394-73496-5
7784:978-0-00-726816-0
7746:978-0-8027-1565-4
7709:"The Bat Bombers"
7699:978-1-59114-316-1
7642:978-1-84603-212-7
7606:Frank, Richard B.
7531:978-0-14-101382-4
7470:978-0-8014-5729-6
7408:978-1-84176-285-2
7386:978-0-19-280670-3
7232:Air Power History
7192:on 1 October 2020
7103:Roy (2009), p. 85
7036:978-1-4049-4166-3
6713:Hein (2003), p. 3
5759:The Asahi Shimbun
5488:Roy (2009), p. 84
3803:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
3792:in 1947, Justice
3727:following the war
3686:
3685:
3526:urban improvement
3483:Douglas MacArthur
3312:Manhattan Project
3273:Fukujirō Ishiyama
3103:Seventh Air Force
3067:P-51 Mustang
2864:Naval air attacks
2527:it was firebombed
1985:Moscow Conference
1974:Tehran Conference
1958:raid on Singapore
1796:XX Bomber Command
1699:Operation Cottage
1519:air-raid shelters
1458:aircraft carriers
1291:air raid shelters
1247:aircraft carriers
1213:Strategic bombing
1195:forces conducted
1182:
1181:
1024:Lookout Air Raids
931:Southwest Pacific
661:
660:
392:
391:
373:over 2,600 killed
337:168,900 personnel
264:Northern District
186:Seventh Air Force
140:Republic of China
96:
95:
52:bombers dropping
13891:
13837:
13836:
13762:
13761:
13659:Allied Singapore
13628:
13627:
13395:
13394:
13353:(Czechoslovakia)
13036:Rotterdam (Axis)
12435:
12434:
12355:
12354:
12350:European theatre
12315:Area bombardment
12297:
12290:
12283:
12274:
12273:
12263:
12256:
12249:
12246:World portal
12244:
12243:
12219:
12212:
12205:
12198:
12189:
12182:
12175:
12166:
12159:
12152:
12145:
12138:
12131:
12122:
12115:
12108:
12106:Prague offensive
12101:
12099:Battle of Berlin
12094:
12087:
12080:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12045:
12043:Vienna offensive
12038:
12031:
12024:
12022:Battle of Manila
12017:
11997:
11988:
11979:
11972:
11963:
11956:
11949:
11942:
11935:
11928:
11921:
11912:
11903:
11896:
11887:
11880:
11873:
11866:
11857:
11850:
11843:
11836:
11829:
11822:
11815:
11806:
11799:
11790:
11781:
11772:
11765:
11763:Korsun–Cherkassy
11758:
11747:
11725:
11716:
11709:
11702:
11695:
11688:
11681:
11674:
11665:
11658:
11651:
11644:
11635:
11628:
11621:
11614:
11607:
11605:Bombing of Gorky
11600:
11593:
11586:
11566:
11559:
11550:
11543:
11536:
11527:
11520:
11513:
11506:
11495:
11488:
11481:
11474:
11472:Battle of Midway
11467:
11460:
11458:Battle of Gazala
11453:
11446:
11439:
11432:
11425:
11418:
11411:
11391:
11384:
11377:
11370:
11368:Battle of Borneo
11363:
11361:Malayan campaign
11356:
11349:
11342:
11335:
11328:
11321:
11314:
11307:
11305:Bombing of Gorky
11300:
11298:Battle of Moscow
11293:
11286:
11279:
11272:
11265:
11258:
11242:
11235:
11228:
11221:
11214:
11207:
11198:
11191:
11184:
11177:
11170:
11150:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11064:
11062:Battle of France
11057:
11050:
11043:
11036:
11029:
11022:
11002:
10995:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10967:
10960:
10938:
10931:
10924:
10917:
10915:Munich Agreement
10910:
10903:
10894:
10887:
10880:
10871:
10864:
10849:
10848:
10831:
10824:
10815:
10808:
10801:
10800:Soviet prisoners
10794:
10787:
10780:
10771:
10764:
10755:
10748:
10741:
10740:German prisoners
10736:
10716:
10707:
10700:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10667:
10660:
10653:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10597:
10588:
10581:
10574:
10567:
10560:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10532:
10525:
10518:
10511:
10504:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10293:
10286:
10278:
10271:
10269:French Indochina
10264:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10235:
10228:
10221:
10213:
10193:
10184:
10177:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10147:
10140:
10133:
10126:
10119:
10116:from August 1944
10107:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10072:
10065:
10058:
10051:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10011:
9999:
9991:
9984:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9901:
9900:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9842:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9808:
9799:
9792:
9785:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9760:Nanjing Massacre
9755:
9748:
9739:
9737:Nuremberg trials
9730:
9723:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9686:
9679:
9672:
9665:
9645:
9638:
9631:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9601:
9594:
9587:
9578:
9569:
9562:
9555:
9548:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9490:
9470:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9438:
9431:
9424:
9417:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9341:Asia and Pacific
9323:
9316:
9309:
9302:
9295:
9288:
9281:
9272:
9270:Mulberry harbour
9265:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9216:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9184:
9177:
9170:
9163:
9156:
9149:
9142:
9135:
9128:
9121:
9112:
9105:
9090:
9089:
9078:
9071:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9020:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8976:
8975:
8958:
8937:
8925:
8911:
8890:
8871:
8849:
8827:
8808:
8786:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8757:
8751:. Archived from
8736:
8726:
8705:
8686:
8667:
8648:
8646:
8621:
8591:
8574:Zaloga, Steven J
8569:
8550:
8531:
8517:
8507:
8488:
8469:
8450:Tillman, Barrett
8445:
8426:
8407:
8386:
8367:
8345:
8324:
8305:
8286:
8267:
8248:
8229:
8207:
8188:
8176:
8165:
8146:
8127:
8093:
8083:
8064:
8045:
8024:
7997:
7975:
7954:
7933:
7911:
7892:
7873:
7861:
7847:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7817:
7811:. Archived from
7800:
7788:
7769:
7750:
7728:
7723:. Archived from
7703:
7684:
7655:
7646:
7623:
7601:
7595:
7587:
7568:
7562:
7554:
7535:
7513:
7492:
7483:
7474:
7455:
7434:
7412:
7390:
7371:
7352:
7331:
7315:
7302:
7281:
7260:
7239:
7226:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7180:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7122:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7104:
7101:
7095:
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7073:
7063:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7005:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6987:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6969:
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6960:
6957:
6951:
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6924:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6867:
6864:
6858:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6795:
6792:
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6777:
6774:
6768:
6765:
6756:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6714:
6711:
6705:
6702:
6696:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6642:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6405:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6194:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6112:on 25 April 2013
6097:
6091:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6005:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5984:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5858:
5855:
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5810:
5807:
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5798:
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5707:
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5698:
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5509:
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5480:
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5019:
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4992:
4983:
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4953:
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4917:
4911:
4908:
4899:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4872:
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4863:
4860:
4854:
4851:
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4842:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4797:
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4788:
4785:
4779:
4776:
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4767:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4749:
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4740:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4488:
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4479:
4476:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3981:Document Archive
3972:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3945:
3942:
3933:
3920:
3914:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3876:
3873:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3754:Richard B. Frank
3647:Meilinger (1999)
3582:
3581:
3356:Henry L. Stimson
3233:Cabinet of Japan
3195:Air General Army
3115:P-47 Thunderbolt
3088:barrage balloons
3079:Kanoya Air Field
3069:taking off from
2917:during July 1945
2797:Eighth Air Force
2193:Japanese Village
2120:area bombardment
2013:Yalta Conference
1911:Eighth Air Force
1646:Battle of Midway
1596:on 18 April 1942
1589:taking off from
1495:(IJAAF) and 200
1453:Russian Far East
1441:air-raid shelter
1418:fighters and 30
1416:P-47 Thunderbolt
1287:incendiary bombs
1278:fighter aircraft
1154:Manchuria (1945)
1009:Aleutian Islands
859:Indochina (1945)
829:Indochina (1940)
815:2nd Indian Ocean
798:1st Indian Ocean
793:Christmas Island
698:
688:
681:
674:
665:
664:
432:
418:
411:
404:
395:
394:
319:Air General Army
317:
316:
306:
305:
297:Western District
295:
294:
286:Central District
284:
283:
275:Eastern District
273:
272:
262:
261:
250:
249:
239:
238:
228:
227:
217:
216:
206:
205:
195:
194:
184:
183:
173:
172:
157:
153:
151:
150:
142:
138:
136:
135:
125:
123:
122:
113:
111:
110:
66:
65:
54:incendiary bombs
47:
23:
22:
13899:
13898:
13894:
13893:
13892:
13890:
13889:
13888:
13864:
13863:
13860:
13851:
13822:
13791:
13756:
13745:
13710:
13689:
13668:
13643:
13626:
13473:
13452:
13421:
13380:
13309:
13273:
13134:
13128:
13097:
13076:
13050:
12994:
12940:Reggio Calabria
12814:
12795:Wiener Neustadt
12600:Friedrichshafen
12590:Freiburg (Axis)
12493:
12440:
12426:
12395:
12374:
12344:
12306:
12301:
12271:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12238:
12236:
12224:
12215:
12208:
12201:
12194:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12162:
12157:Atomic bombings
12155:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12118:
12111:
12104:
12097:
12090:
12083:
12076:
12069:
12062:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12027:
12020:
12013:
12000:
11993:
11982:
11975:
11968:
11959:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11924:
11915:
11906:
11899:
11890:
11883:
11876:
11869:
11860:
11853:
11848:Eastern Romania
11846:
11841:Warsaw Uprising
11839:
11834:Tannenberg Line
11832:
11825:
11820:Western Ukraine
11818:
11809:
11802:
11793:
11784:
11775:
11768:
11761:
11750:
11741:
11728:
11721:
11712:
11705:
11698:
11691:
11684:
11677:
11670:
11661:
11654:
11647:
11638:
11631:
11624:
11617:
11612:Battle of Kursk
11610:
11603:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11569:
11562:
11553:
11546:
11539:
11530:
11523:
11516:
11509:
11500:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11435:
11428:
11423:St Nazaire Raid
11421:
11414:
11407:
11394:
11387:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11331:
11324:
11317:
11310:
11303:
11296:
11289:
11282:
11275:
11268:
11261:
11247:
11238:
11231:
11224:
11217:
11210:
11205:Anglo-Iraqi War
11203:
11196:Battle of Crete
11194:
11187:
11180:
11173:
11166:
11153:
11144:
11137:
11130:
11125:Eastern Romania
11123:
11116:
11109:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11081:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11053:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11025:
11018:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10984:
10977:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10943:
10934:
10927:
10920:
10913:
10906:
10899:
10890:
10883:
10876:
10867:
10860:
10834:
10827:
10820:
10811:
10804:
10799:
10790:
10783:
10776:
10767:
10760:
10751:
10744:
10739:
10732:
10719:
10712:
10703:
10696:
10691:
10686:Western Ukraine
10684:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10649:
10642:
10635:
10630:Northeast China
10628:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10465:
10458:
10445:
10438:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10368:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10329:Slovak Republic
10327:
10319:
10312:
10305:
10300:Empire of Japan
10298:
10289:
10281:
10274:
10267:
10260:
10253:
10246:
10238:
10231:
10224:
10216:
10209:
10196:
10189:
10180:
10173:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10136:
10129:
10122:
10110:
10103:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10054:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10002:
9994:
9987:
9980:
9973:
9966:
9959:
9952:
9940:
9933:
9926:
9919:
9912:
9886:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9856:
9845:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9812:Sexual violence
9811:
9804:
9795:
9788:
9781:
9772:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9735:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9627:
9618:
9611:
9604:
9597:
9590:
9581:
9572:
9565:
9558:
9551:
9542:
9535:
9530:Greek Civil War
9528:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9473:
9466:
9457:
9450:
9443:
9434:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9360:
9355:South-East Asia
9353:
9346:
9339:
9326:
9319:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9214:Military awards
9212:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9180:
9173:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9108:
9101:
9081:
9074:
9067:
9058:
9051:
9044:
9039:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9003:
8966:
8961:
8955:
8934:
8908:
8887:
8868:
8846:
8824:
8805:
8791:Lindqvist, Sven
8783:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8749:
8734:
8723:
8702:
8664:
8599:
8597:Further reading
8594:
8588:
8566:
8547:
8515:
8466:
8442:
8423:
8383:
8364:
8321:
8302:
8264:
8245:
8226:
8204:
8185:
8162:
8143:
8091:
8061:
8042:
8021:
7994:
7951:
7930:
7908:
7889:
7870:
7839:
7838:
7829:
7828:
7821:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7798:
7785:
7766:
7747:
7727:on 31 May 2008.
7700:
7673:10.2307/3642234
7643:
7620:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7532:
7518:Ferguson, Niall
7471:
7452:
7431:
7409:
7395:Dorr, Robert F.
7387:
7328:
7313:
7278:
7257:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7178:
7169:
7164:
7154:
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6811:
6807:
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6789:
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6399:
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6358:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6256:. 4 July 1945.
6250:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6197:
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5847:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5769:(in Japanese).
5756:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5704:
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4608:
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4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4380:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
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4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4189:on 22 July 2011
4177:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4119:
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4102:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3930:Wayback Machine
3921:
3917:
3911:Wayback Machine
3902:
3898:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3824:
3767:Barrett Tillman
3759:Robert McNamara
3717:
3618:323,495 killed
3539:
3534:
3514:Royal Air Force
3491:Atsugi airfield
3473:B-32 Dominators
3457:
3428:George Marshall
3406:Charles Sweeney
3336:Harry S. Truman
3308:nuclear weapons
3304:
3286:
3221:
3215:
3203:Allied invasion
3199:Masakazu Kawabe
3185:on 24 July 1945
3146:
3141:
3099:Fifth Air Force
3059:
3021:The battleship
2866:
2809:
2670:were attacked.
2582:were attacked.
2529:on 19 June 1945
2484:
2296:
2241:
2184:
2179:
2149:air raid sirens
2022:
1970:
1909:, a veteran of
1894:
1804:Henry H. Arnold
1750:
1745:
1728:
1667:
1604:
1579:
1532:
1527:
1485:Ministry of War
1433:
1400:Chiang Kai-shek
1315:
1310:
1234:Mariana Islands
1211:from mid-1943.
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1082:Mariana Islands
955:Solomon Islands
924:Burma (1944–45)
914:Burma (1942–43)
909:Burma (1941–42)
902:Burma and India
834:Franco-Thai War
781:Andaman Islands
708:Central Pacific
699:
694:
692:
662:
657:
643:
607:Mariana Islands
548:
468:
433:
424:
422:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
374:
372:
370:
368:20th Air Force:
366:
364:
362:
358:
356:
352:
350:
336:
334:
311:
310:
300:
299:
289:
288:
278:
277:
267:
266:
256:
244:
243:
233:
232:
222:
221:
211:
210:
200:
199:
189:
188:
178:
177:
175:Fifth Air Force
167:
148:
146:
133:
131:
129:
120:
118:
117:
108:
106:
84:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13897:
13887:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13857:
13856:
13853:
13852:
13850:
13849:
13843:
13841:
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13805:
13799:
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13792:
13790:
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13784:
13779:
13774:
13768:
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13759:
13751:
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13747:
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13711:
13709:
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13703:
13697:
13695:
13691:
13690:
13688:
13687:
13682:
13676:
13674:
13670:
13669:
13667:
13666:
13664:Axis Singapore
13661:
13655:
13653:
13649:
13648:
13645:
13644:
13642:
13641:
13634:
13632:
13625:
13624:
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13607:
13602:
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13592:
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13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13429:
13427:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13419:
13418:
13417:
13415:Allied Rangoon
13412:
13405:Burma campaign
13401:
13399:
13392:
13386:
13385:
13382:
13381:
13379:
13378:
13372:
13366:
13360:
13354:
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13224:
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13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13149:
13147:Baedeker Blitz
13144:
13138:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13105:
13103:
13099:
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13043:
13038:
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13028:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13002:
13000:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
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12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
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12892:
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12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
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12847:
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12837:
12832:
12826:
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12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12655:Kaiserslautern
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12501:
12499:
12495:
12494:
12492:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12445:
12443:
12432:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12403:
12401:
12397:
12396:
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12393:
12388:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12367:
12361:
12359:
12352:
12346:
12345:
12343:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12300:
12299:
12292:
12285:
12277:
12268:
12267:
12265:
12264:
12257:
12250:
12233:
12230:
12229:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12222:
12221:
12220:
12213:
12206:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12176:
12173:South Sakhalin
12169:
12168:
12167:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12109:
12102:
12095:
12088:
12081:
12074:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12018:
12010:
12008:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11998:
11991:
11990:
11989:
11973:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11950:
11943:
11936:
11929:
11922:
11913:
11904:
11897:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11867:
11858:
11851:
11844:
11837:
11830:
11823:
11816:
11807:
11800:
11791:
11782:
11773:
11766:
11759:
11748:
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11727:
11726:
11719:
11718:
11717:
11710:
11696:
11689:
11682:
11675:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11652:
11645:
11636:
11629:
11622:
11615:
11608:
11601:
11598:Battle of Attu
11594:
11587:
11579:
11577:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11567:
11560:
11551:
11544:
11537:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11507:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11489:
11475:
11468:
11461:
11454:
11447:
11440:
11433:
11426:
11419:
11412:
11404:
11402:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11392:
11385:
11378:
11371:
11364:
11357:
11350:
11347:Battle of Guam
11343:
11336:
11329:
11322:
11315:
11308:
11301:
11294:
11287:
11280:
11273:
11270:Battle of Kiev
11266:
11259:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11229:
11222:
11215:
11208:
11201:
11200:
11199:
11185:
11178:
11171:
11163:
11161:
11155:
11154:
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11151:
11142:
11135:
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11107:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11079:
11072:
11065:
11058:
11051:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11015:
11013:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10996:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10968:
10961:
10953:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10897:
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10895:
10888:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10857:
10855:
10846:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10832:
10825:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10809:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10781:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10769:United Kingdom
10765:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10737:
10729:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10717:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10701:
10689:
10682:
10675:
10668:
10661:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10582:
10568:
10561:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10512:
10505:
10498:
10491:
10484:
10477:
10470:
10463:
10455:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10365:
10363:
10357:
10356:
10354:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10279:
10272:
10265:
10258:
10251:
10244:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10214:
10206:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10166:British Empire
10159:United Kingdom
10155:
10148:
10141:
10134:
10127:
10120:
10108:
10101:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10019:
10012:
10000:
9992:
9985:
9978:
9975:Czechoslovakia
9971:
9964:
9957:
9950:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9909:
9907:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9875:
9872:Rape of Manila
9868:
9861:
9854:
9843:
9828:
9821:
9809:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9793:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9770:
9763:
9749:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9724:
9710:
9703:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9680:
9673:
9658:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9643:United Nations
9639:
9632:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9588:
9579:
9570:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9540:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9502:Decolonization
9498:
9491:
9483:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9448:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9402:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9336:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9303:
9296:
9289:
9282:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9266:
9252:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9194:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9178:
9175:United Kingdom
9171:
9157:
9150:
9143:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9098:
9096:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9056:
9049:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9021:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9002:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8965:
8964:External links
8962:
8960:
8959:
8953:
8938:
8932:
8912:
8906:
8891:
8885:
8872:
8866:
8850:
8844:
8832:Overy, Richard
8828:
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8768:
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8727:
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8706:
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8637:(3): 306–328.
8622:
8612:(2): 275–295.
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8398:(3): 530–540.
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7998:
7992:
7980:Ienaga, Saburō
7976:
7966:(2): 169–172.
7955:
7949:
7934:
7928:
7916:Hoyt, Edwin P.
7912:
7906:
7893:
7887:
7874:
7868:
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7783:
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7751:
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7733:Grayling, A.C.
7729:
7704:
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7685:
7667:(4): 469–501.
7656:
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7417:Dower, John W.
7413:
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7332:
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7307:Coox, Alvin D.
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4690:
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4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4606:
4604:, p. 212.
4591:
4589:, p. 429.
4579:
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3820:
3794:Radhabinod Pal
3716:
3713:
3708:Kantarō Suzuki
3684:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:Tillman (2010)
3668:
3667:
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3456:
3453:
3332:"pumpkin" bomb
3300:Main article:
3294:mushroom cloud
3285:
3282:
3214:
3211:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3111:Ryukyu Islands
3058:
3055:
2992:Tsugaru Strait
2956:William Halsey
2902:from 1 March.
2887:fleet carriers
2865:
2862:
2808:
2805:
2710:, Ichinomiya,
2654:. On 16 July,
2483:
2480:
2348:, Koizumi and
2295:
2292:
2274:attacked Osaka
2240:
2237:
2224:Lauris Norstad
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2170:weather fronts
2073:overflew Tokyo
2021:
2018:
1969:
1966:
1893:
1890:
1749:
1746:
1741:Main article:
1727:
1724:
1719:P-38 Lightning
1666:
1663:
1602:Doolittle Raid
1600:Main article:
1578:
1577:Doolittle Raid
1575:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1432:
1429:
1404:B-24 Liberator
1388:Clark Air Base
1331:civil defenses
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1274:civil defenses
1251:Ryukyu Islands
1205:Doolittle Raid
1180:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1109:South Sakhalin
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1051:
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898:
897:
892:
885:
878:
871:
866:
864:Malacca Strait
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
824:
822:Southeast Asia
818:
817:
812:
807:
806:
805:
795:
790:
789:
788:
778:
772:
771:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
732:Doolittle Raid
729:
722:
717:
711:
710:
704:
701:
700:
691:
690:
683:
676:
668:
659:
658:
656:
655:
650:
641:
636:
634:South Sakhalin
631:
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621:
614:
609:
603:
602:
598:
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582:
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541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
480:
479:
466:
461:
456:
451:
449:Doolittle Raid
445:
444:
438:
435:
434:
426:Japan campaign
421:
420:
413:
406:
398:
390:
389:
388:4,200 aircraft
376:
354:7th Air Force:
348:5th Air Force:
344:
343:
339:
338:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
254:
164:
163:
162:Units involved
159:
158:
143:
127:United Kingdom
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:Allied victory
90:
86:
85:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
40:
39:
33:Japan campaign
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13896:
13885:
13884:Air campaigns
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13869:
13862:
13848:
13845:
13844:
13842:
13838:
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13773:
13770:
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13763:
13760:
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13752:
13742:(Philippines)
13741:
13738:
13735:
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13723:
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13719:
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13713:
13707:
13704:
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13694:United States
13692:
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13678:
13677:
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13613:
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13608:
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13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13590:
13589:10 March 1945
13586:
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13578:
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13571:
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13476:
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13364:
13361:
13359:(Switzerland)
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12833:
12831:
12828:
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12821:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12800:Wilhelmshaven
12798:
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12791:
12788:
12786:
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12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
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12763:
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12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12496:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12479:Gelsenkirchen
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12446:
12444:
12442:
12436:
12433:
12429:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12404:
12402:
12398:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12377:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12362:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12347:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12309:
12305:
12298:
12293:
12291:
12286:
12284:
12279:
12278:
12275:
12262:
12258:
12255:
12251:
12248:
12247:
12242:
12235:
12234:
12231:
12218:
12214:
12211:
12207:
12204:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12193:
12188:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12180:Kuril Islands
12177:
12174:
12170:
12165:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12154:
12151:
12147:
12144:
12140:
12137:
12133:
12130:
12126:
12121:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12110:
12107:
12103:
12100:
12096:
12093:
12089:
12086:
12082:
12079:
12075:
12072:
12068:
12065:
12061:
12058:
12054:
12051:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12026:
12023:
12019:
12016:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12007:
12003:
11996:
11992:
11987:
11986:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11967:
11962:
11958:
11957:
11955:
11951:
11948:
11947:Syrmian Front
11944:
11941:
11937:
11934:
11930:
11927:
11923:
11920:
11919:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11905:
11902:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11893:Market Garden
11889:
11886:
11882:
11879:
11875:
11872:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11859:
11856:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11842:
11838:
11835:
11831:
11828:
11824:
11821:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11805:
11801:
11798:
11797:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11771:
11767:
11764:
11760:
11757:
11753:
11752:Monte Cassino
11749:
11746:
11745:
11740:
11739:
11737:
11735:
11731:
11724:
11720:
11715:
11711:
11708:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11690:
11687:
11683:
11680:
11676:
11673:
11669:
11664:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11653:
11650:
11646:
11643:
11642:
11637:
11634:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11620:
11616:
11613:
11609:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11595:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11572:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11549:
11545:
11542:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11529:
11526:
11522:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11490:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11473:
11469:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11455:
11452:
11448:
11445:
11441:
11438:
11434:
11431:
11427:
11424:
11420:
11417:
11413:
11410:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11401:
11397:
11390:
11386:
11383:
11379:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11365:
11362:
11358:
11355:
11351:
11348:
11344:
11341:
11337:
11334:
11330:
11327:
11323:
11320:
11316:
11313:
11309:
11306:
11302:
11299:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11281:
11278:
11274:
11271:
11267:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11255:
11250:
11246:
11241:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11223:
11220:
11216:
11213:
11209:
11206:
11202:
11197:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11186:
11183:
11179:
11176:
11172:
11169:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11156:
11149:
11148:
11143:
11140:
11136:
11133:
11129:
11126:
11122:
11119:
11118:Baltic states
11115:
11112:
11108:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11087:
11084:
11080:
11077:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11052:
11049:
11045:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11031:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11001:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10987:
10983:
10980:
10976:
10973:
10969:
10966:
10962:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10946:
10937:
10933:
10930:
10926:
10923:
10919:
10916:
10912:
10909:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10893:
10889:
10886:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10841:
10830:
10826:
10823:
10819:
10814:
10810:
10807:
10803:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10775:
10770:
10766:
10763:
10762:United States
10759:
10754:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10738:
10735:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10722:
10715:
10711:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10698:Quốc dân Đảng
10695:
10694:
10690:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10676:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10645:
10641:
10638:
10634:
10631:
10627:
10624:
10620:
10617:
10613:
10610:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10569:
10566:
10562:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10541:
10538:
10534:
10531:
10527:
10524:
10520:
10517:
10513:
10510:
10506:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10478:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10464:
10461:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10448:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10427:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10402:
10399:
10398:Liechtenstein
10395:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10371:
10367:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10358:
10351:
10350:Collaboration
10347:
10344:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10315:
10311:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10297:
10292:
10288:
10287:
10284:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10266:
10263:
10259:
10256:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10234:
10230:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10212:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10188:
10183:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10175:United States
10172:
10167:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10135:
10132:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10102:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10088:
10085:
10081:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9986:
9983:
9979:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9958:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9925:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9906:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9880:
9876:
9873:
9869:
9866:
9865:Comfort women
9862:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9849: /
9848:
9844:
9841:
9838: /
9837:
9834: /
9833:
9829:
9826:
9825:Camp brothels
9822:
9819:
9815:
9814:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9798:
9794:
9791:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9775:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9743:
9738:
9734:
9729:
9725:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9714:The Holocaust
9711:
9708:
9704:
9701:
9700:forced labour
9697:
9696:
9694:
9690:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9644:
9640:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9610:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9557:
9554:
9553:Marshall Plan
9550:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9506:
9503:
9499:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9465:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9442:
9437:
9433:
9430:
9426:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9407:
9406:Eastern Front
9403:
9400:
9399:Western Front
9396:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9359:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9318:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9297:
9294:
9293:Puppet states
9290:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9235:Naval history
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9182:United States
9179:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9120:
9116:
9111:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9077:
9073:
9070:
9066:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9050:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9000:
8995:
8993:
8988:
8986:
8981:
8980:
8977:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8956:
8954:0-7867-1360-7
8950:
8946:
8945:
8939:
8935:
8933:0-300-03600-0
8929:
8924:
8923:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8907:0-19-505640-X
8903:
8899:
8898:
8892:
8888:
8886:0-8117-3333-5
8882:
8878:
8873:
8869:
8867:0-8014-8311-5
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8845:0-905118-53-7
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8806:
8804:0-7567-6454-8
8800:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8778:
8774:
8769:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8740:
8733:
8728:
8724:
8722:0-684-17781-1
8718:
8714:
8713:
8707:
8703:
8701:0-442-24751-6
8697:
8693:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8601:
8589:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8565:0-333-65962-7
8561:
8557:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8514:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8422:1-84176-161-3
8418:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8384:
8382:0-19-555541-4
8378:
8374:
8369:
8365:
8363:0-304-35979-3
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8320:0-11-772821-7
8316:
8312:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8275:
8269:
8265:
8263:1-57488-859-5
8259:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8240:
8236:
8231:
8227:
8225:0-252-07065-8
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8195:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8175:
8174:
8167:
8163:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8142:0-642-56548-1
8138:
8134:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8102:(9484): 441.
8101:
8097:
8090:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8072:
8066:
8062:
8060:0-7618-0978-3
8056:
8052:
8047:
8043:
8041:1-55611-301-3
8037:
8033:
8032:
8026:
8022:
8020:0-19-507198-0
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7952:
7950:1-56833-149-5
7946:
7942:
7941:
7935:
7931:
7929:0-09-963500-3
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7907:1-59114-388-8
7903:
7899:
7894:
7890:
7888:0-333-65962-7
7884:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7869:0-393-05656-2
7865:
7860:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7833:
7814:
7810:
7808:9781786252432
7804:
7797:
7796:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7771:
7767:
7765:0-16-049781-7
7761:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7619:0-14-100146-1
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7593:
7585:
7583:0-8240-3296-9
7579:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7560:
7552:
7550:0-8240-3296-9
7546:
7542:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7490:
7485:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7453:
7451:0-7139-9372-3
7447:
7443:
7442:
7436:
7432:
7430:0-571-14605-8
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7327:0-912799-63-3
7323:
7319:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7277:1-84176-918-5
7273:
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7256:9780912799681
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7060:cite AV media
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5767:www.asahi.com
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4907:
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4880:Glines (1990)
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3768:
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3755:
3751:
3747:
3746:Edwin P. Hoyt
3742:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3695:housing units
3690:
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3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
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3506:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3478:show of force
3474:
3466:
3461:
3455:After the war
3452:
3450:
3445:
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3250:
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3225:
3220:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3179:343rd Kōkūtai
3176:
3175:Kawanishi N1K
3171:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:rolling stock
3089:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:train ferries
2976:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:Task Force 58
2880:
2870:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2798:
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2778:
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2761:
2757:
2753:
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2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2695:
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2677:
2673:
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2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:. On 28 June
2565:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:Iwao Yamazaki
2441:
2436:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2402:Nagoya Castle
2399:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:, Ōshima and
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:conflagration
2262:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2232:night fighter
2227:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:flamethrowers
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:Bonin Islands
2142:
2139:to observe a
2136:
2134:
2131:factory near
2130:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Petropavlovsk
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:Home Ministry
1865:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:combat radius
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:PBY Catalinas
1705:US Navy
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:and northern
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:Kuril Islands
1662:
1660:
1659:fire balloons
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:B-25 Mitchell
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:B-25 Mitchell
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Flying Tigers
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Kuril Islands
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:Kuril Islands
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:North America
995:
994:
991:
990:Borneo (1945)
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
932:
929:
928:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
819:
816:
813:
811:
810:Bay of Bengal
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
706:
705:
702:
697:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
669:
666:
654:
651:
649:
647:
642:
640:
639:Kuril Islands
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
478:
477:
473:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:
431:
427:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
399:
396:
377:
369:
361:
355:
349:
346:
345:
340:
332:
329:
328:
323:
320:
315:
309:
304:
298:
293:
287:
282:
276:
271:
265:
260:
255:
253:
248:
242:
237:
231:
226:
220:
215:
209:
204:
198:
193:
187:
182:
176:
171:
166:
165:
160:
156:
144:
141:
128:
116:
115:United States
105:
104:
99:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
13861:
13832:North Africa
13734:Kuala Lumpur
13715:Other cities
13701:Pearl Harbor
13357:Schaffhausen
13314:Other cities
13102:Soviet Union
12535:Braunschweig
12515:Aschersleben
12498:Other cities
12254:Bibliography
12237:
12050:Project Hula
12015:Vistula–Oder
11984:
11917:
11908:
11892:
11862:
11811:
11795:
11786:
11777:
11743:
11640:
11555:
11531:
11501:
11252:
11145:
11090:North Africa
10792:Soviet Union
10746:Soviet Union
10672:Soviet Union
10440:Vatican City
10343:Vichy France
10248:German Reich
10145:Soviet Union
10131:South Africa
10124:Sierra Leone
10077:Newfoundland
9896:Participants
9879:Marocchinate
9583:
9574:
9544:
9422:North Africa
9383:Indian Ocean
9242:Nazi plunder
9133:Cryptography
9006:World War II
8943:
8921:
8896:
8876:
8857:
8854:Pape, Robert
8835:
8813:
8794:
8772:
8760:. Retrieved
8753:the original
8738:
8711:
8691:
8673:
8653:
8634:
8630:
8609:
8605:
8577:
8555:
8536:
8519:
8494:
8475:
8454:
8431:
8412:
8395:
8391:
8372:
8353:
8336:(3): 16–25.
8333:
8329:
8310:
8291:
8273:
8253:
8234:
8215:
8193:
8172:
8151:
8132:
8099:
8095:
8070:
8050:
8030:
8006:
7983:
7963:
7959:
7939:
7919:
7897:
7878:
7857:
7822:17 September
7820:. Retrieved
7813:the original
7794:
7774:
7755:
7736:
7725:the original
7712:
7689:
7664:
7660:
7654:(61): 16–21.
7651:
7632:
7609:
7573:
7540:
7521:
7501:
7488:
7479:
7460:
7440:
7420:
7398:
7376:
7358:
7340:
7317:
7290:
7266:
7245:
7235:
7231:
7214:
7210:
7194:. Retrieved
7187:the original
7183:Army History
7182:
7153:. Retrieved
7149:the original
7144:
7135:
7126:
7117:
7108:
7099:
7090:
7048:. Retrieved
7025:
7018:
7009:
7000:
6991:
6982:
6973:
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6655:
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6637:
6628:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6592:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6553:. Retrieved
6544:
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6517:
6508:
6499:
6490:
6481:
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6454:
6445:
6436:
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6373:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6262:. Retrieved
6252:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6189:
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6114:. Retrieved
6110:the original
6105:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
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5907:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5835:
5826:
5805:
5796:
5787:
5775:. Retrieved
5766:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5714:
5705:
5696:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5642:
5633:
5624:
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5594:
5585:
5564:
5555:
5546:
5537:
5516:
5493:
5484:
5463:
5454:
5431:
5422:
5413:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5197:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5149:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4614:Ehrman 1956b
4609:
4602:Ehrman 1956b
4587:Ehrman 1956a
4582:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4389:
4373:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4187:the original
4182:
4173:
4164:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4031:
4022:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3980:
3970:
3961:
3918:
3899:
3871:
3832:
3811:
3807:Paul Fussell
3783:
3763:
3734:
3730:
3725:Ebisu, Tokyo
3704:
3691:
3687:
3679:Frank (2013)
3631:Dower (1986)
3607:
3596:
3578:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3522:
3502:
3496:
3470:
3436:
3395:
3393:
3377:
3366:
3364:
3320:Paul Tibbets
3310:through the
3305:
3271:; Professor
3261:
3230:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3183:Bungo strait
3154:picket ships
3147:
3144:Air defenses
3124:
3096:
3084:
3075:
3041:
3030:
3023:
2980:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2920:
2875:
2854:
2846:
2834:minesweeping
2818:
2785:
2768:
2732:
2704:
2690:, Omuta and
2557:
2532:
2512:Kakamigahara
2501:
2493:
2456:
2431:
2407:
2371:
2359:P-51 Mustang
2342:
2305:
2288:
2284:
2270:
2258:
2228:
2220:
2209:
2185:
2166:
2157:against Kobe
2153:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2093:
2077:
2059:
2023:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1952:, China and
1926:
1907:Curtis LeMay
1895:
1876:
1860:
1823:intelligence
1820:
1808:the Pentagon
1794:
1751:
1748:Preparations
1703:
1683:Kiska Island
1668:
1635:
1613:
1605:
1592:
1553:leaflets on
1533:
1530:Chinese raid
1514:firefighters
1506:
1462:
1446:
1368:
1351:P-40 Warhawk
1337:. The first
1316:
1295:
1271:
1221:
1196:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1146:
1126:
1092:
1054:
1039:
1034:Project Hula
1019:Fort Stevens
948:
888:
881:
874:
762:Ocean Island
725:
715:Pearl Harbor
645:
617:
476:Meetinghouse
475:
441:
371:414 aircraft
367:
363:157 aircraft
359:
353:
347:
101:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
13796:Other areas
13757:Middle East
13730:(Sri Lanka)
13390:Pacific War
13262:Southampton
13177:Bournemouth
12999:Netherlands
12830:Alessandria
12770:Schweinfurt
12765:Saarbrücken
12610:Halberstadt
12570:Dietzenbach
12520:Baden-Baden
11985:Bodenplatte
11871:Gothic Line
11097:West Africa
10644:Philippines
10623:Netherlands
10488:Czech lands
10426:Switzerland
10370:Afghanistan
10314:Philippines
10182:Puerto Rico
10098:Philippines
10084:New Zealand
10070:Netherlands
10023:Free France
9774:Prosecution
9575:Osoaviakhim
9445:West Africa
9429:East Africa
9076:Conferences
8762:17 February
7840:|work=
7238:(1): 12–19.
7145:Japan Times
3991:28 December
3799:Yuki Tanaka
3741:Mark Selden
3655:Hoyt (2000)
3532:Assessments
3328:Silverplate
3265:vivisection
2821:naval mines
2801:Tiger Force
2793:Carl Spaatz
2760:Nishinomiya
2588:Shimonoseki
2189:Eglin Field
2024:During the
2005:Vladivostok
1989:Vladivostok
1695:Paramushiru
1675:Attu Island
1544:Martin B-10
1525:Early raids
1509:firebombing
1384:Philippines
1376:Wake Island
1371:Pacific War
1242:firebombing
1201:Pacific War
1189:Pacific War
1187:During the
1159:Mutanchiang
980:New Britain
696:Pacific War
648:(cancelled)
430:Pacific War
357:12 aircraft
351:31 aircraft
60:in May 1945
37:Pacific War
35:during the
13868:Categories
13736:(Malaysia)
13724:(Thailand)
13605:Utsunomiya
13365:(Bulgaria)
13333:Hammerfest
13278:Yugoslavia
13247:Nottingham
13237:Manchester
13172:Birmingham
13124:Stalingrad
13026:Middelburg
12745:Peenemünde
12725:Nordhausen
12675:Königsberg
12640:Hildesheim
12555:Crailsheim
12469:Düsseldorf
12085:West Hunan
11918:Pointblank
11254:Silver Fox
11240:Summer War
10993:Winter War
10972:Phoney War
10753:Azerbaijan
10714:Yugoslavia
10609:Luxembourg
10451:Resistance
10191:Yugoslavia
10056:Luxembourg
9858:Sook Ching
9654:War crimes
9256:Technology
9249:Opposition
9191:Lend-Lease
9168:Australian
9161:Home front
9119:Blitzkrieg
9069:Casualties
9060:Commanders
9032:Operations
8748:0160481872
8096:The Lancet
7167:References
7155:9 December
7045:1039411738
4183:Factsheets
3512:, British
3373:Little Boy
3217:See also:
2716:Uji-Yamada
2648:Utsunomiya
2640:Ichinomiya
2337:Sakurajima
2110:over Japan
2009:Amur River
1880:firebreaks
1655:war crimes
1551:propaganda
1359:A-20 Havoc
1308:Background
1104:Sagami Bay
1093:Starvation
975:New Guinea
629:Sagami Bay
618:Starvation
550:Utsunomiya
13847:Fort Lamy
13813:Gibraltar
13673:Australia
13652:Singapore
13622:Yokkaichi
13615:June 1944
13595:Toyohashi
13515:Hiratsuka
13510:Hamamatsu
13457:Indonesia
13438:Hong Kong
13433:Chongqing
13377:(Croatia)
13371:(Austria)
13341:(Finland)
13329:(Ireland)
13323:(Hungary)
13300:Podgorica
13284:Belgrade
13257:Sheffield
13227:Liverpool
13197:Clydebank
13152:The Blitz
13114:Leningrad
13088:Bucharest
13046:The Hague
13021:Enkhuizen
13011:Eindhoven
13006:Amsterdam
12845:Benevento
12780:Stuttgart
12750:Pforzheim
12740:Paderborn
12735:Osnabrück
12730:Nuremberg
12700:Magdeburg
12660:Karlsruhe
12645:Innsbruck
12635:Heilbronn
12585:Frankfurt
12560:Darmstadt
12489:Wuppertal
12439:Battle of
12340:V-weapons
12330:Firestorm
12150:Manchuria
12036:Indochina
11812:Bagration
11263:Lithuania
10908:Anschluss
10705:Viet Minh
10602:Lithuania
10544:Hong Kong
10307:Manchukuo
10262:Azad Hind
9921:Australia
9721:Aftermath
9584:Paperclip
9479:Aftermath
9279:Total war
9147:Diplomacy
9110:In Europe
8683:747307493
8528:0730-6784
8283:318174861
8214:(2002) .
8080:569643004
7842:ignored (
7832:cite book
7721:0730-6784
7592:cite book
7559:cite book
7510:222565066
7368:256469807
7349:0730-6784
7299:256471288
7196:3 October
4086:, pp. 2–4
4073:, pp. 1–2
3771:bombsight
3495:USS
3368:Enola Gay
3340:Hiroshima
3257:Kempeitai
3237:war crime
3008:Asahikawa
2944:USS
2896:Tokyo Bay
2781:Minoshima
2777:Kudamatsu
2688:Matsuyama
2656:Hiratsuka
2608:Tokushima
2604:Takamatsu
2564:Toyohashi
2539:Yokkaichi
2464:destroyed
2460:Amagasaki
2375:Hamamatsu
2350:Tachikawa
2325:Kagoshima
2316:Tachiarai
2279:firestorm
2201:bat bombs
2191:and the "
1997:Kamchatka
1950:Manchuria
1715:squadrons
1612:USS
1591:USS
1259:Hiroshima
1148:Kantokuen
1055:Air raids
970:Australia
960:Coral Sea
854:Singapore
849:Hong Kong
565:Yokkaichi
555:Toyohashi
544:Hiratsuka
539:Hamamatsu
442:Air raids
365:91 killed
230:5th Fleet
219:3rd Fleet
13787:Tel Aviv
13706:Unalaska
13640:(Taiwan)
13631:Colonies
13600:Toyokawa
13580:Shizuoka
13469:Surabaya
13464:Sukabumi
13448:Shanghai
13410:Mandalay
13347:(Norway)
13339:Helsinki
13335:(Norway)
13321:Budapest
13305:Sarajevo
13252:Plymouth
13212:Greenock
13202:Coventry
13182:Brighton
13093:Ploiești
13031:Nijmegen
13016:Enschede
12895:Grosseto
12880:Frascati
12855:Cagliari
12810:Würzburg
12705:Mannheim
12630:Hannover
12550:Chemnitz
12510:Augsburg
12464:Duisburg
12459:Dortmund
12441:the Ruhr
12412:Le Havre
12261:Category
12210:document
12120:document
11977:Ardennes
11961:Budapest
11909:Crossbow
11787:Overlord
11626:Smolensk
10844:Timeline
10679:Slovakia
10665:Thailand
10516:Ethiopia
10481:Bulgaria
10405:Portugal
10336:Thailand
10218:Bulgaria
9996:Eswatini
9989:Ethiopia
9942:Bulgaria
9767:Unit 731
9728:Response
9545:Keelhaul
9495:Cold War
9468:Americas
9459:timeline
9452:Atlantic
9332:Theaters
8918:(1987).
8856:(1996).
8834:(1980).
8793:(2000).
8576:(2010).
8485:13475684
8452:(2010).
8352:(1984).
8342:26274233
8124:43026247
8116:16089003
7982:(1978).
7918:(1987).
7854:(1978).
7608:(1999).
7520:(2007).
7419:(1986).
7397:(2002).
7309:(1994).
7217:(3): 2.
7050:14 April
6555:13 March
6549:Archived
6264:1 August
6258:Archived
5777:13 April
5771:Archived
3985:Archived
3926:Archived
3907:Archived
3822:See also
3715:Morality
3497:Missouri
3440:Kumagaya
3423:Red Army
3397:Bockscar
3381:Fukuyama
3163:scramble
3128:Tarumizu
3120:strafing
3071:Iwo Jima
2988:Hakodate
2946:Franklin
2915:Hakodate
2909:US Navy
2772:AN/APQ-7
2756:Maebashi
2736:Hachiōji
2692:Tokuyama
2636:Wakayama
2586:, Kure,
2584:Kumamoto
2560:Shizuoka
2472:American
2435:A6M Zero
2419:Hirohito
2355:Kawasaki
2346:Shizuoka
2320:kamikaze
2141:blackout
1943:attack.
1937:Nagasaki
1872:trenches
1711:Hokkaidō
1623:Yokosuka
1619:Yokohama
1555:Nagasaki
1549:dropped
1469:Northern
1263:Nagasaki
1249:and the
1166:Chongjin
1127:Downfall
1065:Yokosuka
882:Tiderace
839:Thailand
646:Downfall
590:2nd Kure
585:Yokosuka
580:Kumagaya
575:Shizuoka
560:Toyokawa
499:1st Kure
325:Strength
77:Location
58:Yokohama
13803:Bahrain
13728:Colombo
13722:Bangkok
13638:Taihoku
13560:Okazaki
13540:Nagaoka
13500:Fukuoka
13443:Nanjing
13267:Swansea
13242:Norwich
13192:Cardiff
13187:Bristol
13167:Belfast
13135:Kingdom
13081:Romania
13062:Frampol
12985:Viterbo
12980:Vicenza
12965:Trieste
12960:Treviso
12930:Pescara
12925:Palermo
12905:Messina
12900:Livorno
12870:Ferrara
12865:Catania
12860:Cassino
12850:Bologna
12760:Rostock
12755:Potsdam
12715:Münster
12680:Leipzig
12620:Hamburg
12605:Giessen
12575:Dresden
12545:Breslau
12530:Bocholt
12484:Krefeld
12454:Cologne
12431:Germany
12391:Tallinn
12379:Estonia
12358:Denmark
12187:Shumshu
11954:Hungary
11901:Estonia
11885:Lapland
11863:Dragoon
11796:Neptune
11778:Ichi-Go
11744:Tempest
11686:Changde
11641:Cottage
11533:Jubilee
11249:Finland
11147:Compass
10853:Prelude
10806:Finland
10692:Vietnam
10658:Romania
10530:Germany
10509:Estonia
10495:Denmark
10474:Belgium
10467:Austria
10460:Albania
10391:Ireland
10377:Andorra
10361:Neutral
10321:Romania
10255:Hungary
10240:Finland
10112:Romania
10004:Finland
9982:Denmark
9928:Belgium
9914:Algeria
9620:Romania
9606:Hungary
9362:Pacific
9086:General
9040:Leaders
9025:Battles
9018:Outline
8504:9941656
7681:3642234
7652:Wartime
6116:21 June
4419:, p. 19
4392:, p. 11
4376:, p. 17
4193:30 June
3699:surveys
3444:Isesaki
3414:Urakami
3410:kiloton
3402:Fat Man
3348:Niigata
3324:Trinity
3267:at the
3255:by the
3241:Musashi
3051:Maizuru
3004:Obihiro
2996:Sapporo
2975:Kushiro
2952:Shikoku
2900:Okinawa
2889:, five
2752:Imabari
2744:Nagaoka
2684:Okazaki
2680:Hitachi
2652:Uwajima
2644:Tsuruga
2620:Shimizu
2576:Okayama
2572:Nobeoka
2544:Fukuoka
2466:in all
2380:Iwakuni
2205:Formosa
2001:Antonov
1954:Formosa
1941:ramming
1770:Chengdu
1691:Shumshu
1559:Fukuoka
1547:bombers
1481:Western
1477:Central
1473:Eastern
1119:Shumshu
1004:Ellwood
869:Vietnam
601:Battles
570:Okazaki
514:Fukuoka
459:Nagaoka
428:of the
13808:Cyprus
13740:Manila
13685:Darwin
13680:Broome
13610:Yawata
13575:Sendai
13570:Rabaul
13555:Numazu
13545:Nagoya
13490:Aomori
13375:Zagreb
13369:Vienna
13351:Prague
13345:Namsos
13327:Dublin
13232:London
13207:Exeter
13133:United
13072:Wieluń
13067:Warsaw
13055:Poland
12975:Verona
12945:Rimini
12915:Naples
12875:Foggia
12835:Ancona
12775:Siegen
12720:Munich
12685:Lübeck
12665:Kassel
12565:Dessau
12540:Bremen
12525:Berlin
12505:Aachen
12449:Bochum
12400:France
12164:Debate
12136:Taipei
12129:Borneo
11707:Tarawa
10901:Europe
10862:Africa
10651:Poland
10637:Norway
10616:Malaya
10595:Latvia
10537:Greece
10523:France
10419:Sweden
10384:Bhutan
10105:Poland
10091:Norway
10063:Mexico
10030:Greece
10016:France
9954:Canada
9935:Brazil
9905:Allies
9851:Serbia
9840:Poland
9613:Poland
9599:Baltic
9392:Europe
9094:Topics
9046:Allied
8951:
8930:
8904:
8883:
8864:
8842:
8820:
8801:
8779:
8745:
8719:
8698:
8681:
8660:
8584:
8562:
8543:
8526:
8502:
8483:
8462:
8438:
8419:
8379:
8360:
8340:
8317:
8298:
8281:
8260:
8241:
8235:Napalm
8222:
8200:
8181:
8158:
8139:
8122:
8114:
8078:
8057:
8038:
8017:
7990:
7947:
7926:
7904:
7885:
7866:
7805:
7781:
7762:
7743:
7719:
7696:
7679:
7639:
7616:
7580:
7547:
7528:
7508:
7467:
7448:
7427:
7405:
7383:
7366:
7347:
7324:
7297:
7274:
7253:
7043:
7033:
6727:p. 143
4111:, p. 7
4060:, p. 1
3842:Portal
3585:Source
3430:, the
3344:Kokura
3132:Kurume
3042:Nagato
3024:Haruna
2933:Yamato
2924:Kyushu
2748:Toyama
2708:Aomori
2672:Chōshi
2664:Numazu
2660:Kuwana
2632:Sendai
2596:Himeji
2580:Sasebo
2516:Himeji
2508:Atsuta
2468:German
2384:Toyama
2211:Napalm
2133:Akashi
2038:Tinian
2034:Saipan
1933:Tobata
1902:Yawata
1847:Sasebo
1827:Honshū
1816:Kansas
1786:Kyūshū
1782:Guilin
1774:Bengal
1642:groups
1627:Nagoya
1614:Hornet
1593:Hornet
1571:Kyushu
1563:Kurume
1449:Soviet
1408:HALPRO
1382:, the
1355:Hudson
1341:(the "
1193:Allied
889:Zipper
875:Jurist
844:Malaya
803:Ceylon
737:Midway
529:Aomori
504:Sendai
484:Nagoya
464:Numazu
454:Yawata
152:
137:
124:
112:
89:Result
13818:Malta
13782:Jaffa
13777:Haifa
13585:Tokyo
13565:Osaka
13495:Fukui
13485:Akita
13478:Japan
13426:China
13398:Burma
13363:Sofia
13222:Leeds
13119:Minsk
13109:Gorky
12990:Zadar
12970:Turin
12955:Terni
12920:Padua
12910:Milan
12890:Gorla
12885:Genoa
12823:Italy
12805:Worms
12790:Wesel
12710:Moers
12695:Mainz
12670:Kleve
12625:Hanau
12615:Halle
12580:Emden
12474:Essen
12417:Royan
12386:Narva
12370:Rønne
11940:Leyte
11770:Narva
11756:Anzio
11714:Makin
11672:Burma
11556:Torch
11525:Rzhev
11486:Kiska
10572:Korea
10558:Japan
10551:Italy
10433:Tibet
10412:Spain
10283:Italy
10044:Italy
10037:India
9961:China
9836:Japan
9436:Italy
9348:China
9300:Women
8756:(PDF)
8735:(PDF)
8516:(PDF)
8338:JSTOR
8120:S2CID
8092:(PDF)
8011:85–86
7816:(PDF)
7799:(PDF)
7677:JSTOR
7314:(PDF)
7190:(PDF)
7179:(PDF)
3863:Notes
3856:Japan
3352:Kyoto
3249:Chūbu
3245:Tōkai
3150:radar
3000:Otaru
2964:Leyte
2939:Amagi
2719:Ōgaki
2676:Fukui
2628:Sakai
2612:Chiba
2600:Kōchi
2535:Ōmuta
2504:Narao
2392:wings
2195:" at
1929:Ōmura
1501:radar
1265:were
1060:Tokyo
1048:Japan
965:Timor
524:Akita
509:Fukui
489:Osaka
470:Tokyo
155:Japan
13840:Chad
13772:Acre
13550:Naha
13535:Kure
13530:Kōfu
13525:Kobe
13505:Gifu
13293:1944
13288:1941
13217:Hull
13162:Bath
12950:Rome
12935:Pisa
12840:Bari
12650:Jena
12407:Caen
12365:Nexø
12006:1945
11734:1944
11575:1943
11503:Blue
11493:Attu
11400:1942
11159:1941
11011:1940
10949:1939
10878:Asia
10725:POWs
10565:Jews
10276:Iraq
10202:Axis
10152:Tuva
9968:Cuba
9053:Axis
8949:ISBN
8928:ISBN
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8881:ISBN
8862:ISBN
8840:ISBN
8818:ISBN
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8764:2016
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8279:OCLC
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8112:PMID
8076:OCLC
8055:ISBN
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7988:ISBN
7945:ISBN
7924:ISBN
7902:ISBN
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7864:ISBN
7844:help
7824:2011
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7322:ISBN
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7272:ISBN
7251:ISBN
7198:2014
7157:2011
7070:link
7066:link
7052:2022
7041:OCLC
7031:ISBN
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6118:2013
5779:2022
4195:2010
3993:2011
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2764:Saga
2762:and
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2666:and
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2618:and
2616:Kōfu
2606:and
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2578:and
2568:Moji
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