al-Farabi - Knowledge

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its own. In other words, to imitate "x" is to imagine "x" by associating it with sensible qualities that do not describe its own appearance. This extends the representative ability of the imagination beyond sensible forms and to include temperaments, emotions, desires and even immaterial intelligibles or abstract universals, as happens when, for example, one associates "evil" with "darkness". The Prophet, in addition to his own intellectual capacity, has a very strong imaginative faculty, which allows him to receive an overflow of intelligibles from the agent intellect (the tenth intellect in the emanational cosmology). These intelligibles are then associated with symbols and images, which allow him to communicate abstract truths in a way that can be understood by ordinary people. Therefore what makes prophetic knowledge unique is not its content, which is also accessible to philosophers through demonstration and intellection, but rather the form that it is given by the prophet's imagination.

809:... Thus it went until the coming of Christianity. Then the teaching came to an end in Rome while it continued in Alexandria until the king of the Christians looked into the matter. The bishops assembled and took counsel together on which parts of teaching were to be left in place and which were to be discontinued. They formed the opinion that the books on logic were to be taught up to the end of the assertoric figures but not what comes after it, since they thought that would harm Christianity. Teaching the rest remained private until the coming of Islam when the teaching was transferred from Alexandria to Antioch. There it remained for a long time until only one teacher was left. Two men learned from him, and they left, taking the books with them. One of them was from Harran, the other from Marw. As for the man from Marw, two men learned from him..., Ibrahim al-Marwazi and Yuhanna ibn Haylan. . 1361:

entity of the second intellect "emanates" from it. Like its predecessor, the second intellect also thinks about itself, and thereby brings its celestial sphere (in this case, the sphere of fixed stars) into being, but in addition to this it must also contemplate upon the First Cause, and this causes the "emanation" of the next intellect. The cascade of emanation continues until it reaches the tenth intellect, beneath which is the material world. And as each intellect must contemplate both itself and an increasing number of predecessors, each succeeding level of existence becomes more and more complex. This process is based upon necessity as opposed to will. In other words, God does not have a choice whether or not to create the universe, but by virtue of His own existence, He causes it to be. This view also suggests that the universe is eternal, and both of these points were criticized by

1500:, al-Farabi emphasized that philosophy was both a theoretical and practical discipline; labeling those philosophers who do not apply their erudition to practical pursuits as "futile philosophers". The ideal society, he wrote, is one directed towards the realization of "true happiness" (which can be taken to mean philosophical enlightenment) and as such, the ideal philosopher must hone all the necessary arts of rhetoric and poetics to communicate abstract truths to the ordinary people, as well as having achieved enlightenment himself. Al-Farabi compared the philosopher's role in relation to society with a physician in relation to the body; the body's health is affected by the "balance of its 1401:(such as time, place, quality) and physicality from them, converting them into primary intelligibles, which are logical principles such as "the whole is greater than the part". The human intellect, by its act of intellection, passes from potentiality to actuality, and as it gradually comprehends these intelligibles, it is identified with them (as according to Aristotle, by knowing something, the intellect becomes like it). Because the Agent Intellect knows all of the intelligibles, this means that when the human intellect knows all of them, it becomes associated with the Agent Intellect's perfection and is known as the acquired Intellect. 1194: 36: 659: 1381:

were the case, then it would not be the First Cause, because something would be prior in existence to it, which is also impossible. This would suggest that the more philosophically simple a thing is, the more perfect it is. And based on this observation, Reisman says it is possible to see the entire hierarchy of al-Farabi's cosmology according to classification into genus and species. Each succeeding level in this structure has as its principal qualities multiplicity and deficiency, and it is this ever-increasing complexity that typifies the material world.

239: 1173:, al-Farabi expressed that a separated person may not accomplish all the idealizations by himself, without the help of other people. It is the intrinsic mien of each man to connect to another human being or to other men within the labor he has to perform. Consequently, to realize what he can of that flawlessness, each man must remain within the neighborhood of others and relate with them. In chapter 24 of aforementioned text— 968: 1397:(the moon) in his emanational cosmology. The potential intellect represents the capacity to think, which is shared by all human beings, and the actual intellect is an intellect engaged in the act of thinking. By thinking, al-Farabi means abstracting universal intelligibles from the sensory forms of objects which have been apprehended and retained in the individual's imagination. 1017: 1357:

realm which contains the material world. Each of these circles represent the domain of the secondary intelligences (symbolized by the celestial bodies themselves), which act as causal intermediaries between the First Cause (in this case, God) and the material world. Furthermore these are said to have emanated from God, who is both their formal and efficient cause.

1390:"lower" world, but they also have a rational capacity, which connects them to the "higher" realm. Each level of existence in al-Farabi's cosmology is characterized by its movement towards perfection, which is to become like the First Cause, i.e. a perfect intellect. Human perfection (or "happiness"), then, is equated with constant intellection and contemplation. 1464:, which is the faculty of intellection. It is the last of these which is unique to human beings and distinguishes them from plants and animals. It is also the only part of the soul to survive the death of the body. Noticeably absent from these scheme are internal senses, such as common sense, which would be discussed by later philosophers such as 1405:

thereby decides whether or not to seek true happiness. And it is by choosing what is ethical and contemplating about what constitutes the nature of ethics, that the actual intellect can become "like" the active intellect, thereby attaining perfection. It is only by this process that a human soul may survive death, and live on in the afterlife.

3791:"Nasr al-Farabi was born in Farab (a small town in Transoxiana) in 259/870 to a family of mixed parentage — the father, who married a Turkish woman, is said to have been of Persian and Turkish descent — but both professed the Shi'l heterodox faith. He spoke Persian and Turkish fluently and learned the Arabic language before he went to Baghdad. 1533:

believes that al-Farabi did not want to expound a political doctrine (although he does not go so far to attribute it to Islamic Gnosticism either). He argues that al-Farabi was using different types of society as examples, in the context of an ethical discussion, to show what effect correct or incorrect thinking could have. Lastly,

3646:. "An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam", I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007. Pg 134: "Ibn Nadim in his al-Fihrist, which is the first work to mention Farabi considers him to be of Persian origin, as does Muhammad Shahrazuri in his 1507:

Of course, al-Farabi realized that such a society was rare and required a very specific set of historical circumstances to be realized, which means very few societies could ever attain this goal. He divided those "vicious" societies, which have fallen short of the ideal "virtuous" society, into three

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The process of emanation begins (metaphysically, not temporally) with the First Cause, whose principal activity is self-contemplation. And it is this intellectual activity that underlies its role in the creation of the universe. The First Cause, by thinking of itself, "overflows" and the incorporeal

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faculty, which is essential to his interpretation of prophethood and prophetic knowledge. In addition to its ability to retain and manipulate sensible images of objects, he gives the imagination the function of imitation. By this he means the capacity to represent an object with an image other than

1416:. Any individual or distinguishing features of the soul are annihilated after the death of the body; only the rational faculty survives (and then, only if it has attained perfection), which becomes one with all other rational souls within the agent intellect and enters a realm of pure intelligence. 1400:

This motion from potentiality to actuality requires the Agent Intellect to act upon the retained sensory forms; just as the Sun illuminates the physical world to allow us to see, the Agent Intellect illuminates the world of intelligibles to allow us to think. This illumination removes all accident

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for its existence, which is impossible as the First Cause is uncaused; it exists without being caused. Equally, he says it cannot be known according to genus and differentia, as its substance and existence are different from all others, and therefore it has no category to which it belongs. If this

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Philosophy as an academic subject became widespread in the days of the Ptolemaic kings of the Greeks after the death of Aristotle in Alexandria until the end of the woman’s reign . The teaching of it continued unchanged in Alexandria after the death of Aristotle through the reign of thirteen kings

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The existing variations in the basic accounts of al-Farabi's origins and pedigree indicate that they were not recorded during his lifetime or soon thereafter by anyone with concrete information, but were based on hearsay or guesses (as is the case with other contemporaries of al-Farabi). Little is

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contends that nowhere in his work does al-Farabi speak of a prophet-legislator or revelation (even the word philosophy is scarcely mentioned), and the main discussion that takes place concerns the positions of "king" and "statesmen". Occupying a middle position is David Reisman, who, like Corbin,

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While this process seems mechanical, leaving little room for human choice or volition, Reisman says that al-Farabi is committed to human voluntarism. This takes place when man, based on the knowledge he has acquired, decides whether to direct himself towards virtuous or unvirtuous activities, and

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Human beings are unique in al-Farabi's vision of the universe because they stand between two worlds: the "higher", immaterial world of the celestial intellects and universal intelligibles, and the "lower", material world of generation and decay; they inhabit a physical body, and so belong to the

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and the Ptolemaic astronomy. In his model, the universe is viewed as a number of concentric circles; the outermost sphere or "first heaven", the sphere of fixed stars, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and finally, the Moon. At the centre of these concentric circles is the sub-lunar

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According to Reisman, his work was singularly directed towards the goal of simultaneously reviving and reinventing the Alexandrian philosophical tradition, to which his Christian teacher, Yuhanna ibn Haylan belonged. His success should be measured by the honorific title of the "Second Master" of

3780:", I.B.Tauris, 2000. 1860642799. pg 167: "Kazakhstan also annexes for the purpose of bank notes Al Farabi (870–950), the Muslim philosopher who was born in the south of present-day Kazakhstan but who presumably spoke Persian, particularly because in that era there were no Kazakhs in the region" 1512:

societies have, for whatever reason, failed to comprehend the purpose of human existence, and have supplanted the pursuit of happiness for another (inferior) goal, whether this be wealth, sensual gratification or power. Al-Farabi mentions "weeds" in the virtuous society: those people who try to

596: 1372:. He says that it cannot be known by intellectual means, such as dialectical division or definition, because the terms used in these processes to define a thing constitute its substance. Therefore if one was to define the First Cause, each of the terms used would actually constitute a 1337:

being (that is, being in and of itself), and this is related to God only to the extent that God is a principle of absolute being. Al-Kindi's view was, however, a common misconception regarding Greek philosophy amongst Muslim intellectuals at the time, and it was for this reason that

3905:. ولی فارابی فيلسوف تنها متعلق به ايران نبود بلكه به عالم اسلام تعلق داشت و از بركت قرآن و دين محمد به اين مقام رسيد. از اينجهت هه دانشمندانی كه در اينجا گرد آمده‌اند او را يك دانشمند مسلمان متعلق به عالم انسانيت مي‌دانند و كاری به تركی و فارسی و عربی بودن او ندارند. 1488:

The practical application of philosophy was a major concern expressed by al-Farabi in many of his works, and while the majority of his philosophical output has been influenced by Aristotelian thought, his practical philosophy was unmistakably based on that of

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Al-Farabi had great influence on science and philosophy for several centuries, and was widely considered second only to Aristotle in knowledge (alluded to by his title of the "Second Teacher"), in his time. His work, aimed at synthesis of philosophy and

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Bryan Bunch with Alexander Hellemans. (2004). The history of science and technology : a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 108.

3761:"al-Farabi (also known as Abu al-Nasr al-Farabi) was born of Turkish parents in the small village of Wasij near Farab, Turkistan (now in Uzbekistan) in 870 AD. His parents were of Persian descent, but their ancestors had migrated to Turkistan." 1541:

society could not be made, by using reason to show how many conditions (such as moral and deliberative virtue) would have to be met, thus leading the reader to conclude that humans are not fit for such a society. Some other authors such as

1504:" just as the city is determined by the moral habits of its people. The philosopher's duty, he wrote, was to establish a "virtuous" society by healing the souls of the people, establishing justice and guiding them towards "true happiness". 534:

term for a locale that is irrigated by effluent springs or flows from a nearby river. Thus, there are many places that carry the name (or various evolutions of that hydrological/geological toponym) in that general area, such as Farab

1219:) as well as his own works. His ideas are marked by their coherency, despite drawing together of many different philosophical disciplines and traditions. Some other significant influences on his work were the planetary model of 4709:, Becoming familiar with Islamic knowledge, V1, p.167 فارابی كتاب كوچك معروفی دارد به نام (الجمع بين رأيی الحكيمين) در اين كتاب مسائل اختلافی اين دو فيلسوف طرح شده و كوشش شده كه به نحوی اختلافات ميان اين دو حكيم از بين برود . 3940:

Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (ca. 870–950) was a renowned philosopher and scientist with a keen interest in the theory of knowledge. Probably a Sogdian from the great merchant city of Farab, now called Otrar, in southern

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David Deming,"Science and Technology in World History: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization", McFarland, 2010. pg 94: "Al-Farabi, known in Medieval Europe as Abunaser, was a Persian philosopher who sought to

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as an example of such a republican order within early Muslim history. However, he also maintained that it was from democracy that imperfect states emerged, noting how the order of the early Islamic Caliphate of the

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describes shi'ite aspects of al-Farabi's writings. As she put it, al-Farabi in his al-Millah, al-Siyasah al-Madaniyah, and Tahsil al-Sa’adah believes in a utopia governed by Prophet and his successors: the Imams.

3654:. In contrast, Ibn Khallikan in his '"Wafayat al-'ayan considers him to be of Turkish descent. In any case, he was born in Farab in Khurasan of that day around 257/870 in a climate of Persianate culture" 1214:

tradition of Alexandria. A prolific writer, he is credited with over one hundred works. Amongst these are a number of prolegomena to philosophy, commentaries on important Aristotelian works (such as the

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Although some consider al-Farabi to be a political idealism, Whether or not al-Farabi actually intended to outline a political programme in his writings remains a matter of dispute amongst academics.

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tradition of logic rather than the Aristotelian. Another addition al-Farabi made to the Aristotelian tradition was his introduction of the concept of "poetic syllogism" in a commentary on Aristotle's

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Jaroslav Krejčí; assisted by Anna Krejčová. (1990). Before the European challenge : the great civilizations of Asia and the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 140.

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In his treatment of the human soul, al-Farabi draws on a basic Aristotelian outline, which is informed by the commentaries of later Greek thinkers. He says it is composed of four faculties: The

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has also been suggested as his native language and the language of the inhabitants of Farab. Muhammad Javad Mashkoor argues for an Iranian-speaking Central Asian origin. According to

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Edited by Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins. (2003). From Africa to Zen : an invitation to world philosophy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 163.

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excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and

655:. According to Thérèse-Anne Druart, writing in 2020, "Scholars have disputed his ethnic origin. Some claimed he was Turkish but more recent research points to him being a Persian." 1393:

Al-Farabi divides intellect into four categories: potential, actual, acquired and the Agent. The first three are the different states of the human intellect and the fourth is the

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and inserted the Chapter headings, later, somebody inquired him to include sections, summarizing the Chapters, and this he did in Cairo. These six Sections are referred to as

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Edited and translated by Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin. (2003). Classical Islam : a sourcebook of religious literature. New York: Routledge. pp. 170.

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Thomas F. Glick. (1995). From Muslim fortress to Christian castle : social and cultural change in medieval Spain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 170.

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known about his life. Early sources include an autobiographical passage where al-Farabi traces the history of logic and philosophy up to his time, and brief mentions by

344: 209: 5957: 11927: 1257:(Treatise on logic), in a wonderfully concise way. The work treats of the essentials of Aristotelian logic in the light of comments made by the Persian philosophers: 1140:

whose law was revealed to him. In the absence of the Prophet-Imam, al-Farabi considered democracy as the closest to the ideal state, regarding the order of the Sunni

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Joseph A. Schumpeter, Historian of Economics: Prespectives on the history of economic thought. Selected papers from the History of Economics Society Conference, 1994

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In the handing down of Aristotle's thought to the Christian west in the middle ages, al-Farabi played an essential part as appears in the translation of al-Farabi's

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to the phrase "wa-kana rajolan torkiyan", meaning "he was a Turkish man." In this regard, since works of such supposed Turks lack traces of Turkic nomadic culture,

4655:, Becoming familiar with Islamic knowledge, V1, p.166 اگر بخواهيم كلمه ای را به كار بريم كه مفيد مفهوم روش فلسفی مشائين باشد بايد كلمه (استدلالی) را به كار بريم . 5143:

Mykhaylo Yakubovych. Al-Farabi's Book of Religion. Ukrainian translation, introduction and comments / Ukrainian Religious Studies Bulletin, 2008, Vol. 47, P. 237.

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While scholars largely agree that his ethnic background is not knowable, Al-Farabi has also been described as being of either Persian or Turkic origin. Medieval

1890:, finished in 1493 AD. Note that this woodcut is reused throughout the Nuremberg Chronicle, where it also represents Anaxagoras, Isocrates, Boethius and others. 12798: 11737: 5387:. Translated by Liadain Sherrard, with the assistance of Philip Sherrard. London: Kegan Paul International, in association with the Islamic Publications Ltd. 8442: 5153: 6394: 11832: 2600:

Ideas in Motion in Baghdad and Beyond: Philosophical and Theological Exchanges between Christians and Muslims in the Third/Ninth and Fourth/Tenth Centuries

1008:. He moreover talks about its impact on speech, clarifying how actually to fit music to speech, i.e., poetry, in arrange to upgrade the meaning of a text. 3889:

English translations of the arguments used by J. Mashkur can be found in: G. Lohraspi, "Some remarks on Farabi's background"; a scholarly approach citing

1460:(the faculty which retains images of sensible objects after they have been perceived, and then separates and combines them for a number of ends), and the 12818: 11568: 6478: 5614:

Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".

3316:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. No. 95 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 95–96. 12743: 11752: 5897:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Volume: 115/1. Translated by Rotraud Hansberger. Leiden: Brill. pp. 526–654. 2335:); last name might appear in Eastern publications. In Western academic works, they as a rule interpret the final two words of the Arabic title (i.e., 12738: 10534: 1161:. His final conclusion was that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. 6155:"Fārābī, Abū Naṣr. Table of Content: i. Biography. ii. Logic. iii. Metaphysics. iv. Fārābī and Greek Philosophy. v. Music. vi. Political Philosophy" 4412: 3886:مشكور، محمدجواد. “فاراب و فارابي“. دوره14، ش161 (اسفند 54): 15-20- . J. Mashkur, "Farabi and Farabi" in volume 14, No. 161, pp 15–12, Tehran,1972. 11902: 11892: 11722: 11712: 3706:

T. J. De Boer, "The History of Philosophy in Islam", Forgotten Books, 2008. Excerpt page 98: "His father is said to have been a Persian General".

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compares this eschatology with that of the Ismaili Neo-Platonists, for whom this process initiated the next grand cycle of the universe. However,

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Joshua Parens (2006). An Islamic philosophy of virtuous religions : introducing Alfarabi. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press. pp. 3.

3794:Ḥannā Fākhūrī, Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī ʻinda al-ʻArab, al-Duqqī, al-Jīzah : al-Sharikah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀlamīyah lil-Nashr, Lūnjmān, 2002. 8688: 6401: 3811: 3970:

Abu Nasr El-Farabi hailed from around ancient Farabi which was situated on the bank of Syr Daria and was the son of a Turk military commander

374:, and created a philosophical system of his own, which developed a philosophical system that went far beyond the scholastic interests of his 6368: 996:(Grand Book of Music). In it, he presents philosophical principles about music, its cosmic qualities, and its influences, and discusses the 857:

or influenced by Shia. Fauzi Najjar argues that al-Farabi's political philosophy was influenced by Shiite sects. Giving a positive account,

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ruler. Al-Mas'udi, writing barely five years after the fact (955-6, the date of the composition of the Tanbīh), says that al-Farabi died in

631:" A Persian origin has been stated by many other sources as well. Dimitri Gutas notes that Farabi's works contain references and glosses in 12106: 11732: 6451: 1308:

philosophy, Aristotle being the first, by which he was known. Reisman also says that he does not make any reference to the ideas of either

1149:, which he viewed as republican, was later replaced by a form of government resembling a monarchy under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. 914:

Though he was mainly an Aristotelian logician, he included a number of non-Aristotelian elements in his works. He discussed the topics of

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Joshua Parens, An Islamic Philosophy of Virtuous Religions: Introducing Alfarabi (New York: State University of New York Press, 2006), 2.

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undermine its progress towards the true human end. The best known Arabic source for al-Farabi's political philosophy is his work titled,

3551:" in Encyclopedia Iranica. excerpt: "Fāryāb (also Pāryāb), common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water" 11897: 11817: 11727: 9478: 9119: 6391: 5677: 6957: 417: 352: 1528:, says that his ideas should be understood as a "prophetic philosophy" instead of being interpreted politically. On the other hand, 1424:

mentions we have cause to be skeptical as to whether this was the mature and developed view of al-Farabi, as later thinkers such as

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In 1975, the 1100th anniversary of al-Farabi's birth was celebrated on a large international scale in Moscow, Alma-Ata and Baghdad.

320: 197: 619:, who lived around 1288 and has written an early biography, also states that al-Farabi hailed from a Persian family. According to 11812: 11561: 10271: 9573: 6514: 6509: 348: 4087:"Al-Farabi is thought to be of Turkish origin. His family name suggests that he came from the vicinity of Farab in Transoxiana." 817:. He finished the book in Damascus the following year (331), i.e., by September 943). He also lived and taught for some time in 12793: 9692: 7953: 3887: 4751: 9680: 6584: 6561: 6299: 6093: 6060: 6029: 5974: 5910: 5788: 5442: 5419: 5392: 5333: 5272: 5242: 4158: 3321: 3179: 2615: 756:, al-Farabi stated that he had studied logic, medicine and sociology with Yuhanna ibn Haylan up to and including Aristotle's 360: 185: 3630:

Ebn Abi Osaybea, Oyun al-anba fi tabaqat at-atebba, ed. A. Müller, Cairo, 1299/1882. وكان ابوه قائد جيش وهو فارسي المنتسب

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According to al-Farabi, the afterlife is not the personal experience commonly conceived of by religious traditions such as

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Alfarabi and the Foundation of Islamic Political Philosophy: Essays in Interpretation. With a Foreword by C.E. Butterworth

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Nicholas Rescher, Al-Farabi's Short Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, University of Pittsburgh Pre, 1963, p.11,

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pg 22: "..Islamic world of that time, an area whose inhabitants must have spoken Soghdian or maybe a Turkish dialect..."

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His name was Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Farabi, sometimes with the family surname al-Tarkhani, i.e., the element

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Al-Farabi's cosmology is essentially based upon three pillars: Aristotelian metaphysics of causation, highly developed

6193:"La transmission d'Aristote par les Arabes à la chrétienté occidentale: une trouvaille relative au De Interpretatione" 3783:

Majid Khadduri; . The Islamic conception of justice. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c1984.. pp. 84.

12873: 12843: 6318: 5996: 5877: 5844: 5810: 5742: 5547: 5525: 5366: 5315: 5305: 5075: 4395: 4316: 4197: 4117: 4106: 4095: 4084: 4073: 4065::"He appears to have been born into a military family of Turkish origin in the village of Wasil, Farab, in Turkestan" 4058: 4047: 4036: 3933: 3874: 3851: 3788: 3770: 3758: 3747: 3736: 3725: 3711: 2239: 2175: 1529: 1333:, who considered the subject of metaphysics to be God, al-Farabi believed that it was concerned primarily with being 934:. He is also credited with categorizing logic into two separate groups, the first being "idea" and the second being " 6290:

Strauss, L. (2013). "Some Remarks on the Political Science of Maimonides and Farabi". In Green, Kenneth Hart (ed.).

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A History of Muslim Philosophy. With short accounts of other-disciplines and the modern renaissance in Muslim lands

5494: 5489:. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Volume VIII (2nd Expanded ed.). Leiden: Brill. 4549: 4129:

Zainal Abidin Ahmad. Negara utama (Madinatuʾl fadilah) Teori kenegaraan dari sardjana Islam al Farabi. 1964, p. 19

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This association with Christian scholarly circles in Baghdad links Farabi to the Syriac neo-Aristotelian tradition

2086: 1124:, instead of the philosopher-king envisaged by Plato. Al-Farabi argued that the ideal state was the city-state of 762:, i.e., according to the order of the books studied in the curriculum, al-Farabi was claiming that he had studied 12883: 12803: 11982: 11190: 9307: 9158: 7308: 6672: 5381: 5202: 4123: 1116:

view, drawing a parallel from within the Islamic context, in that he regarded the ideal state to be ruled by the

297: 222: 165: 6176:"A Biographical Note on Ibn Bājjah (Avempace) and an English Translation of his Annotations to Fārābī's Isagoge" 12858: 12748: 12397: 10924: 10508: 10361: 9247: 4761: 4590: 4031:

Edited by Ted Honderich. (1995). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 269.

2388:). I have included this tag to distinctive titles used within the article, thus the readers won't get confused. 6998: 5702: 587:) or Faryab (also Paryab), is a common Persian toponym meaning "lands irrigated by diversion of river water". 312: 181: 12863: 12773: 11323: 10548: 10421: 9643: 8674: 8402: 7913: 7224: 7214: 7169: 6805: 3869:

Joep Lameer, "Al-Fārābī and Aristotelian syllogistics: Greek theory and Islamic practice", E.J. Brill, 1994.

705:, and serves the purpose to "prove" a Turkic origin for al-Farabi, for instance by mentioning the additional 477:

biographers of the 12th–13th centuries thus had few facts to hand, and used invented stories about his life.

156: 1316:, which clearly indicates that he did not consider their approach to philosophy as a correct or viable one. 1265:

in his book devoted to the Treatise stresses the fact that al-Farabi is the only thinker mentioned therein.

1227:, particularly metaphysics and practical (or political) philosophy (which bears more resemblance to Plato's 332: 301: 289: 226: 177: 12888: 12848: 12783: 12616: 12210: 11957: 11380: 11291: 10967: 10446: 10441: 10135: 9173: 8806: 8472: 8341: 4090:

Fernand Braudel; translated by Richard Mayne. (1995). A history of civilizations. New York, N.Y.: Penguin.

4007:

Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, Routledge, p. 61,

3434:

Brague, Rémi (1998). "Athens, Jerusalem, Mecca: Leo Strauss's "Muslim" Understanding of Greek Philosophy".

2680: 2669:

In modern Turkish scholarship the pronunciation is given as Uzlug (İA V, p. 451), without any explanation.

12513: 12422: 12417: 12092: 11300: 11140: 10461: 10456: 10241: 7774: 6777: 6569: 6551: 6504: 6483: 6437: 6252: 5267:. Routledge History of World Philosophies. Volume I. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 178–197. 5230: 1067:

theology is also more than just metaphysics as rhetoric. In his attempt to think through the nature of a

356: 308: 193: 12538: 5803:

Allāh Transcendent: Studies in the Structure and Semiotics of Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Cosmology

5178: 4388:

The Hellenistic Philosophers. Vol 1: Translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary

611:(died in 1270)—one of al-Farabi's oldest biographer—mentions in his Uyun that al-Farabi's father was of 12758: 12317: 12180: 11742: 11464: 9126: 8786: 8655: 7301: 7069: 6850: 5730: 5652: 1178: 9443: 7918: 4336: 12823: 12611: 12467: 12322: 11917: 11591: 11368: 10803: 10798: 9490: 9433: 9018: 8542: 8492: 7422: 7274: 7084: 4420: 4079:

Diané Collinson and Robert Wilkinson. (1994). Thirty-Five Oriental Philosophers.. London: Routledge.

3819: 1848: 1112:, saw it as the duty of the philosopher to provide guidance to the state. Al-Farabi incorporated the 281: 4133: 4128: 4112:

Hamid Naseem. (2001). Muslim philosophy science and mysticism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 78.

3833:

George Fadlo Hourani, Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, Suny press, 1975; Kiki Kennedy-Day,

3808: 1157:

Al-Farabi wrote a short treatise "On Vacuum", where he thought about the nature of the existence of

480:

From incidental accounts it is known that he spent significant time (most of his scholarly life) in

324: 201: 12753: 12372: 12302: 12145: 12135: 12051: 12002: 11180: 10994: 10574: 10331: 8532: 8482: 8291: 7581: 7264: 6615: 4331: 4294: 3890: 3330: 2685: 2153: 2034: 1947: 1032: 992: 979: 729: 111: 1251:, the most important Jewish thinker of the middle ages. Maimonides wrote in Arabic the celebrated 849:

Al-Farabi's religious affiliation within Islam is disputed. While some historians identify him as

12686: 12312: 12190: 12140: 11459: 11150: 11100: 11059: 11049: 10654: 10311: 10231: 9648: 9237: 9148: 8612: 7923: 6901: 6810: 6733: 6406: 4499: 3798: 3700:, Zebra, 2006. pp 50: "Of Persian stock, al-Farabi (Alfarabius, AbuNaser) was born in Turkestan" 2949: 2602:. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts. Volume 124. Leiden: Brill. pp. 7–43. 11239: 10045: 8276: 5938: 5805:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 99–148 (Chapter III: Fārābī The Search for Order). 5762: 5597: 5570: 4062: 3006: 2913: 2194: 1960: 1931: 12893: 12828: 12808: 12427: 12327: 12297: 12276: 12251: 12017: 11508: 11009: 10979: 10889: 10678: 10673: 9638: 9618: 9468: 9138: 8766: 7898: 7810: 7234: 7184: 7179: 7145: 7013: 6840: 6830: 6662: 5414:. History of World Philosophies. Volume I. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 841–885. 5353:. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–286. 5292:. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 308–326. 4299: 4098:"Al-Farabi, born in 870, was of Turkish origin. He lived in Aleppo and died in 950 in Damascus" 4068:

Edited by Henrietta Moore. (1996). The future of anthropological knowledge. London: Routledge.

2831: 2811: 2778: 2469: 2413: 2325: 2305: 2281: 2222: 2158: 2126: 2067: 2048: 2004: 1193: 763: 663: 405: 401: 263: 9505: 6119: 5154:"Аль-Фараби гордость не только нашего народа, но и всего исламского мира – Абсаттар Дербисали" 4148: 3777: 1827: 1707:, introduction, traduction et commentaire de Philippe Vallat, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 12606: 12382: 12225: 12012: 11922: 11489: 11259: 11165: 11130: 11110: 10929: 10904: 10884: 10859: 10813: 10772: 10767: 10640: 9792: 9747: 9558: 9153: 8617: 8607: 8502: 8028: 7983: 7486: 7269: 7018: 6937: 5864:. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–71. 5684: 3925: 3043: 1755:, traducción, introducción y notas de Rafael Ramón Guerrero, Madrid, Ápeiron Ediciones, 2017. 942: 624: 409: 9608: 5513: 3585: 1603:

Alfarabi, The Political Writings, Volume II. "Political Regime" and "Summary of Plato's Laws

1059:", and "at the level of philosophy, Farabi unites theory and practice in the sphere of the 12813: 12728: 12723: 12462: 12457: 12442: 12437: 12377: 12362: 12215: 11837: 11827: 11351: 11269: 11224: 11214: 11185: 10894: 10854: 10301: 10181: 9950: 9757: 9598: 9525: 9217: 9178: 9163: 8697: 8622: 8422: 7883: 7249: 7125: 7059: 7008: 7003: 6932: 6922: 5690: 4019:

James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Kessinger Publishing, Vol. 10, p.757,

2861: 2677:"Fârâbî: Ebû Nasr Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Tarhan b. Uzluğ el-Fârâbî et-Türkî (ِö. 339/950)" 2642: 1104: 829:, in Egypt in 337/July 948 – June 949 when he returned to Syria, where he was supported by 35: 9772: 8221: 8008: 7943: 6349: 3398: 2353:

the final name is most common. However, some scholars interpret the complete titles into

1108:. Al-Farabi argued that religion rendered truth through symbols and persuasion, and, like 658: 8: 12352: 12200: 11422: 11390: 11244: 11234: 11125: 10879: 10733: 10718: 10703: 10698: 10683: 10664: 10659: 10645: 10567: 10491: 10371: 10341: 10261: 9787: 9727: 9048: 8968: 8462: 8023: 7968: 7888: 7830: 7713: 7608: 7338: 7209: 7140: 7120: 7079: 6556: 6521: 6372: 5403: 5256: 4134:

Haroon Khan Sherwani. Studies in Muslim Political Thought and Administration. 1945, p. 63

3898: 3801:, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, vol. XXIII, no. 1/2, Paris, 1993, p. 353-372 3664: 3639: 3166:. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Volume 85. Leiden: Brill. 2981: 2638: 2143: 1882: 1634:"The Existence and Definition of Philosophy. From an Arabic text ascribed to al-Farabi", 1543: 1494: 1252: 1048: 955: 758: 753: 706: 702: 512: 504: 328: 189: 9535: 3238: 2881: 12778: 12763: 12718: 12646: 12631: 12357: 12150: 12068: 12027: 11907: 11822: 11385: 11318: 11090: 11064: 11039: 11034: 11019: 10914: 10693: 10649: 10503: 10498: 10481: 10476: 9945: 9453: 9390: 8582: 8241: 8206: 8116: 7643: 7476: 7427: 7219: 7074: 6835: 6607: 6460: 6272: 6099: 6035: 5984: 5962: 5798: 5639: 5631: 5514: 4511: 4375: 4235: 3459: 3193: 2747: 2739: 1437: 1216: 1146: 1141: 813:

He was in Baghdad at least until the end of September 942, as recorded in notes in his

389:, can be deduced from the habit of later writers calling him the "Second Master", with 386: 340: 149: 139: 11474: 9935: 8191: 6336: 6154: 3218: 2212: 2189: 693:) of Turkic parents. Based on this account, some scholars say he is of Turkic origin. 12661: 12636: 12533: 12266: 11772: 11484: 11449: 11170: 11155: 11044: 10989: 10828: 10758: 10753: 10630: 10466: 10411: 10251: 10040: 9702: 9628: 9603: 9405: 9207: 8371: 8271: 8236: 8061: 8038: 8033: 7908: 7524: 7514: 7363: 7348: 7324: 7135: 7054: 6978: 6314: 6295: 6278: 6236: 6103: 6089: 6056: 6039: 6025: 5992: 5970: 5916: 5906: 5873: 5840: 5806: 5784: 5738: 5543: 5521: 5500: 5490: 5438: 5415: 5388: 5362: 5329: 5301: 5268: 5238: 5235:

Philosophy in The Islamic World: a history of philosophy without any gaps. Volume III

5071: 4757: 4706: 4652: 4628: 4586: 4391: 4367: 4312: 4284: 4193: 4154: 4113: 4102: 4091: 4080: 4069: 4054: 4043: 4032: 3929: 3870: 3847: 3784: 3766: 3754: 3743: 3732: 3721: 3707: 3451: 3317: 3198: 3185: 3175: 3144: 2751: 2621: 2611: 2235: 2231: 2171: 1369: 1117: 1052: 1020: 915: 726: 584: 9520: 8141: 7835: 6175: 5643: 5450: 5430: 4303:. Vol. II (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1010a-1017a (esp. p. 1011a). 4289: 4254: 2148: 12681: 12676: 12548: 12185: 12116: 11857: 11852: 11782: 11707: 11677: 11608: 11308: 11135: 11024: 10939: 10846: 10818: 10793: 10723: 10605: 10471: 10401: 10171: 10090: 10085: 10010: 9985: 9930: 9920: 9910: 9880: 9860: 9850: 9717: 9712: 9670: 9613: 9410: 9093: 9088: 9063: 9008: 8983: 8627: 8301: 8261: 8251: 8201: 8186: 8176: 8136: 8096: 8086: 7963: 7933: 7893: 7779: 7615: 7593: 7383: 7373: 7259: 7229: 7204: 7189: 7049: 6815: 6650: 6360: 6228: 6214: 6204: 6081: 6017: 5898: 5865: 5757: 5623: 5592: 5354: 5293: 5063: 4503: 4359: 4308: 4304: 4227: 3915: 3663:

Arabic: و كان من سلاله فارس in J. Mashkur, Farab and Farabi, Tehran,1972. See also

3643: 3443: 3309: 3167: 2731: 2603: 2227: 2167: 2163: 1887: 1313: 935: 834: 648: 644: 636: 632: 580: 576: 531: 470: 61: 10075: 8296: 6354: 6085: 6021: 5565: 2162:. Vol. III (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 749b–755b (esp. p. 751b). 547:; Farab, an still-extant village in suburbs of the city of Chaharjuy/Amul (modern 507:. His grandfather was not known among his contemporaries, but a name Awzalagh, in 12332: 12044: 11787: 11499: 11479: 11454: 11400: 11313: 11264: 11175: 10919: 10909: 10668: 10528: 10201: 10120: 10080: 10050: 10035: 10000: 9995: 9965: 9940: 9925: 9900: 9885: 9820: 9797: 9782: 9767: 9752: 9623: 9578: 9563: 9553: 9375: 9370: 9227: 9222: 9202: 9190: 8577: 8572: 8336: 8281: 8266: 8246: 8226: 8181: 8156: 8066: 8018: 8003: 7903: 7863: 7754: 7749: 7576: 7464: 7378: 7353: 7244: 7239: 7194: 6655: 6640: 6635: 6150: 6048: 5933: 5929: 5753: 5706: 5656: 5588: 5561: 5462: 4187: 4020: 4008: 3995: 3919: 3815: 3567: 3511: 3402: 3047: 3010: 2985: 2822: 2802: 2769: 2460: 2404: 2316: 2296: 2272: 2185: 2039: 1995: 1951: 1922: 1900: 1853: 1833:

In November 2021, a monument to al-Farabi was unveiled in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.

1628:, Vol. II, edited by Abrahamov, Binyamin. Ramat: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2006. 1624:"Al-Farabi's Long Commentary on Aristotle's Categoriae in Hebrew and Arabic", In 1394: 1211: 1099: 608: 572: 441: 382: 254: 161: 57: 6072: 6008: 5458: 4053:

Ian Richard Netton. (1999). Al-Fārābī and his school. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

3133:"Farabi's Treatise on Certain Obscurities in Books I and V of Euclid's Elements" 2556:, scholars followed suit till today. The date of Farabi's death is more precise. 12666: 12656: 12563: 12497: 12487: 12412: 12392: 12281: 12073: 11842: 11659: 11630: 11526: 11521: 11494: 11358: 11336: 11274: 11249: 10635: 10518: 10426: 10416: 10145: 10020: 10005: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9915: 9890: 9845: 9825: 9687: 9658: 9633: 9588: 9568: 9530: 9485: 9365: 9355: 9212: 9043: 8856: 8632: 8522: 8452: 8351: 8326: 8196: 8166: 8126: 8091: 7948: 7873: 7858: 7853: 7744: 7734: 7444: 7395: 7174: 7150: 7130: 7110: 6645: 6526: 6384: 5869: 5535: 5358: 5297: 2527: 2517: 2226:. Vol. VII (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 681a–688b (esp. 682b). 1991: 1795:, bears his name. There is also an Al-Farabi Library on the university grounds. 858: 681:(completed in 669/1271) states that al-Farabi was born in the small village of 670: 640: 612: 336: 293: 205: 6209: 6192: 5902: 5627: 4686: 4665: 3694:"One Hundred Philosophers: the life and work of the world's greatest thinkers" 2607: 1262: 548: 12712: 12671: 12641: 12568: 12271: 11777: 11516: 11444: 11429: 11405: 11341: 11229: 10874: 10451: 10281: 10191: 10140: 10110: 10100: 10030: 10025: 10015: 9875: 9865: 9855: 9830: 9697: 9675: 9593: 9500: 9473: 9458: 9400: 9083: 8637: 8346: 8331: 8321: 8306: 8256: 8211: 8171: 8106: 8101: 8071: 7938: 7878: 7820: 7544: 7358: 7064: 6988: 6962: 6896: 6378: 6282: 6142: 6138: 5920: 5856: 5689:. Vol. I. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 450–468. Archived from 5557: 5504: 5407: 5345: 5284: 5260: 5252: 5067: 4371: 3894: 3703:

Henry Thomas, Understanding the Great Philosophers, Doubleday, Published 1962

3455: 3282: 3189: 3148: 2843:

Harmonization of the Opinions of the Two Sages the Divine Plato and Aristotle

2676: 2625: 2531: 2513: 2217: 2125:

term for music, the correct title of Farabi's book is as aforementioned with

1534: 1421: 1224: 1133: 1068: 1005: 1001: 987: 830: 787: 718: 698: 694: 674: 616: 516: 489: 397: 371: 11546: 11439: 6416: 6055:. Routledge Revivals. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 169a–172a. 5889: 3753:

The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers.. Gardners Books. 2005. pp. 41.

3718:

Religion, Reason, and Truth: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Religion

3548: 3262: 3096: 2595:"The Syriac Aristotelian Tradition and the Syro-Arabic Baghdad Philosophers" 2594: 1926: 1798:

Shymkent Pedagogical Institute of Culture named after al-Farabi (1967–1996).

12573: 12523: 12482: 12447: 12220: 12205: 11395: 11095: 11014: 10954: 10431: 10115: 10105: 10095: 9960: 9955: 9895: 9870: 9840: 9835: 9742: 9737: 9583: 9463: 9197: 9133: 9003: 8993: 8988: 8907: 8897: 8841: 8731: 8316: 8311: 8286: 8216: 8151: 8111: 8081: 8076: 7988: 7978: 7868: 7603: 7598: 7586: 7507: 7493: 7417: 7254: 7199: 7023: 6952: 6708: 6693: 6531: 6313:. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 134–154. 6294:. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 275–313. 6240: 6146: 5726: 5482: 5376: 4727: 2713: 2535: 1955: 1612: 1579:

Al-Farabi's Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's De interpretatione

1521: 1417: 1413: 1368:

In his discussion of the First Cause (or God), al-Farabi relies heavily on

1353: 1277: 1247:

that F.W. Zimmermann published in 1981. Al-Farabi had a great influence on

1064: 620: 556: 523: 462: 378: 347:, and although he was not intrinsically a scientist, his works incorporate 6886: 4124:

Clifford Sawhney. The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers, 2005, p. 41

3171: 307:

Al-Farabi's fields of philosophical interest included—but not limited to,

12651: 12492: 12477: 12472: 12452: 12432: 12170: 12155: 12130: 11531: 11469: 11434: 11254: 10130: 10125: 10060: 10055: 9905: 9777: 9732: 9722: 9515: 9510: 9448: 9385: 9168: 9143: 9068: 9028: 8998: 8973: 8953: 8932: 8912: 8892: 8882: 8851: 8716: 8597: 8392: 8366: 8361: 8161: 8146: 8013: 7993: 7973: 7825: 7800: 7759: 7620: 7529: 7519: 7481: 7439: 7402: 7368: 7115: 7039: 6845: 6274:

Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume: On the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday

6248: 5084: 4507: 3901:, D. Gutas, J. Mashkur and partial translation of J.Mashkur's arguments: 2933: 2480: 2424: 1904: 1538: 1362: 1285: 1035:

known as "Farabism" or "Alfarabism", though it was later overshadowed by

875: 791: 740:

have been attached by over enthusiastic Turkish scholars to their race".

714: 445: 421: 375: 70: 11912: 5635: 4541: 4515: 12621: 12528: 12402: 12387: 12367: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12307: 12246: 12195: 12160: 11747: 11697: 11586: 11363: 10984: 10748: 10708: 10688: 10513: 10321: 10221: 10070: 9990: 9762: 9653: 9495: 9438: 9415: 9380: 9329: 9319: 9287: 9232: 9058: 9038: 8963: 8927: 8831: 8816: 8741: 8666: 8602: 8562: 8131: 8121: 7998: 7928: 7815: 7784: 7764: 7708: 7703: 7658: 7553: 7044: 6947: 6866: 6781: 6625: 6379:

The Philosophy of Alfarabi and Its Influence on Medieval Thought (1947)

6219: 5967:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

5737:. Vol. IV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 523a–526b. 5516:

Fārābī, Founder of Islamic Neoplatonism: His Life, Works, and Influence

4379: 4239: 4214: 3463: 1916: 1525: 1475:

Special attention must be given to al-Farabi's treatment of the soul's

1425: 1248: 1182: 1036: 887: 883: 690: 544: 466: 437: 429: 5969:. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 231a–235a. 2743: 2718: 12407: 12175: 12084: 11160: 11069: 10999: 10944: 10808: 10788: 10625: 10590: 10211: 10150: 9707: 9277: 9262: 9183: 9103: 9098: 9023: 8978: 8958: 8937: 8922: 8902: 8887: 8751: 8711: 8642: 8592: 8356: 8231: 7958: 7653: 7560: 7534: 7454: 7105: 6993: 6927: 6871: 6688: 6630: 6429: 4949: 2385: 2083: 1857: 1823: 1813: 1297: 1198: 1113: 1091: 1072: 1056: 1044: 931: 891: 783: 733: 560: 552: 540: 458: 390: 7293: 6337:"Al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ṭarkhān Ibn Awzalagh" 6277:. New York: American Academy for Jewish Research. pp. 357–393. 6078:

Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy between 500 and 1500

6014:

Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy between 500 and 1500

5320: 4363: 4231: 3586:"D. Gutas, "AlFarabi" in Barthaolomew's World accessed Feb 18, 2010" 3447: 2827:الجَمْعُ بَينَ رَأْيَيِ الْحَكيمَيْن‌ أفلآطوُن الإِلاهي وأرسطوُطآليس 1597:

Alfarabi, The Political Writings. Selected Aphorisms and Other Texts

496:

and in Egypt before returning to Damascus where he died in 950–951.

12553: 12256: 12230: 12165: 12022: 12007: 11997: 11977: 11952: 11847: 11645: 11105: 11074: 11029: 11004: 10962: 10899: 10869: 10763: 10486: 10065: 9802: 9395: 9360: 9334: 9314: 9267: 9078: 9033: 8917: 8821: 8811: 8776: 8746: 8567: 8043: 7769: 7739: 7698: 7693: 7459: 7434: 6942: 6881: 6876: 6800: 6698: 4909: 4813: 2845:. Attribution of this text to Farabi is currently hotly debated → 2735: 1809: 1501: 1469: 1465: 1436:

would assert that he repudiated this view in his commentary on the

1433: 1429: 1350: 1339: 1330: 1309: 1292:) among Muslims. However, he tried to gather together the ideas of 1273: 1269: 1258: 1129: 1084: 1060: 950: 838: 737: 527: 493: 433: 425: 413: 246:, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) 89: 5991:. Translated by Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. 5893:. In Ulrich Rudolph; Rotraud Hansberger; Peter S. Adamson (eds.). 4981: 1197:

Pages from a 17th-century manuscript of al-Farabi's commentary on

1039:. Al-Farabi's school of philosophy "breaks with the philosophy of 238: 12626: 11667: 11120: 11115: 11054: 10974: 10713: 10523: 10436: 9324: 9292: 9282: 9053: 9013: 8846: 8771: 8756: 8736: 7805: 7668: 7449: 7407: 7390: 6723: 6703: 6574: 6493: 4965: 1220: 997: 973: 946: 927: 749: 595: 568: 500: 481: 5839:. Arabic Thought and Culture. London & New York: Routledge. 4350:

Feldman, Seymour (26 November 1964). "Rescher on Arabic Logic".

3750:"It was thus that al-Farabi (c. 870–950), a Persian philosopher" 2838:

al-Jam‘ bayna ra’yay al-ḥakīmayn aflāṭūn al-ilāhī wa-arisṭūṭālīs

1729:"Al-Farabi: Epístola sobre los sentidos del término intelecto", 1346:

properly until he had read a prolegomenon written by al-Farabi.

448:. He was known in the Latin West, as well as the Islamic world. 12578: 12543: 12518: 11992: 11947: 11792: 11702: 11672: 11639: 11616: 11145: 10934: 10823: 9272: 9073: 8861: 8836: 8826: 8796: 8781: 8587: 7678: 7648: 7500: 7412: 7343: 6753: 6594: 2364:

Principles of the Opinions of the Citizens of the Virtuous City

2122: 2072:

La musique arabe, Tome I-II: Fārābī, Grand Traité de la Musique

1805: 1801:

In many cities of Kazakhstan there are streets named after him.

1781:. Translated by Friedrich Dieterici. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1895. 1443: 1245:

Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's de Interpretatione

1158: 1125: 1080: 1031:

As a philosopher, al-Farabi was a founder of his own school of

1016: 919: 818: 652: 508: 485: 474: 396:

Al-Farabi's impact on philosophy is undeniable, to name a few,

367: 4039:"Of Turki origin, al-Farabi studied under Christian thinkers" 3835:

Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy: The Limits of Words

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Philosophy in the Islamic World. Volume I: 8th—10th Centuries

5540:

Politics and Excellence: The Political Philosophy of Alfarabi

4490:, Applications of Political Theory By Christopher A. Colmo". 3571: 2530:

years, isn't/aren't any other source(s) to prove or disprove

1912: 1908: 1490: 1483: 1409: 1293: 1137: 1109: 1040: 923: 879: 871: 850: 822: 686: 682: 536: 522:

His birthplace could have been any one of the many places in

66: 4853: 4600: 4598: 3921:

The History of Central Asia The Age of Islam and the Mongols

2076:

Language-Music Relationships in Fārābī's Grand Book of Music

1456:(the perception by the senses of corporeal substances), the 967: 786:

cleric. This period of study was probably in Baghdad, where

492:, and Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Baghdadi. He later spent time in 12583: 12558: 9297: 8721: 7673: 7089: 6983: 6738: 6728: 6718: 6541: 5703:"Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science" 5104: 5021: 4717: 4715: 4434: 1768:. Translated by Miguel Attie Filho. São Paulo: Attie, 2019. 1554:) constituted the same praxeological value (i.e. basis for 1121: 854: 841:

in Rajab 339 (between 14 December 950 and 12 January 951).

604: 564: 243: 6260:

Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums

6053:

Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine, An Encyclopedia

5092: 3583: 3470: 3112: 1676:"Al-Farabi's Paraphrase of the Categories of Aristotle ", 1669:"Al-Farabi's Paraphrase of the Categories of Aristotle ", 701:'s account is aimed at the earlier historical accounts by 8866: 8761: 4882: 4880: 4829: 4595: 4581:

Ronald Bontekoe, Mariėtta Tigranovna Stepaniants (1997),

4522: 3856: 3378: 3366: 3023: 3004: 1753:

Sumario de las Leyes de Platón. Prólogo y Tratado primero

1452:(the desire for, or aversion to an object of sense), the 713:(arab. "the Turk")—a nisba al-Farabi never had. However, 16:

Islamic philosopher and music theorist (c. 870 – 950/951)

6080:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 559b–562a. 6016:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 521a–559a. 4899: 4897: 4895: 4712: 3577: 3529: 3164:

Method, Structure, and Development in Fārābī's Cosmology

2366:. Note that synonym(s) might be utilized as well (e.g., 4457: 4455: 4453: 3946: 3072: 3060: 6120:"Apuntes biográficos de Fârâbî según sus vidas árabes" 5116: 4997: 4925: 4877: 4865: 4841: 4789: 3854:

excerpt: "He was a native speaker of Turkic [

3415: 3354: 3084: 8443:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

6137: 5237:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–76. 5033: 5009: 4937: 4892: 4801: 4634: 4631:, Becoming familiar with Islamic knowledge, V1, p:162 4563: 4467: 4167: 3674: 3599: 3206: 2901: 2516:

claims that Farabi died at the age of 80, meaning 80

2089: 1210:

The main influence on al-Farabi's philosophy was the

922:

and relation of the categories, the relation between

370:

who presented philosophy as a coherent system in the

6309:

Strauss, L. (1988). "How Fārābī Read Plato's Laws".

6145:; Druart, Thérèse-Anne; Gutas, D.; Sawa, George D.; 5062:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 83–99. 4777: 4610: 4450: 3005:

Hodges, Wilfrid; Thérèse-Anne Druart (Winter 2020).

2836: 2816: 2783: 2674: 2474: 2418: 2330: 2310: 2286: 2053: 2009: 1745:, trad. R. Ramón Guerrero, Madrid: Ed. Trotta, 2008. 1726:. Translated by Manuel Alonso. Madrid: Tecnos, 1995. 1558:—"virtuous deed"), while its epistemological level ( 799: 697:, an American Arabist, criticizes this, saying that 268: 5729:; Wright, Owen (1970–1980). "Fārābī, Abū Naṣr". In 5328:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 4756:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 4. 4076:"al-Farabi (873–950), a scholar of Turkish origin." 2584: 2545:; however, after the publication of the article by 1739:, trad. R. Ramón Guerrero, Madrid: Ed. Trotta, 2002 1701:. Translated by Tahani Sabri. Paris: J. Vrin, 1990. 1699:

Traité des opinions des habitants de la cité idéale

1695:. Translated by Karam, J. Chlala, A. Jaussen. 1949. 1587:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963. 1238: 6071: 6007: 5956: 5888: 5855: 5821: 5380: 5344: 5319: 5283: 5053: 4288: 4257:[Shi'ite Aspects of Farabi`s Philosophy]. 4213: 4185: 4146: 2717: 2593: 2211: 2147: 2104: 11299: 5087:drifted away from al-Farabi's political idealism 4050:"He was of Turkish origin, was born in Turkestan" 2538:, correctly, gives the date of Farabi's birth as 2096: 2095: 1537:argues that al-Farabi was slyly asserting that a 12710: 6776: 6292:Leo Strauss on Maimonides: The Complete Writings 5860:. In Peter S. Adamson; Richard C.Taylor (eds.). 5725: 5402:Daiber, Hans (1996). "Political Philosophy". In 5349:. In Peter S. Adamson; Richard C.Taylor (eds.). 5288:. In Peter S. Adamson; Richard C.Taylor (eds.). 4385: 4109:"the Transoxanian Turk al-Farabi (d. circa 950)" 3399:"The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides" 2923: 2875: 2546: 2435:, § 1. Former academic works may refer to it as 2431:is the established English name of this book → 1342:remarked that he did not understand Aristotle's 280:– 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the 2321:آراءُ اَهْلِ الْمَدینَةِ الْفاضِلَة والمضاداتها 1585:Short Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics 1384: 752:. In the autobiographical passage preserved by 385:precursors. That he was more than a pioneer in 6311:What Is Political Philosophy and Other Studies 6235:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 5203:"Monument to Al-Farabi unveiled in Nur-Sultan" 5171: 5055:"Ibn Khaldun's Political and Economic Realism" 4283: 2766:Epistle on the Necessity of the Art of Alchemy 2693: 2358:Opinions of The Citizens of The Virtuous City; 1648:"Al-Farabi's Introductory Sections on Logic", 1565: 1094:'s work, and one of his most notable works is 870:Al-Farabi made contributions to the fields of 825:, finishing six sections summarizing the book 790:records that Yuhanna died during the reign of 748:Al-Farabi spent most of his scholarly life in 484:with Syriac Christian scholars, including the 12799:Music theorists of the medieval Islamic world 12100: 11576: 11562: 10575: 8682: 7309: 6445: 6421: 6392:Article discussing Soghdian origin for Farabi 5650: 4737: 3966:Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times 3778:The new Central Asia: the creation of nations 3344: 3029: 2982:"Farabi's Philosophy of Society and Religion" 2795: 2488: 2396: 2394: 2332:Ārā’ ahl al-madīna al-fāḍila wa-lʼmuḍāddātihā 2066:, is according to the French translation, by 2014:), is also interpreted as "Second Teacher" → 1804:Monuments have been erected in the cities of 1662:"Al-Farabi's Introductory Risalah on Logic", 9188: 7551: 7505: 7491: 6173: 5989:The Music of the Arabs. New expanded edition 5862:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy 5783:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 5675: 5651:López-Farjeat, Luis Xavier (June 21, 2020). 5520:. Great Islamic Thinkers. Oxford: Oneworld. 5435:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 5351:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy 5290:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy 4859: 4140: 3617:F. Abiola Irele/Biodun Jeyifo, "Farabi", in 3102: 2440: 2105:{\displaystyle \mathrm {N} \!\!\mathrm {B} } 1621:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961. 1609:Alfarabi's Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle 1444:Psychology, the soul and prophetic knowledge 1324: 1302:Harmonization of the Opinion of the Two Sage 599:Iranian stamp with al-Farabi's imagined face 511:, suddenly appears later in the writings of 9124: 6342:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 5342: 5314: 5110: 5027: 4753:Alfarabi: Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle 4666:"Dictionary of Islamic Philosophical Terms" 4413:"The Islamic roots of the poetic syllogism" 4215:"Fārābī's Political Philosophy and Shī'ism" 3505: 3007:"Farabi's Philosophy of Logic and Language" 2955: 2209: 2142: 1893: 1844:List of modern-day Muslim scholars of Islam 1720:, Madrid: Imp. de Estanislao Maestre, 1932. 1619:Fusul al-Madani: Aphorisms of the Statesman 1376:of its substance and therefore behave as a 515:, and of his great-grandfather in those of 12819:People from the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo 12107: 12093: 11569: 11555: 10582: 10568: 8689: 8675: 7316: 7302: 6452: 6438: 6365:Al-Fârâbî : An Annotated Bibliography 6355:Abu Nasr al-Farabi at muslimphilosophy.com 6051:; Steven J. Livesey; Faith Wallis (eds.). 5457:Druart, Thérèse-Anne (December 21, 2021). 4488:Breaking with Athens: Al-Farabi as Founder 4120:"Al-Farabi, the first Turkish philosopher" 3619:The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 2391: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2078:, PhD. diss., Cornell University, 1992) → 1641:"Al-Farabi's Aphorisms of the Statesman", 1484:Practical philosophy (ethics and politics) 941:Al-Farabi also considered the theories of 865: 673:origin is given by the medieval historian 629:was an army captain of Persian extraction. 34: 12744:Arabic-language commentators on Aristotle 11607: 6218: 6208: 5954: 5857:"Fārābī and the Philosophical Curriculum" 5820:Netton, I.R. (1998). Edward Craig (ed.). 5542:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4410: 4390:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3197: 3137:Journal for the History of Arabic Science 2927: 2641:. Reisman doesn't define which branch of 2632: 2301:مبادئ آراءُ اَهْلِ الْمَدینَةِ الْفاضِلَة 1615:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. 1611:, translated and with an introduction by 1605:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015. 1599:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. 1524:, who considers al-Farabi to be a crypto- 1508:categories: ignorant, wicked and errant. 1440:, which has been lost to modern experts. 782:. His teacher, Yuhanna bin Haylan, was a 623:, an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at 12739:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world 10604: 8696: 6117: 6047:Weber, Michael C. (2017) . "Farabi". In 5700: 5593:"Fārābī iv. Fārābī and Greek Philosophy" 5437:. New York: Springer. pp. 356–357. 4604: 4358:(22). Journal of Philosophy, Inc.: 726. 4252: 2801:A common abbreviated title of the book ( 2724:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2656: 2590:For the Syriac Aristotelian tradition → 2500:The date of Farabi's birth is unknown → 2183: 1946: 1693:Idées des habitants de la cité vertueuse 1581:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. 1192: 1188: 1171:Opinions of the People of the Ideal City 1063:he liberates practice from theory". His 1015: 966: 657: 594: 237: 10272:Reflections on the Revolution in France 6388:. German introduction with Arabic text. 6385:al-madina al-fadila (The Virtuous City) 6308: 6289: 6270: 6247: 6227: 6190: 5886: 5853: 5711:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5661:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5534: 5467:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5428: 5229: 5122: 4959: 4919: 4886: 4871: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4795: 4721: 4687:"Aristotelianism in Islamic philosophy" 4640: 4546:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4349: 4173: 3908: 3605: 3535: 3482: 3336: 3296: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3118: 2979: 2963: 2891: 2789: 2759: 2675:Kaya, Mahmut; Alaeddin Jebrini (1995). 2650: 2505: 2249: 2184:Neubauer, Eckhard (February 20, 2009). 2137:, but Western scholarly works all have 2028: 2026: 2024: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1920: 1874: 1071:, Farabi discovers the limits of human 296:. He has been designated as "Father of 12711: 12114: 11083: 6459: 6271:Strauss, L. (1945). "Fārābī's Plato". 6197:Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 6005: 5834: 5819: 5797: 5653:"Farabi's Psychology and Epistemology" 5586: 5556: 5511: 5481: 5456: 5401: 5375: 5098: 5003: 4991: 4931: 4915: 4819: 4733: 4585:, University of Hawaii Press, p. 251, 4569: 4485: 4473: 4211: 4186:Patrick J. Ryan SJ (10 October 2018), 3952: 3914: 3680: 3433: 3421: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3340: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3252: 3248: 3228: 3224: 3212: 3130: 3078: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2919: 2895: 2887: 2871: 2867: 2846: 2662: 2509: 2501: 2432: 2190:"Music History ii. ca. 650 to 1370 CE" 2015: 1880:Artistic impression of Farabi, in the 1749:Las filosofías de Platón y Aristóteles 1731:Revista Española de filosofía medieval 904:The Necessity of the Art of the Elixir 732:notes that "great figures as Farabi, 12088: 11550: 10563: 8670: 7323: 7297: 6775: 6433: 6420: 6334: 6069: 6046: 5983: 5778: 5751: 5613: 5326:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought 5281: 5251: 5051: 5039: 5015: 4987: 4975: 4971: 4955: 4943: 4903: 4807: 4783: 4749: 4616: 4528: 4461: 4444: 4153:. Taylor & Francis. p. 381. 3968:, (Shipra Publications, 2005), 124; " 3476: 3161: 3106: 3066: 2967: 2907: 2712: 2130: 1626:Studies in Arabic and Islamic Culture 1136:, as he was in direct communion with 1090:Al-Farabi also wrote a commentary on 743: 339:. He was an expert in both practical 11881: 11761: 6375:—brief introduction by Peter J. King 5928:Sawa, George D. (January 24, 2012). 5927: 5828:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4440: 4150:The Turks in the Early Islamic World 3633: 3090: 3041: 2807:الجَمْعُ بَينَ رَأْيَيِ الْحَكيمَيْن 2591: 2494: 2312:Mabādi’ ārā’ ahl al-madīna al-fāḍila 2079: 2021: 1977: 1921:Balland, Daniel (January 24, 2012). 1546:argue that for al-Farabi, religion ( 844: 815:Mabādeʾ ārāʾ ahl al-madīna al-fāżela 579:(modern day Afghanistan). The older 10382:The End of History and the Last Man 10292:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4411:Ludescher, Tanyss (February 1996). 3809:Philosophers: Abu Al-Nasr Al-Farabi 3408:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3053:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3016:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2991:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2826: 2806: 2773: 2645:they belonged to. He only states: " 2559: 2464: 2408: 2320: 2300: 2277:آراءُ اَهْلِ الْمَدینَةِ الْفاضِلَة 2276: 2043: 1999: 1365:in his attack on the philosophers. 971:Drawing of a musical instrument, a 366:Al-Farabi is credited as the first 258: 13: 6111: 6073:"Al-Fārābī, Latin Translations of" 5735:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 5346:"Ethical and Political Philosophy" 4542:"Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980–1137)" 4386:Long, A. A.; D. N. Sedley (1987). 4147:C. Edmund Bosworth (15 May 2017). 3985:, (Simon and Schuster, 1950), 253. 3880: 3720:, University of Utah Press, 1982, 2785:Risāla fī Wujūb ṣinā‘at al-kimiyā’ 2534:'s claim? Based on his statement, 2446: 2098: 2091: 1631:Texts translated by D. M. Dunlop: 14: 12905: 6328: 6233:Fārābī: An Annotated Bibliography 6161:. Encuclopædia Iranica Foundation 5942:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 5766:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 5758:"Fārābī vi. Political Philosophy" 5601:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 5574:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 4552:from the original on 23 June 2007 3739:"al-Farabi (870–950), a Persian," 3561:Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab" 3509: 2730:(4): 691–726 (esp. pp. 720 ff.). 2198:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 1964:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 1935:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 1102:, supposedly modelled on Plato's 662:al-Farabi on the currency of the 123:("Enumeration of the Sciences"), 40:Portrait of Al-Farabi—Alpharabius 10352:The Open Society and Its Enemies 8513:The Closing of the American Mind 8433:Civilization and Its Discontents 8413:A Vindication of Natural Society 6253:"Eine vermisste Schrift Farabis" 6174:Marcinkowski, Christoph (2002). 5701:McGinnis, Jon (March 21, 2022). 5285:"Psychology: Soul and Intellect" 5195: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5045: 3671:for the same exact Arabic quote. 3584:Lessons with Texts by Alfarabi. 2818:al-Jam‘ bayna ra’yay al-ḥakīmayn 2232:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0812 1593:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. 1239:al-Farabi, Aristotle, Maimonides 1083:, paved the way for the work of 930:, and non-Aristotelian forms of 677:(died in 1282), who in his work 669:The oldest known reference to a 473:wrote a biography of al-Farabi. 12789:10th-century Muslim theologians 11191:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 9159:Family as a model for the state 6191:Monteil, Jean-François (2004). 6118:Guerrero, Rafael Ramón (2003). 5890:"Chapter XIII: Abū Naṣr Fārābī" 5752:Mahdi, M.S. (January 1, 2000). 5587:Gutas, D. (January 24, 2012b). 5324:. In Michael T. Gibbons (ed.). 5223: 4743: 4700: 4679: 4658: 4646: 4622: 4575: 4534: 4479: 4404: 4343: 4325: 4277: 4246: 4205: 4179: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3988: 3975: 3958: 3863: 3840: 3827: 3686: 3657: 3624: 3611: 3554: 3541: 3427: 3390: 3302: 3155: 3124: 3035: 2998: 2973: 2774:رسالة في وُجُوب صِنآعة الكيمياء 2267:, has several names in Arabic: 1027:("Enumeration of the Sciences") 28:Second Master—Magister Secundus 10589: 10509:Separation of church and state 10407:Collectivism and individualism 10362:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5823:"Farabi, Abu Nasr (c.870–950)" 5676:Madkour, Ibrahim (1963–1966). 5616:Journal of Religion and Health 4332:History of logic: Arabic logic 4309:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4212 3314:Historical Dictionary of Islam 2980:Germann, Nadja (Spring 2021). 2168:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4900 1591:Al-Farabi on the Perfect State 1098:, where he theorized an ideal 1: 12794:Transoxanian Islamic scholars 11324:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 10549:Category:Political philosophy 10422:Critique of political economy 8403:Oration on the Dignity of Man 7225:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 7215:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 6806:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 6367:(Pitt. Univ. Press, 1962) at 6086:10.1007/978-94-024-1665-7_166 6076:. In Henrik Lagerlund (ed.). 6022:10.1007/978-94-024-1665-7_165 6012:. In Henrik Lagerlund (ed.). 5412:History of Islamic Philosophy 5383:History of Islamic Philosophy 5265:History of Islamic Philosophy 5058:. In Laurence S. Moss (ed.). 4486:Netton, Ian Richard (2008). " 3397:Pessin, Sarah (Spring 2007). 3042:Menn, Stephen (Winter 2021). 2855: 2550: 2539: 2521: 1743:Obras filosóficas y políticas 1562:—"knowledge") was different. 1205: 1181:and the nature and causes of 1164: 1011: 780:Prior and Posterior Analytics 685:near Farab (in what is today 590: 315:; philosophy of Language and 274: 81: 49: 11958:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam 10447:Institutional discrimination 10442:History of political thought 9174:Negative and positive rights 8473:The Society of the Spectacle 6892:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 5955:Streetman, W. Craig (2014). 5683:. In Sharif, Mian M. (ed.). 3650:and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a in his 2924:Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980 2876:Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980 2547:Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980 2401:Enumeration of the Sciences, 2288:Ārā’ ahl al-madīna al-fāḍila 1994:title, the "Second Master" ( 1927:"Fāryāb ii. In Modern Times" 1868: 1863: 1705:Le Livre du régime politique 1385:Epistemology and eschatology 853:, some others assert he was 451: 302:Islamic Political Philosophy 227:Islamic Political Philosophy 7: 12769:Islamic mirrors for princes 10457:Justification for the state 10242:Two Treatises of Government 5433:. In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). 5179:"7057 Al-Farabi (1990 QL2)" 3837:, Routledge, 2002, page 32. 3773:"Persian scholar al-Farabi" 2837: 2817: 2784: 2565:Alternative names include: 2475: 2437:Classification of Sciences; 2419: 2331: 2311: 2287: 2210:Wright, Owen (1954–2007) . 2054: 2010: 1837: 1566:Modern Western Translations 1515:Ara Ahl al-Madina al-fadila 1261:and, above all, al-Farabi. 1254:Maqala fi sina at al-mantiq 1177:— he distinguished between 1096:Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila 800: 526:—then known by the name of 270:Abū Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābī 269: 251:Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi 117:Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila 10: 12910: 12869:Philosophers of psychology 12854:Philosophers of literature 11743:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni 9127:Bellum omnium contra omnes 7170:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 7070:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 6984:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 6127:Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 5870:10.1017/CCOL0521817439.004 5854:Reisman, David C. (2005). 5359:10.1017/CCOL0521817439.013 5343:Butterworth, C.E. (2005). 5298:10.1017/CCOL0521817439.015 4492:Journal of Islamic Studies 4192:, CUA Press, p. 101, 3860:] dialect, Soghdian." 3588:. Bartholomew.stanford.edu 2719:"Fārābī's Imperfect State" 1319: 1152: 1055:, a move that anticipates 986:Al-Farabi wrote a book on 897: 821:. Al-Farabi later visited 127:(Epistle on the Intellect) 12734:10th-century philosophers 12597: 12506: 12290: 12239: 12123: 12061: 12036: 11970: 11940: 11805: 11690: 11658: 11629: 11600: 11592:Persian traditional music 11582: 11577:Medieval Perso-Arab music 11507: 11421: 11414: 11350: 11290: 11283: 11207: 10953: 10845: 10799:Metrodorus of Stratonicea 10781: 10741: 10732: 10613: 10597: 10544: 10394: 10163: 9811: 9544: 9424: 9343: 9255: 9246: 9112: 8946: 8875: 8704: 8651: 8555: 8543:Intellectuals and Society 8493:The Culture of Narcissism 8384: 8052: 7844: 7793: 7722: 7636: 7629: 7569: 7331: 7159: 7098: 7032: 6971: 6918:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 6910: 6859: 6793: 6789: 6771: 6681: 6606: 6471: 6467: 6427: 6422:Links to related articles 6402:ALFARABI-Trinity College 6210:10.21071/refime.v11i.9230 6006:Vallat, Philippe (2020). 5903:10.1163/9789004492547_012 5628:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z 5487:Ethical Theories in Islam 4352:The Journal of Philosophy 4212:Najjar, Fauzi M. (1961). 2699:Once Farabi finished the 2608:10.1163/9789004306264_003 2598:. In Damien Janos (ed.). 2457:Treatise on the Intellect 2044:كتاب الموُسَيَقي الكِبَير 1849:List of Muslim scientists 1785: 1737:El camino de la felicidad 1733:, 2002, pp. 215–223. 1673:, 1957, pp. 168–197. 1666:, 1956, pp. 224–235. 1659:, 1956, pp. 117–138. 1652:, 1955, pp. 264–282. 1493:. In a similar manner to 1325:Metaphysics and cosmology 949:, which were part of the 794:(295-320/908-32). In his 290:early Islamic philosopher 232: 215: 171: 155: 145: 135: 131: 115:("Grand Book of Music"), 104: 96: 77: 45: 33: 23: 12874:Philosophers of religion 12844:Philosophers of language 12052:Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir 12003:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 10995:Eustathius of Cappadocia 10332:The Revolt of the Masses 8533:The Malaise of Modernity 8483:The History of Sexuality 7582:Catholic social teaching 5887:Rudolph, Ulrich (2017). 5429:Dhanani, Alnoor (2007). 5068:10.4324/9780203435977-15 4295:Martijn Theodoor Houtsma 4255:"وجوه شیعی فلسفه فارابی" 4253:Maftouni, Nadia (2013). 2665:, § Stories and Legends: 2453:Epistle on the Intellect 2154:Martijn Theodoor Houtsma 2055:Kitāb al-mūsīqī al-kabīr 2035:Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir 1718:Catálogo De Las Ciencias 1655:"Al-Farabi's Eisagoge", 1645:, 1952, pp. 93–117. 1638:, 1951, pp. 76–93). 1276:have been recognized as 1128:when it was governed by 1033:early Islamic philosophy 1023:'s Latin translation of 993:Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir 980:Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir 962: 909: 796:Appearance of Philosophy 530:. The word "farab" is a 112:Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir 12879:Philosophers of science 12839:Philosophers of history 12834:Philosophers of culture 12687:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk 12667:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani 11060:Gaius Marius Victorinus 10655:Demetrius of Amphipolis 10312:The Communist Manifesto 9238:Tyranny of the majority 9149:Consent of the governed 8613:Philosophy of education 6902:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6851:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 6811:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 6350:al-Farabi at Britannica 6335:Mahdi, Muhsin (2008) . 4500:Oxford University Press 4337:Encyclopædia Britannica 2060:the Great Book of Music 1830:was named in his honor. 1793:Kazakh university KazNU 1680:, 1959, pp. 21–54. 866:Works and contributions 804:), al-Farabi tells us: 300:", and the "Founder of 12884:Political philosophers 12804:Iranian Muslim mystics 12617:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah 12612:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini 12298:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 12018:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 10679:Lastheneia of Mantinea 10674:Hestiaeus of Perinthus 9189: 9139:Clash of civilizations 9125: 7552: 7506: 7492: 7235:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 7185:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 7146:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 7014:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 6841:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 6663:Transcendent theosophy 4750:Mahdi, Muhsin (1962). 4689:. Muslimphilosophy.com 4668:. Muslimphilosophy.com 4300:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4297:; et al. (eds.). 3716:Sterling M. McMurrin, 3162:Janos, Damien (2012). 3131:Shamsi, F. A. (1984). 3044:"Farabi's Metaphysics" 2821:). Its full title is ( 2683:; et al. (eds.). 2672: 2592:Watt, John W. (2015). 2223:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2220:; et al. (eds.). 2213:"Mūsīḳī, later Mūsīḳā" 2159:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2156:; et al. (eds.). 2106: 1202: 1175:On the Cause of Dreams 1028: 983: 943:conditional syllogisms 811: 666: 664:Republic of Kazakhstan 627:, al-Farabi's father " 600: 406:Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri 402:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 247: 182:Philosophy of Religion 12859:Philosophers of logic 12749:Commentators on Plato 12514:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr 12398:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi 12226:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 12136:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 12013:Safi al-Din al-Urmawi 11490:Nicholas Wolterstorff 11260:Theodoric of Freiberg 10930:Clement of Alexandria 10860:Eudorus of Alexandria 10814:Aeschines of Neapolis 9154:Divine right of kings 8618:Philosophy of history 8608:Philosophy of culture 8503:A Conflict of Visions 7019:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 6070:Zonta, Mauro (2020). 6009:"Al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr" 5837:Fārābī and His School 5835:Netton, I.R. (1992). 5830:. Taylor and Francis. 5779:Mahdi, M.S. (2010) . 5731:Gillispie, Charles C. 5713:. Stanford University 5663:. Stanford University 5566:"Fārābī i. Biography" 5560:(January 24, 2012a). 5469:. Stanford University 5255:(1996). "Fārābī". In 5052:Baeck, Louis (1996). 4583:Justice and Democracy 3926:Bloomsbury Publishing 3512:"Farabi i. Biography" 3479:, pp. 559b–562a. 3172:10.1163/9789004217324 2666: 2107: 1678:The Islamic Quarterly 1671:The Islamic Quarterly 1664:The Islamic Quarterly 1657:The Islamic Quarterly 1650:The Islamic Quarterly 1354:emanational cosmology 1312:or his contemporary, 1268:Al-Farabi as well as 1196: 1189:Philosophical thought 1019: 970: 806: 661: 625:Georgetown University 598: 410:Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi 309:philosophy of society 259:أبو نصر محمد الفارابي 242:Postage stamp of the 241: 12864:Philosophers of mind 12774:Islamic philosophers 12622:Abu Muslim Khorasani 12328:Abu Qasim Samarqandi 12318:Abu Layth Samarqandi 12216:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 12191:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin 11928:Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya 11838:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 11828:Ulayya bint al-Mahdi 11270:Berthold of Moosburg 11215:John Scotus Eriugena 11186:David the Invincible 10895:Alexander Peloplaton 10302:Democracy in America 9681:political philosophy 9664:political philosophy 9479:political philosophy 9308:political philosophy 9218:Separation of powers 9179:Night-watchman state 9164:Monopoly on violence 8698:Political philosophy 8623:Political philosophy 8423:Democracy in America 7250:Reza Davari Ardakani 7126:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 7060:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 7009:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 6923:Afdal al-Din Kashani 6159:Encuclopædia Iranica 6149:(January 24, 2012). 5939:Encyclopædia Iranica 5763:Encyclopædia Iranica 5598:Encyclopædia Iranica 5571:Encyclopædia Iranica 5321:"Alfarabi (870–950)" 5282:Black, D.L. (2005). 4531:, pp. 170a ff.. 4259:Andishe-Novin-E-Dini 3516:Encyclopædia Iranica 3227:, pp. 128 ff.; 3105:, pp. 452–453; 2894:, pp. 538–539; 2643:Eastern Christianity 2549:, decisively giving 2420:Kitāb iḥṣā’ al-‘ulūm 2195:Encyclopædia Iranica 2087: 2032:The Knowledge entry 2011:al-Mu‘allim al-thānī 1961:Encyclopædia Iranica 1932:Encyclopædia Iranica 1179:dream interpretation 1025:Kitab ihsa' al-'ulum 947:analogical inference 651:, he was probably a 488:Yuhanna ibn Haylan, 333:political philosophy 298:Islamic Neoplatonism 223:Islamic Neoplatonism 178:Political Philosophy 12889:Social philosophers 12849:Philosophers of law 12784:Medieval physicists 11391:Ralph Waldo Emerson 10865:Philo of Alexandria 10704:Menedemus of Pyrrha 10699:Heraclides Ponticus 10684:Timolaus of Cyzicus 10660:Euaeon of Lampsacus 10492:Right-wing politics 10372:A Theory of Justice 10342:The Road to Serfdom 10262:The Social Contract 8969:Christian democracy 8463:One-Dimensional Man 7210:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 7131:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 7121:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 7080:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 6590:Medieval psychology 6562:Natural philosophy 6345:. Encyclopedia.com. 5512:Fakhry, M. (2002). 5404:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5257:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5183:Minor Planet Center 5101:, pp. 162–163. 4707:Ayatollah Motahhari 4653:Ayatollah Motahhari 4629:Ayatollah Motahhari 3665:Dehkhoda Dictionary 3640:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 3387:, pp. 136–146. 3375:, pp. 160–165. 3121:, pp. 356–357. 2686:İslâm Ansiklopedisi 2409:كتاب إحصاء العُلوُم 2337:al-Madina al-fadila 2068:Rodolphe d'Erlanger 1751:. Con un Apéndice: 1544:Mykhaylo Yakubovych 1530:Charles Butterworth 977:, from al-Farabi's 801:Fī Ẓuhūr al-Falsafa 759:Posterior Analytics 643:, but not Turkish. 539:) on the Jaxartes ( 119:("Virtuous City"), 12607:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi 12488:Tha'labi Nishapuri 12303:Abu Barakat Nasafi 12131:Abu Hatam Isfizari 12069:Islamic Golden Age 12028:Abu Ahmad Monajjem 11923:Arib al-Ma'muniyya 11908:Inan bint Abdallah 11823:Ibrahim al-Mawsili 11386:Emanuel Swedenborg 11319:Cristoforo Landino 11301:Florentine Academy 11091:Plutarch of Athens 11040:Eusebius of Myndus 11035:Maximus of Ephesus 11020:Theodorus of Asine 10915:Numenius of Apamea 10694:Axiothea of Phlius 10650:Erastus of Scepsis 10504:Political violence 10499:Political theology 10482:Left-wing politics 10477:Political spectrum 8583:Cultural pessimism 8578:Cultural criticism 7477:National character 7220:Abdolkarim Soroush 7065:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 6979:Hajji Bektash Wali 6515:medieval astronomy 6461:Islamic philosophy 5431:"Fārābī: Abū Naṣr" 4738:López-Farjeat 2020 4508:10.1093/jis/etn047 4417:College Literature 4285:Wiedemann, Eilhard 3814:2016-03-07 at the 3566:2011-10-03 at the 3345:López-Farjeat 2020 3030:López-Farjeat 2020 2489:López-Farjeat 2020 2133:, p. 10, has 2102: 1766:A cidade excelente 1550:) and philosophy ( 1438:Nicomachean Ethics 1217:Nicomachean Ethics 1203: 1142:Rashidun Caliphate 1029: 984: 916:future contingents 776:De Interpretatione 744:Life and education 667: 601: 387:Islamic philosophy 248: 150:Islamic philosophy 140:Islamic Golden Age 121:Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum 12759:Iranian ethicists 12706: 12705: 12700: 12699: 12662:Khalid ibn Barmak 12637:Ata-Malik Juvayni 12600:political figures 12507:Poets and artists 12363:Fatima Samarqandi 12267:Haji Bektash Veli 12146:Abu Ubayd Juzjani 12082: 12081: 11966: 11965: 11936: 11935: 11801: 11800: 11773:Atika bint Shuhda 11686: 11685: 11654: 11653: 11625: 11624: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11485:Peter van Inwagen 11450:Roderick Chisholm 11376: 11375: 11332: 11331: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11045:Priscus of Epirus 10847:Middle Platonists 10841: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10829:Dio of Alexandria 10754:Diocles of Cnidus 10557: 10556: 10467:Philosophy of law 10412:Conflict theories 10252:The Spirit of Law 10159: 10158: 9208:Original position 8664: 8663: 8380: 8379: 7525:Spontaneous order 7515:Social alienation 7364:Cultural heritage 7325:Social philosophy 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7136:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 7075:Mahmud Shabistari 7055:Jalaladdin Davani 7004:Nasir al-Din Tusi 6826:Abu Hatim al-Razi 6767: 6766: 6301:978-0-226-77677-4 6229:Rescher, Nicholas 6095:978-94-024-1663-3 6062:978-1-138-05670-1 6031:978-94-024-1663-3 5976:978-0-19-981257-8 5934:"Fārābī v. Music" 5912:978-90-04-32316-2 5790:978-0-226-50186-4 5444:978-0-387-31022-0 5421:978-0-415-05667-0 5394:978-0-7103-0416-2 5335:978-1-405-19129-6 5316:Butterworth, C.E. 5274:978-0-415-05667-0 5244:978-0-19-957749-1 5231:Adamson, Peter S. 4962:, pp. 60–61. 4860:Madkour 1963–1966 4838:, pp. 58–59. 4160:978-1-351-88087-9 3916:Baumer, Christoph 3797:’Ammar al-Talbi, 3652:Tabaqat al-atibba 3621:, Vol. 1, p. 379. 3547:Daniel Balland, " 3538:, pp. 52–53. 3323:978-0-8108-6161-9 3310:Adamec, Ludwig W. 3181:978-90-04-20615-1 3103:Madkour 1963–1966 3081:, pp. 78–85. 2835: 2815: 2782: 2617:978-90-04-30602-8 2512:, p. 551a. 2476:Risālah fi’l-‘aql 2473: 2441:Madkour 1963–1966 2417: 2329: 2309: 2285: 2052: 2008: 1950:(July 20, 2002). 1883:Liber Chronicarum 1370:negative theology 1231:than Aristotle's 1021:Gerard of Cremona 902:Al-Farabi wrote: 845:Religious beliefs 267: 236: 235: 12901: 12824:Iranian chemists 12692:Shihab al-Nasawi 12677:Tahir ibn Husayn 12549:Farrukhi Sistani 12524:Aruzi Samarqandi 12323:Abu Mu'in Nasafi 12291:Islamic scholars 12109: 12102: 12095: 12086: 12085: 11938: 11937: 11918:Faḍl al-Shāʻirah 11879: 11878: 11858:Allawayh al-Asar 11853:Ishaq al-Mawsili 11759: 11758: 11656: 11655: 11627: 11626: 11605: 11604: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11419: 11418: 11297: 11296: 11288: 11287: 11136:Ammonius Hermiae 11081: 11080: 10940:Origen the Pagan 10819:Philo of Larissa 10794:Hagnon of Tarsus 10739: 10738: 10724:Crates of Athens 10611: 10610: 10602: 10601: 10584: 10577: 10570: 10561: 10560: 10472:Political ethics 10462:Machiavellianism 10402:Authoritarianism 10387: 10377: 10367: 10357: 10347: 10337: 10327: 10317: 10307: 10297: 10287: 10277: 10267: 10257: 10247: 10237: 10227: 10217: 10207: 10197: 10187: 10177: 9253: 9252: 9194: 9130: 9120:Balance of power 9094:Social democracy 9089:Social Darwinism 9064:Multiculturalism 9009:Environmentalism 8984:Communitarianism 8691: 8684: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8628:Social criticism 8548: 8538: 8528: 8518: 8508: 8498: 8488: 8478: 8468: 8458: 8448: 8438: 8428: 8418: 8408: 8398: 7634: 7633: 7616:Frankfurt School 7594:Communitarianism 7557: 7511: 7497: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7265:Hasanzadeh Amoli 7260:Mostafa Malekian 7230:Taha Abdurrahman 7205:Ismail al-Faruqi 7163: 7085:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 6816:Abu Bakr al-Razi 6791: 6790: 6773: 6772: 6598: 6585:Medieval science 6580: 6565: 6547: 6537: 6500: 6489: 6469: 6468: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6418: 6417: 6346: 6324: 6305: 6286: 6267: 6257: 6244: 6224: 6222: 6212: 6187: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6151:Yarshater, Ehsan 6134: 6124: 6107: 6075: 6066: 6043: 6011: 6002: 5980: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5924: 5892: 5883: 5859: 5850: 5831: 5825: 5816: 5794: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5748: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5707:Zalta, Edward N. 5697: 5695: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5657:Zalta, Edward N. 5647: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5553: 5531: 5519: 5508: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5463:Zalta, Edward N. 5448: 5425: 5398: 5386: 5372: 5348: 5339: 5323: 5311: 5287: 5278: 5248: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5111:Butterworth 2005 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5081: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5028:Butterworth 2005 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4969: 4963: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4747: 4741: 4731: 4725: 4724:, p. 55-56. 4719: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4593: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4448: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4419:. 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Zalta 11480:Alvin Plantinga 11475:Jan Łukasiewicz 11455:Michael Dummett 11410: 11401:Bernard Bolzano 11372: 11346: 11328: 11314:Marsilio Ficino 11279: 11265:Meister Eckhart 11195: 11176:John Philoponus 11079: 10949: 10920:Ammonius Saccas 10910:Maximus of Tyre 10833: 10777: 10728: 10669:Python of Aenus 10593: 10588: 10558: 10553: 10540: 10529:Totalitarianism 10390: 10385: 10375: 10365: 10355: 10345: 10335: 10325: 10315: 10305: 10295: 10285: 10275: 10265: 10255: 10245: 10235: 10225: 10215: 10205: 10202:Treatise on Law 10195: 10185: 10175: 10155: 9813: 9807: 9546: 9540: 9426: 9420: 9339: 9242: 9228:State of nature 9223:Social contract 9203:Ordered liberty 9191:Noblesse oblige 9108: 8942: 8871: 8700: 8695: 8665: 8660: 8647: 8573:Critical theory 8551: 8546: 8536: 8526: 8516: 8506: 8496: 8486: 8476: 8466: 8456: 8446: 8436: 8426: 8416: 8406: 8396: 8376: 8054: 8048: 7846: 7840: 7789: 7718: 7625: 7577:Budapest School 7565: 7354:Cosmopolitanism 7327: 7322: 7292: 7279: 7245:Fouad Zakariyya 7240:Mohammed Arkoun 7195:Frithjof Schuon 7161: 7155: 7141:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 7094: 7028: 6967: 6906: 6855: 6785: 6763: 6677: 6636:Illuminationism 6602: 6596: 6578: 6563: 6546:(jurisprudence) 6545: 6535: 6498: 6487: 6463: 6458: 6423: 6407:ALFARABI-Unesco 6359:Review (fr) of 6331: 6321: 6302: 6255: 6164: 6162: 6122: 6114: 6112:Further reading 6096: 6063: 6049:Thomas F. Glick 6032: 5999: 5977: 5945: 5943: 5930:Ehsan Yarshater 5913: 5880: 5847: 5813: 5791: 5769: 5767: 5754:Ehsan Yarshater 5745: 5716: 5714: 5693: 5680: 5666: 5664: 5604: 5602: 5589:Ehsan Yarshater 5577: 5575: 5562:Ehsan Yarshater 5550: 5536:Galston, Miriam 5528: 5497: 5472: 5470: 5445: 5422: 5395: 5369: 5336: 5308: 5275: 5245: 5226: 5221: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5078: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990:, p. 187; 4986: 4982: 4974:, p. 185; 4970: 4966: 4958:, p. 313; 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918:, p. 158; 4914: 4910: 4902: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822:, p. 161; 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4736:, p. 158; 4732: 4728: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4451: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4384: 4364:10.2307/2023632 4348: 4344: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4232:10.2307/1595185 4220:Studia Islamica 4210: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3976: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3913: 3909: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3864: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3820:Trinity College 3816:Wayback Machine 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3568:Wayback Machine 3559: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3508: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3448:10.2307/1773441 3432: 3428: 3424:, p. 553a. 3420: 3416: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3307: 3303: 3291:, p. vii; 3287: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3243: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3182: 3160: 3156: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3109:, p. 169a. 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3003: 2999: 2978: 2974: 2962:, p. 848; 2954: 2950: 2938: 2934: 2930:, p. 231a. 2918: 2914: 2910:, p. 169a. 2906: 2902: 2898:, p. 551b. 2886: 2882: 2878:, p. 523a. 2874:, p. 158; 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2800: 2796: 2764: 2760: 2698: 2694: 2661: 2657: 2637: 2633: 2618: 2589: 2585: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2542: 2524: 2508:, p. 537; 2499: 2495: 2451: 2447: 2399: 2392: 2263: 2250: 2242: 2201: 2199: 2186:Ehsan Yarshater 2178: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2074:), and Madian ( 2031: 2022: 1989: 1978: 1967: 1965: 1952:Ehsan Yarshater 1938: 1936: 1923:Ehsan Yarshater 1898: 1894: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1854:Tenth Intellect 1840: 1788: 1779:Der Musterstaat 1724:La ciudad ideal 1568: 1486: 1446: 1395:Tenth Intellect 1387: 1329:In contrast to 1327: 1322: 1241: 1208: 1191: 1167: 1155: 1014: 965: 912: 900: 868: 847: 746: 609:Ibn Abi Usaibia 593: 454: 442:Albertus Magnus 277: 218: 174: 162:Aristotelianism 105: 92: 87: 84: 73: 65: 55: 52: 41: 29: 26: 25:Abu Nasr Farabi 17: 12: 11: 5: 12907: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12704: 12703: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12657:Ibn Khordadbeh 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12598:Historians and 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12510: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12378:Hakim Tirmidhi 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12243: 12241: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12112: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12074:Hind bint Utba 12071: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12048: 12040: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11944: 11942: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11903:Milh Al-Attara 11900: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Mansour Zalzal 11840: 11835: 11833:Yaḥya al-Makki 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11783:Djamila/Jamila 11780: 11775: 11769: 11767: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11723:Hunain al-Hiri 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11664: 11662: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11648: 11643: 11635: 11633: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11613: 11611: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11594: 11589: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11551: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11527:Roman Ingarden 11524: 11522:Edmund Husserl 11519: 11513: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11495:Crispin Wright 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11460:W. V. O. Quine 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11425: 11416: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11359:Ralph Cudworth 11356: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11337:Giordano Bruno 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11303: 11294: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11277: 11275:Paul of Venice 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11250:Henry of Ghent 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10959: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10643: 10638: 10636:Philip of Opus 10633: 10628: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10608: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10587: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10564: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10519:Social justice 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10427:Egalitarianism 10424: 10419: 10417:Contractualism 10414: 10409: 10404: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10378: 10368: 10358: 10348: 10338: 10328: 10318: 10308: 10298: 10288: 10278: 10268: 10258: 10248: 10238: 10228: 10218: 10208: 10198: 10188: 10178: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9817: 9815: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9673: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9430: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9213:Overton window 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9122: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9044:Libertarianism 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8694: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8633:Social science 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8539: 8529: 8523:Gender Trouble 8519: 8509: 8499: 8489: 8479: 8469: 8459: 8453:The Second Sex 8449: 8439: 8429: 8419: 8409: 8399: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7638: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7503: 7498: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7445:Invisible hand 7442: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7175:Muhammad Iqbal 7172: 7166: 7164: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7151:Hādī Sabzavārī 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7111:Mir Fendereski 7108: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6836:Ikhwan al-Safa 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6668:Traditionalist 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6539: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6502: 6491: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6464: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6389: 6381: 6376: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6330: 6329:External links 6327: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6306: 6300: 6287: 6268: 6245: 6225: 6188: 6171: 6135: 6129:(in Spanish). 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6094: 6067: 6061: 6044: 6030: 6003: 5997: 5981: 5975: 5952: 5925: 5911: 5884: 5878: 5851: 5845: 5832: 5817: 5811: 5795: 5789: 5776: 5749: 5743: 5723: 5698: 5696:on 2007-03-25. 5673: 5648: 5622:(4): 357–377. 5611: 5584: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5526: 5509: 5495: 5479: 5454: 5443: 5426: 5420: 5399: 5393: 5373: 5367: 5340: 5334: 5312: 5306: 5279: 5273: 5249: 5243: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5194: 5170: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5115: 5113:, p. 276. 5103: 5091: 5076: 5044: 5042:, p. 191. 5032: 5030:, p. 278. 5020: 5018:, p. 190. 5008: 5006:, p. 162. 4996: 4994:, p. 164. 4980: 4978:, p. 313. 4964: 4948: 4946:, p. 184. 4936: 4934:, p. 165. 4924: 4908: 4906:, p. 186. 4891: 4876: 4864: 4862:, p. 461. 4852: 4840: 4828: 4812: 4810:, p. 189. 4800: 4788: 4786:, p. 188. 4776: 4762: 4742: 4726: 4711: 4699: 4678: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4619:, p. 178. 4609: 4594: 4574: 4572:, p. 100. 4562: 4533: 4521: 4478: 4466: 4464:, p. 363. 4449: 4433: 4403: 4396: 4342: 4324: 4317: 4276: 4261:(in Persian). 4245: 4204: 4198: 4178: 4166: 4159: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4110: 4099: 4088: 4077: 4066: 4051: 4024: 4021:Online Edition 4012: 4009:Online Edition 4000: 3996:Online Edition 3987: 3974: 3964:B.G. Gafurov, 3957: 3945: 3934: 3928:. p. 42. 3907: 3879: 3862: 3839: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3781: 3776:Olivier Roy, " 3774: 3762: 3751: 3740: 3729: 3714: 3704: 3685: 3683:, p. 157. 3673: 3656: 3632: 3623: 3610: 3598: 3576: 3553: 3540: 3528: 3481: 3469: 3442:(2): 235–259. 3426: 3414: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3343:, p. 58; 3339:, p. 63; 3329: 3322: 3301: 3281: 3279:, p. 101. 3271:, p. 64; 3261: 3259:, p. 596. 3247:, p. 63; 3237: 3217: 3205: 3180: 3154: 3143:(1–2): 31–42. 3123: 3111: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3034: 3022: 2997: 2972: 2958:, p. 2a; 2948: 2932: 2928:Streetman 2014 2912: 2900: 2880: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2794: 2792:, p. 571. 2758: 2736:10.2307/602898 2692: 2655: 2631: 2616: 2583: 2558: 2554: 870–950 2493: 2465:رسالة فى العقل 2445: 2443:, p. 453. 2390: 2351:Virtuous City, 2347:Perfect State, 2248: 2240: 2176: 2100: 2093: 2020: 1976: 1948:Bosworth, C.E. 1915:in modern-day 1903:in modern-day 1892: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1828:7057 Al-Fārābī 1820: 1817: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1556:amal al-fadhil 1485: 1482: 1445: 1442: 1386: 1383: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1282:al-Mashsha’iyu 1240: 1237: 1207: 1204: 1201:'s metaphysics 1190: 1187: 1166: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1013: 1010: 964: 961: 911: 908: 899: 896: 867: 864: 859:Nadia Maftouni 846: 843: 745: 742: 592: 589: 585:Hudud ul-'alam 551:) on the Oxus 453: 450: 393:as the first. 294:music theorist 234: 233: 230: 229: 219: 216: 213: 212: 175: 173:Main interests 172: 169: 168: 159: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 108: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 88: 79: 75: 74: 56: 47: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12906: 12895: 12894:Sayf al-Dawla 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12829:Persian music 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12809:Neoplatonists 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12682:Yahya Barmaki 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12672:Nizam al-Mulk 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12569:Nasir Khusraw 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12433:Mulla al-Qari 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12272:Nasir Khusraw 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12181:Hasib Marwazi 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12110: 12105: 12103: 12098: 12096: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11874: 11873:Ibn al-Tahhan 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863:Amr ibn Banah 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11804: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11778:Azza al-Mayla 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11754: 11753:Malik al-Ta'i 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11708:Sa'ib Khathir 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11599: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11572: 11567: 11565: 11560: 11558: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11517:Henri Bergson 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11506: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11445:Alonzo Church 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11430:Gottlob Frege 11428: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11406:Aleksei Losev 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11381:Thomas Taylor 11379: 11378: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11343: 11342:Blaise Pascal 11340: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230:Peter Abelard 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11141:Asclepiodotus 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10955:Neoplatonists 10952: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10875:Justin Martyr 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10585: 10580: 10578: 10573: 10571: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10452:Jurisprudence 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10334: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10283: 10282:Rights of Man 10279: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10234: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10193: 10192:De re publica 10189: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9812:20th and 21st 9810: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545:18th and 19th 9543: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:Nizam al-Mulk 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9084:Republicanism 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8638:Social theory 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8292:Radhakrishnan 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053:20th and 21st 8051: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845:18th and 19th 7843: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7307: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6963:Shams Tabrizi 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6897:Nasir Khusraw 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6872:Ibn Miskawayh 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6322: 6320:0-226-77713-8 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6262:(in German). 6261: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6199:(in French). 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5998:0-931340-88-8 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5963:İbrahim Kalın 5959: 5953: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5879:0-521-81743-9 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5846:0-415-03594-5 5842: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5812:0-7007-0287-3 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5744:0-684-16962-2 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5549:0-691-07808-4 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5527:1-85168-302-X 5523: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5408:Oliver Leaman 5405: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5378: 5377:Corbin, Henry 5374: 5370: 5368:0-521-81743-9 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5307:0-521-81743-9 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261:Oliver Leaman 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5208: 5207:www.inform.kz 5204: 5198: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5159: 5158:www.inform.kz 5155: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5125:, p. 68. 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5086: 5079: 5077:0-415-13353-X 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4922:, p. 64. 4921: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4889:, p. 63. 4888: 4883: 4881: 4874:, p. 64. 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4850:, p. 61. 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4826:, p. 57. 4825: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4798:, p. 56. 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4688: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4643:, p. 52. 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4605:McGinnis 2022 4601: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4447:, p. 10. 4446: 4442: 4437: 4423:on 2005-05-31 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4397:0-521-27556-3 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4318:90-04-08265-4 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4287:(1913–1936). 4286: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4226:(14): 57–72. 4225: 4221: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4199:9780813231242 4195: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4176:, p. 55. 4175: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118:81-7625-230-1 4115: 4111: 4108: 4107:0-7914-0168-5 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096:0-14-012489-6 4093: 4089: 4086: 4085:0-203-02935-6 4082: 4078: 4075: 4074:0-415-10786-5 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4059:0-7007-1064-7 4056: 4052: 4049: 4048:0-415-24032-8 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037:0-19-866132-0 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3981:Will Durant, 3978: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3935:9781838609405 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891:C.E. Bosworth 3888: 3883: 3876: 3875:90-04-09884-4 3872: 3866: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3852:0-7914-6689-2 3849: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789:0-8018-6974-9 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3771:0-618-22123-9 3768: 3763: 3760: 3759:81-223-0824-4 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748:0-7190-3349-7 3745: 3741: 3738: 3737:0-7425-1350-5 3734: 3730: 3727: 3726:0-87480-203-2 3723: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3712:1-60506-697-4 3709: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3608:, p. 53. 3607: 3602: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436:Poetics Today 3430: 3423: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3351:, p. 99. 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3299:, p. 52. 3298: 3295:, p. 1; 3294: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3255:, p. 1; 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3235:, p. 52. 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2966:, p. 5; 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2709:Virtuous City 2706: 2702: 2701:Virtuous City 2696: 2689:(in Turkish). 2688: 2687: 2682: 2681:Tahsin Yazıcı 2678: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2659: 2653:, p. 53. 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2587: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2548: 2537: 2533: 2532:Ibn Khallikan 2529: 2519: 2515: 2514:Ibn Khallikan 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2485:De intellectu 2482: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:De scientiis, 2426: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Virtuous City 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2243: 2241:90-04-07026-5 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218:H. A. R. Gibb 2214: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2177:90-04-08265-4 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146:(1913–1936). 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2018:, p. 99. 2017: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1535:Joshua Parens 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:Deborah Black 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:Neo-Platonism 1222: 1218: 1213: 1200: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:head of state 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 982: 981: 976: 975: 969: 960: 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 907: 905: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 863: 860: 856: 852: 842: 840: 836: 832: 831:Sayf al-Dawla 828: 824: 820: 816: 810: 805: 802: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760: 755: 751: 741: 739: 735: 731: 730:C.E. Bosworth 728: 724: 720: 719:Ibn Khallekan 717:, who copied 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Ibn Khallikan 696: 695:Dimitri Gutas 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:Ibn Khallikan 672: 665: 660: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:Al-Shahrazuri 614: 610: 606: 597: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 563:, connecting 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 517:Ibn Khallikan 514: 510: 506: 503:appears in a 502: 497: 495: 491: 490:Yahya ibn Adi 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:Yahya ibn Adi 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 373: 372:Islamic world 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 271: 265: 256: 252: 245: 240: 231: 228: 225:, Founder of 224: 220: 217:Notable ideas 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 170: 167: 163: 160: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 113: 109: 103: 100:Second Master 99: 95: 91: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 59: 48: 44: 37: 32: 22: 19: 12574:Rabia Balkhi 12261: 12240:Philosophers 12221:Omar Khayyam 12050: 12043: 11987: 11882: 11762: 11638: 11465:David Kaplan 11415:Contemporary 11396:Josiah Royce 11219: 11181:Olympiodorus 11096:Asclepigenia 11015:Chrysanthius 10533: 10432:Elite theory 10380: 10370: 10360: 10350: 10340: 10330: 10320: 10310: 10300: 10290: 10280: 10270: 10260: 10250: 10240: 10230: 10220: 10210: 10200: 10190: 10180: 10170: 9469:Guicciardini 9425:Early modern 9350: 9248:Philosophers 9198:Open society 9134:Body politic 9004:Distributism 8994:Conservatism 8989:Confucianism 8908:Gerontocracy 8898:Dictatorship 8852:Sovereignty‎ 8842:Ruling class 8732:Emancipation 8717:Citizenship‎ 8541: 8531: 8521: 8511: 8501: 8491: 8481: 8471: 8461: 8451: 8441: 8431: 8421: 8411: 8401: 8391: 7811:Guicciardini 7794:Early modern 7729: 7630:Philosophers 7604:Conservatism 7599:Confucianism 7587:Distributism 7520:Social norms 7508:Sittlichkeit 7494:Ressentiment 7440:Institutions 7418:Human nature 7275:Partawi Shah 7270:Javadi Amoli 7255:Ahmad Fardid 7200:Martin Lings 7050:Hajji Bayram 7024:Ibn Taymiyya 6953:Omar Khayyám 6938:Ayn-al-Quzat 6933:Ahmad Yasavi 6846:Ibn Masarrah 6820: 6780:by century ( 6778:Philosophers 6673:Contemporary 6620: 6575: 6542: 6532: 6495: 6484: 6383: 6364: 6340: 6310: 6291: 6273: 6266:(2): 96–106. 6263: 6259: 6232: 6200: 6196: 6183: 6180:Iqbal Review 6179: 6163:. Retrieved 6158: 6130: 6126: 6077: 6052: 6013: 5988: 5966: 5944:. Retrieved 5937: 5894: 5861: 5836: 5827: 5802: 5799:Netton, I.R. 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5761: 5734: 5715:. Retrieved 5710: 5691:the original 5685: 5665:. Retrieved 5660: 5619: 5615: 5603:. Retrieved 5596: 5576:. Retrieved 5569: 5539: 5515: 5496:9004-10107-1 5486: 5471:. Retrieved 5466: 5434: 5411: 5382: 5350: 5325: 5289: 5264: 5234: 5224:Bibliography 5211:. Retrieved 5209:. 2021-11-30 5206: 5197: 5186:. Retrieved 5182: 5173: 5162:. Retrieved 5160:. 2020-01-29 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5123:Reisman 2005 5118: 5106: 5094: 5083: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4983: 4967: 4960:Reisman 2005 4951: 4939: 4927: 4920:Reisman 2005 4911: 4887:Reisman 2005 4872:Reisman 2005 4867: 4855: 4848:Reisman 2005 4843: 4836:Reisman 2005 4831: 4824:Reisman 2005 4815: 4803: 4796:Reisman 2005 4791: 4779: 4767:. Retrieved 4752: 4745: 4729: 4722:Reisman 2005 4702: 4691:. Retrieved 4681: 4670:. 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King, 3681:Fakhry 2002 3422:Vallat 2020 3385:Fakhry 2002 3373:Corbin 1993 3361:Netton 1992 3349:Netton 1994 3341:Corbin 1993 3293:Netton 1992 3289:Fakhry 2002 3277:Netton 1994 3273:Gutas 2012b 3253:Netton 1992 3249:Gutas 2012b 3229:Gutas 2012b 3225:Fakhry 2002 3213:Druart 2021 3079:Fakhry 1994 2960:Daiber 1996 2944:Netton 1998 2940:Fakhry 2002 2920:Druart 2021 2896:Vallat 2020 2888:Gutas 2012a 2872:Corbin 1993 2868:Druart 2021 2847:Druart 2021 2663:Gutas 2012a 2510:Vallat 2020 2502:Gutas 2012a 2433:Druart 2021 2368:Ideal City, 2016:Netton 1994 1905:Afghanistan 1539:pan-Islamic 1477:imaginative 1458:imaginative 1363:al-Ghazzali 1344:Metaphysics 1290:Estedlaliun 1263:Rémi Brague 1069:First Cause 1065:Neoplatonic 1053:methodology 1049:metaphysics 1047:moves from 1000:effects of 998:therapeutic 876:mathematics 792:al-Muqtadir 715:Abu al-Feda 639:, and even 549:Türkmenabat 446:Leo Strauss 422:Mulla Sadra 381:and Syriac 376:Greco-Roman 353:mathematics 329:metaphysics 286:Alpharabius 190:Metaphysics 71:Transoxiana 12713:Categories 12529:Asadi Tusi 12423:Marghinani 12388:Ibn Hibban 12308:Abu Hanifa 12186:Ibn Hayyan 12161:Ali Qushji 12156:Alfraganus 12124:Scientists 12115:People of 11971:Theorists‎ 11748:Ibn Muhriz 11733:Ibn Surayj 11713:Ibn Misjaḥ 11609:Achaemenid 11587:Arab music 11440:Kurt Gödel 11364:Henry More 11166:Simplicius 10985:Iamblichus 10749:Arcesilaus 10709:Xenocrates 10689:Speusippus 10665:Heraclides 10591:Platonists 10514:Separatism 10322:On Liberty 10222:The Prince 9951:Huntington 9454:Campanella 9381:al-Ghazali 9330:Thucydides 9288:Lactantius 9233:Statolatry 9059:Monarchism 9039:Liberalism 8964:Capitalism 8947:Ideologies 8928:Plutocracy 8876:Government 8832:Revolution 8817:Propaganda 8767:Legitimacy 8742:Government 8603:Humanities 8563:Agnotology 8222:Kołakowski 7785:Ibn Tufayl 7765:Maimonides 7709:Thucydides 7704:Tertullian 7659:Lactantius 7554:Volksgeist 7535:Traditions 7349:Convention 7045:Yunus Emre 6989:Ibn Sab’in 6958:Suhrawardi 6948:Ibn Tufail 6867:Al-Ghazali 6821:Apharabius 6656:psychology 6626:Avicennism 6488:(theology) 6165:15 January 6133:: 231–238. 5946:15 January 5770:15 January 5605:15 January 5578:15 January 5483:Fakhry, M. 5473:January 7, 5213:2021-12-05 5188:2016-11-21 5164:2022-11-01 5040:Black 1996 5016:Black 1996 4988:Black 1996 4976:Black 2005 4972:Black 1996 4956:Black 2005 4944:Black 1996 4904:Black 1996 4808:Black 1996 4784:Black 1996 4763:0801487161 4693:2012-09-19 4672:2012-09-19 4617:Black 1996 4591:0824819268 4556:2007-07-13 4529:Weber 2017 4462:Haque 2004 4445:Touma 1996 4427:2008-02-29 4269:31 October 3941:Kazakhstan 3728:. page 40. 3696:, chapter 3592:2012-09-19 3477:Zonta 2020 3231:, passim; 3107:Weber 2017 3067:Mahdi 2000 2968:Mahdi 2010 2946:, summary. 2942:, passim; 2908:Weber 2017 2890:, § Life; 2856:References 2543: 872 2504:, § Life; 2481:Latin West 2425:Latin West 2131:Touma 1996 1917:Kazakhstan 1899:Currently 1760:Portuguese 1450:appetitive 1426:Ibn Tufayl 1249:Maimonides 1206:Influences 1165:Psychology 1037:Avicennism 1012:Philosophy 888:psychology 884:philosophy 788:al-Mas'udi 772:Categories 721:, changed 709:(surname) 691:Kazakhstan 607:historian 591:Background 583:Parab (in 545:Kazakhstan 467:Ibn Hawqal 438:Maimonides 430:Ibn Tufail 418:Suhrawardi 321:psychology 282:Latin West 278: 870 221:Father of 198:Psychology 85: 950 53: 870 12779:Logicians 12764:Idealists 12719:Al-Farabi 12483:Taftazani 12468:Sajawandi 12277:Sijistani 12206:Khwarizmi 11988:Al-Farabi 11718:al-Gharid 11352:Cambridge 11220:Al-Farabi 11161:Damascius 11151:Zenodotus 11101:Hierocles 11070:Macrobius 11065:Augustine 11050:Antoninus 11000:Sosipatra 10945:Calcidius 10855:Antiochus 10809:Charmadas 10789:Carneades 10773:Hegesinus 10626:Aristotle 10606:Academics 10232:Leviathan 10212:Monarchia 10206:(c. 1274) 10041:Oakeshott 9986:Mansfield 9981:Luxemburg 9966:Kropotkin 9861:Bernstein 9814:centuries 9728:Nietzsche 9671:Jefferson 9599:Condorcet 9547:centuries 9526:Pufendorf 9391:Marsilius 9278:Confucius 9263:Aristotle 9256:Antiquity 9184:Noble lie 9104:Third Way 9099:Socialism 9024:Feudalism 8979:Communism 8959:Anarchism 8938:Theocracy 8923:Oligarchy 8903:Democracy 8888:Autocracy 8802:Pluralism 8787:Obedience 8752:Hierarchy 8712:Authority 8643:Sociology 8593:Historism 8302:Santayana 8272:Oakeshott 8242:MacIntyre 8227:Kropotkin 8202:Heidegger 8055:centuries 7969:Nietzsche 7934:Jefferson 7919:Helvétius 7884:Condorcet 7847:centuries 7831:Montaigne 7654:Confucius 7644:Augustine 7561:Worldview 7455:Modernity 7428:Formation 7106:Mir Damad 7099:17th–19th 7033:14th–16th 6999:al-Abharī 6994:Ibn Arabi 6928:Ahi Evren 6887:Bahmanyār 6646:cosmology 6631:Averroism 6564:(physics) 6510:astrology 6505:Cosmology 6412:Al Farabi 6373:al-Fārābi 6369:Persée.fr 6283:504266057 6139:Gutas, D. 6104:242530993 6040:226604560 5921:0169-9423 5558:Gutas, D. 5505:0169-8729 4769:17 August 4502:: 397–8. 4441:Sawa 2012 4372:0022-362X 3799:al-Farabi 3698:al-Fārābi 3456:0333-5372 3347:, Intro; 3199:118794688 3190:0169-8729 3149:0379-2927 3093:, passim. 3091:Sawa 2012 3069:, passim. 2970:, passim. 2922:, Intro; 2870:, Intro; 2832:romanized 2812:romanized 2779:romanized 2752:163394266 2626:0929-2403 2575:Avenassar 2525: 78 2470:romanized 2414:romanized 2383:Citizens, 2326:romanized 2306:romanized 2282:romanized 2139:al-Musiqi 2135:al-Musiqa 2121:, is the 2080:Sawa 2012 2049:romanized 2005:romanized 1992:honorific 1990:Farabi's 1869:Footnotes 1864:Citations 1858:Ismailism 1826:asteroid 1824:main-belt 1814:Turkestan 1454:sensitive 1351:Plotinian 1298:Aristotle 1199:Aristotle 1092:Aristotle 1073:knowledge 1061:political 1057:modernity 1045:Aristotle 932:inference 892:education 784:Nestorian 711:"al-Turk" 615:descent. 561:Silk Road 559:, on the 553:Amu Darya 541:Syr Darya 459:al-Masudi 452:Biography 391:Aristotle 357:cosmology 349:astronomy 288:, was an 264:romanized 12554:Ferdowsi 12493:Tirmidhi 12473:Sarakhsi 12453:Qushayri 12428:Maturidi 12373:Ghaznawi 12257:Avicenna 12201:Khojandi 12171:Birjandi 12166:Avicenna 12141:Abu Wafa 12117:Khorasan 12023:Ibn Kurr 12008:Avempace 11998:Avicenna 11978:Al-Kindi 11953:Avempace 11913:Shāriyah 11898:Mahbubah 11848:Mukhariq 11818:Ibn Jami 11728:Algharid 11660:Sasanian 11646:Rhoptron 11631:Parthian 11423:Analytic 11208:Medieval 11171:Priscian 11106:Syrianus 11075:Boethius 11030:Salutius 11010:Dexippus 11005:Aedesius 10980:Porphyry 10968:Students 10963:Plotinus 10925:Longinus 10900:Apuleius 10890:Alcinous 10870:Plutarch 10764:Telecles 10734:Skeptics 10646:Coriscus 10487:Centrism 10182:Politics 10172:Republic 10141:Voegelin 10121:Spengler 10106:Shariati 10081:Rothbard 10036:Nussbaum 9936:Habermas 9911:Fukuyama 9901:Foucault 9826:Ambedkar 9803:Voltaire 9773:de Staël 9748:Rousseau 9629:Franklin 9604:Constant 9564:Beccaria 9396:Muhammad 9376:Gelasius 9361:Averroes 9335:Xenophon 9315:Polybius 9268:Chanakya 9113:Concepts 9079:Populism 9049:Localism 9034:Islamism 9019:Feminism 8918:Monarchy 8822:Property 8812:Progress 8777:Monopoly 8747:Hegemony 8656:Category 8568:Axiology 8556:See also 8347:Voegelin 8337:Spengler 8312:Shariati 8267:Nussbaum 8252:Maritain 8212:Irigaray 8192:Habermas 8157:Foucault 8142:Durkheim 8044:Voltaire 8009:de Staël 7984:Rousseau 7909:Franklin 7770:Muhammad 7755:Gelasius 7740:Avempace 7723:Medieval 7699:Polybius 7694:Plutarch 7460:Morality 7435:Ideology 7423:Identity 7332:Concepts 6943:Averroes 6882:Ibn Hazm 6877:Avicenna 6831:Al Amiri 6801:Al-Kindi 6794:9th–10th 6704:ʼIjtihād 6689:ʻAṣabīya 6682:Concepts 6621:Farabism 6576:Madrasah 6251:(1936). 6231:(1962). 5987:(1996). 5958:"Fārābī" 5801:(1994). 5678:"Fārābī" 5644:38740431 5636:27512819 5538:(1990). 5485:(1994). 5459:"Farabi" 5410:(eds.). 5379:(1993). 5318:(2015). 5263:(eds.). 5233:(2016). 5082:Pg. 87: 4740:, Intro. 4607:, § 2.4. 4550:Archived 4516:26200801 4265:(33): 12 3955:, Intro. 3918:(2016). 3895:B. Lewis 3812:Archived 3564:Archived 3521:April 4, 3312:(2009). 2716:(1990). 2571:Alfarabi 2567:Abunaser 2520:, i.e., 2339:) into: 2202:15 March 2149:"Mūsīḳī" 2117:, later 1838:See also 1810:Shymkent 1806:Alma-Ata 1791:A large 1510:Ignorant 1497:Republic 1495:Plato's 1470:Averroes 1466:Avicenna 1462:rational 1434:Avempace 1430:Averroes 1340:Avicenna 1331:al-Kindi 1310:al-Kindi 1274:Averroes 1270:Avicenna 1259:Avicenna 1233:Politics 1229:Republic 1130:Muhammad 1114:Platonic 1085:Avicenna 839:Damascus 835:Hamdanid 768:Eisagoge 764:Porphyry 738:Avicenna 723:al-Torkī 528:Khurasan 494:Damascus 434:Averroes 426:Avempace 414:Avicenna 313:religion 90:Damascus 62:Khorasan 12627:Gardizi 12564:Kashifi 12438:Muqatil 12418:Lamishi 12413:Kashifi 12403:Juwayni 12368:Ghazali 12353:Bukhari 12348:Bazdawi 12343:Bayhaqi 12338:Baghavi 12247:Algazel 12196:Khazini 12062:Related 11806:Abbasid 11788:Hababah 11691:Umayyad 11668:Bamshad 11601:Origins 11309:Plethon 11245:Thierry 11240:Gilbert 11235:Bernard 11156:Agapius 11131:Isidore 11126:Marinus 11121:Proclus 11116:Aedesia 11111:Hermias 11084:Academy 11055:Hypatia 10990:Sopater 10975:Amelius 10905:Atticus 10885:Albinus 10768:Evander 10759:Lacydes 10719:Polemon 10714:Crantor 10631:Eudoxus 10598:Ancient 10524:Statism 10437:Elitism 10395:Related 10196:(51 BC) 10126:Strauss 10101:Scruton 10096:Schmitt 10086:Russell 10006:Michels 10001:Maurras 9996:Marcuse 9956:Kautsky 9926:Gramsci 9921:Gentile 9891:Dworkin 9881:Du Bois 9876:Dmowski 9871:Chomsky 9866:Burnham 9851:Benoist 9821:Agamben 9788:Thoreau 9778:Stirner 9768:Spencer 9713:Mazzini 9703:Maistre 9698:Madison 9693:Le Play 9624:Fourier 9589:Carlyle 9569:Bentham 9559:Bastiat 9554:Bakunin 9531:Spinoza 9521:Müntzer 9491:Leibniz 9464:Grotius 9444:Bossuet 9411:Plethon 9356:Aquinas 9325:Sun Tzu 9293:Mencius 9283:Han Fei 9054:Marxism 9014:Fascism 8847:Society 8772:Liberty 8757:Justice 8737:Freedom 8397:(44 BC) 8327:Sombart 8322:Skinner 8307:Scruton 8287:Polanyi 8262:Niebuhr 8247:Marcuse 8182:Gramsci 8177:Gentile 8137:Du Bois 8127:Deleuze 8097:Benoist 8067:Agamben 8024:Thoreau 8014:Stirner 8004:Spencer 7954:Le Play 7904:Fourier 7889:Emerson 7874:Carlyle 7859:Bentham 7836:Müntzer 7806:Erasmus 7780:Plethon 7775:Photios 7735:Aquinas 7669:Mencius 7637:Ancient 7570:Schools 7450:Loyalty 7408:History 7396:Counter 7391:Culture 7359:Customs 7162:present 6724:Maslaha 6608:Schools 6595:Sufism 6479:Alchemy 6361:Rescher 6241:1857750 6153:(ed.). 5965:(ed.). 5932:(ed.). 5756:(ed.). 5733:(ed.). 5709:(ed.). 5659:(ed.). 5591:(ed.). 5564:(ed.). 5465:(ed.). 4380:2023632 4240:1595185 3899:R. 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