222:"The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" is an encyclopedia of medieval mechanics and hydrostatics composed of eight books with fifty chapters. It is a study of the hydrostatic balance and the ideas behind statics and hydrostatics, it also covers other unrelated topics. There are four different manuscripts of "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" that have survived. The balance al-Khazini built for Sanjar's treasury was modeled after the balance al-Asfizari, who was a generation older than al-Khazini, built. Sanjar's treasurer out of fear destroyed al-Asfizari's balance; he was filled with grief when he heard the news. Al-Khazini called his balance "combined balance" to show honor towards Al-Asfizari. The meaning of the balance was a "balance of true judgment". The job of this balance was to help the treasury see what metals were precious and which gems were real or fake. In "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" al-Khazini states many different examples from the Koran ways that his balance fits into religion. When al-Khazini explains the advantages of his balance he says that it "performs the functions of skilled craftsmen", its benefits are theoretical and practical precision.
229:"The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar" is said to have been composed for Sultan Sanjar, the ruler of Merv and his balance was made for Sanjar's treasury. The tables in "The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar" are tables of holidays, fasts, etc. The tables are said to have the latitudes and longitudes of forty-three different stars, along with their magnitudes and (astrological) temperaments. It is said that al-Khazini's observations for this work were probably done in Merv in various observatories with high quality instruments.
202:
for his works, saying he did not need much to live on because it was only his cat and himself in his household. Al-Khazini was one of only about twenty astronomers of the
Islamic era who performed original observations. His works reached Byzantium in the 14th century, in particular, they were studied
225:
The "Treatise on
Astronomical Wisdom" is a relatively short work. It has seven parts and each part is assigned to a different scientific instrument. The seven instruments include: a triquetrum, a dioptra, a "triangular instrument," a quadrant, devices involving reflection, an astrolabe, and simple
365:(2011). The ‘Well-Known Calendars’: Al-Khāzinī’s Description of Significant Chronological Systems for Medieval Mathematical Astronomy in Arabic. In Steele J. (Ed.), Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World (pp. 107-126). Oxford; Oakville: Oxbow Books.
219:. He did most of his work in Merv, where they are known for their libraries. His best-known works are "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom", "Treatise on Astronomical Wisdom", and "The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar".
182:
was simply the title of the royal treasurer since the early
Islamic period. His master made provisions so that al-Khazini could obtain a first-class education. Some believe that al-Khazini was a pupil of
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in which he was based. He also wrote extensively on various calendrical systems and on the various manipulations of the calendars. He was the author of an encyclopedia on
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187:. While this is not known, he wrote about Khayyam, in particular, he gave a description of the water-balance invented by him (and improved upon by
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Meyerhof, M. (1948). 'Alī al-Bayhaqī's
Tatimmat Siwān al-Hikma: A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam. Osiris, 8, 122-217.
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of the medieval period. He provided the positions of fixed stars, and for oblique ascensions and time-equations for the latitude of
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in 1859 from a single Arabic manuscript which is also reproduced. In 2015, the only available
English translation.
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Al
Khazini seems to have been a high government official under Sanjar ibn Malikshah and the sultan of the
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This article is about the 12th century scientist. For the 10th century astronomer and physician, see
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tips for viewing things with the naked eye. The treatise describes each instrument and its uses.
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Al-Khazini was an emancipated slave in Marv, which was then one of the most important cities of
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A Wikimedia pdf of the
English translation by Khanikoff and the editors of the
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258:(English). A link to the same at the Internet Archive (see page 1 following).
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437:, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography., 2008, pp. 335–351
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Al-Khazini was known for being a humble man. He refused thousands of
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The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and
Philosophy of Omar Khayyam
455:, Journal of the History of Science in Society, pp. 85(4), 686
296:"پژوهشهای ایرانی | سرنوشت خازنی: داستان غم انگیز دانشمندان ایران"
191:). And according to some sources, he collaborated with him on the
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1984:
144:, 1115) is considered to be one of the major works in
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Abu‘l Husayn ‘Alī ibn
Muhammad al-Khāzin al-Marwazī
485:
2954:
16:Persian astronomer and mechanician (1100–1200)
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453:Book reviews: Middle ages & renaissance.
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326:The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith
97:Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini
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178:) who was the treasurer of Marv. The term
2973:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world
450:
382:
2988:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
2858:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
441:
1155:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
435:Al-Khāzinī, Abu'l-Fath 'Abd Al-Raḥmān .
368:
347:
2955:
1952:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1298:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
535:
275:
2553:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
2525:
1973:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1911:
1165:
1127:
509:
1922:
203:by George Chrysococces and later by
2978:12th-century Iranian mathematicians
2837:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib
2726:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)
193:reformation of the Persian calendar
172:. He got his name from his master (
105:
13:
2940:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba
278:"PERSIAN SCIENCE IN SAFAVID TIMES"
276:Winter, H. J. J. (February 1986).
14:
3054:
465:
2968:12th-century Iranian astronomers
2830:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
1179:
106:أبوالفتح عبدالرحمن منصور الخازنی
3023:Scholars from the Seljuk Empire
3018:Iranian people of Greek descent
2576:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
1677:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1166:
247:Journal of the Oriental Society
210:
132:written under the patronage of
117:, flourished 1115–1130) was an
2166:Schema for horizontal sundials
1682:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1207:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
459:
309:
288:
269:
1:
282:The Cambridge History of Iran
262:
255:Book of the Balance of Wisdom
241:Book of the Balance of Wisdom
2891:One Hundred and Twelve Books
2424:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
7:
2877:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
2413:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1617:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
232:
10:
3059:
2731:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)
2721:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)
2581:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana
1912:
1657:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
18:
2805:
2769:
2739:
2708:
2682:
2674:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)
2646:
2618:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
2613:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
2605:
2589:
2568:
2559:
2498:Medieval European science
2480:
2449:
2390:
2179:
2046:
1982:
1929:
1918:
1907:
1868:
1832:
1771:
1758:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
1710:
1609:
1538:
1515:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
1457:
1326:
1230:
1189:
1178:
1174:
1161:
1018:
927:
711:
660:
544:
90:
76:
69:
59:
51:
37:
28:
2597:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1748:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1642:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1283:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
2963:12th-century alchemists
1850:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
1824:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
1702:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
1622:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1108:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
1088:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
163:
2757:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām
2669:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn
2659:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī
2638:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
2633:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq
2131:Navigational astrolabe
1886:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
1652:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1571:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1520:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
1449:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
1038:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
1033:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
719:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
451:Rosenfeld, B. (1994),
174:
146:mathematical astronomy
139:
2884:Nabataean Agriculture
2823:Books of the Balances
2467:Hellenistic astronomy
2438:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
2232:Deferent and epicycle
1632:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1601:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
1243:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
935:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
819:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
647:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
557:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
497:Oneworld Publications
205:Theodore Meliteniotes
2983:Islamic philosophers
2457:Babylonian astronomy
2272:Gravitational energy
1647:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1637:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
1318:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1217:Mashallah ibn Athari
1202:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
1043:Abu Muslim Khorasani
749:Abu Qasim Samarqandi
739:Abu Layth Samarqandi
637:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
612:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
472:Encyclopædia Iranica
331:Simon & Schuster
21:Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
3043:12th-century slaves
3038:11th-century births
3033:12th-century deaths
2998:Medieval physicists
2933:Turba Philosophorum
2782:Philosopher's stone
2664:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs
2398:Al-Azhar University
2217:Celestial mechanics
2007:Book of Fixed Stars
1966:The Book of Healing
1945:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
1687:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
1662:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1273:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
1268:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
130:astronomical tables
3008:Persian physicists
3003:Iranian alchemists
2925:Secret of Creation
2907:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2851:Five Hundred Books
2628:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
2462:Egyptian astronomy
2403:House of Knowledge
2081:Astronomical clock
1891:Muhammad al-Rudani
1288:Banū Mūsā brothers
1238:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1028:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
909:Tha'labi Nishapuri
724:Abu Barakat Nasafi
552:Abu Hatam Isfizari
491:Mehdi Aminrazavi,
2950:
2949:
2869:Clavis sapientiae
2765:
2764:
2519:
2518:
2515:
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2510:
2493:Chinese astronomy
2488:Byzantine science
2362:Temporal finitism
2292:Islamic cosmology
2222:Celestial spheres
2042:
2041:
1934:Arabic star names
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1763:Fathullah Shirazi
1697:Al-Ashraf Umar II
1409:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1212:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1121:
1120:
1083:Khalid ibn Barmak
1058:Ata-Malik Juvayni
1021:political figures
928:Poets and artists
784:Fatima Samarqandi
688:Haji Bektash Veli
567:Abu Ubayd Juzjani
94:
93:
71:Scientific career
3050:
3028:Iranian chemists
2865:Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma
2566:
2565:
2546:
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2532:
2523:
2522:
2503:Indian astronomy
2472:Indian astronomy
2440:
2433:
2426:
2347:Sublunary sphere
2337:Specific gravity
2237:Earth's rotation
2126:Mural instrument
2071:Armillary sphere
1994:Alfonsine tables
1959:Tabula Rogeriana
1939:Islamic calendar
1927:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1804:Sibt al-Maridini
1789:Jamshid al-Kashi
1510:Said al-Andalusi
1313:Thābit ibn Qurra
1248:Abu Said Gorgani
1222:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1176:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1113:Shihab al-Nasawi
1098:Tahir ibn Husayn
970:Farrukhi Sistani
945:Aruzi Samarqandi
744:Abu Mu'in Nasafi
712:Islamic scholars
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64:Muslim scientist
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2654:pseudo-Avicenna
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2601:
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2555:
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2507:
2476:
2445:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2408:House of Wisdom
2386:
2342:Spherical Earth
2175:
2106:Equatorial ring
2086:Celestial globe
2061:Analog computer
2038:
2033:Sullam al-sama'
1978:
1914:
1895:
1864:
1828:
1767:
1706:
1605:
1591:Jabir ibn Aflah
1534:
1465:Abu Nasr Mansur
1453:
1434:Abolfadl Harawi
1369:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1322:
1226:
1197:Ahmad Nahavandi
1185:
1170:
1157:
1152:
1122:
1117:
1068:Abu Ali Bal'ami
1053:Ali-Shir Nava'i
1020:
1014:
955:Attar Nishapuri
923:
804:Hakim Nishapuri
734:Abu Hafs Nasafi
707:
656:
572:Abu Zayd Balkhi
540:
534:
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486:
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466:Floor, Willem.
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333:. p. 352.
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2844:Emerald Tablet
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2695:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
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2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Elliptic orbit
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Circular orbit
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2013:Toledan Tables
2010:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Yang Guangxian
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1530:Ali ibn Khalaf
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Kushyar Gilani
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1475:Ali ibn Ridwan
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Haseb-i Tabari
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Sahl ibn Bishr
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Ibn Khordadbeh
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1019:Historians and
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:Hakim Tirmidhi
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
713:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
662:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
546:
542:
541:
533:
532:
525:
518:
510:
502:
501:
484:
458:
440:
381:
367:
346:
339:
308:
287:
267:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
250:
234:
231:
212:
209:
165:
162:
158:water-balances
140:Zīj al-Sanjarī
92:
91:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Greek Muslims
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2943:
2942:(al-Nabarawi)
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2913:Sirr al-asrār
2910:
2908:
2906:
2905:Sirr al-asrār
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:Seventy Books
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:Book of Mercy
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Ibn al-Rassām
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Ibn Waḥshiyya
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:Observatories
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Triangulation
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Heliocentrism
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Shadow square
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:Zij-i Sultani
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:Zij-i Ilkhani
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Kadızade Rumi
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Ibn al-Shatir
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Ibn al-Kammad
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Ibn al-Saffar
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Yahya Barmaki
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Nizam al-Mulk
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:Nasir Khusraw
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
926:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Mulla al-Qari
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
714:
710:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:Nasir Khusraw
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Hasib Marwazi
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
547:
543:
539:
531:
526:
524:
519:
517:
512:
511:
508:
498:
494:
488:
473:
469:
462:
454:
447:
445:
436:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
376:
374:
372:
364:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
342:
340:9781451647617
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
321:Durant, Ariel
318:
312:
297:
291:
283:
279:
272:
268:
257:
256:
251:
248:
244:
242:
237:
236:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:
217:Seljuk Empire
208:
206:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
181:
176:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
141:
135:
134:Sultan Sanjar
131:
127:
126:Seljuk Empire
124:, during the
123:
120:
114:
102:
98:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Seljuk Empire
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2740:14th century
2709:13th century
2683:12th century
2647:11th century
2606:10th century
2391:Institutions
2242:Eccentricity
2202:Astrophysics
2096:Compass rose
2031:
2024:
2017:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1809:Ibn al-Majdi
1784:Abd al‐Wajid
1743:Al-Wabkanawi
1738:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
1627:Jamal ad-Din
1596:Omar Khayyam
1565:
1424:Al-ʻIjliyyah
1399:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1384:Ibn al-A'lam
1303:Al-Khwarizmi
995:Rabia Balkhi
661:Philosophers
642:Omar Khayyam
616:
492:
487:
475:. Retrieved
471:
461:
452:
434:
363:Montelle, C.
325:
317:Durant, Will
311:
300:. Retrieved
298:(in Persian)
290:
281:
271:
254:
253:Al-Khazini,
246:
240:
239:Al-Khazini,
228:
224:
221:
214:
211:Achievements
197:
185:Omar Khayyam
179:
167:
137:
100:
96:
95:
70:
55:12th century
41:11th century
30:
2690:al-Ṭughrāʾī
2590:9th century
2569:8th century
2377:Tusi couple
2367:Trepidation
2332:Salah times
2267:Geocentrism
2141:Planisphere
2121:Graph paper
2048:Instruments
2000:Huihui Lifa
1881:Ehmedê Xanî
1840:Al-Birjandi
1819:al-Kubunani
1576:Abu al-Salt
1525:Al-Isfizari
1485:Ibn al-Samh
1364:Abu al-Wafa
1349:al-Khojandi
1253:Al-Farghani
1168:Astronomers
1073:Gawhar Shad
919:Zamakhshari
899:Shaykh Tusi
814:Ibn Mubarak
703:Shahrastani
468:"kazinadar"
189:Al-Isfizari
85:mathematics
2957:Categories
2747:al-Jildakī
2561:Alchemists
2481:Influenced
2450:Influences
2322:Precession
2302:Multiverse
2207:Axial tilt
2187:Almucantar
2171:Triquetrum
2111:Equatorium
1860:Takiyüddin
1733:al-Battiwi
1728:Ibn Shuayb
1723:Al-Khalili
1566:Al-Khazini
1561:Al-Kharaqī
1556:Ibn Tufail
1546:Al-Bitruji
1480:Al-Zarqālī
1444:al-Majriti
1394:Al-Saghani
1389:Al-Nayrizi
1374:al-Battani
1293:Iranshahri
1278:Al-Marwazi
1182:by century
950:Asadi Tusi
844:Marghinani
809:Ibn Hibban
729:Abu Hanifa
607:Ibn Hayyan
582:Ali Qushji
577:Alfraganus
545:Scientists
536:People of
477:4 December
302:2020-04-08
263:References
122:astronomer
101:al-Khāzini
99:or simply
60:Occupation
31:al-Khazini
2915:(al-Rāzī)
2716:al-Simāwī
2700:Artephius
2357:Supernova
2312:Obliquity
2297:Moonlight
2197:Astrology
2076:Astrolabe
1855:Piri Reis
1845:al-Khafri
1814:al-Wafa'i
1799:Ulugh Beg
1779:Ali Kuşçu
1753:al-Jadiri
1672:al-Abhari
1470:al-Biruni
1404:Ibn Yunus
1379:Al-Qabisi
1354:al-Khazin
1263:Al-Mahani
904:Taftazani
889:Sajawandi
698:Sijistani
627:Khwarizmi
323:(2011) .
195:in 1079.
81:Astronomy
2787:al-iksīr
2770:Concepts
2431:Maragheh
2382:Universe
2352:Sunlight
2317:Parallax
2307:Muwaqqit
2247:Ecliptic
2180:Concepts
2146:Quadrant
2066:Aperture
1581:Averroes
1551:Avempace
1495:Avicenna
1429:Nastulus
1419:al-Sijzi
1344:Al-Adami
1258:Al-Kindi
975:Ferdowsi
914:Tirmidhi
894:Sarakhsi
874:Qushayri
849:Maturidi
794:Ghaznawi
678:Avicenna
622:Khojandi
592:Birjandi
587:Avicenna
562:Abu Wafa
538:Khorasan
233:See also
170:Khorasan
2797:Athanor
2792:Alembic
2287:Inertia
2277:Gravity
2212:Azimuth
2161:Sundial
2151:Sextant
2101:Dioptra
2091:Compass
2056:Alidade
1667:al-Urdi
1490:Alhazen
1414:Ma Yize
1359:al-Qūhī
1334:al-Sufi
1048:Gardizi
985:Kashifi
859:Muqatil
839:Lamishi
834:Kashifi
824:Juwayni
789:Ghazali
774:Bukhari
769:Bazdawi
764:Bayhaqi
759:Baghavi
668:Algazel
617:Khazini
119:Iranian
113:Persian
2777:Takwin
2262:Galaxy
2257:Equant
2192:Apogee
2136:Octant
1913:Topics
1010:Sanā'ī
1000:Rudaki
965:Daqiqi
960:Behzad
940:Anvari
884:Sabuni
869:Nasa'i
864:Muslim
829:Kasani
779:Dabusi
754:Ansari
683:Farabi
632:Nasawi
597:Biruni
499:(2007)
337:
243:(Eng).
180:khāzin
154:scales
128:. His
109:
77:Fields
2807:Works
2327:Qibla
2116:Globe
1923:Works
673:Amiri
652:Sijzi
200:Dinar
1869:17th
1833:16th
1772:15th
1711:14th
1610:13th
1539:12th
1458:11th
1327:10th
1063:Aufi
1005:Rumi
980:Jami
879:Razi
479:2017
335:ISBN
164:Life
156:and
150:Marv
52:Died
38:Born
1985:Zij
1339:Ibn
1231:9th
1190:8th
2959::
495:,
470:.
443:^
384:^
370:^
349:^
329:.
319:;
280:.
207:.
160:.
83:,
2927:)
2923:(
2871:)
2867:(
2545:e
2538:t
2531:v
1147:e
1140:t
1133:v
529:e
522:t
515:v
481:.
343:.
305:.
284:.
136:(
115:)
111:(
103:(
23:.
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