97:. Because of territorial disputes with the Arabic grammarians, Islamic philosophers were very interested in working out the relationship between logic and language, and they devoted much discussion to the question of the subject matter and aims of logic in relation to reasoning and speech. In the area of formal logical analysis, they elaborated upon the theory of
109:
as formulated in
Aristotle's Categories, De interpretatione and Prior Analytics. In the spirit of Aristotle, they considered the syllogism to be the form to which all rational argumentation could be reduced, and they regarded syllogistic theory as the focal point of logic. Even poetics was considered
298:
309:
The first criticisms of
Aristotelian logic were written by Avicenna, who produced independent treatises on logic rather than commentaries. He criticized the logical school of Baghdad for their devotion to Aristotle at the time. He investigated the theory of
305:
Avicenna (980–1037) developed his own system of logic known as "Avicennian logic" as an alternative to
Aristotelian logic. By the 12th century, Avicennian logic had replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world.
69:
and other Muslim logicians who often criticized and corrected
Aristotelian logic and introduced their own forms of logic, also played a central role in the subsequent development of European logic during the
231:
refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other
Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term
928:
1121:
247:(Alkindus) (805–873), who produced a summary on earlier logic up to his time. The first writings on logic with non-Aristotelian elements was produced by
979:
419:", an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation. Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by
1094:
114:
Important developments made by Muslim logicians included the development of "Avicennian logic" as a replacement of
Aristotelian logic.
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541:"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology"
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1946:
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576:
521:
385:(Algazel) (1058–1111) had an important influence on the use of logic in theology, making use of Avicennian logic in
275:. He is also credited for categorizing logic into two separate groups, the first being "idea" and the second being "
1087:
1315:
348:
in philosophy, he used a different approach in medicine. Avicenna contributed inventively to the development of
199:
refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some
Islamic scholars argued that
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195:, there was a logical debate among Islamic philosophers, logicians and theologians over whether the term
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Al-Shafi'i, al-Risala, Bulaq, 1321; ed. Sheikh Ahmad
Muhammad Shakir, Cairo, 1940 (ed. Shakir), 55
1544:
1453:
1376:
560:
505:
315:
974:
486:"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Origins of Kalām"
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placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a "novel approach to
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1827:
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1788:
1656:
1483:
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137:. Other important developments in early Islamic philosophy include the development of a strict
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1103:
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192:
85:"For the Islamic philosophers, logic included not only the study of formal patterns of
866:
657:"The Golden and Dark Ages of Islamic Jurisprudence: Analyzing the Orientalist Thought"
1778:
1697:
1621:
951:
906:
880:
828:
786:
764:
719:
698:
El-Bizri, Nader (September 2005). "A philosophical perspective on
Alhazen's optics".
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as a syllogistic art in some fashion by most of the major
Islamic Aristotelians."
25:
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does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a
1817:
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1169:
970:
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331:
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refers to both analogical reasoning and categorical syllogism in a real sense.
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and their validity but also elements of the philosophy of language and even of
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1940:
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431:), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the
90:
40:
1529:
946:
Street, Tony (2005), "Logic", in Peter Adamson; Richard C. Taylor (eds.),
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1682:
1488:
416:
334:
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130:
98:
94:
71:
17:
191:, before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works. Later during the
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407:(1806–1873). Systematic refutations of Greek logic were written by the
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44:
606:, p. 120. From the Greenwood Guides to Science and Religion Series.
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1341:
367:
353:
289:, who wrote the most elaborate commentaries on Aristotelian logic.
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244:
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115:
62:
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854:
I. M. Bochenski (1961), "On the history of the history of logic",
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356:. In his medical writings, Avicenna was the first to describe the
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153:, which could be generally applied to many types of questions.
661:
QALAM International Journal of Islamic and Humanities Research
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883:. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition)
726:
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386:
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such as "at all times", "at most times", and "at some time".
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The first original Arabic writings on logic were produced by
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36:
21:
185:(Islamic theology) from the 7th century with the process of
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1626:
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403:, foreshadowing the system of inductive logic developed by
297:
174:
755:
Haq, Syed Nomanul (22 December 2009). "Science in Islam".
358:
methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation
863:
655:
Mustapha, Ariyanti; Nazri, Mohammed Arif (January 2022).
251:(Alfarabi) (873–950), who discussed the topics of future
53:, this approach was displaced by the older ideas from
1063:
Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology
867:
Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology
39:(Islamic scholasticism). However, with the rise of the
1014:
824:Averroes (Ibn Rushd) His Life, Works and Influence
858:, pp. 4–10. Translated by I. Thomas, Notre Dame,
415:(1155–1191), who developed the idea of "decisive
1938:
1419:
980:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
950:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–265,
633:
1057:Logic in Islamic philosophyby Deborah L. Black
360:which are critical to inductive logic and the
1088:
1006:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
654:
476:
948:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy
374:, in which he stressed on the importance of
691:
285:(1126–98) was the last major logician from
156:
1095:
1081:
796:
921:
919:
732:
644:. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–8.
538:
352:, which he used to pioneer the idea of a
878:
783:Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians
697:
296:
207:(994-1064) disagreed with, arguing that
122:was responsible for the introduction of
1009:
895:
642:The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
639:
549:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
494:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
483:
330:, and developed an original theory on "
145:or "backing", and the development of a
1939:
1102:
1004:Studies in the History of Arabic Logic
945:
916:
879:Strobino, Riccardo (August 15, 2018).
820:
569:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025
514:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001
1418:
1076:
969:
238:
203:refers to inductive reasoning, which
1047:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
735:"The Principles of Ijtihad in Islam"
624:
215:sense and analogical reasoning in a
79:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1039:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1017:Temporal Modalities in Arabic Logic
905:, p. 155, Oxford University Press,
754:
733:Mutahhari, Murtada (2 March 2013).
337:" syllogism. Its premises included
292:
29:
13:
785:, p. 48. Oxford University Press,
748:
679:from the original on 10 March 2023
395:(b. 1149) criticised Aristotle's "
14:
1963:
1026:
147:scientific method of open inquiry
271:, and non-Aristotelian forms of
43:philosophers, who highly valued
996:
963:
938:
872:
848:
821:Fakhry, Majid (July 30, 2001).
814:
344:While Avicenna often relied on
301:A drawing of Avicenna from 1271
975:"The Spirit of Muslim Culture"
944:See pp. 253–254 of
803:History of logic: Arabic logic
775:
700:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
648:
593:
1:
1868:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
1858:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
1449:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
926:Science and Muslim Scientists
539:Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) .
469:
429:Refutation of Greek Logicians
1535:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1034:"Avicenna (Ibn Sina): Logic"
484:Treiger, Alexander (2016) .
7:
1051:Logic in Islamic philosophy
442:
425:Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin
10:
1968:
1813:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
1713:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1627:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
901:Lenn Evan Goodman (2003),
612:Greenwood Publishing Group
399:" and developed a form of
381:as a source of knowledge.
219:sense. On the other hand,
1802:
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1561:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
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1249:
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1110:
856:A history of formal logic
827:. Oneworld Publications.
712:10.1017/S0957423905000172
640:Schacht, Joseph (1959) .
177:(Islamic jurisprudence),
1947:Early Islamic philosophy
1002:Rescher, Nicholas 1964.
860:Indiana University Press
449:Early Islamic philosophy
413:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
227:(1147-1223) argued that
157:Islamic law and theology
149:to disprove claims, the
35:"speech, eloquence") in
1545:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1494:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1454:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
808:Encyclopædia Britannica
781:Wael B. Hallaq (1993),
561:Oxford University Press
506:Oxford University Press
423:(1263–1328), the
263:, the relation between
1878:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
1828:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
1789:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1657:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1484:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1306:Transcendent theosophy
409:Illuminationist school
302:
225:Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi
124:hypothetical syllogism
112:
55:Hellenistic philosophy
1662:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
1065:, at Raul Corazzon's
1059:Muslimphilosophy.com:
370:(994–1064) wrote the
300:
83:
1893:Reza Davari Ardakani
1769:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
1703:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1652:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1566:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1021:. Dordrecht: Reidel.
563:. pp. 264–279.
393:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
259:and relation of the
163:analogical reasoning
1853:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1774:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
1764:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
1723:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
1233:Medieval psychology
1205:Natural philosophy
757:Islam & Science
537: •
482: •
437:inductive reasoning
346:deductive reasoning
173:were introduced in
167:inductive reasoning
139:science of citation
1863:Abdolkarim Soroush
1708:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1622:Hajji Bektash Wali
1158:medieval astronomy
1104:Islamic philosophy
931:2007-10-20 at the
881:"Ibn Sina's Logic"
508:. pp. 27–43.
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239:Aristotelian logic
193:Islamic Golden Age
181:(Islamic law) and
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1779:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
1718:Mahmud Shabistari
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1469:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1410:
1409:
1053:, Routledge, 1998
1011:Rescher, Nicholas
957:978-0-521-52069-0
604:Science and Islam
545:Schmidtke, Sabine
490:Schmidtke, Sabine
435:and in favour of
362:scientific method
77:According to the
57:. The works of
1959:
1952:History of logic
1908:Hasanzadeh Amoli
1903:Mostafa Malekian
1873:Taha Abdurrahman
1848:Ismail al-Faruqi
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34:
27:
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1918:Partawi Shah
1913:Javadi Amoli
1898:Ahmad Fardid
1843:Martin Lings
1693:Hajji Bayram
1667:Ibn Taymiyya
1596:Omar Khayyám
1581:Ayn-al-Quzat
1576:Ahmad Yasavi
1489:Ibn Masarrah
1423:by century (
1421:Philosophers
1316:Contemporary
1218:
1194:
1185:
1175:
1138:
1127:
1066:
1037:
1016:
1003:
997:Bibliography
984:, retrieved
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965:
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940:
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874:
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823:
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728:
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664:
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603:
595:
548:
493:
478:
428:
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397:first figure
391:
371:
366:
343:
328:propositions
308:
304:
281:
242:
232:
228:
217:metaphorical
208:
200:
196:
186:
160:
113:
103:propositions
91:epistemology
84:
76:
48:
32:
15:
1833:René Guénon
1823:Gohar Shahi
1759:Mulla Sadra
1683:Ibn Khaldun
1294:metaphysics
1240:(mysticism)
1222:(education)
1200:Metaphysics
1179:(dialectic)
1165:Eschatology
1142:(intellect)
887:January 30,
667:(3): 9–17.
253:contingents
131:modal logic
95:metaphysics
72:Renaissance
18:Islamic law
1941:Categories
1688:Yunus Emre
1632:Ibn Sab’in
1601:Suhrawardi
1591:Ibn Tufail
1510:Al-Ghazali
1464:Apharabius
1299:psychology
1269:Avicennism
1131:(theology)
986:2008-01-25
769:A217042312
587:2016935488
532:2016935488
470:References
383:Al-Ghazali
379:perception
324:predicates
312:definition
287:al-Andalus
261:categories
221:al-Ghazali
107:syllogisms
67:al-Ghazali
1749:Mir Damad
1742:17th–19th
1676:14th–16th
1642:al-Abharī
1637:Ibn Arabi
1571:Ahi Evren
1530:Bahmanyār
1289:cosmology
1274:Averroism
1207:(physics)
1153:astrology
1148:Cosmology
720:123057532
673:2773-6334
433:syllogism
417:necessity
339:modifiers
273:inference
249:al-Farabi
171:syllogism
87:inference
59:al-Farabi
45:Aristotle
41:Mu'tazili
1586:Averroes
1525:Ibn Hazm
1520:Avicenna
1474:Al Amiri
1444:Al-Kindi
1437:9th–10th
1347:ʼIjtihād
1332:ʻAṣabīya
1325:Concepts
1264:Farabism
1219:Madrasah
1013:(1966).
973:(1930),
929:Archived
683:10 March
677:Archived
614:, 2007.
608:Westport
557:New York
502:New York
443:See also
368:Ibn Hazm
354:syndrome
332:temporal
318:and the
283:Averroes
245:al-Kindi
205:Ibn Hazm
128:temporal
116:Avicenna
63:Avicenna
1805:present
1367:Maslaha
1251:Schools
1238:Sufism
1122:Alchemy
547:(ed.).
492:(ed.).
464:Ijtihad
322:of the
269:grammar
151:ijtihad
50:Organon
1397:Tawḥīd
1357:ʻIrfān
1170:Ethics
1128:Aqidah
1115:Fields
954:
909:
831:
789:
767:
718:
671:
618:
585:
575:
553:Oxford
530:
520:
498:Oxford
257:number
255:, the
179:Sharia
141:, the
33:manṭiq
26:Arabic
16:Early
1803:20th–
1402:Ummah
1392:Shūrā
1387:Qiyās
1377:Qadar
1362:Ijmāʿ
1342:Iʻjaz
1259:Early
1213:Peace
1195:Logic
1176:Kalam
740:1 May
716:S2CID
543:. In
488:. In
459:Qiyas
387:Kalam
376:sense
335:modal
277:proof
265:logic
233:Qiyas
229:Qiyas
209:Qiyas
201:Qiyas
197:Qiyas
188:Qiyas
183:Kalam
143:isnad
99:terms
37:Kalam
22:logic
1733:Jami
1615:13th
1554:12th
1503:11th
1382:Qalb
1372:Nafs
1352:ʻIlm
1284:Sufi
1186:Fiqh
952:ISBN
907:ISBN
889:2024
842:2023
829:ISBN
787:ISBN
765:Gale
742:2013
685:2023
669:ISSN
616:ISBN
583:LCCN
573:ISBN
555:and
528:LCCN
518:ISBN
500:and
314:and
267:and
213:real
175:Fiqh
133:and
105:and
93:and
30:منطق
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1337:Ḥāl
1139:Aql
864:cf.
862:. (
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