8670:. "The Turks, on the other hand, posed a formidable threat: their penetration into Iranian lands was considerable, to such an extent that vast regions adapted their language. This process was all the more remarkable since, in spite of their almost uninterrupted political domination for nearly 1,500 years, the cultural influence of these rough nomads on Iran's refined civilization remained extremely tenuous. This is demonstrated by the mediocre linguistic contribution, for which exhaustive statistical studies have been made (Doerfer). The number of Turkish or Mongol words that entered Persian, though not negligible, remained limited to 2,135, i.e., 3 percent of the vocabulary at the most. These new words are confined on the one hand to the military and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) and, on the other hand, to technical pastoral terms. The contrast with Arab influence is striking. While cultural pressure of the Arabs on Iran had been intense, they in no way infringed upon the entire Iranian territory, whereas with the Turks, whose contributions to Iranian civilization were modest, vast regions of Iranian lands were assimilated, notwithstanding the fact that resistance by the latter was ultimately victorious. Several reasons may be offered."
7014:, p. 82. "The evolution of Persian as the culturally dominant language of major parts of the Near East, from Anatolia and Iran, to Central Asia, to northwest India until recent centuries, began with the political domination of these areas by dynasties originating in southwestern province of Iran, Pars, later Arabicised to Fars: first the Achaemenids (599–331 BC) whose official language was Old Persian; then the Sassanids (c. AD 225–651) whose official language was Middle Persian. Hence, the entire country used to be called Perse by the ancient Greeks, a practice continued to this day. The more general designation 'Iran(-shahr)" derives from Old Iranian aryanam (Khshathra)' (the realm) of Aryans'. The dominance of these two dynasties resulted in Old and Middle-Persian colonies throughout the empire, most importantly for the course of the development of Persian, in the north-east i.e., what is now Khorasan, northern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, as documented by the Middle Persian texts of the Manichean found in the oasis city of Turfan in Chinese Turkistan (
7411:"the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. During this period, Persian was adopted as the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations. Extensive contact with Arabic led to a large influx of Arab vocabulary. In fact, a writer of Classical Persian had at one's disposal the entire Arabic lexicon and could use Arab terms freely either for literary effect or to display erudition. Classical Persian remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century, when the dialect of Teheran rose in prominence, having been chosen as the capital of Persia by the Qajar Dynasty in 1787. This Modern Persian dialect became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arab terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words in colloquial forms of the language."
5999:: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
4137:, in his article "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic", estimates that about 20 percent of everyday vocabulary in current Persian, and around 25 percent of the vocabulary of classical and modern Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature. According to another source, about 40% of everyday Persian literary vocabulary is of Arabic origin. Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life. Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms or could be glossed in Persian.
5174:
12334:
1866:
4569:
4561:
2611:
12383:
5671:
5653:
5635:
5617:
5599:
5581:
2336:(which was highly Persianised itself) had developed toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used at the royal court, for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and was taught in state schools, and was also offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some
752:
2444:
1787:, who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings. Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE,
936:
85:
1717:
764:
12158:
2432:
4388:
13034:
2138:
3346:
2290:
11767:
11961:
11493:
3047:
4396:
1699:
descendant of Middle and Old
Persian. Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian. Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian."
1916:
Sassanid era (224–651 AD) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle
Persian is not attested until much later, in the 6th or 7th century. From the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of
845:
54:
1993:
7688:
period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in
Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers..
7665:
and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of
Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities."
4149:
by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The
Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.). New military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g.
7721:); "Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69."
8279:
C Kerslake, Journal of
Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt: "It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect, and
3672:
There are also some studies that consider quality and quantity to be both active in the
Iranian system (such as Toosarvandani 2004). That offers a synthetic analysis including both quality and quantity, which often suggests that Modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative
2375:
Vardar
Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken. However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary. The difference
6981:
vi(2). Documentation. Excerpt 1: "Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New
Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect
8269:
V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The
Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in
4148:
elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned, not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled
1915:
Although the "middle period" of the Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century BC. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the
7668:
Chapter "Ottoman Historical Writing" by Tezcan, Baki. In Rabasa, José (ed.), 2012, The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. "Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of
7664:
Chapter "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World" by Inan, Murat Umut. In Green, Nile (ed.), 2019, The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. "As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language
6015:
The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and
1698:
According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language" for which close philological relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent one and the same language of Persian; that is, New Persian is a direct
2055:, known as Dari. The region, which comprised the present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted
7698:
Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis "Gulistan", one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these title would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the
7687:
On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization...where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman
7443:
Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in
6073:
Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary
5894:
All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian
5715:
of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to
3049:
2564:
gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent. Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages,
3054:
3052:
3048:
5975:
Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan,
4319:
Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, in Iranian
2475:, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. For five centuries prior to the
8283:
3053:
2097:. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the
2657:
as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. Words coined by this association, such as
2735:
loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time. This became the basis of what is now known as "Contemporary Standard Persian".
2312:, who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, inherited this tradition. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as Sultan
1971:
used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While
2719:, all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time. The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many
6315:
Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic
6868:). (...) Under the specific historical conditions that have been sketched above, the Dari (Middle) Persian of the 7th century was developed, within two centuries, to the Dari (New) Persian that is attested in the earliest specimens of NP poetry in the late 9th century.
3055:
3056:
3051:
5139:
applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones).
5835:
There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in
6050:(...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).
6016:
the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).
7706:, edited by Ehsan Yarshater, Charles Melville, page 437;"...Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
6712:
Seraji, Mojgan, Beáta Megyesi, and Joakim Nivre. "A basic language resource kit for Persian." Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), 23–25 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association,
2034:
first appear in the 9th-century. The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as
5101:
of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled "Information and documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters – Part 3: Persian language – Simplified transliteration" but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use.
8589:, Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"
8281:
6806:
was also in use in the eastern part of the empire, in Khorasan, where it is known that in the course of the Sasanian period Persian gradually supplanted Parthian and where no dialect that was not Persian survived. The passage thus suggests that
1441:
is the appropriate designation of the language in English, as it has the longer tradition in western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity. Iranian historian and linguist
1832:, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the
7053:
L. Paul (2005), "The Language of the Shahnameh in historical and dialectical perspective", p. 150: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian.",
2829:
All these three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The
4026:) word order. However, case endings (e.g. for subject, object, etc.) expressed via suffixes may allow users to vary word order. Verbs agree with the subject in person and number. Normal declarative sentences are structured as
8259:
V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac,
2106:
The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional
3042:
Iranian Persian and Tajik have six vowels; Dari has 8. Iranian Persian has twenty-three consonants, but both Dari and Tajiki have twenty-four consonants. (due to the phonemic merger of /q/ and /ɣ/ in Iranian Persian).
2111:, a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century. In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model:
6815:(Persian), but it is very likely that the language of the north, that is, the Persian used on former Parthian territory and also in the Sasanian capital, was distinguished from its congener by a new name,
2846:(in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of
7915:
5725:
4411:
4576:
There are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. For example, there are four functionally identical letters for
1325:. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which
3050:
10814:
5325:
4557:
is pronounced , while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced . This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries.
2626:
rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule, numerous
4499:
are usually not written, only the historically long ones are represented in the text, so words distinguished from each other only by short vowels are ambiguous in writing: Iranian Persian
2022:
Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.
8767:
937:
86:
8723:
5241:
Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand.
12300:
5279:
Hamai afrodi bashar ozod ba dunjo meoyand va haysiyatu huquqashon bo ham barobar ast, hamaashon andeshavu vijdon dorand va boyad dar barobari yakdigar bo rūhi barodarī raftor kunand.
5895:
languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
12322:
2494:
witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The period of the reign of Sultan
1418:, which is the Persian word for the Persian language, has also been used widely in English in recent decades, more often to refer to Iran's standard Persian. However, the name
1900:
of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the
5264:Ҳамаи афроди башар озод ба дунё меоянд ва ҳайсияту ҳуқуқашон бо ҳам баробар аст, ҳамаашон андешаву виҷдон доранд ва бояд дар баробари якдигар бо рӯҳи бародарӣ рафтор кунанд.
5290:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
8525:
2498:
is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature was illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence and collaboration with the Persian poet
2856:
notes that the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist.
8991:
8317:
It embraces Gilani, Talysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language.
3673:
system of Classical Persian and a hypothetical future Iranian language, which will eliminate all traces of quantity and retain quality as the only active feature.
8969:
1961:. From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called
4131:
terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself.
6860:"the upper lands" in MP), had been partly Persianized already in late Sasanian times. Following Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ, the variant of Persian spoken there was called
8747:
6982:
group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese.
2545:
in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries. Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in
7905:
5976:
constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).
2483:. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole "official language" under the
9137:
2396:, was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian".
12124:
13370:
12549:
12315:
12146:
11223:
9403:
8871:
6037:
4480:, it took approximately 200 years before Persians adopted the Arabic script in place of the older alphabet. Previously, two different scripts were used,
4123:
origin, New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items, which were Persianized and often took a different meaning and usage than the
2093:
The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan. The first significant Persian poet was
8943:
6840:
12330:
7330:
Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in
8064:
10089:
Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary
9974:
The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English
2914:, spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, and Transcaucasia. It is classified as a variety of Persian. (This dialect is not to be confused with the
2360:), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern
1683:
In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). These correspond to three historical eras of
5224:همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و حیثیت و حقوقشان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
5206:همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و حیثیت و حقوقشان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
9180:
Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey
7404:
13435:
12308:
11755:
9109:
5170:
and the Persian script that had been used earlier. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian script were banned in the country.
5094:
9635:
Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes
8653:
e.g. The role of Azeri–Turkish in Iranian Persian, on which see John Perry, "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran",
9745:
A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations
9722:
A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations
8707:
11733:
6889:
5708:
8077:
We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.
6682:
6302:
6131:
1126:
becoming a tradition in many eastern courts. It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the
12569:
11949:
11481:
10852:
10819:
10788:
10407:
8796:
7626:
7572:
7533:
7493:
6170:
2416:
521:
8131:
7990:
7957:
7816:
6641:
6212:
2380:). As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became the site of a flourishing
10778:
10447:
8564:
5302:
4077:
Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns, and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivational
2637:
The first official attentions to the necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of
2132:
1423:
509:
10404:
8226:
8192:
7384:
4258:
9024:
Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran
5728:: Chapter I, Article 11: "The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan."
1984:(in Arabic text: al-Farisiyah) (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date.
3676:
The length distinction is still strictly observed by careful reciters of classic-style poetry for all varieties (including Tajik).
3485:
are merged into the diphthongs and (which are descendants of the diphthongs and in Early New Persian), instead of merging into
11927:
9703:
A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary
8330:
7430:
2653:
ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903. This association officially declared that it used Persian and
1912:), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system.
13425:
12542:
12139:
11459:
10804:
6256:
5330:
4098:
4008:. In other words, in Persian, pronouns are gender-neutral. When referring to a masculine or a feminine subject, the same pronoun
9897:
6802:
was thus the language of the court and of the capital, Ctesiphon. On the other hand, it is equally clear from this passage that
6542:
6100:
4023:
2170:" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries.
1655:
for the Persian language, as its coding system is mostly based on the native-language designations. The more detailed standard
1512:
8684:
8598:
John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani,
8585:
John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani,
2924:. Part of the Tat-Persian continuum, spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as by immigrant communities in Israel and New York.
2059:, which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use. New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from
12338:
10311:
9599:
9512:
9500:
9432:
9392:
9279:
9252:
9158:
9051:
9032:
8902:
8790:
8623:
8385:
8162:
7810:
7620:
7566:
7527:
7487:
7362:
7103:
7070:
7007:
6756:
6444:
6360:
5875:
5424:
5187:
3636:
3601:
3590:
3579:
3197:
1803:. The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian
10204:
10181:
10158:
10093:
10026:
9978:
9936:
9839:
9816:
9793:
9749:
9726:
9662:
9639:
9616:
9541:
9216:
8995:
8848:
8022:
7331:
7076:
6600:
6405:
5881:
1590:, meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital
12154:
10248:
10135:
8822:
8509:
10809:
6459:
5335:
4102:
3920:
2875:
1142:
in Afghanistan. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the
862:
824:
9558:
9353:
9331:
9238:
5796:
5483:
4201:, Urdu, Bengali, and Hindi; the latter three through conquests of Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan invaders;
13415:
12535:
12132:
11748:
10783:
9907:
9475:
9319:
9300:
9188:
8058:
6635:
6594:
3207:
2879:
515:
8462:
4005:
2320:. It was a major literary language in the empire. Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are
13375:
10231:
10118:
9961:
9568:
9494:
9453:
9126:
9080:
8717:
8558:
8519:
8445:
8414:
8125:
8098:
8016:
7951:
7865:
7262:
6781:
6722:
Sahranavard, Neda, and Jerry Won Lee. "The Persianization of English in multilingual Tehran." World Englishes (2020).
6676:
6399:
6296:
6206:
6164:
5748:
5514:
4320:
colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase "thank you" may be expressed using the French word
2070:
The transition to New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the
908:
319:
8744:
7463:: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, British Institute of Persian Studies, vol. 12 (1974), p. 175.
13420:
13410:
13380:
4488:(in Persian, Dīndapirak, or Din Dabire—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the
4193:; etc.) in the 20th century. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other
3856:
3785:
2526:, and was a popular literary form used by Bengalis during the pre-colonial period, irrespective of their religion.
2533:
dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under
13430:
11942:
11474:
10845:
5250:
5159:
3832:
3396:
3388:
3316:
3224:
3132:
3115:
3001:
2554:
814:
6628:
Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice
4545:) in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. The Arabic system of vocalization marks known as
2086:
is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of
13334:
10440:
7780:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
7761:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
7733:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
6941:
6915:
6237:
Lazard, Gilbert (1971). "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa". In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
5968:
5774:
3201:
220:
10885:
8875:
8299:
Borjian, Habib (2006). "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans".
13385:
13279:
12973:
12645:
11741:
10379:
8491:
8377:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
7857:
3861:
3790:
546:
11763:
3570:. Therefore, contemporary Afghan Dari dialects are the closest to the vowel inventory of Early New Persian.
1158:. It also exerted some influence on Arabic, while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages.
577:
564:
13405:
13400:
10890:
10472:
10347:
6029:
4593:
3844:
3837:
3380:
3247:
3229:
3120:
9932:
A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion [etc.]
9091:
8935:
8048:
6832:
4893:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4796:
4756:
4716:
4676:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3533:
3529:
3507:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
2162:. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and
2047:
religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital
1516:
1508:
1504:
12809:
12388:
11722:
10480:
9783:
7910:
7157:
6500:
6476:
5163:
4621:
4134:
3882:
3404:
3356:
3321:
3290:
3192:
3098:
1202:
501:
10364:
1594:, which was spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of
13395:
13390:
11935:
11467:
10838:
10067:
A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary
9103:
9072:
6471:
4607:
3927:
3773:
3761:
3333:
3243:
2859:
The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects:
2650:
2399:
Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day
9263:
7401:
4106:
1779:
According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in
13360:
12558:
12162:
11300:
11125:
10900:
10757:
10541:
10433:
10394:
9336:
9225:
6986:
New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries."
6515:
4619:
4605:
4591:
4579:
4577:
4477:
4238:
3958:
3950:
3897:
3868:
3849:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3252:
2060:
1663:
for the dialects spoken across Iran and Afghanistan. This consists of the individual languages Dari (
1400:
1310:
1108:
1104:
943:
215:
5670:
5652:
5634:
5616:
5598:
5580:
4551:
is also used in Persian, although some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, a
4476:, which uses different pronunciation and additional letters not found in Arabic language. After the
2181:. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids,
1702:
The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods:
13365:
13269:
12656:
11957:
8485:
5124:
4234:
4206:
3993:
3960:
3810:
3412:
3364:
3304:
3212:
3103:
2333:
2112:
1177:
736:
11489:
10071:
10045:
A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax
9881:
9443:
13329:
13097:
13042:
11365:
10880:
10731:
10596:
10049:
10004:
10000:
A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language
9685:
5365:
5114:
5088:
4451:
4194:
3797:
3778:
3766:
3137:
2959:
2911:
2642:
1893:
1318:
955:
713:
491:
354:
200:
146:
6436:
6429:
3353:
Historically, Persian distinguished length. Early New Persian had a series of five long vowels (
2852:
2304:, took Persian language, art, and letters to Anatolia. They adopted the Persian language as the
2008:"New Persian" (also referred to as Modern Persian) is conventionally divided into three stages:
1448:
1005:
since 1999). It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within
12702:
11979:
11785:
10875:
10531:
10488:
8050:
The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire
6664:
6286:
5370:
4313:
4290:
4086:
3952:
3873:
3699:
2847:
2634:, and English terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology.
2495:
1322:
975:
951:
205:
20:
8780:
8613:
8375:
7610:
7556:
7517:
7477:
6154:
13312:
12113:
12030:
11717:
11446:
10704:
10419:
9312:
Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V)
9290:
8402:
8115:
7941:
7800:
6881:
6623:
6389:
6196:
5136:
5067:
in shape and form is the traditional Arabic style that continues in the Nile Valley, namely,
3912:
3739:
3732:
2716:
2459:
The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe,
1873:
1725:
1286:
1092:
1076:
959:
756:
Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects)
419:
9518:
9376:
8548:
7984:
7612:
Rumi – Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi
6350:
6123:
5958:
1194:
13324:
13229:
13000:
12582:
12333:
12217:
12035:
11916:
11856:
11771:
11648:
11643:
11602:
11582:
11530:
11283:
11218:
11005:
8764:
8179:
7178:
Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", page 6. American Oriental Society, 1950.
5307:
4254:
4226:
4035:
3802:
2915:
1821:
1745:
1274:
1155:
259:
9612:
The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory
9445:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8218:
7381:
5173:
1953:
as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state,
8:
13339:
12626:
12592:
12264:
12254:
12108:
11988:
11878:
11439:
10969:
10922:
10719:
9994:
8600:
Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
8587:
Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
8407:
Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
7224:
4294:
4270:
3826:
2574:
2561:
2538:
2480:
2214:
2206:
2178:
1957:
came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the
1881:
1877:
1453:
1247:
364:
62:
12053:
10322:
10065:
10043:
9998:
9875:
9679:
6703:
Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975–1019.
5415:
Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher (eds.).
2918:
of northwestern Iran, which is a member of a different branch of the Iranian languages.)
2385:
1923:
Middle Persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as Old Persian. The
1843:
Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was
13127:
13010:
12798:
12269:
12212:
11354:
11331:
11321:
11056:
10942:
10752:
10641:
9766:
9229:
9022:
7422:
5385:
5167:
4399:
4298:
4141:
4067:
4001:
3997:
3694:
2993:
2905:
2887:
2381:
2328:, which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the
2270:
2258:
2250:
2155:
1973:
1924:
1865:
1427:
1161:
Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the
1123:
1079:
on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in
1010:
917:
683:
324:
9701:
8745:
Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125–168.
7972:
6811:
was actually a form of Persian, the common language of Persia. (...) Both were called
6260:
5546:
4426:. Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by
3630:) by position of articulation rather than by length. However, there are studies (e.g.
2703:
The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name
2610:
2376:
was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" (
2099:
1639:. It is the name given to the varieties of Persian spoken in Central Asia in general.
1063:
Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in
728:
13264:
13188:
13143:
13073:
13053:
12954:
12929:
12876:
12697:
12692:
12679:
12597:
12289:
12259:
12227:
12042:
11965:
11900:
11829:
11658:
11638:
11497:
11346:
11326:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11245:
11140:
11109:
11067:
10998:
10947:
10917:
10861:
10658:
10536:
10307:
10284:
10265:
10227:
10221:
10114:
9957:
9913:
9903:
9706:(2nd ed.). Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co. p. 114 & 158
9595:
9564:
9508:
9471:
9449:
9428:
9388:
9385:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran
9363:
9315:
9296:
9275:
9248:
9184:
9154:
9122:
9076:
9047:
9028:
8786:
8713:
8619:
8554:
8515:
8441:
8435:
8431:
8410:
8381:
8158:
8121:
8094:
8054:
8012:
7947:
7871:
7861:
7806:
7616:
7562:
7523:
7483:
7358:
7258:
7066:
7062:
Languages of Iran: Past and Present: Iranian Studies in Memoriam David Neil MacKenzie
7003:
6752:
6672:
6631:
6590:
6440:
6395:
6356:
6292:
6202:
6160:
5964:
5924:
5871:
5510:
5457:
5420:
5375:
5345:
5312:
4939:
The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example,
4568:
4560:
4410:
4305:
4242:
4210:
4198:
4031:
3719:
3704:
3554:). On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared, and
3477:"strength" were lost. However, there are exceptions to this rule, and in some words,
3037:
2929:
2871:
2708:
2582:
2549:
through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the
2523:
2305:
2294:
2254:
2222:
2116:
2056:
1837:
1825:
1783:(where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called
1741:
1688:
1599:
1326:
1314:
1251:
1243:
1207:
1151:
1147:
1088:
1049:
978:
947:
210:
10398:
9233:
7839:
6092:
1824:
it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the
820:
13239:
13234:
13179:
13160:
13153:
13148:
13122:
13114:
13061:
12983:
12912:
12888:
12849:
12793:
12769:
12754:
12719:
12688:
12674:
12516:
12506:
12496:
12486:
12481:
12466:
12461:
12441:
12405:
12237:
12232:
12222:
12192:
12176:
12092:
12077:
12047:
11997:
11866:
11839:
11813:
11701:
11696:
11688:
11668:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11592:
11555:
11540:
11375:
11336:
11271:
11266:
11206:
11201:
11186:
11180:
11164:
11158:
11145:
11103:
11011:
10952:
10937:
10762:
10714:
10625:
10581:
10559:
9504:
8308:
8187:
7239:
Nicholas Sims-Williams, "The Iranian Languages", in Steever, Sanford (ed.) (1993),
5916:
5449:
4647:
4485:
4469:
4463:
4431:
4427:
4222:
4218:
4202:
4145:
4039:
3714:
3689:
2988:
2983:
2933:
2831:
2724:
2712:
2638:
2627:
2578:
2507:
2491:
2468:
2422:
2301:
2262:
2238:
2218:
2087:
2075:
2064:
2052:
1737:
1456:'s Center for Iranian Studies, mentions the same concern in an academic journal on
1330:
1184:
1143:
1080:
1060:) in southwestern Iran. Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages.
1018:
930:
876:
852:
693:
663:
395:
344:
329:
79:
9856:
9292:
The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism
6534:
6011:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society
4010:
1816:. Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language,
13287:
13221:
13196:
13083:
13005:
12993:
12925:
12921:
12900:
12822:
12759:
12749:
12744:
12732:
12727:
12664:
12602:
12511:
12501:
12491:
12471:
12421:
12279:
12274:
12247:
12202:
12087:
12072:
12003:
11982:
11888:
11844:
11678:
11663:
11653:
11597:
11577:
11567:
11535:
11316:
11288:
11278:
11231:
11174:
11169:
11150:
11031:
11026:
10974:
10909:
10736:
10709:
10674:
10620:
10615:
10591:
10564:
10388:
10242:
10198:
10175:
10152:
10129:
10087:
10020:
9972:
9930:
9833:
9810:
9787:
9743:
9720:
9656:
9633:
9610:
9535:
9420:
9380:
9267:
9178:
9066:
9062:
8751:
8287:
8006:
7879:
7408:
7388:
7060:
6997:
6584:
6481:
5865:
5350:
5319:
5098:
5072:
5068:
4481:
4473:
4439:
4286:
4282:
4262:
4250:
4112:
3982:
3947:
3709:
3020:
2893:
2839:
2822:
2749:
2728:
2631:
2586:
2443:
2234:
2226:
2190:
2186:
2151:
2071:
1885:
1833:
1817:
1800:
1692:
1684:
1583:
1543:, exclusively. Officially, the official language of Iran is designated simply as
1457:
1443:
1290:
1235:
1212:
1084:
1041:
1030:
982:
653:
613:
431:
425:
374:
369:
304:
279:
192:
180:
8818:
8680:
6864:
and was based upon the one used in the Sasanian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Ar.
6337:
The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.
6067:
Davis, Richard (2006). "Persian". In Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (eds.).
1691:(i.e., 400–300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially around the
751:
13306:
13206:
13201:
13018:
12988:
12934:
12863:
12844:
12827:
12788:
12777:
12683:
12476:
12362:
12207:
12197:
11893:
11790:
11673:
11435:
11393:
11380:
11083:
11072:
11021:
10964:
10958:
10932:
10927:
10726:
10574:
10504:
9348:
9344:
9221:
8312:
8011:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
7847:
7711:
Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World
7677:
Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools....
5380:
5355:
5340:
5215:
5197:
5155:
5149:
4447:
4309:
4301:
4278:
4266:
4230:
4214:
4120:
4082:
3755:
3417:. At some point prior to the 16th century in the general area now modern Iran,
3006:
2843:
2805:
2732:
2675:
A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called
2511:
2476:
2368:(also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now
2309:
2266:
2210:
2198:
2174:
2159:
2079:
1963:
1917:
1869:
1860:
1848:
1716:
1490:
1361:
1239:
1190:
1127:
1096:
1037:
1026:
998:
633:
473:
409:
385:
314:
289:
254:
175:
120:
66:
9068:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
8844:
8117:
A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume
6009:
Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006).
5920:
5453:
4422:
The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written with the
4085:
from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by
2123:, and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian.
13354:
13211:
13089:
12938:
12871:
12737:
12709:
12669:
12635:
12616:
12367:
12284:
11572:
11560:
11341:
11295:
11211:
11094:
11077:
10688:
10651:
10646:
10601:
10586:
10384:
9574:
9367:
9340:
9153:. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies.
7979:
7843:
6467:
5928:
5804:
5712:
5461:
4423:
4331:(stressed, however, on the first syllable), the hybrid Persian-Arabic phrase
4246:
4078:
3890:
3273:
3015:
2973:
2901:
2883:
2863:
2646:
2619:
2594:
2590:
2546:
2484:
2321:
2289:
2246:
2194:
2182:
2163:
2108:
2040:
2031:
1958:
1945:
1780:
1752:(reigned 522–486 BC). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now
1582:
in English, it is one of Afghanistan's two official languages, together with
1395:
1282:
1278:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1135:
1107:). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the
1053:
1022:
673:
643:
339:
334:
12527:
7883:
7875:
2593:
in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious execution in
1379:
13259:
13165:
12959:
12893:
12832:
12803:
12621:
12608:
12157:
10302:
Windfuhr, Gernot L. (15 January 2009). "Persian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.).
10025:
Vol. Part I.—Accidence. London & Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
9658:
The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises
7943:
The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab
5360:
5003:
4496:
4435:
4415:
3996:, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and
3966:
3818:
2774:
2460:
2242:
2141:
1636:
1294:
1227:
1119:
1068:
1014:
137:
9861:(8 ed.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co. p. 230
9416:
7673:
Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic
6773:
6495:
6156:
A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community
5739:
5658:
5640:
5622:
5604:
5586:
5568:
5475:
4977:) even though the latter has been accepted in Arabic since the 1980s; and
3645:) that consider vowel length to be the active feature of the system, with
2431:
1828:
and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.
1257:
There are approximately 130 million Persian speakers worldwide, including
1226:, are written in Persian. Some of the prominent modern Persian poets were
763:
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
608:
599:
12357:
11795:
11386:
10512:
10496:
10131:
A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen)
8965:
7852:
5711:: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the
5128:
5076:
4991:
4979:
4632:). On the other hand, there are four letters that do not exist in Arabic
4116:
3285:
3268:
3187:
3153:
3093:
3081:
2798:
2550:
2530:
2278:
2230:
2167:
2044:
1721:
1711:
1617:), the standard Persian of Tajikistan, has been officially designated as
1408:
as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century.
1376:
1100:
1045:
967:
858:
582:
569:
459:
403:
359:
249:
106:
9168:
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts".
7994:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.
7457:
Some thoughts on the sources for the Il-Khanid period of Persian history
4572:
A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian
4304:. Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on
11049:
10815:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
9880:(9 ed.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co. p.
9681:
A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges
9272:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana
8916:
Lazard, Gilbert (1956). "Charactères distinctifs de la langue Tadjik".
7906:"A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali"
7781:
7762:
7734:
7714:
5663:
5645:
5627:
5609:
5591:
5573:
5326:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
5110:
4553:
4443:
4387:
3726:
3328:
3278:
3236:
3158:
3127:
3086:
2818:
2814:
2534:
2472:
2464:
2404:
2317:
2274:
2202:
1897:
1796:
1776:. Old Persian is one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages.
1744:
inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the
1729:
1072:
1006:
971:
469:
413:
142:
126:
116:
5106:
2522:. Dobhashi Bengali was patronised and given official status under the
2137:
1503:("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars. The phonemic shift from
13102:
13033:
12456:
11883:
11238:
10606:
10373:
10085:
9463:
9387:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 321–326.
9274:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 636–637.
5676:(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
5120:
4274:
3311:
3219:
3110:
2954:
2940:
2921:
2452:
2436:
2369:
2090:
were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.
2048:
2001:
1656:
1648:
1591:
1364:
1163:
1064:
721:
703:
592:
556:
538:
349:
10830:
10413:
10157:. Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 226.
10064:
Richardson, John (1810). Sir Charles Wilkins; David Hopkins (eds.).
6937:
6911:
5770:
4000:, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no
3345:
1935:, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of
1810:
1804:
1385:
13066:
12561:
12011:
11545:
11191:
10425:
10357:
Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website
10356:
9427:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 34–35.
7983:
7220:
7015:
2838:(in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan),
2542:
2515:
2426:
2400:
2361:
2332:, a glorification of Selim I. After a period of several centuries,
2150:"Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of
2120:
1996:
1829:
1749:
1258:
1168:
1139:
1131:
832:
487:
156:
10680:
10391:. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu
9044:
The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period
8772:
8373:
7704:
Persian Historiography: History of Persian Literature A, Volume 10
7153:
6062:
6060:
6058:
2316:, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of
1901:
12882:
12451:
11766:
11416:
11036:
10991:
8403:"The Glottal Plosive: A Phoneme in Spoken Modern Persian or Not?"
8219:"TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN"
4547:
4489:
4403:
3299:
2389:
2356:
2351:
2338:
2313:
1844:
1765:
1761:
1595:
1270:
828:
8763:
L. Johanson, "Azerbaijan: Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish" in
8463:"Persian computational morphology: A unification-based approach"
7257:. Vol. 12 (New Edition, Supplement ed.). p. 432.
5113:
in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favor of
4468:
Modern Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian are written using the
4395:
4127:
original. Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include
4046:. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word
3965:
have merged into , as a voiced velar fricative when positioned
2672:; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention.
1114:
Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of
12446:
12352:
11849:
11587:
11550:
11196:
11043:
11016:
9119:
A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies
8968:. International Organization for Standardization. 14 May 2010.
8008:
The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)
7382:
Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects
6055:
6013:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912.
5551:
4124:
2720:
2654:
2623:
2393:
2365:
2273:. Persian was the only non-European language known and used by
2094:
1757:
1391:
1266:
1115:
1057:
481:
162:
152:
9061:
Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In
8681:"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language"
7786:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7767:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7739:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7719:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7479:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
6586:
Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order
2039:, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of
1695:, and New era being the period afterward down to present day.
1562:
The standard Persian of Afghanistan has been officially named
1515:
in the Middle Ages, and is because of the lack of the phoneme
1493:), which in turn comes from the same root as the English term
1394:" (a region in southwestern Iran, corresponding to modern-day
1103:
scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries (see
1017:. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the
900:
891:
888:
13274:
12431:
11861:
9638:(2 ed.). Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 120.
9151:
The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis
8778:
8035:
The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.
7837:
7029:
The major languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa
6999:
The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa
6734:
The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge
6460:
6008:
5132:
4962:
4951:
4128:
3618:) are currently distinguished from their short counterparts (
2943:
database proposes the following phylogenetic classification:
2835:
2566:
2499:
2403:) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them
1773:
1554:
1370:
1346:
9425:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/1: Dārā(b)–Dastūr al-Afāżel
4837:
Historically, there was also a special letter for the sound
3060:
Persian spoken by an Iranian. Recorded in the United States.
1498:
1484:
885:
12426:
11960:
11871:
11500:
11492:
11370:
10569:
10348:
Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website
10086:
Rosen, Friedrich; Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran) (1898).
8472:. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013
8380:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125.
7460:
7444:
courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!"
4043:
2978:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2570:
2083:
1840:
that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.
1769:
1753:
1262:
1172:
990:
963:
623:
463:
454:
399:
309:
284:
132:
110:
101:
9838:(5 ed.). Murray and Highley, J. Sewell. p. 194.
6348:
6124:"Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation"
4368:
meaning "I am" in Persian), or by the pure Persian phrase
3493:. Examples of the exception can be found in words such as
3295:
2870:), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian provinces of
2384:
linguistic and literary culture. The 16th-century Ottoman
897:
831:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8405:. In Éva Ágnes Csató; Bo Isaksson; Carina Jahani (eds.).
7856:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,
7471:
7469:
6198:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
2350:
Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held
1992:
1795:, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of
1527:
The standard Persian of Iran has been called, apart from
8470:
Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science: MCCS-00-320
8423:
8113:
7253:
Jeremias, Eva M. (2004). "Iran, iii. (f). New Persian".
5847:
Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in
53:
9501:
Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12
8819:"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts With Iranian Languages"
8637:
8635:
7646:
7644:
7592:
7590:
7091:
6239:
Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky
6232:
6230:
3969:
and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop otherwise.
8250:, p. 4: "Tat-Persian spoken in the East Caucasus"
7466:
7376:
7374:
6391:
Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India
4391:
Example showing Nastaʿlīq's (Persian) proportion rules
2744:
There are three standard varieties of modern Persian:
2479:, Persian was widely used as a second language in the
10401:. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
10180:. Printed at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 276.
8357:
8355:
8353:
8351:
7312:
7288:
7134:
6086:
6084:
6082:
5239:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4374:
4354:
4337:
4188:
4177:
4166:
4155:
1478:
1472:
1462:
1431:
1412:
1301:
might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian.
909:
42:
12378:
9725:(4th ed.). Wm. H. Allen & Co. p. 238.
8632:
7853:
Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
7641:
7587:
7110:
6589:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6, 81.
6369:
6227:
4965:
get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that
4348:
3973:• /n/ turns to /ŋ/ in words that ن comes before گ ک
2173:
Persian during this time served as lingua franca of
882:
9563:(2nd ed.). Ferdosi International Publication.
8709:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
8706:Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (March 2012).
8440:(3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. p. xvii.
7802:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
7371:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7122:
6280:
6278:
5907:Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan".
5704:
5702:
5440:Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan".
5277:
5154:The Cyrillic script was introduced for writing the
4004:in modern Persian, and pronouns are not marked for
3606:), the three vowels traditionally considered long (
3528:) is still preserved as well as the distinction of
1628:
1612:
879:
10420:Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)
9330:
9215:
8890:
8348:
8152:
7018:). This led to certain degree of regionalisation".
6856:. Khorasan, the homeland of the Parthians (called
6428:
6079:
5797:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran"
5738:
5414:
2900:), spoken mainly in southern Iranian provinces of
2589:. There is also a small population of Zoroastrian
1573:
1497:. In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym
9615:. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 558.
8503:
8501:
8454:
7741:. University of California Press. pp. 85–86.
7669:culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court."
7300:
7203:
7201:
7188:
7186:
7184:
6326:
6324:
6288:Encyclopedia of literary translation into English
2685:), which was completed in the future and renamed
13352:
9661:. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 94.
7903:
7713:, Murat Umut Inan, page 92 (note 27), edited by
7558:The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies
7357:(4th Revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 105.
7271:
6663:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013).
6349:Vafa, A; Abedinifard, M; Azadibougar, O (2021).
6275:
6250:
6248:
5699:
5528:
5526:
4353:being "thankful" in Arabic, commonly pronounced
2063:northern and northern Iranian languages such as
1437:is to be avoided in foreign languages, and that
962:predominantly spoken and used officially within
10128:Sen, Ramdhun (1841). Madhub Chunder Sen (ed.).
9408:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
9264:"Esmāʿīl, b. Aḥmad b. Asad Sāmānī, Abū Ebrāhīm"
9200:Persian Grammar: history and state of its study
9142:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
6528:
6526:
6427:Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ed.).
5960:Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe
4089:– two existing words combining into a new one.
4022:Persian adheres mainly to Subject-Object-Verb (
3573:According to most studies on the subject (e.g.
1111:, since then adopting the Perso-Arabic script.
9377:"Iran v. Peoples of Iran (1) A General Survey"
8498:
8331:"Vowel system of Contemporary Iranian Persian"
8053:. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 239.
7946:. University of California Press. p. 35.
7515:
7198:
7181:
7058:
6973:
6971:
6582:
6321:
5841:
5833:. Vol. 3. Psychology Press. p. 205.
5095:International Organization for Standardization
3589:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPisowicz1985 (
2269:, and also many Mughal successors such as the
2018:Contemporary Persian (19th century to present)
1052:(550–330 BCE). It originated in the region of
12557:
12543:
12316:
12140:
11943:
11749:
11475:
10846:
10441:
10380:Persian language tutorial books for beginners
9874:Jones, Sir William (1828). Samuel Lee (ed.).
9855:Jones, Sir William (1823). Samuel Lee (ed.).
9214:Bosworth, C. E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995).
9213:
8705:
8367:
7799:Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012).
7798:
7788:. University of California Press. p. 85.
7769:. University of California Press. p. 86.
7324:
6245:
5867:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5523:
5221:
5203:
5008:
4996:
4972:
4966:
4956:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4859:
4850:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4633:
4627:
4613:
4599:
4585:
4540:
4369:
4360:
4332:
4321:
4183:
4172:
4161:
4150:
3578:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSamareh1977 (
3546:
3537:
3520:
3511:
3502:However, in Dari, the archaic distinction of
3494:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
2690:
2680:
2663:
2410:
1976:(eighth century) still distinguished between
1647:The international language-encoding standard
1548:
1182:
924:
36:
9684:. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p.
8918:Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris
8546:
8460:
7554:
7516:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).
7380:Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006.
6662:
6583:Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012).
6523:
6435:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
6420:
6355:. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–14.
6190:
6188:
5709:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
5186:The following text is from Article 1 of the
5062:
4984:
4944:
4343:
4326:
3600:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNajafi2001 (
2514:folk, based on a Persian model and known as
1522:
787: Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 speakers
19:"Farsi" redirects here. For other uses, see
10789:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
10414:How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti
10070:. Printed for F. and C. Rivingson. p.
9954:Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision
9631:
9406:. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
9140:. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
8909:
8409:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 79–96.
8394:
8374:International Phonetic Association (1999).
6968:
6520:, s.v. "Persian", draft revision June 2007.
6394:. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13.
5262:
3635:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHayes1979 (
3349:The vowel phonemes of modern Tehran Persian
2537:rule over the northwestern frontier of the
2417:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
2146:, an influential work in Persian literature
1809:itself coming directly from the older word
1622:
1606:
1355:
1349:
522:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
13371:Languages attested from the 6th century BC
12550:
12536:
12323:
12309:
12147:
12133:
11950:
11936:
11756:
11742:
11482:
11468:
10853:
10839:
10779:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
10448:
10434:
10399:A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary
10286:A pocket dictionary of English and Persian
10267:A pocket dictionary of English and Persian
10244:A pocket dictionary of English and Persian
10063:
9902:. Institut Français de Recherche en Iran.
9354:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9239:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9108:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8216:
7935:
7933:
7102:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (
6731:
6566:Iran-Shenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies
6071:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 602–603.
5679:
5303:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
5205:
4650:adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet:
3499:(bright). Numerous other instances exist.
2707:. It was established by the initiative of
2557:and the decline of Persian in South Asia.
2133:List of Persian-language poets and authors
1567:
1424:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
793: Between 100,000 and 500,000 speakers
762:
750:
510:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
52:
12346:Official and national language (Dialects)
10320:
10219:
10042:Ranking, George Speirs Alexander (1907).
9956:(illustrated ed.). RoutledgeCurzon.
9632:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji; Saʻdī (1880).
9537:A concise grammar of the Persian language
9441:
9328:
8615:The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
8507:
8429:
7998:
6671:(3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339.
6185:
6090:
6030:"Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5824:
5822:
4259:List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
4107:Iranian languages § Comparison table
1009:, as well as within other regions with a
799: Between 25,000 and 100,000 speakers
10301:
9492:
9401:
9309:
9261:
9197:
8901:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith1989 (
8779:George L. Campbell; Gareth King (2013).
8247:
8107:
7978:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7561:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 409.
7252:
7059:Weber, Dieter; MacKenzie, D. N. (2005).
6956:
6833:"Persian Language: i: Early New Persian"
6532:
6426:
5859:
5857:
5726:Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan
5417:Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars
5410:
5408:
5406:
5172:
5097:has published a standard for simplified
4841:. This letter is no longer used, as the
4567:
4559:
4409:
4394:
4386:
4072:
3642:
3585:
3344:
3045:
2609:
2442:
2430:
2288:
2136:
1991:
1864:
1715:
805: Fewer than 25,000 speakers to none
10805:List of English words of Persian origin
10321:Wollaston, (Sir) Arthur Naylor (1882).
10108:
10041:
9928:
9764:
9589:
9362:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 52–75.
9148:
9092:"Persian Language i. Early New Persian"
8936:"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian"
8547:Yousef, Saeed; Torabi, Hayedeh (2013).
8298:
8088:
7939:
7930:
7475:
7207:
7192:
7172:
7140:
7097:
6978:
6962:
6746:
6621:
6576:
6330:
6027:
5956:
5331:List of English words of Persian origin
4099:List of English words of Persian origin
3574:
2928:More distantly related branches of the
2834:(in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan),
2600:
2560:Beginning in 1843, though, English and
2051:and the northeastern Iranian region of
2015:Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries)
1044:(224–651 CE), itself a continuation of
863:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
825:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
13353:
10282:
10263:
10240:
10018:
9993:
9977:. Printed by L. Hodgson. p. 143.
9970:
9895:
9741:
9718:
9699:
9677:
9654:
9608:
9556:
9533:
9414:
9176:
9060:
8915:
8799:from the original on 27 September 2015
8592:
8400:
8328:
8046:
8004:
7838:Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012).
7694:Picturing History at the Ottoman Court
7650:
7615:. Oneworld Publications. p. 340.
7596:
7423:"Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1"
7420:
7352:
7346:
7318:
7294:
6995:
6771:
6352:Persian Literature as World Literature
6291:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1057.
6284:
6254:
6236:
6153:Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016).
6091:de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015).
5996:
5981:
5941:
5828:
5819:
5504:
3596:
12531:
12339:Languages of the United Arab Emirates
12304:
12128:
11931:
11737:
11463:
10860:
10834:
10429:
10422:– USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
10226:(3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers.
10022:A grammar of the Persian language ...
9873:
9854:
9831:
9808:
9782:
9462:
9288:
9207:
9135:
9116:
9041:
8896:
8687:from the original on 17 November 2017
8641:
8611:
8550:Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook
8361:
8229:from the original on 25 February 2021
8217:Aliev, Bahriddin; Okawa, Aya (2010).
7819:from the original on 11 February 2020
7745:
7629:from the original on 26 February 2020
7608:
7433:from the original on 17 November 2020
7306:
7116:
7079:from the original on 17 November 2016
6918:from the original on 16 February 2022
6879:
6784:from the original on 24 November 2020
6603:from the original on 13 February 2020
6408:from the original on 13 February 2020
6387:
6375:
6215:from the original on 17 November 2016
6194:
6152:
6134:from the original on 17 November 2016
6066:
5906:
5863:
5854:
5777:from the original on 16 February 2022
5564:
5562:
5539:
5486:from the original on 17 November 2014
5439:
5419:. Multilingual Matters. p. 169.
5403:
5188:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5105:Another Latin alphabet, based on the
4111:While having a lesser influence from
3631:
2345:
2012:Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries)
929:
78:
10455:
10184:from the original on 3 December 2020
10003:. London: Trübner & Co. p.
9951:
9935:. Vol. 2. Calcutta: T. Watley.
9374:
9096:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
9089:
9020:
8198:from the original on 25 October 2012
8134:from the original on 9 February 2018
7960:from the original on 9 February 2018
7779:
7760:
7732:
7683:Persian Historiography and Geography
7522:. Infobase Publishing. p. 322.
7355:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan
7282:
7219:
7195:, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.
7128:
6892:from the original on 1 February 2020
6830:
6772:Lazard, Gilbert (17 November 2011).
6732:Richardson, Charles Francis (1892).
6533:Jazayeri, M. A. (15 December 1999).
6130:. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366.
6036:. Vol. XIII. pp. 344–377.
5016:The letters different in shape are:
4050:and precedes prepositional phrases:
3669:phonologically short or monomoraic.
3657:phonologically long or bimoraic and
2284:
2126:
2025:
1967:, which was actually but one of the
1687:; Old era being sometime around the
1568:
1036:Modern Persian is a continuation of
10810:List of French loanwords in Persian
10200:A dictionary in English and Persian
10196:
10177:A dictionary in English and Persian
10173:
10154:A dictionary in Persian and English
10150:
10127:
9590:Delshad, Farshid (September 2007).
8553:. New York: Routledge. p. 37.
8120:. Mittal Publications. p. 87.
8114:Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990).
7154:"Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953"
6938:"639 Identifier Documentation: tgk"
6912:"639 Identifier Documentation: fas"
6669:Compendium of the World's Languages
6255:Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008).
6173:from the original on 2 October 2022
6121:
5884:from the original on 2 October 2022
5771:"639 Identifier Documentation: fas"
5763:
5751:from the original on 5 January 2022
5507:Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union
5336:List of French loanwords in Persian
5177:Tajiki advertisement for an academy
5063:
5009:
4997:
4985:
4973:
4967:
4957:
4945:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4860:
4851:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4634:
4628:
4614:
4600:
4586:
4541:
4484:, used for Middle Persian, and the
4472:which is a modified variant of the
4457:
4402:'s personal handwriting, a typical
4370:
4361:
4344:
4333:
4322:
4184:
4173:
4162:
4151:
4103:List of French loanwords in Persian
3547:
3538:
3521:
3512:
3495:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
2691:
2681:
2664:
2502:; a poem which can be found in the
2372:, in the northern part of Greece).
2281:and in his journeys through China.
1740:, Old Persian is attested in royal
1549:
925:
37:
13:
13311:Languages between parentheses are
11445:Languages between parentheses are
10784:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
10410:, ucla.edu (archived 20 July 2006)
10283:Tucker, William Thornhill (1850).
10264:Tucker, William Thornhill (1850).
10241:Tucker, William Thornhill (1801).
10207:from the original on 10 March 2021
10161:from the original on 10 March 2021
10096:from the original on 10 March 2021
10029:from the original on 10 March 2021
9981:from the original on 10 March 2021
9939:from the original on 10 March 2021
9842:from the original on 10 March 2021
9819:from the original on 10 March 2021
9796:from the original on 10 March 2021
9752:from the original on 10 March 2021
9729:from the original on 10 March 2021
9678:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875).
9665:from the original on 10 March 2021
9655:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1879).
9642:from the original on 10 March 2021
9609:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1880).
9544:from the original on 10 March 2021
9496:Etymological Dictionary of Persian
9485:
8946:from the original on 17 March 2019
8851:from the original on 29 April 2011
8825:from the original on 18 March 2021
8726:from the original on 10 March 2021
8567:from the original on 10 March 2021
8528:from the original on 10 March 2021
8335:Variation in Persian Vowel Systems
8177:
8067:from the original on 1 August 2020
7904:Sarah Anjum Bari (12 April 2019).
7575:from the original on 1 August 2020
7536:from the original on 1 August 2020
7519:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
7040:Barbara M. Horvath, Paul Vaughan,
6843:from the original on 17 March 2019
6685:from the original on 10 March 2021
6644:from the original on 10 March 2021
6545:from the original on 25 April 2017
6493:
6305:from the original on 10 March 2021
6040:from the original on 23 April 2020
5944:Tajikistan in the new Central Asia
5559:
5509:. London: Routledge. p. 362.
4564:Persian typewriter keyboard layout
4492:but sometimes for Middle Persian.
2698:
2649:in 1871. After Naser ed Din Shah,
1578:) since 1958. Also referred to as
1013:history in the cultural sphere of
781: More than 1,000,000 speakers
516:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
428:(2nd century BC to 7th century AD)
14:
13447:
10341:
10251:from the original on 3 April 2013
10138:from the original on 3 April 2013
9877:A grammar of the Persian language
9858:A grammar of the Persian language
9835:A grammar of the Persian language
9812:A grammar of the Persian language
9789:A grammar of the Persian language
9768:A grammar of the Persian language
9619:from the original on 23 July 2016
8869:
8782:Compendium of the World Languages
8093:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6.
7918:from the original on 21 June 2020
7496:from the original on 27 July 2020
7343:Jackson, A. V. Williams.pp.17–19.
7160:from the original on 19 July 2017
6944:from the original on 2 March 2021
6831:Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013).
6780:. Vol. VII. pp. 34–35.
6103:from the original on 10 June 2019
5870:. Psychology Press. p. 518.
5831:Islam and Politics in Afghanistan
5162:in the late 1930s, replacing the
5143:
5082:
4160:for "army", instead of the Uzbek
4119:and its core vocabulary being of
3926:
3919:
3881:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3738:
3731:
2668:) for "railway", were printed in
2510:dialect emerged among the common
2030:New Persian texts written in the
1949:. This is the origin of the name
1854:
1471:Etymologically, the Persian term
1304:
13032:
12381:
12332:
12156:
11959:
11765:
11491:
11419:(unknown further classification)
10405:UCLA Language Materials Project:
10092:. Luzac & C.̊. p. 400.
9899:Grammaire du persan contemporain
9896:Lazard, Gilbert (January 2006).
8984:
8972:from the original on 6 June 2011
8958:
8928:
8863:
8837:
8811:
8757:
8738:
8699:
8673:
8666:Xavier Planhol, "Land of Iran",
8660:
8647:
8605:
8579:
8540:
8322:
8292:
8273:
8263:
8253:
8241:
8210:
8171:
8146:
6794:It is derived from the word for
5669:
5651:
5633:
5615:
5597:
5579:
4452:romanization systems for Persian
3441:. Thus, older contrasts such as
3393:) along with three short vowels
2622:, the dialect that is spoken in
2605:
1904:construction, expressed through
1317:, which make up a branch of the
875:
843:
12054:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
10220:Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993).
10111:Compendium linguarum Iranicarum
10048:. The Clarendon Press. p.
8430:Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993).
8082:
8040:
8025:from the original on 4 May 2019
7897:
7831:
7792:
7773:
7726:
7656:
7602:
7548:
7509:
7449:
7414:
7394:
7337:
7246:
7233:
7213:
7146:
7047:
7034:
7021:
6989:
6930:
6904:
6873:
6824:
6765:
6740:
6725:
6716:
6706:
6697:
6656:
6615:
6557:
6508:
6487:
6453:
6381:
6342:
6146:
6115:
6021:
6002:
5950:
5935:
5900:
5789:
5731:
5719:
5160:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
2677:Words of Scientific Association
2618:In the 19th century, under the
1422:is still more widely used. The
1025:, and within Tajikistan in the
744:> 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)
13426:Southwestern Iranian languages
13315:of the language on their left.
11449:of the language on their left.
10820:Persian language in South Asia
10551:
10389:New Persian–English dictionary
10019:Platts, John Thompson (1894).
9997:(1883). Guy Le Strange (ed.).
9952:Mace, John (18 October 2002).
9540:(Oxford University ed.).
9442:Litvinsky, B. A., ed. (1996).
9295:. Cambridge University Press.
9121:. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill.
9014:
8329:Miller, Corey (January 2012).
6626:. In Schiffman, Harold (ed.).
6335:. Cambridge University Press.
6257:"Persian Loan Words in Arabic"
5849:Media Insight Central Asia #27
5498:
5468:
5433:
5263:
5127:. It is most commonly used in
4495:In the modern Persian script,
4382:
4253:; Afro-Asiatic languages like
4014:is used (pronounced "ou", ū).
2467:. Following the Turko-Persian
1987:
1705:
1623:
1477:derives from its earlier form
1040:, an official language of the
1:
13436:Subject–object–verb languages
10324:An English-Persian dictionary
9534:Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857).
9468:History of Iranian Literature
9021:Frye, Richard Nelson (1984).
8992:"Smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil"
8874:. Bashgah.net. Archived from
8657:, Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 193–200.
8461:Megerdoomian, Karine (2000).
7858:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
7805:. A&C Black. p. 18.
7476:de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994).
7031:, Taylor & Francis, p. 82
6630:. Leiden: Brill. p. 94.
6241:. Edinburgh University Press.
6069:Medieval Islamic Civilization
6028:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006).
5536:, Routledge 2009, p. 417–418.
5166:that had been used since the
4934:
4092:
4061:
3992:Suffixes predominate Persian
3987:
3679:
2388:(died 1572), who hailed from
2300:A branch of the Seljuks, the
1748:, dating to the time of King
1075:. Old Persian is attested in
178:: 72 million (2017–2021)
10464:
9557:Dahlén, Ashk (April 2014) .
9183:. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd.
8508:Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997).
8270:its characteristic features"
7685:, Bertold Spuler, page 68, "
7555:Wastl-Walter, Doris (2011).
7065:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
6880:Perry, John (20 July 2009).
5396:
4641:
4450:). There also exist several
4312:, particularly as spoken in
3074:Tehrani Persian vowel chart
3031:
2842:(in Southern Iran), and the
2739:
2573:(also historically known as
2529:Following the defeat of the
1812:
1805:
1642:
1574:
1555:
1499:
1485:
1380:
1345:is an English derivation of
1333:are the most widely spoken.
7:
12389:United Arab Emirates portal
12024:Official minority languages
11723:Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language
10306:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
10304:The World's Major Languages
9832:Jones, Sir William (1801).
9809:Jones, Sir William (1797).
9748:. W.H. Allen. p. 238.
9310:de Blois, Francois (2004).
8153:نگار داوری اردکانی (1389).
7911:The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
7696:, Emine Fetvacı, page 31, "
7609:Lewis, Franklin D. (2014).
7241:The Indo-European Languages
6749:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
6501:Online Etymology Dictionary
6431:The World's Major Languages
6331:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1953).
5296:
5278:
5240:
5181:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4375:
4355:
4349:
4338:
4245:, and, to a lesser extent,
4189:
4178:
4167:
4156:
2364:, Bosnia and Herzegovina),
2223:Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia
1629:
1613:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1432:
1413:
1309:Persian is a member of the
1203:The Conference of the Birds
1183:
43:
10:
13452:
10732:Romanized Persian alphabet
10374:Persian Language Resources
10370:(archived 9 December 2012)
10365:Persian language Resources
10223:An Introduction to Persian
9765:Ibrâhîm, Muḥammad (1841).
9329:de Bruijn, J.T.P. (1978).
9073:Cambridge University Press
8437:An Introduction to Persian
8432:"The Phonology of Persian"
8313:10.1163/157338406780346005
7699:newly converted young men.
7391:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
7353:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011).
7210:, vi(1). Earliest Evidence
6751:. Routledge. p. 324.
6736:. Dodd, Mead. p. 541.
6461:
5963:. Routledge. p. 201.
5801:Islamic Parliament of Iran
5147:
5086:
4461:
4414:The word "Persian" in the
4096:
4065:
4030:: sentences have optional
3980:
3976:
3035:
2876:Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
2641:, were under the reign of
2597:and speak a Dari dialect.
2420:
2414:
2411:Use in Indian subcontinent
2130:
1880:from between 293 and 297.
1858:
1709:
1678:
1386:
1371:
185:Total (L1+L2): 130 million
18:
13416:Languages of the Caucasus
13297:
13252:
13220:
13187:
13178:
13136:
13113:
13052:
13041:
13030:
12972:
12947:
12911:
12862:
12768:
12718:
12655:
12644:
12581:
12568:
12414:
12398:
12376:
12345:
12185:
12169:
12163:Languages of Turkmenistan
12101:
12078:Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)
12065:
12023:
11972:
11909:
11822:
11806:
11778:
11710:
11687:
11631:
11523:
11507:
11426:
11409:
11309:
11133:
11124:
10983:
10908:
10899:
10868:
10797:
10771:
10758:Middle Persian literature
10745:
10697:
10667:
10634:
10550:
10542:Western Iranian languages
10524:
10463:
10395:Steingass, Francis Joseph
10353:(archived 30 August 2009)
10109:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989).
9929:Lumsden, Matthew (1810).
9505:Brill Academic Publishers
9493:Asatrian, Garnik (2010).
9198:Windfuhr, Gernot (1979).
9149:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000).
8750:11 September 2007 at the
8490:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8344:– via ResearchGate.
8286:17 September 2013 at the
8180:"Persian, Dari and Tajik"
8157:. روایت فتح. p. 33.
8089:Clawson, Patrick (2004).
8047:Fenech, Louis E. (2013).
6882:"Tajik ii. Tajik Persian"
6747:Strazny, Philipp (2013).
6624:"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki"
6516:Oxford English Dictionary
5921:10.1080/02634939608400946
5696:, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
5454:10.1080/02634939608400946
5223:
5222:
5204:
4531:"chrome" are all spelled
4497:historically short vowels
4359:in Persian, and the verb
4327:
4042:followed by a compulsory
4017:
4009:
3332:
3320:
3294:
3242:
3206:
3196:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3064:
2880:Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
2067:and especially Parthian.
1607:
1523:Standard varieties' names
1401:Oxford English Dictionary
1354:, the adjectival form of
1210:, and the miscellanea of
1109:Muslim conquest of Persia
1105:Middle Persian literature
811:
761:
749:
735:
719:
590:
554:
536:
531:
500:
447:Official language in
445:
440:
382:
298:
270:
242:
189:
171:
94:
74:
51:
35:
30:
13376:Languages of Afghanistan
13270:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
12066:Other minority languages
10289:. J. Madden. p. 145
10270:. J. Madden. p. 145
9560:Modern persisk grammatik
9470:. Springer Netherlands.
9289:Crone, Patricia (2012).
9262:Bosworth, C. E. (1998).
9177:Spuler, Bertold (2003).
8618:. OUP USA. p. 352.
8612:Owens, Jonathan (2013).
7850:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).
6996:Comrie, Bernard (2003).
5391:
5125:ISO basic Latin alphabet
1635:) since the time of the
1426:has maintained that the
1375:), a Hellenized form of
1323:Indo-Iranian subdivision
1178:Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
1048:, which was used in the
952:Indo-Iranian subdivision
944:Western Iranian language
183:: 38 million (2021–2022)
16:Western Iranian language
13421:Languages of Uzbekistan
13411:Languages of Tajikistan
13381:Languages of Azerbaijan
13330:Languages of Azerbaijan
9971:Moises, Edward (1792).
9742:Forbes, Duncan (1876).
9719:Forbes, Duncan (1869).
9700:Forbes, Duncan (1844).
9332:"Iran, vii.—Literature"
9247:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
9136:Perry, John R. (2011).
9117:Perry, John R. (2005).
8655:Iran & the Caucasus
8602:, Routledge, 2005. p.97
8401:Jahani, Carina (2005).
8301:Iran & the Caucasus
7991:Encyclopædia Britannica
7421:Yazıcı, Tahsin (2010).
7027:Comrie, Bernard (1990)
6798:(court, lit., "gate").
6622:Spooner, Brian (2012).
6477:A Greek–English Lexicon
6097:Encyclopædia Britannica
5505:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
5366:Romanization of Persian
5220:
5202:
5089:Romanization of Persian
4961:); words using various
4478:Arab conquest of Persia
4195:Indo-European languages
4115:and other languages of
3510:(respectively known as
2930:Iranian language family
2821:. It is written in the
2769:, and by minorities in
1894:grammatical conjugation
1724:inscription written in
1675:for Tajik, separately.
1667:) and Iranian Persian (
1460:, rejecting the use of
1360:, itself deriving from
1336:
1319:Indo-European languages
1138:in South Asia, and the
956:Indo-European languages
775: Official language
13431:Stress-timed languages
10552:Dialects and varieties
10532:Indo-Iranian languages
9402:Jeremiás, Éva (2011).
8754:(accessed August 2016)
8155:برنامهریزی زبان فارسی
8005:Grewal, J. S. (1990).
7675:, B. Fortna, page 50;"
7387:2 October 2011 at the
7255:Encyclopaedia of Islam
6285:Classe, Olive (2000).
6201:. BRILL. p. XXX.
6122:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor.
5957:Cordell, Karl (1998).
5371:List of link languages
5178:
4573:
4565:
4438:, is written with the
4419:
4407:
4392:
4314:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4291:Austronesian languages
4273:indirectly especially
3350:
3061:
2962:(including Armeno-Tat)
2882:some western parts of
2848:mutual intelligibility
2615:
2496:Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah
2456:
2440:
2297:
2147:
2005:
1927:of Middle Persian was
1889:
1847:, the language of the
1733:
1468:in foreign languages.
1356:
1350:
1029:, a derivative of the
1021:, a derivative of the
851:This article contains
813:This article contains
742:58-AAC (Wider Persian)
21:Farsi (disambiguation)
12399:Semiofficial language
12114:Kurdish Sign Language
11807:Semiofficial language
11718:Persian Sign Language
10705:Old Persian cuneiform
10508:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
10197:Sen, Ramdhun (1833).
10174:Sen, Ramdhun (1833).
10151:Sen, Ramdhun (1829).
9170:Encyclopaedia Iranica
9090:Paul, Ludwig (2000).
8514:. London: Routledge.
8223:Encyclopaedia Iranica
7427:Encyclopaedia Iranica
6965:vi(2). Documentation.
6468:Liddell, Henry George
6195:Holes, Clive (2001).
5942:Jonson, Lena (2006).
5829:Olesen, Asta (1995).
5694:The Iranian Languages
5534:The Iranian Languages
5176:
5025:Persian style letter
4941:alef with hamza below
4590:), three letters for
4571:
4563:
4413:
4398:
4390:
4073:Native word formation
4036:prepositional phrases
3348:
3059:
2948:Farsic–Caucasian Tat
2717:Mohammad Ali Foroughi
2613:
2446:
2439:, India, 18th century
2434:
2292:
2140:
1995:
1874:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1868:
1726:Old Persian cuneiform
1719:
1311:Western Iranian group
1077:Old Persian cuneiform
1001:(officially known as
993:(officially known as
985:(officially known as
976:mutually intelligible
960:pluricentric language
916:), also known by its
420:Old Persian cuneiform
13386:Languages of Bahrain
13335:Languages of Georgia
13325:Languages of Armenia
12036:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
11917:Arabic Sign Language
11772:Languages of Bahrain
11440:historical languages
9995:Palmer, Edward Henry
9375:Frye, R. N. (2004).
9202:. Walter de Gruyter.
9075:. pp. 595–633.
8765:Encyclopedia Iranica
8668:Encyclopedia Iranica
7985:"Ranjit Singh"
7407:29 June 2018 at the
7229:. pp. IV.v.2–9.
6886:Encyclopædia Iranica
6837:Encyclopædia Iranica
6778:Encyclopædia Iranica
6539:Encyclopædia Iranica
6388:Green, Nile (2012).
6128:Encyclopædia Iranica
6093:"Persian literature"
6034:Encyclopædia Iranica
5909:Central Asian Survey
5864:Baker, Mona (2001).
5480:Encyclopædia Iranica
5442:Central Asian Survey
5308:Indo-European copula
5287:English translation
5022:Arabic style letter
2932:include Kurdish and
2886:, and some parts of
2853:Encyclopædia Iranica
2850:. Nevertheless, the
2687:Katouzian Dictionary
2651:Mozaffar ed Din Shah
2601:Contemporary Persian
2477:British colonization
2082:(874–999). Abbas of
1980:(i.e. Parthian) and
1746:Behistun Inscription
1519:in Standard Arabic.
1449:Encyclopædia Iranica
1398:). According to the
1156:Indo-Aryan languages
768:Persian linguasphere
221:Southwestern Iranian
13406:Languages of Russia
13401:Languages of Kuwait
13340:Languages of Russia
12109:Iraqi Sign Language
11989:Mesopotamian Arabic
10720:Persian calligraphy
10473:Proto-Indo-European
9521:on 27 December 2010
9415:Lazard, G. (1994).
7455:John Andrew Boyle,
7042:Community languages
6564:"Zaban-i Nozohur".
6074:European languages.
5117:in the late 1930s.
5107:New Turkic Alphabet
4618:), two letters for
4604:), two letters for
4271:Dravidian languages
4239:Caucasian languages
3262:
3147:
3075:
2639:Persian orthography
2481:Indian subcontinent
2308:of the empire. The
2179:Indian subcontinent
2177:and of much of the
1878:Paikuli inscription
1535:, by names such as
1513:influence of Arabic
1454:Columbia University
1248:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
913:-zhən, -shən
63:Persian calligraphy
12810:Caucasian Albanian
12415:Minority languages
12186:Minority languages
12170:Official languages
11973:Official languages
11823:Minority languages
11632:Minority languages
11524:Regional languages
10753:Persian literature
10500:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
10481:Proto-Indo-Iranian
10416:, Persian Graffiti
9784:Jones, Sir William
9592:Anthologia Persica
9577:on 11 October 2017
9208:General references
9042:Kuhrt, A. (2013).
8998:on 22 January 2010
5807:on 27 October 2016
5740:"Persian, Iranian"
5692:Windfuhr, Gernot:
5532:Windfuhr, Gernot:
5386:Language geography
5179:
5168:October Revolution
4845:-sound changed to
4574:
4566:
4420:
4408:
4400:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
4393:
4068:Persian vocabulary
4002:grammatical gender
3351:
3261:Tajik vowel chart
3260:
3145:
3073:
3062:
2888:Khuzestan Province
2616:
2457:
2449:Takht-e Shah Jahan
2441:
2346:Use in the Balkans
2298:
2271:Nizam of Hyderabad
2259:Emirate of Bukhara
2251:Khanate of Bukhara
2148:
2006:
1890:
1851:liturgical texts.
1799:in the records of
1734:
1118:on writing in the
1083:-derived scripts (
979:standard varieties
931:[fɒːɾˈsiː]
80:[fɒːɾˈsiː]
13396:Languages of Iraq
13391:Languages of Iran
13348:
13347:
13307:extinct languages
13248:
13247:
13174:
13173:
13028:
13027:
12968:
12967:
12525:
12524:
12298:
12297:
12122:
12121:
11966:Languages of Iraq
11925:
11924:
11779:Official language
11731:
11730:
11689:Working languages
11508:Official language
11457:
11456:
11405:
11404:
11120:
11119:
10862:Iranian languages
10828:
10827:
10683:
10635:Language features
10537:Iranian languages
10525:Language families
10517:
10509:
10501:
10493:
10485:
10477:
10313:978-0-415-35339-7
9601:978-3-8325-1620-8
9514:978-90-04-18341-4
9434:978-1-56859-019-6
9394:978-0-933273-89-4
9281:978-1-56859-055-4
9254:978-90-04-09834-3
9172:. Vol. XIII.
9160:978-0-7286-0314-1
9104:cite encyclopedia
9053:978-1-136-01694-3
9034:978-3-406-09397-5
8792:978-1-136-25846-6
8712:. A&C Black.
8625:978-0-19-976413-6
8387:978-0-521-63751-0
8178:Beeman, William.
8164:978-600-6128-05-4
7846:; Miah, Sajahan;
7812:978-1-4411-5127-8
7622:978-1-78074-737-8
7568:978-0-7546-7406-1
7529:978-1-4381-1025-7
7489:978-92-3-102813-7
7364:978-0-8108-7815-0
7072:978-3-447-05299-3
7009:978-1-134-93257-3
6758:978-1-135-45522-4
6572:(I): 27–30. 1992.
6494:Harper, Douglas.
6446:978-0-19-506511-4
6362:978-1-501-35420-5
5877:978-0-415-25517-2
5667:(27th ed., 2024)
5649:(27th ed., 2024)
5631:(27th ed., 2024)
5613:(27th ed., 2024)
5595:(27th ed., 2024)
5577:(27th ed., 2024)
5547:"Kuwaiti Persian"
5426:978-1-84769-637-3
5376:Dialect continuum
5346:Parthian language
5322:, Western Persian
5313:Iranian languages
5294:
5293:
5214:Iranian Persian (
5196:Iranian Persian (
5123:is Persian using
5059:
5058:
4932:
4931:
4835:
4834:
4140:The inclusion of
3940:
3939:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3258:
3257:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3146:Dari vowel chart
3143:
3142:
3057:
3038:Persian phonology
2709:Reza Shah Pahlavi
2670:Soltani Newspaper
2643:Naser ed Din Shah
2524:Sultans of Bengal
2306:official language
2295:Ottoman miniature
2285:Use in Asia Minor
2255:Khanate of Kokand
2127:Classical Persian
2057:Parthian language
2026:Early New Persian
1826:Achaemenid Empire
1781:Southwestern Iran
1689:Achaemenid Empire
1446:, founder of the
1315:Iranian languages
1252:Forugh Farrokhzad
1208:Attar of Nishapur
1050:Achaemenid Empire
997:since 1964), and
946:belonging to the
859:rendering support
839:
838:
821:rendering support
817:phonetic symbols.
605:Individual codes:
502:Regulated by
422:(525 BC – 330 BC)
260:Early New Persian
13443:
13361:Persian language
13185:
13184:
13050:
13049:
13036:
12653:
12652:
12579:
12578:
12559:Languages of the
12552:
12545:
12538:
12529:
12528:
12391:
12386:
12385:
12384:
12337:
12336:
12325:
12318:
12311:
12302:
12301:
12161:
12160:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12126:
12125:
12073:Gorani (Hawrami)
11964:
11963:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11929:
11928:
11770:
11769:
11758:
11751:
11744:
11735:
11734:
11623:Khorasani Turkic
11496:
11495:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11461:
11460:
11301:Zoroastrian Dari
11131:
11130:
10906:
10905:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10832:
10831:
10763:Tajik literature
10715:Persian alphabet
10679:
10560:Standard Persian
10515:
10507:
10499:
10491:
10483:
10475:
10457:Persian language
10450:
10443:
10436:
10427:
10426:
10369:
10361:
10352:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10317:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10279:
10277:
10275:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10237:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10124:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10015:
10013:
10011:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9967:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9912:. Archived from
9892:
9890:
9888:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9605:
9594:. Logos Verlag.
9586:
9584:
9582:
9573:. Archived from
9553:
9551:
9549:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9517:. Archived from
9481:
9459:
9438:
9421:Yarshater, Ehsan
9411:
9398:
9381:Yarshater, Ehsan
9371:
9334:
9325:
9306:
9285:
9268:Yarshater, Ehsan
9258:
9230:Heinrichs, W. P.
9219:
9203:
9194:
9173:
9164:
9145:
9132:
9113:
9107:
9099:
9086:
9063:Frye, Richard N.
9057:
9038:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9003:
8994:. Archived from
8988:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8966:"ISO 233-3:1999"
8962:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8932:
8926:
8925:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8776:
8770:
8761:
8755:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8677:
8671:
8664:
8658:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8630:
8629:
8609:
8603:
8596:
8590:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8505:
8496:
8495:
8489:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8467:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8371:
8365:
8359:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8296:
8290:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8188:Brown University
8184:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8072:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8030:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7940:Mir, F. (2010).
7937:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7758:
7743:
7742:
7730:
7724:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7473:
7464:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7440:
7438:
7418:
7412:
7398:
7392:
7378:
7369:
7368:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7335:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7286:
7280:
7269:
7268:
7250:
7244:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7196:
7190:
7179:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7100:, pp. 80–1.
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7051:
7045:
7038:
7032:
7025:
7019:
7013:
6993:
6987:
6975:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6850:
6848:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:( of the court).
6791:
6789:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6729:
6723:
6720:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6530:
6521:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6491:
6485:
6464:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6434:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6259:. Archived from
6252:
6243:
6242:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6192:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6088:
6077:
6076:
6064:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5979:
5978:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5861:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5803:. Archived from
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5742:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5706:
5697:
5690:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5656:
5655:
5638:
5637:
5620:
5619:
5602:
5601:
5584:
5583:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5543:
5537:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5412:
5281:
5273:transliteration
5266:
5265:
5249:Iranian Persian
5243:
5235:transliteration
5228:
5227:
5225:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5193:
5192:
5066:
5065:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5000:
4999:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4948:
4947:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4653:
4652:
4648:Persian alphabet
4637:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4486:Avestan alphabet
4470:Persian alphabet
4464:Persian alphabet
4458:Persian alphabet
4432:Turkic languages
4378:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4203:Turkic languages
4192:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4013:
3967:intervocalically
3964:
3956:
3930:
3923:
3885:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3742:
3735:
3684:
3683:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3263:
3259:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3148:
3144:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3058:
2832:Hazaragi dialect
2713:Hekmat e Shirazi
2711:, and mainly by
2694:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2667:
2666:
2614:Persian dialects
2555:British conquest
2492:Bengal Sultanate
2423:Persian and Urdu
2302:Sultanate of Rum
2277:at the Court of
2263:Khanate of Khiva
2219:Sultanate of Rum
2143:Kalilah va Dimna
2121:Dobhashi Bengali
2088:Hanzala Badghisi
2076:Saffarid dynasty
1872:text written in
1815:
1808:
1738:written language
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1466:
1435:
1416:
1390:), which means "
1389:
1388:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1188:
1019:Persian alphabet
941:
940:
939:
933:
928:
927:
912:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
847:
846:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
766:
754:
731:
711:
701:
691:
681:
671:
664:Hazaragi dialect
661:
651:
641:
631:
621:
611:
603:– inclusive code
602:
595:
586:
580:
573:
567:
559:
550:
549:
541:
396:Persian alphabet
388:
195:
90:
89:
88:
82:
56:
46:
40:
39:
28:
27:
13451:
13450:
13446:
13445:
13444:
13442:
13441:
13440:
13366:Culture of Iran
13351:
13350:
13349:
13344:
13318:
13293:
13288:Shirvani Arabic
13244:
13216:
13197:Karachay-Balkar
13170:
13132:
13109:
13044:
13037:
13024:
12976:
12964:
12943:
12907:
12858:
12764:
12714:
12648:
12640:
12603:Judaeo-Georgian
12585:
12572:
12564:
12556:
12526:
12521:
12410:
12394:
12387:
12382:
12380:
12374:
12341:
12331:
12329:
12299:
12294:
12248:Iranian Persian
12181:
12165:
12155:
12153:
12123:
12118:
12097:
12061:
12019:
11968:
11958:
11956:
11926:
11921:
11905:
11818:
11802:
11774:
11764:
11762:
11732:
11727:
11706:
11683:
11627:
11519:
11503:
11490:
11488:
11458:
11453:
11452:
11422:
11401:
11305:
11116:
10979:
10895:
10864:
10859:
10829:
10824:
10793:
10767:
10741:
10737:Persian Braille
10710:Pahlavi scripts
10693:
10675:Persian grammar
10663:
10630:
10592:Kuwaiti Persian
10546:
10520:
10459:
10454:
10376:, parstimes.com
10367:
10359:
10350:
10344:
10339:
10330:
10328:
10314:
10292:
10290:
10273:
10271:
10254:
10252:
10234:
10210:
10208:
10187:
10185:
10164:
10162:
10141:
10139:
10121:
10113:. L. Reichert.
10099:
10097:
10076:
10074:
10054:
10052:
10032:
10030:
10009:
10007:
9984:
9982:
9964:
9942:
9940:
9919:
9917:
9910:
9886:
9884:
9864:
9862:
9845:
9843:
9822:
9820:
9799:
9797:
9773:
9771:
9755:
9753:
9732:
9730:
9709:
9707:
9690:
9688:
9668:
9666:
9645:
9643:
9622:
9620:
9602:
9580:
9578:
9571:
9547:
9545:
9524:
9522:
9515:
9488:
9486:Further reading
9478:
9456:
9435:
9410:. Brill Online.
9395:
9349:Bosworth, C. E.
9322:
9303:
9282:
9255:
9222:Bosworth, C. E.
9210:
9191:
9167:
9161:
9144:. Brill Online.
9129:
9101:
9100:
9083:
9054:
9035:
9017:
9012:
9011:
9001:
8999:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8975:
8973:
8964:
8963:
8959:
8949:
8947:
8934:
8933:
8929:
8914:
8910:
8900:
8895:
8891:
8881:
8879:
8878:on 23 July 2011
8868:
8864:
8854:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8838:
8828:
8826:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8802:
8800:
8793:
8777:
8773:
8762:
8758:
8752:Wayback Machine
8743:
8739:
8729:
8727:
8720:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8688:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8665:
8661:
8652:
8648:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8610:
8606:
8597:
8593:
8584:
8580:
8570:
8568:
8561:
8545:
8541:
8531:
8529:
8522:
8506:
8499:
8486:cite conference
8483:
8482:
8475:
8473:
8465:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8428:
8424:
8417:
8399:
8395:
8388:
8372:
8368:
8360:
8349:
8339:
8337:
8327:
8323:
8297:
8293:
8288:Wayback Machine
8278:
8274:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8230:
8215:
8211:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8182:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8135:
8128:
8112:
8108:
8101:
8087:
8083:
8070:
8068:
8061:
8045:
8041:
8028:
8026:
8019:
8003:
7999:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7954:
7938:
7931:
7921:
7919:
7902:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7868:
7848:Khanam, Mahfuza
7836:
7832:
7822:
7820:
7813:
7797:
7793:
7778:
7774:
7759:
7746:
7731:
7727:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7623:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7588:
7578:
7576:
7569:
7553:
7549:
7539:
7537:
7530:
7514:
7510:
7499:
7497:
7490:
7474:
7467:
7454:
7450:
7436:
7434:
7419:
7415:
7409:Wayback Machine
7402:iranchamber.com
7399:
7395:
7389:Wayback Machine
7379:
7372:
7365:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7281:
7272:
7265:
7251:
7247:
7238:
7234:
7218:
7214:
7206:
7199:
7191:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7163:
7161:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7073:
7052:
7048:
7039:
7035:
7026:
7022:
7010:
6994:
6990:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6921:
6919:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6878:
6874:
6846:
6844:
6829:
6825:
6787:
6785:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6745:
6741:
6730:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6679:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6638:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6597:
6581:
6577:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6531:
6524:
6513:
6509:
6492:
6488:
6482:Perseus Project
6458:
6454:
6447:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6333:Persian grammar
6329:
6322:
6308:
6306:
6299:
6283:
6276:
6266:
6264:
6253:
6246:
6235:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6209:
6193:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6167:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6089:
6080:
6065:
6056:
6043:
6041:
6026:
6022:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5982:
5971:
5955:
5951:
5940:
5936:
5905:
5901:
5887:
5885:
5878:
5862:
5855:
5846:
5842:
5827:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5707:
5700:
5691:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5659:Bukhori dialect
5657:
5650:
5639:
5632:
5621:
5614:
5603:
5596:
5587:Iranian Persian
5585:
5578:
5567:
5560:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5413:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5351:Persian Braille
5320:Iranian Persian
5299:
5272:
5234:
5233:Iranian Persian
5184:
5152:
5146:
5099:transliteration
5091:
5085:
4937:
4849:, e.g. archaic
4790:že (zhe or jhe)
4644:
4474:Arabic alphabet
4466:
4460:
4440:Cyrillic script
4385:
4265:, particularly
4235:Karachay-Balkar
4207:Ottoman Turkish
4109:
4095:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4020:
3990:
3985:
3983:Persian grammar
3979:
3948:Iranian Persian
3703:
3682:
3634:
3599:
3588:
3577:
3067:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3029:
2970:Eastern Farsic
2823:Cyrillic script
2813:) is spoken in
2797:) is spoken in
2782:Eastern Persian
2765:) is spoken in
2759:Western Persian
2750:Iranian Persian
2742:
2705:Academy of Iran
2701:
2699:Pahlavi dynasty
2608:
2603:
2485:Mughal emperors
2429:
2419:
2413:
2348:
2334:Ottoman Turkish
2287:
2227:Delhi Sultanate
2152:medieval Persia
2135:
2129:
2117:Chagatai Turkic
2113:Ottoman Turkish
2100:Kalila wa Dimna
2078:(860–903), and
2072:Tahirid dynasty
2028:
1990:
1974:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
1969:writing systems
1939:", Old Persian
1886:Iraqi Kurdistan
1863:
1857:
1834:Armenian people
1820:, according to
1801:Shalmaneser III
1714:
1708:
1693:Sasanian Empire
1685:Iranian history
1681:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1608:форси́и тоҷикӣ́
1605:Tajik Persian (
1541:Western Persian
1537:Iranian Persian
1525:
1444:Ehsan Yarshater
1339:
1307:
1291:Afghan Pashtuns
1236:Simin Behbahani
1171:, the works of
1042:Sasanian Empire
1031:Cyrillic script
983:Iranian Persian
981:, respectively
958:. Persian is a
935:
934:
910:
896:
878:
874:
868:
867:
866:
857:Without proper
848:
844:
819:Without proper
807:
806:
802:
800:
796:
794:
790:
788:
784:
782:
778:
776:
772:
769:
757:
745:
743:
727:
707:
706:
697:
696:
687:
686:
677:
676:
667:
666:
657:
656:
654:Bukhori dialect
647:
646:
637:
636:
627:
626:
617:
616:
614:Iranian Persian
607:
606:
604:
598:
591:
576:
575:
574:
563:
562:
555:
545:
544:
537:
527:
479:
448:
441:Official status
436:
432:Persian Braille
426:Pahlavi scripts
389:
384:
305:Iranian/Western
294:
280:Iranian Persian
273:
266:
245:
238:
216:Western Iranian
196:
193:Language family
191:
184:
179:
167:
84:
83:
70:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13449:
13439:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13346:
13345:
13343:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13316:
13309:
13299:
13298:
13295:
13294:
13292:
13291:
13284:
13283:
13282:
13277:
13267:
13262:
13256:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13246:
13245:
13243:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13226:
13224:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13193:
13191:
13182:
13176:
13175:
13172:
13171:
13169:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13157:
13156:
13151:
13140:
13138:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13130:
13125:
13119:
13117:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13107:
13106:
13105:
13095:
13094:
13093:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13070:
13069:
13058:
13056:
13047:
13039:
13038:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13023:
13022:
13015:
13014:
13013:
13008:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12980:
12978:
12970:
12969:
12966:
12965:
12963:
12962:
12957:
12951:
12949:
12945:
12944:
12942:
12941:
12932:
12918:
12916:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12903:
12898:
12897:
12896:
12886:
12874:
12868:
12866:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12856:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12852:
12847:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12836:
12835:
12825:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12780:
12774:
12772:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12741:
12740:
12730:
12724:
12722:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12712:
12707:
12706:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12686:
12677:
12672:
12661:
12659:
12650:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12624:
12614:
12613:
12612:
12605:
12589:
12587:
12576:
12566:
12565:
12555:
12554:
12547:
12540:
12532:
12523:
12522:
12520:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12418:
12416:
12412:
12411:
12409:
12408:
12402:
12400:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12392:
12377:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12349:
12347:
12343:
12342:
12328:
12327:
12320:
12313:
12305:
12296:
12295:
12293:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12251:
12250:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12189:
12187:
12183:
12182:
12180:
12179:
12173:
12171:
12167:
12166:
12152:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12129:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12116:
12111:
12105:
12103:
12102:Sign languages
12099:
12098:
12096:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12069:
12067:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12045:
12040:
12039:
12038:
12027:
12025:
12021:
12020:
12018:
12017:
12016:
12015:
12008:
11995:
11994:
11993:
11976:
11974:
11970:
11969:
11955:
11954:
11947:
11940:
11932:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11919:
11913:
11911:
11910:Sign languages
11907:
11906:
11904:
11903:
11898:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11876:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11854:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11810:
11808:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11798:
11793:
11782:
11780:
11776:
11775:
11761:
11760:
11753:
11746:
11738:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11725:
11720:
11714:
11712:
11711:Sign languages
11708:
11707:
11705:
11704:
11699:
11693:
11691:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11681:
11676:
11674:Zargari Romani
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11635:
11633:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11564:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11538:
11533:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11517:
11511:
11509:
11505:
11504:
11487:
11486:
11479:
11472:
11464:
11455:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11443:
11428:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11421:
11420:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11394:Middle Persian
11390:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11358:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11292:
11291:
11281:
11276:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11267:Semnani proper
11264:
11259:
11249:
11242:
11235:
11228:
11227:
11226:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11184:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11143:
11137:
11135:
11128:
11122:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11088:
11087:
11080:
11075:
11053:
11046:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11014:
11009:
11002:
10995:
10987:
10985:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10914:
10912:
10903:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10886:Middle Iranian
10883:
10878:
10872:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10858:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10835:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10801:
10799:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10775:
10773:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10727:Tajik alphabet
10724:
10723:
10722:
10712:
10707:
10701:
10699:
10698:Writing system
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10671:
10669:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10661:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10638:
10636:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10556:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10518:
10510:
10505:Middle Persian
10502:
10494:
10486:
10478:
10469:
10467:
10461:
10460:
10453:
10452:
10445:
10438:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10417:
10411:
10402:
10392:
10385:Haim, Soleiman
10382:
10377:
10371:
10362:
10354:
10343:
10342:External links
10340:
10338:
10337:
10318:
10312:
10299:
10280:
10261:
10238:
10232:
10217:
10194:
10171:
10148:
10134:(2 ed.).
10125:
10119:
10106:
10083:
10061:
10039:
10016:
9991:
9968:
9962:
9949:
9926:
9909:978-2909961378
9908:
9893:
9871:
9852:
9829:
9815:(4 ed.).
9806:
9792:(3 ed.).
9780:
9762:
9739:
9716:
9697:
9675:
9652:
9629:
9606:
9600:
9587:
9569:
9554:
9531:
9513:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9477:978-9401034814
9476:
9460:
9454:
9439:
9433:
9412:
9399:
9393:
9372:
9337:van Donzel, E.
9326:
9321:978-0947593476
9320:
9307:
9302:978-1107642386
9301:
9286:
9280:
9259:
9253:
9226:van Donzel, E.
9209:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9195:
9190:978-9971774882
9189:
9174:
9165:
9159:
9146:
9133:
9127:
9114:
9087:
9081:
9058:
9052:
9039:
9033:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9009:
8983:
8957:
8940:Iranica Online
8927:
8908:
8889:
8862:
8836:
8810:
8791:
8771:
8756:
8737:
8718:
8698:
8672:
8659:
8646:
8631:
8624:
8604:
8591:
8578:
8559:
8539:
8520:
8497:
8453:
8446:
8422:
8415:
8393:
8386:
8366:
8347:
8321:
8307:(2): 243–258.
8291:
8272:
8262:
8252:
8240:
8209:
8170:
8163:
8145:
8126:
8106:
8099:
8081:
8060:978-0199931453
8059:
8039:
8017:
7997:
7982:, ed. (1911).
7980:Chisholm, Hugh
7971:
7952:
7929:
7896:
7866:
7844:Islam, Sirajul
7830:
7811:
7791:
7772:
7744:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7707:
7701:
7691:
7680:
7670:
7666:
7655:
7640:
7621:
7601:
7586:
7567:
7547:
7528:
7508:
7488:
7465:
7448:
7413:
7393:
7370:
7363:
7345:
7336:
7323:
7321:, p. 597.
7311:
7299:
7297:, p. 596.
7287:
7270:
7263:
7245:
7232:
7212:
7197:
7180:
7171:
7145:
7133:
7131:, p. 103.
7121:
7119:, p. 197.
7109:
7090:
7071:
7046:
7044:, 1991, p. 276
7033:
7020:
7008:
6988:
6967:
6955:
6929:
6903:
6872:
6823:
6764:
6757:
6739:
6724:
6715:
6705:
6696:
6677:
6655:
6637:978-9004201453
6636:
6614:
6596:978-1934536568
6595:
6575:
6556:
6535:"Farhangestān"
6522:
6507:
6486:
6452:
6445:
6419:
6400:
6380:
6378:, p. 284.
6368:
6361:
6341:
6320:
6297:
6274:
6263:on 20 May 2011
6244:
6226:
6207:
6184:
6165:
6145:
6114:
6078:
6054:
6020:
6001:
5980:
5969:
5949:
5946:. p. 108.
5934:
5915:(2): 213–216.
5899:
5876:
5853:
5851:, August 2002.
5840:
5818:
5788:
5762:
5730:
5718:
5698:
5678:
5623:Tajik language
5558:
5538:
5522:
5515:
5497:
5467:
5448:(2): 213–216.
5432:
5425:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5381:Geolinguistics
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5356:Persian metres
5353:
5348:
5343:
5341:Middle Persian
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5246:
5245:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5211:
5210:
5201:
5183:
5180:
5164:Latin alphabet
5156:Tajik language
5150:Tajik alphabet
5148:Main article:
5145:
5144:Tajik alphabet
5142:
5109:, was used in
5087:Main article:
5084:
5083:Latin alphabet
5081:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5023:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4876:Isolated form
4874:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:Isolated form
4657:
4643:
4640:
4515:"generosity",
4462:Main article:
4459:
4456:
4448:Tajik alphabet
4406:Persian script
4384:
4381:
4310:Serbo-Croatian
4267:Bahrani Arabic
4121:Middle Persian
4094:
4091:
4083:form new words
4074:
4071:
4066:Main article:
4063:
4060:
4028:(S) (PP) (O) V
4019:
4016:
4006:natural gender
3989:
3986:
3981:Main article:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3066:
3063:
3036:Main article:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2951:Caucasian Tat
2945:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2909:
2891:
2844:Tehrani accent
2827:
2826:
2802:
2791:Afghan Persian
2778:
2741:
2738:
2700:
2697:
2692:فرهنگ کاتوزیان
2682:لغت انجمن علمی
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2541:. Employed by
2520:mixed language
2512:Bengali Muslim
2504:Divan of Hafez
2447:Persian poem,
2435:Persian poem,
2415:Main article:
2412:
2409:
2392:in modern-day
2378:Rumili Farsisi
2347:
2344:
2293:Persian on an
2286:
2283:
2175:Greater Persia
2128:
2125:
2080:Samanid Empire
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
1989:
1986:
1943:, New Persian
1918:Zoroastrianism
1882:Slemani Museum
1870:Middle Persian
1861:Middle Persian
1859:Main article:
1856:
1855:Middle Persian
1853:
1772:, Turkey, and
1710:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1680:
1677:
1659:uses the code
1651:uses the code
1644:
1641:
1614:forsi-i tojikī
1580:Afghan Persian
1524:
1521:
1511:is due to the
1491:Middle Persian
1338:
1335:
1306:
1305:Classification
1303:
1275:Iranian Azeris
1244:Rahi Mo'ayyeri
1240:Sohrab Sepehri
1191:Nizami Ganjavi
1124:Persian poetry
1038:Middle Persian
1027:Tajik alphabet
999:Tajiki Persian
948:Iranian branch
861:, you may see
849:
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
823:, you may see
809:
808:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
767:
759:
758:
755:
747:
746:
741:
739:
733:
732:
725:
717:
716:
634:Tajik language
596:
588:
587:
560:
552:
551:
542:
534:
533:
532:Language codes
529:
528:
526:
525:
519:
513:
506:
504:
498:
497:
496:
495:
478:
477:
467:
457:
451:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
435:
434:
429:
423:
417:
410:Tajik alphabet
407:
392:
390:
386:Writing system
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
300:
296:
295:
293:
292:
287:
285:Afghan Persian
282:
276:
274:
272:Standard forms
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
263:
262:
255:Middle Persian
248:
246:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
199:
197:
190:
187:
186:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
150:
140:
135:
130:
124:
114:
104:
98:
96:
95:Native to
92:
91:
76:
72:
71:
57:
49:
48:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13448:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13358:
13356:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13320:
13319:
13314:
13310:
13308:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13296:
13290:
13289:
13285:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13272:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13251:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13227:
13225:
13223:
13219:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13194:
13192:
13190:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13177:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13146:
13145:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13135:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13112:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13096:
13092:
13091:
13087:
13086:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13068:
13065:
13064:
13063:
13060:
13059:
13057:
13055:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13040:
13035:
13021:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13003:
13002:
12999:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12986:
12985:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12952:
12950:
12946:
12940:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12910:
12902:
12899:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12884:
12880:
12879:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12865:
12861:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12812:
12811:
12807:
12806:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12786:
12784:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12767:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12739:
12736:
12735:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12725:
12723:
12721:
12717:
12711:
12708:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12667:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12654:
12651:
12647:
12643:
12637:
12634:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12619:
12618:
12615:
12611:
12610:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12600:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12563:
12560:
12553:
12548:
12546:
12541:
12539:
12534:
12533:
12530:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
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12425:
12423:
12420:
12419:
12417:
12413:
12407:
12404:
12403:
12401:
12397:
12390:
12379:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12335:
12326:
12321:
12319:
12314:
12312:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12184:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12159:
12150:
12145:
12143:
12138:
12136:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12100:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12064:
12056:
12055:
12051:
12050:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12037:
12034:
12033:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12022:
12014:
12013:
12009:
12007:
12005:
12001:
12000:
11999:
11996:
11992:
11990:
11986:
11985:
11984:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11962:
11953:
11948:
11946:
11941:
11939:
11934:
11933:
11930:
11918:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11908:
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11881:
11880:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11809:
11805:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11768:
11759:
11754:
11752:
11747:
11745:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11709:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11686:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11516:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11494:
11485:
11480:
11478:
11473:
11471:
11466:
11465:
11462:
11448:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11429:
11425:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11408:
11396:
11395:
11391:
11389:
11388:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11366:Caucasian Tat
11364:
11363:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11308:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11229:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11182:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11096:
11092:
11086:
11085:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11066:
11065:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11007:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10996:
10994:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10960:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10876:Proto-Iranian
10874:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10856:
10851:
10849:
10844:
10842:
10837:
10836:
10833:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10772:Organizations
10770:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10748:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10696:
10690:
10689:Tajik grammar
10687:
10682:
10678:
10677:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10666:
10660:
10657:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10640:
10639:
10637:
10633:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10605:
10603:
10602:Judeo-Persian
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10553:
10549:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10523:
10514:
10511:
10506:
10503:
10498:
10495:
10492:(c. 1500 BCE)
10490:
10489:Proto-Iranian
10487:
10484:(c. 2000 BCE)
10482:
10479:
10476:(c. 3000 BCE)
10474:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10451:
10446:
10444:
10439:
10437:
10432:
10431:
10428:
10421:
10418:
10415:
10412:
10409:
10406:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10375:
10372:
10366:
10363:
10358:
10355:
10349:
10346:
10345:
10327:. W. H. Allen
10326:
10325:
10319:
10315:
10309:
10305:
10300:
10288:
10287:
10281:
10269:
10268:
10262:
10250:
10246:
10245:
10239:
10235:
10233:0-936347-29-5
10229:
10225:
10224:
10218:
10206:
10202:
10201:
10195:
10183:
10179:
10178:
10172:
10160:
10156:
10155:
10149:
10137:
10133:
10132:
10126:
10122:
10120:3-88226-413-6
10116:
10112:
10107:
10095:
10091:
10090:
10084:
10073:
10069:
10068:
10062:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10040:
10028:
10024:
10023:
10017:
10006:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9992:
9980:
9976:
9975:
9969:
9965:
9963:0-7007-1695-5
9959:
9955:
9950:
9938:
9934:
9933:
9927:
9916:on 3 May 2012
9915:
9911:
9905:
9901:
9900:
9894:
9883:
9879:
9878:
9872:
9860:
9859:
9853:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9830:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9807:
9795:
9791:
9790:
9785:
9781:
9770:
9769:
9763:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9717:
9705:
9704:
9698:
9687:
9683:
9682:
9676:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9653:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9630:
9618:
9614:
9613:
9607:
9603:
9597:
9593:
9588:
9576:
9572:
9570:9789197988674
9566:
9562:
9561:
9555:
9543:
9539:
9538:
9532:
9520:
9516:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9479:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9455:9789231032110
9451:
9447:
9446:
9440:
9436:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9355:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9317:
9314:. Routledge.
9313:
9308:
9304:
9298:
9294:
9293:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9260:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9201:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9134:
9130:
9128:90-04-14323-8
9124:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9084:
9082:0-521-20093-8
9078:
9074:
9071:. Cambridge:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9046:. Routledge.
9045:
9040:
9036:
9030:
9027:. C.H. Beck.
9026:
9025:
9019:
9018:
8997:
8993:
8987:
8971:
8967:
8961:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8931:
8923:
8919:
8912:
8904:
8898:
8893:
8877:
8873:
8872:"Bashgah.net"
8866:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8824:
8820:
8814:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:. Routledge.
8784:
8783:
8775:
8769:
8766:
8760:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8741:
8725:
8721:
8719:9781441151278
8715:
8711:
8710:
8702:
8686:
8682:
8676:
8669:
8663:
8656:
8650:
8644:, p. 99.
8643:
8638:
8636:
8627:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8608:
8601:
8595:
8588:
8582:
8566:
8562:
8560:9781136283888
8556:
8552:
8551:
8543:
8527:
8523:
8521:0-415-02311-4
8517:
8513:
8512:
8504:
8502:
8493:
8487:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8447:0-936347-29-5
8443:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8418:
8416:0-415-30804-6
8412:
8408:
8404:
8397:
8389:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8370:
8363:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8280:modality..."
8276:
8266:
8256:
8249:
8248:Windfuhr 1979
8244:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8181:
8174:
8166:
8160:
8156:
8149:
8133:
8129:
8127:9788170992141
8123:
8119:
8118:
8110:
8102:
8100:1-4039-6276-6
8096:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8043:
8036:
8024:
8020:
8018:0-521-63764-3
8014:
8010:
8009:
8001:
7993:
7992:
7986:
7981:
7975:
7959:
7955:
7953:9780520262690
7949:
7945:
7944:
7936:
7934:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7867:984-32-0576-6
7863:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7834:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7740:
7736:
7729:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7653:, p. 69.
7652:
7647:
7645:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7605:
7599:, p. 68.
7598:
7593:
7591:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7551:
7535:
7531:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7472:
7470:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7445:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7400:according to
7397:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7340:
7333:
7332:Public Domain
7327:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7303:
7296:
7291:
7284:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7266:
7264:90-04-13974-5
7260:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7236:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7209:
7204:
7202:
7194:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7175:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7143:, p. 53.
7142:
7137:
7130:
7125:
7118:
7113:
7105:
7099:
7094:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7037:
7030:
7024:
7017:
7011:
7005:
7002:. Routledge.
7001:
7000:
6992:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6964:
6959:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6760:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6735:
6728:
6719:
6709:
6700:
6684:
6680:
6678:9781136258466
6674:
6670:
6666:
6659:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6527:
6519:
6517:
6511:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6472:Scott, Robert
6469:
6465:
6456:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6423:
6407:
6403:
6401:9780199088751
6397:
6393:
6392:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6325:
6317:
6304:
6300:
6298:1-884964-36-2
6294:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6279:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6249:
6240:
6233:
6231:
6214:
6210:
6208:90-04-10763-0
6204:
6200:
6199:
6191:
6189:
6172:
6168:
6166:9781315511078
6162:
6159:. Routledge.
6158:
6157:
6149:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6051:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5953:
5945:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5844:
5837:
5832:
5825:
5823:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5713:lingua franca
5710:
5705:
5703:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5641:Aimaq dialect
5636:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5516:0-7103-0188-X
5512:
5508:
5501:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5006:
5005:
4994:
4993:
4989:) changes to
4982:
4981:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4949:) changes to
4942:
4928:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:Initial form
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4831:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:Initial form
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4639:
4623:
4609:
4595:
4581:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4523:"cream", and
4522:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4424:Arabic script
4417:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4380:
4377:
4376:sepās-gozāram
4367:
4357:
4351:
4340:
4329:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:; as well as
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4180:
4169:
4158:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4135:John R. Perry
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4079:agglutination
4069:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3984:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3644:
3643:Windfuhr 1979
3638:
3633:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3587:
3586:Pisowicz 1985
3581:
3576:
3571:
3553:
3544:
3527:
3518:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3347:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3044:
3039:
3022:
3021:Western Farsi
3019:
3017:
3016:Judeo-Persian
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:Tati language
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2884:Fars Province
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:Tajik Persian
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:Qajar dynasty
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:Qajar dynasty
2612:
2606:Qajar dynasty
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:Hasht Bihisht
2323:
2322:Idris Bidlisi
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:Mughal Empire
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:lingua franca
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:lingua franca
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2032:Arabic script
2023:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:Arabic script
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:P. O. Skjærvø
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1658:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1615:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1378:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Iranian Kurds
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Ahmad Shamlou
1229:
1225:
1224:Saadi Shirazi
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Arabic script
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
932:
922:
919:
915:
914:
905:
872:
864:
860:
856:
854:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
810:
765:
760:
753:
748:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
724:
723:
718:
715:
714:Caucasian Tat
712: –
710:
705:
702: –
700:
695:
692: –
690:
685:
682: –
680:
675:
674:Judeo-Persian
672: –
670:
665:
662: –
660:
655:
652: –
650:
645:
644:Aimaq dialect
642: –
640:
635:
632: –
630:
625:
622: –
620:
615:
612: –
610:
601:
597:
594:
589:
584:
579:
571:
566:
561:
558:
553:
548:
543:
540:
535:
530:
523:
520:
518:(Afghanistan)
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
505:
503:
499:
493:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
450:
444:
439:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
397:
394:
393:
391:
387:
381:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Caucasian Tat
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Judeo-Persian
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
297:
291:
290:Tajik Persian
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
275:
269:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
247:
241:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:Indo-European
198:
194:
188:
182:
177:
174:
170:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
97:
93:
87:
81:
77:
75:Pronunciation
73:
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
45:
34:
29:
26:
22:
13302:
13286:
13260:Kalmyk Oirat
13166:Pontic Greek
13088:
13078:
13017:
12881:
12808:
12609:Old Georgian
12607:
12586:(Kartvelian)
12573:
12436:
12242:
12082:
12052:
12010:
12002:
11987:
11834:
11514:
11498:Languages of
11431:
11392:
11385:
11360:
11353:
11244:
11237:
11230:
11179:
11157:
11102:
11093:
11082:
11062:
11055:
11048:
11004:
10997:
10990:
10957:
10798:Other topics
10608:
10456:
10368:(in Persian)
10360:(in Persian)
10351:(in Persian)
10329:. Retrieved
10323:
10303:
10291:. Retrieved
10285:
10272:. Retrieved
10266:
10253:. Retrieved
10243:
10222:
10209:. Retrieved
10199:
10186:. Retrieved
10176:
10163:. Retrieved
10153:
10140:. Retrieved
10130:
10110:
10098:. Retrieved
10088:
10075:. Retrieved
10066:
10053:. Retrieved
10044:
10031:. Retrieved
10021:
10008:. Retrieved
9999:
9983:. Retrieved
9973:
9953:
9941:. Retrieved
9931:
9918:. Retrieved
9914:the original
9898:
9885:. Retrieved
9876:
9863:. Retrieved
9857:
9844:. Retrieved
9834:
9821:. Retrieved
9811:
9798:. Retrieved
9788:
9772:. Retrieved
9767:
9754:. Retrieved
9744:
9731:. Retrieved
9721:
9708:. Retrieved
9702:
9689:. Retrieved
9680:
9667:. Retrieved
9657:
9644:. Retrieved
9634:
9621:. Retrieved
9611:
9591:
9579:. Retrieved
9575:the original
9559:
9546:. Retrieved
9536:
9523:. Retrieved
9519:the original
9495:
9467:
9444:
9424:
9407:
9384:
9359:
9352:
9311:
9291:
9271:
9244:
9243:Volume VIII:
9237:
9199:
9179:
9169:
9150:
9141:
9118:
9095:
9067:
9043:
9023:
9000:. Retrieved
8996:the original
8986:
8974:. Retrieved
8960:
8948:. Retrieved
8939:
8930:
8921:
8917:
8911:
8892:
8880:. Retrieved
8876:the original
8865:
8853:. Retrieved
8839:
8827:. Retrieved
8813:
8801:. Retrieved
8781:
8774:
8759:
8740:
8728:. Retrieved
8708:
8701:
8689:. Retrieved
8675:
8667:
8662:
8654:
8649:
8614:
8607:
8599:
8594:
8586:
8581:
8569:. Retrieved
8549:
8542:
8530:. Retrieved
8510:
8474:. Retrieved
8469:
8456:
8436:
8425:
8406:
8396:
8376:
8369:
8338:. Retrieved
8334:
8324:
8316:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8275:
8265:
8255:
8243:
8231:. Retrieved
8222:
8212:
8200:. Retrieved
8186:
8173:
8154:
8148:
8136:. Retrieved
8116:
8109:
8091:Eternal Iran
8090:
8084:
8076:
8069:. Retrieved
8049:
8042:
8034:
8027:. Retrieved
8007:
8000:
7989:
7974:
7962:. Retrieved
7942:
7920:. Retrieved
7909:
7899:
7889:27 September
7887:. Retrieved
7851:
7833:
7821:. Retrieved
7801:
7794:
7785:
7775:
7766:
7738:
7728:
7718:
7710:
7703:
7697:
7693:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7672:
7658:
7631:. Retrieved
7611:
7604:
7577:. Retrieved
7557:
7550:
7538:. Retrieved
7518:
7511:
7498:. Retrieved
7478:
7456:
7451:
7442:
7435:. Retrieved
7426:
7416:
7396:
7354:
7348:
7339:
7326:
7314:
7302:
7290:
7254:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7225:
7215:
7208:Skjærvø 2006
7193:Skjærvø 2006
7174:
7162:. Retrieved
7148:
7141:Schmitt 2000
7136:
7124:
7112:
7098:Schmitt 2008
7093:
7081:. Retrieved
7061:
7055:
7049:
7041:
7036:
7028:
7023:
6998:
6991:
6983:
6979:Skjærvø 2006
6963:Skjærvø 2006
6958:
6946:. Retrieved
6932:
6920:. Retrieved
6906:
6894:. Retrieved
6885:
6875:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6845:. Retrieved
6836:
6826:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6786:. Retrieved
6777:
6767:
6748:
6742:
6733:
6727:
6718:
6708:
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6668:
6658:
6646:. Retrieved
6627:
6617:
6605:. Retrieved
6585:
6578:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6547:. Retrieved
6538:
6514:
6510:
6499:
6489:
6475:
6455:
6430:
6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6390:
6383:
6371:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6314:
6309:28 September
6307:. Retrieved
6287:
6265:. Retrieved
6261:the original
6238:
6217:. Retrieved
6197:
6175:. Retrieved
6155:
6148:
6136:. Retrieved
6127:
6117:
6105:. Retrieved
6096:
6072:
6068:
6049:
6042:. Retrieved
6033:
6023:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5974:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5937:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5893:
5886:. Retrieved
5866:
5848:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5809:. Retrieved
5805:the original
5800:
5791:
5779:. Retrieved
5765:
5753:. Retrieved
5744:
5733:
5721:
5693:
5662:
5644:
5626:
5608:
5590:
5572:
5550:
5541:
5533:
5506:
5500:
5488:. Retrieved
5479:
5470:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5416:
5361:Persian name
5276:
5238:
5185:
5153:
5119:
5104:
5092:
5060:
5053:
5039:
5015:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4926:
4882:Medial form
4836:
4829:
4789:
4749:
4709:
4665:Medial form
4645:
4575:
4552:
4546:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4467:
4436:Central Asia
4421:
4416:Book Pahlavi
4365:
4339:motešakkeram
4318:
4139:
4133:
4110:
4076:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4027:
4021:
3991:
3972:
3941:
3675:
3671:
3575:Samareh 1977
3572:
3558:merged with
3552:Wāw-e ma'rūf
3551:
3543:Wāw-e majhūl
3542:
3526:Yā-ye ma'rūf
3525:
3517:Yā-ye majhūl
3516:
3501:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3459:"milk", and
3456:
3447:
3437:merged into
3425:merged into
3352:
3041:
2938:
2927:
2897:
2867:
2858:
2851:
2828:
2810:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2787:Dari Persian
2786:
2780:
2775:Persian Gulf
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2704:
2702:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2636:
2617:
2559:
2553:, preceding
2539:subcontinent
2528:
2519:
2503:
2489:
2471:conquest of
2461:Central Asia
2458:
2448:
2398:
2377:
2374:
2355:
2349:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2299:
2231:Shirvanshahs
2215:Khwarazmians
2172:
2149:
2142:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2069:
2043:and used in
2036:
2029:
2021:
2007:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1892:The complex
1891:
1842:
1792:
1791:(along with
1788:
1784:
1778:
1735:
1701:
1697:
1682:
1646:
1637:Soviet Union
1630:
1618:
1604:
1587:
1579:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1494:
1470:
1461:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1365:
1342:
1340:
1308:
1298:
1256:
1228:Nima Yooshij
1217:
1211:
1201:
1195:
1176:
1162:
1160:
1120:Muslim world
1113:
1093:inscriptions
1069:Central Asia
1062:
1035:
1015:Greater Iran
1002:
994:
991:Dari Persian
986:
920:
870:
869:
853:Persian text
850:
812:
737:Linguasphere
720:
524:(Tajikistan)
480:
310:Dari/Eastern
225:
206:Indo-Iranian
138:Turkmenistan
58:
25:
13230:Azerbaijani
12218:Azerbaijani
12031:Neo-Aramaic
11583:Mazanderani
11531:Azerbaijani
11387:Old Persian
11219:Mazanderani
11006:Khwarezmian
10891:New Iranian
10881:Old Iranian
10607:Judeo-Tat (
10513:New Persian
10497:Old Persian
9920:18 February
9581:18 February
9345:Pellat, Ch.
9234:Lecomte, G.
9098:. New York.
9015:Works cited
9002:13 December
8768:Iranica.com
8571:18 November
8532:18 November
8233:27 February
7782:Green, Nile
7763:Green, Nile
7735:Green, Nile
7651:Spuler 2003
7597:Spuler 2003
7319:Lazard 1975
7295:Lazard 1975
7164:5 September
6984:Excerpt 2:
6940:. Sil.org.
6914:. Sil.org.
6316:literature.
6219:4 September
6138:30 December
5997:Lazard 1975
5781:25 February
5773:. Sil.org.
5755:25 February
5077:South Sudan
4980:teh marbuta
4879:Final form
4867:'language'
4662:Final form
4383:Orthography
4269:; and even
4117:Mesopotamia
4087:compounding
3913:Approximant
3597:Najafi 2001
3468:"quick" vs
3450:"lion" vs.
2799:Afghanistan
2565:especially
2551:Sikh Empire
2531:Hindu Shahi
2386:Aşık Çelebi
2330:Salim-Namah
2279:Kublai Khan
2207:Karakhanids
2168:Persianized
2166:under the "
2074:(820–872),
2045:Zoroastrian
1988:New Persian
1925:native name
1849:Zoroastrian
1756:, Romania (
1722:Old Persian
1712:Old Persian
1706:Old Persian
1671:). It uses
1586:. The term
1404:, the term
1377:Old Persian
1297:. The term
1097:Zoroastrian
1046:Old Persian
968:Afghanistan
827:instead of
460:Afghanistan
404:Afghanistan
365:Madaklashti
250:Old Persian
244:Early forms
107:Afghanistan
61:written in
13355:Categories
13001:Circassian
12657:Avar–Andic
12627:Mingrelian
12265:Lithuanian
12255:Belarusian
11857:Indo Aryan
11649:Circassian
11050:Sarghulami
10970:Yazghulami
10923:Ishkashimi
10746:Literature
10642:Vocabulary
10516:(from 800)
9464:Rypka, Jan
9448:. UNESCO.
9358:Volume IV:
9217:"Sāmānids"
8924:: 117–186.
8897:Smith 1989
8845:"DAGESTAN"
8642:Perry 2005
8362:Perry 2005
8138:13 January
7964:13 January
7823:21 October
7717:, (title:
7715:Nile Green
7633:21 October
7579:21 October
7482:. UNESCO.
7307:Perry 2011
7117:Kuhrt 2013
6866:al-Madāʾen
6689:30 October
6648:30 October
6376:Perry 2005
5970:0415173124
5811:18 January
5745:Ethnologue
5664:Ethnologue
5646:Ethnologue
5628:Ethnologue
5610:Ethnologue
5592:Ethnologue
5574:Ethnologue
5490:7 November
5158:under the
5111:Tajikistan
4935:Variations
4444:Tajikistan
4350:motešakker
4295:Indonesian
4097:See also:
4093:Influences
4062:Vocabulary
3994:morphology
3988:Morphology
3680:Consonants
3632:Hayes 1979
3536:(known as
2960:Muslim Tat
2819:Uzbekistan
2815:Tajikistan
2595:Qajar Iran
2575:Hindustani
2562:Hindustani
2518:; meaning
2473:South Asia
2465:South Asia
2421:See also:
2405:Ahmed Sudi
2382:Persianate
2318:Shia Islam
2275:Marco Polo
2203:Ghaznavids
2156:literature
2131:See also:
1898:declension
1797:Lake Urmia
1742:Achaemenid
1730:Persepolis
1299:Persophone
1101:Manichaean
1089:Manichaean
1073:South Asia
1011:Persianate
1007:Uzbekistan
972:Tajikistan
470:Tajikistan
414:Tajikistan
360:Armeno-Tat
143:Azerbaijan
129:(as Tajik)
127:Uzbekistan
117:Tajikistan
13313:varieties
13305:indicate
13128:Ukrainian
13103:Judeo-Tat
13011:Kabardian
12974:Northwest
12819:Southern
12799:Tabasaran
12649:(Caspian)
12646:Northeast
12593:Karto-Zan
12570:Caucasian
12457:Malayalam
12422:Larestani
12270:Tabasaran
12213:Ukrainian
11884:Malayalam
11879:Dravidian
11447:varieties
11434:indicate
11355:Pahlavani
11347:Bakhtiari
11332:Kuhmareyi
11322:Bashkardi
11239:Old Azeri
10943:Sanglechi
10659:Phonology
9368:758278456
9341:Lewis, B.
9138:"Persian"
8855:2 January
8829:2 January
8691:2 January
7884:30677644M
7840:"Persian"
7283:Paul 2000
7243:, p. 129.
7129:Frye 1984
6854:Northeast
6665:"Persian"
6549:3 October
5929:0263-4937
5716:Persian."
5462:0263-4937
5397:Citations
5198:Nastaʿlīq
5121:Fingilish
5061:However,
4642:Additions
4371:سپاسگزارم
4356:moččakker
4299:Malaysian
4275:Malayalam
4179:sarlaškar
4052:(S) (O +
3827:Fricative
3700:Post-alv.
3548:واو معروف
3539:واو مجهول
3522:یای معروف
3513:یای مجهول
3032:Phonology
2994:Pahlavani
2955:Judeo-Tat
2941:Glottolog
2922:Judeo-Tat
2906:Hormozgan
2740:Varieties
2535:Ghaznavid
2506:today. A
2469:Ghaznavid
2453:Agra Fort
2437:Agra Fort
2370:Giannitsa
2239:Afsharids
2049:Ctesiphon
2002:Shahnameh
1789:Parsuwash
1785:Parsuwash
1657:ISO 639-3
1649:ISO 639-1
1643:ISO codes
1592:Ctesiphon
1458:Iranology
1351:Persiānus
1341:The term
1321:in their
1196:The Divān
1185:Panj Ganj
1164:Shahnameh
1065:West Asia
974:in three
722:Glottolog
704:Judeo-Tat
684:Pahlavani
593:ISO 639-3
557:ISO 639-2
539:ISO 639-1
350:Judeo-Tat
325:Pahlavani
159:; as Tat)
67:Nastaʿlīq
13321:See also
13275:Assyrian
13265:Lomavren
13144:Armenian
13074:Ossetian
13067:Kurmanji
13045:European
12977:(Pontic)
12955:Khinalug
12930:Khwarshi
12915:(Didoic)
12841:Western
12785:Eastern
12698:Chamalal
12693:Godoberi
12680:Bagvalal
12598:Georgian
12562:Caucasus
12507:Mandarin
12290:Ossetian
12260:Georgian
12228:Armenian
12043:Armenian
12012:Kurmanji
11980:Standard
11901:Armenian
11659:Georgian
11644:Assyrian
11639:Armenian
11546:Kurmanji
11376:Hazaragi
11327:Garmsiri
11262:Sangsari
11257:Lasgerdi
11246:Parthian
11224:Tabaroid
11192:Kurmanji
11141:Ashtiani
11110:Yaghnobi
11068:Ossetian
11057:Scythian
11032:Southern
11027:Northern
10999:Bactrian
10948:Sarikoli
10918:Bartangi
10582:Hazaragi
10249:Archived
10205:Archived
10182:Archived
10159:Archived
10136:Archived
10094:Archived
10027:Archived
9979:Archived
9937:Archived
9840:Archived
9817:Archived
9794:Archived
9786:(1783).
9750:Archived
9727:Archived
9663:Archived
9640:Archived
9617:Archived
9542:Archived
9466:(1968).
9360:Iran–Kha
9351:(eds.).
9236:(eds.).
8970:Archived
8950:18 March
8944:Archived
8849:Archived
8823:Archived
8797:Archived
8748:Archived
8730:23 April
8724:Archived
8685:Archived
8565:Archived
8526:Archived
8284:Archived
8260:1913–38.
8227:Archived
8202:30 March
8193:Archived
8132:Archived
8065:Archived
8023:Archived
7958:Archived
7916:Archived
7876:52727562
7817:Archived
7709:Chapter
7627:Archived
7573:Archived
7540:18 April
7534:Archived
7500:18 April
7494:Archived
7431:Archived
7405:Archived
7385:Archived
7226:Anabasis
7221:Xenophon
7158:Archived
7077:Archived
7016:Sinkiang
6942:Archived
6916:Archived
6890:Archived
6858:abaršahr
6847:18 March
6841:Archived
6782:Archived
6683:Archived
6642:Archived
6601:Archived
6543:Archived
6496:"Persia"
6406:Archived
6303:Archived
6213:Archived
6171:Archived
6132:Archived
6101:Archived
6038:Archived
5882:Archived
5775:Archived
5749:Archived
5484:Archived
5297:See also
5182:Examples
5115:Cyrillic
4971:becomes
4856:/zaβaːn/
4830:ge (gāf)
4750:če (che)
4507:"worm",
4430:and the
4334:متشکّرَم
4306:Albanian
4293:such as
4255:Assyrian
4243:Georgian
4241:such as
4211:Chagatai
4205:such as
4199:Armenian
4197:such as
4190:daryābān
4142:Mongolic
4056:) (PP) V
4032:subjects
3695:Alveolar
3002:Bukharic
2998:Tajikic
2989:Hazaragi
2872:Lorestan
2773:and the
2660:rāh-āhan
2583:Kashmiri
2543:Punjabis
2516:Dobhashi
2427:Dobhashi
2401:Istanbul
2362:Sarajevo
2339:madrasas
2310:Ottomans
2267:Ottomans
2235:Safavids
2199:Timurids
2191:Ziyarids
2187:Tahirids
2154:used in
2053:Khorasan
1997:Ferdowsi
1908:(modern
1838:language
1836:spoke a
1830:Xenophon
1750:Darius I
1600:Parthian
1387:𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿
1259:Persians
1213:Gulistan
1198:of Hafez
1169:Ferdowsi
1152:Georgian
1148:Armenian
1140:Pashtuns
1132:Anatolia
1128:Ottomans
942:), is a
833:Help:IPA
729:fars1254
488:Dagestan
330:Hazaragi
299:Dialects
172:Speakers
157:Dagestan
13303:Italics
13240:Turkmen
13235:Turkish
13189:Kipchak
13154:Western
13149:Eastern
13123:Russian
13079:Persian
13062:Kurdish
13054:Iranian
12889:Chechen
12883:Arshtin
12877:Vainakh
12850:Tsakhur
12755:Kubachi
12689:Botlikh
12675:Akhvakh
12574:(areal)
12517:Swahili
12497:Tagalog
12487:Russian
12482:Balochi
12467:Punjabi
12462:Bengali
12452:Kannada
12442:Cebuano
12437:Persian
12406:English
12363:Emirati
12243:Persian
12238:Lezgian
12233:Kurdish
12223:Baluchi
12193:Russian
12177:Turkmen
12093:Shabaki
12083:Persian
12048:Turkish
11998:Kurdish
11867:Punjabi
11840:Balochi
11835:Persian
11830:Iranian
11814:English
11791:Bahrani
11702:Russian
11697:English
11669:Jadgali
11618:Semnani
11613:Turkmen
11608:Qashqai
11593:Balochi
11541:Kurdish
11515:Persian
11436:extinct
11432:Italics
11417:Badeshi
11361:Persian
11337:Kumzari
11279:Taleshi
11272:Sorkhei
11252:Semnani
11207:Kordali
11187:Kurdish
11181:Gorgani
11159:Daylami
11151:Makrani
11146:Balochi
11126:Western
11104:Sogdian
11063:Alanian
11037:Wanetsi
11022:Central
11012:Parachi
10992:Avestan
10953:Shughni
10938:Roshani
10901:Eastern
10869:History
10668:Grammar
10626:Dehwari
10621:Sistani
10616:Bukhori
10565:Iranian
10465:History
10408:Persian
9423:(ed.).
9383:(ed.).
9270:(ed.).
9245:Ned–Sam
9065:(ed.).
8976:13 July
8882:13 July
8870:Pasad.
8511:Persian
8071:29 July
8029:29 July
7922:2 March
7784:(ed.).
7765:(ed.).
7737:(ed.).
7506:, p 734
7083:20 June
6948:5 March
6922:5 March
6896:22 July
6788:22 July
6607:22 July
6480:at the
6437:523–546
6412:10 July
6177:12 June
6107:10 July
6044:10 July
5888:20 June
5569:Persian
5259:Tajiki
5226:
4865:/zæbɒn/
4635:پ چ ژ گ
4587:ز ذ ض ظ
4548:harakat
4490:Avestan
4482:Pahlavi
4428:Russian
4404:cursive
4223:Turkmen
4219:Turkish
4185:دریابان
4168:qoʻshin
4129:Islamic
4040:objects
3977:Grammar
3942:Notes:
3720:Glottal
3705:Palatal
3274:Central
2984:Dehwari
2967:Farsic
2934:Balochi
2840:Basseri
2777:states.
2755:Persian
2725:Russian
2665:راهآهن
2645:of the
2628:Russian
2579:Punjabi
2508:Bengali
2455:, India
2390:Prizren
2357:Rumelia
2352:Balkans
2314:Selim I
2211:Seljuqs
2065:Sogdian
2061:eastern
1982:Persian
1978:Pahlavi
1964:Pahlavi
1876:on the
1845:Avestan
1766:Bahrain
1762:Armenia
1679:History
1596:Parthia
1545:Persian
1529:Persian
1495:Persian
1439:Persian
1428:endonym
1420:Persian
1406:Persian
1343:Persian
1331:Balochi
1327:Kurdish
1313:of the
1283:Balochs
1271:Hazaras
1136:Mughals
1122:, with
1095:and in
1085:Pahlavi
1081:Aramaic
987:Persian
954:of the
950:of the
918:endonym
871:Persian
829:Unicode
770:Legend
694:Dehwari
581: (
568: (
375:Sistani
370:Kuwaiti
345:Dehwari
320:Bukhori
226:Persian
211:Iranian
31:Persian
13280:Bohtan
13253:Others
13180:Turkic
13161:German
13137:Others
13115:Slavic
13084:Talysh
13006:Adyghe
12994:Abkhaz
12984:Abazgi
12948:Others
12935:Hinukh
12926:Hunzib
12922:Bezhta
12913:Tsezic
12901:Ingush
12823:Budukh
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