al-Kindi - Knowledge

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philosopher must arrive at the truth by his own devices (and with great difficulty), whereas the prophet has the truth revealed to him by God. Thirdly, the understanding of the prophet – being divinely revealed – is clearer and more comprehensive than that of the philosopher. Fourthly, the way in which the prophet is able to express this understanding to the ordinary people is superior. Therefore, al-Kindi says the prophet is superior in two fields: the ease and certainty with which he receives the truth, and the way in which he presents it. However, the crucial implication is that the

847:. Aristotle had believed that in order for the eye to perceive an object, both the eye and the object must be in contact with a transparent medium (such as air) that is filled with light. When these criteria are met, the "sensible form" of the object is transmitted through the medium to the eye. On the other hand, Euclid proposed that vision occurred in straight lines when "rays" from the eye reached an illuminated object and were reflected back. As with his theories on Astrology, the dichotomy of contact and distance is present in al-Kindi's writings on this subject as well. 1331:, which meant he could carry out his philosophical speculations with relative ease. In his own time, al-Kindi would be criticized for extolling the "intellect" as being the most immanent creation in proximity to God, which was commonly held to be the position of the angels. He also engaged in disputations with certain Mutazilites, whom he attacked for their belief in atoms, as not all Mutazilites accepted the belief of atomism. But the real role of al-Kindi in the conflict between philosophers and theologians would be to prepare the ground for debate. His works, says 1020:"second", the following most occurring letter the "third", and so on, until we account for all the different letters in the plaintext sample. Then we look at the cipher text we want to solve and we also classify its symbols. We find the most occurring symbol and change it to the form of the "first" letter of the plaintext sample, the next most common symbol is changed to the form of the "second" letter, and the following most common symbol is changed to the form of the "third" letter, and so on, until we account for all symbols of the cryptogram we want to solve. 1065:

weighed. On the surface of the bottle the air changes into water, and appears upon it like the drops on large porous pitchers, so that a considerable amount of water gradually collects inside the container. One then weighs the bottle, the water and the container, and finds their weight greater than previously, which proves the change. Some foolish persons are of opinion that the snow exudes through the glass. This is impossible. There is no process by which water or snow can be made to pass through glass.

12875: 3013: 905:, in which he demonstrates the application of mathematics to medicine, particularly in the field of pharmacology. For example, he developed a mathematical scale to quantify the strength of a drug, and a system (based on the phases of the moon) that would allow a doctor to determine in advance the most critical days of a patient's illness. According to Plinio Prioreschi, this was the first attempt at serious quantification in medicine. 1207: 47: 702:, who placed the Earth at the centre of a series of concentric spheres, in which the known heavenly bodies (the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and the stars) are embedded. In one of his treatises on the subject, he says that these bodies are rational entities, whose circular motion is in obedience to and worship of God. Their role, al-Kindi believes, is to act as instruments for divine providence. He furnishes 1287:

attribute such visions or dreams to revelation from God, but instead explains that imagination enables human beings to receive the "form" of something without needing to perceive the physical entity to which it refers. Therefore, it would seem to imply that anyone who has purified themselves would be able to receive such visions. It is precisely this idea, amongst other naturalistic explanations of prophetic miracles that

2987: 12886: 1173:, which he considers an attribute uniquely associated with God (and therefore not shared with anything else). By this he means that while we may think of any existent thing as being "one", it is in fact both "one" and many". For example, he says that while a body is one, it is also composed of many different parts. A person might say "I see an elephant", by which he means "I see 971:) which contributed greatly to diffusion of the Hindu system of numeration in the Middle-East and the West. In geometry, among other works, he wrote on the theory of parallels. Also related to geometry were two works on optics. One of the ways in which he made use of mathematics as a philosopher was to attempt to disprove the eternity of the world by demonstrating that actual 1316:. And his criticism was that they arrived at theologically erroneous conclusions. The three most serious of these, in his view, were believing in the co-eternity of the universe with God, denying the bodily resurrection, and asserting that God only has knowledge of abstract universals, not of particular things (not all philosophers subscribed to these same views). 719:) is that the planets exercise their influence in straight lines; but this treatise, written by a Latin author, probably around the middle of the 13th century, is apocryphal. In each of these, two fundamentally different views of physical interaction are presented; action by contact and action at a distance. This dichotomy is duplicated in his writings on 1248:

to think about something, the First Intellect must already be thinking about it. Therefore, he says that the First Intellect must always be thinking about everything. Once the human intellect comprehends a universal by this process, it becomes part of the individual's "acquired intellect" and can be thought about whenever he or she wishes.

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other words, an intellect cannot understand the species of a thing simply by examining one or more of its instances. According to him, this will only yield an inferior "sensible form", and not the universal form which we desire. The universal form can only be attained through contemplation and actualization by the First Intellect.

984: 1261:) compares it to a ship which has, during the course of its ocean voyage, temporarily anchored itself at an island and allowed its passengers to disembark. The implicit warning is that those passengers who linger too long on the island may be left behind when the ship sets sail again. Here, al-Kindi displays a 1247:

The analogy he provides to explain his theory is that of wood and fire. Wood, he argues, is potentially hot (just as a human is potentially thinking about a universal), and therefore requires something else which is already hot (such as fire) to actualize this. This means that for the human intellect

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Al-Kindi's major contribution was his establishment of philosophy in the Islamic world and his efforts in trying to harmonize the philosophical investigation along with the Islamic theology and creed. The philosophical texts which were translated under his supervision would become the standard texts

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agent, because all other intermediary agencies are contingent upon Him. The key idea here is that God "acts" through created intermediaries, which in turn "act" on one another – through a chain of cause and effect – to produce the desired result. In reality, these intermediary agents do not "act" at

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on the other (though in fact he rejected speculative theology). Despite this, he did make clear that he believed revelation was a superior source of knowledge to reason because it guaranteed matters of faith that reason could not uncover. And while his philosophical approach was not always original,

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in the heavenly realm. These forms are really abstract concepts such as a species, quality or relation, which apply to all physical objects and beings. For example, a red apple has the quality of "redness" derived from the appropriate universal. However, al-Kindi says that human intellects are only

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Al-Kindi authored works on a number of important mathematical subjects, including arithmetic, geometry, the Hindu numbers, the harmony of numbers, lines and multiplication with numbers, relative quantities, measuring proportion and time, and numerical procedures and cancellation. He also wrote four

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The factor which al-Kindi relied upon to determine which of these theories was most correct was how adequately each one explained the experience of seeing. For example, Aristotle's theory was unable to account for why the angle at which an individual sees an object affects his perception of it. For

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The lectures are named after Al-Kindi (801–873 CE), a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, whose book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages" is believed to be the earliest writing on statistics. In his book, Al-Kindi gave a detailed description on how to decipher encrypted

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able to comprehend these. This potential is actualized by the First Intellect, which is perpetually thinking about all of the universals. He argues that the external agency of this intellect is necessary by saying that human beings cannot arrive at a universal concept merely through perception. In

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sensible form of a circle should be transmitted to the eye and it should appear as a circle. On the other hand, Euclidean optics provided a geometric model that was able to account for this, as well as the length of shadows and reflections in mirrors, because Euclid believed that the visual "rays"

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In addition to this, al-Kindi adopted a naturalistic view of prophetic visions. He argued that, through the faculty of "imagination" as conceived of in Aristotelian philosophy, certain "pure" and well-prepared souls, were able to receive information about future events. Significantly, he does not

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In the view of al-Kindi, prophecy and philosophy were two different routes to arrive at the truth. He contrasts the two positions in four ways. Firstly, while a person must undergo a long period of training and study to become a philosopher, prophecy is bestowed upon someone by God. Secondly, the

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When the sun is in its northern declination northerly places will heat up and it will be cold towards the south. Then the northern air will expand in a southerly direction because of the heat due to the contraction of the southern air. Therefore most of the summer winds are merits and most of the

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One can also observe by the senses... how in consequence of extreme cold air changes into water. To do this, one takes a glass bottle, fills it completely with snow, and closes its end carefully. Then one determines its weight by weighing. One places it in a container... which has previously been

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One way to solve an encrypted message, if we know its language, is to find a different plaintext of the same language long enough to fill one sheet or so, and then we count the occurrences of each letter. We call the most frequently occurring letter the "first", the next most occurring letter the

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However, he is ambiguous when it comes to the actual process by which the heavenly bodies affect the material world. One theory he posits in his works is from Aristotle, who conceived that the movement of these bodies causes friction in the sub-lunar region, which stirs up the primary elements of

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While al-Kindi appreciated the usefulness of philosophy in answering questions of a religious nature, there would be many Islamic thinkers who were not as enthusiastic about its potential. But it would be incorrect to assume that they opposed philosophy simply because it was a "foreign science".

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concept, that we must not become attached to material things (represented by the island), as they will invariably be taken away from us (when the ship sets sail again). He then connects this with a Neo-Platonist idea, by saying that our soul can be directed towards the pursuit of desire or the

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Al-Kindi theorized that there was a separate, incorporeal and universal intellect (known as the "First Intellect"). It was the first of God's creation and the intermediary through which all other things came into creation. Aside from its obvious metaphysical importance, it was also crucial to

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The best man of his time, unique in his knowledge of all the ancient sciences. He is called the Philosopher of the Arabs. His books deal with different sciences, such as logic, philosophy, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy etc. We have connected him with the natural philosophers because of his

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The central theme underpinning al-Kindi's philosophical writings is the compatibility between philosophy and other "orthodox" Islamic sciences, particularly theology, and many of his works deal with subjects that theology had an immediate interest in. These include the nature of God, the

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as proof for this assertion; different seasons are marked by particular arrangements of the planets and stars (most notably the sun); the appearance and manner of people varies according to the arrangement of heavenly bodies situated above their homeland.

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After his death, al-Kindi's philosophical works quickly fell into obscurity; many were lost even to later Islamic scholars and historians. Felix Klein-Franke suggests several reasons for this: aside from the militant orthodoxy of al-Mutawakkil, the

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Al-Kindi was a master of many different areas of thought and was held to be one of the greatest philosophers. His influence in the fields of physics, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, and music were far-reaching and lasted for several centuries.

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elephant", but the term 'elephant' refers to a species of animal that contains many. Therefore, only God is absolutely one, both in being and in concept, lacking any multiplicity whatsoever. Some feel this understanding entails a very rigorous

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in his writings, but these are often unwittingly re-interpreted in a Neo-Platonic framework. This trend is most obvious in areas such as metaphysics and the nature of God as a causal entity. Experts have suggested that he was influenced by the

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Al-Kindi says that the soul is a simple, immaterial substance, which is related to the material world only because of its faculties which operate through the physical body. To explain the nature of our worldly existence, he (borrowing from

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pursuit of intellect; the former will tie it to the body, so that when the body dies, it will also die, but the latter will free it from the body and allow it to survive "in the light of the Creator" in a realm of pure intelligence.

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Caliphs, in Baghdad. As well as translating many important texts, much of what was to become standard Arabic philosophical vocabulary originated with al-Kindi; indeed, if it had not been for him, the work of philosophers like

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In the West, optics was developed by fourteenth century scholastics such as Bacon, Witelo, Ockham and Pecham following Arabian models, in particular, those of Alhazen's Optics and Al-kindi's De radiis stellarum.

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is knowledge of God. For this reason, he does not make a clear distinction between philosophy and theology, because he believes they are both concerned with the same subject. Later philosophers, particularly

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Kitāb Kīmiyā' al-'Iṭr Wat-Taṣ'īdāt: Buch über die Chemie des Parfüms und die Destillationen von Ya'qūb b. Isḥāq al-Kindī. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der arabischen Parfümgeschichte und Drogenkunde aus de 9.

3051: 820:, is developed the theory "that everything in the world ... emits rays in every direction, which fill the whole world." This theory of the active power of rays had an influence on later scholars such as 638:

His greatest contribution to the development of Islamic philosophy was his efforts to make Greek thought both accessible and acceptable to a Muslim audience. Al-Kindi carried out this mission from the

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which "depends on the changes which take place in bodies owing to the rise and fall of temperature." In order to support his argument, he gave a description of a scientific experiment as follows:

1308:, an expert on Islamic philosophy, points out that the objections of notable theologians are rarely directed at philosophy itself, but rather at the conclusions the philosophers arrived at. Even 1189:

philosophers (who asserted that the universe existed as a result of God's existence "overflowing", which is a passive act), al-Kindi conceived of God as an active agent. In fact, of God as

553:; others refer to al-Mutawakkil's often violent persecution of unorthodox Muslims (as well as of non-Muslims); at one point al-Kindi was beaten and his library temporarily confiscated. 1651: 1194:

all, they are merely a conduit for God's own action. This is especially significant in the development of Islamic philosophy, as it portrayed the "first cause" and "unmoved mover" of

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Al-Kindi is credited with developing a method whereby variations in the frequency of the occurrence of letters could be analyzed and exploited to break ciphers (i.e. cryptanalysis by

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When al-Ma'mun died, his brother, al-Mu'tasim became caliph. Al-Kindi's position would be enhanced under al-Mu'tasim, who appointed him as a tutor to his son. But on the accession of

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Al-Kindi denied the possibility of transmuting base metals into precious metals such as gold and silver, a position that was later attacked by the Persian alchemist and physician

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thought into an Islamic philosophical framework. This was an important factor in the introduction and popularization of Greek philosophy in the Muslim intellectual world.

630:, and others have been rediscovered in Arabic manuscripts; most importantly, twenty-four of his lost works were located in the mid-twentieth century in a Turkish library. 549:), and especially of al-Mutawakkil, al-Kindi's star waned. There are various theories concerning this: some attribute al-Kindi's downfall to scholarly rivalries at the 11734: 687: 9157: 4567: 939:("The Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations"), contains one of the earliest known references to the distillation of wine. The work also describes the 7623: 7360: 431:. He was able to create a scale that would enable doctors to gauge the effectiveness of their medication by combining his knowledge of mathematics and medicine. 13037: 12942: 11544: 11076: 4613: 1185:

In addition to absolute oneness, al-Kindi also described God as the Creator. This means that He acts as both a final and efficient cause. Unlike later Muslim

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and was even considered clumsy by later thinkers (mainly because he was the first philosopher writing in the Arabic language), he successfully incorporated

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Al Kindi, an Arab scientist from 9th century is considered the father of cryptology, his book on this subject being, at this moment, the oldest available.

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There are more than thirty treatises attributed to al-Kindi in the field of medicine, in which he was chiefly influenced by the ideas of

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and al-Kindi received his preliminary education there. He later went to complete his studies in Baghdad, where he was patronized by the

11704: 11624: 11534: 7791: 6242: 4971: 4012: 3036: 588:, who ultimately overshadowed him. His philosophical career peaked under al-Mu'tasim, to whom al-Kindi dedicated his most famous work, 12339: 11913: 6122: 4837: 4699: 3974: 3594: 1132:, amongst others, although he does appear to have borrowed ideas from other Hellenistic schools as well. He makes many references to 711:

earth, fire, air and water, and these combine to produce everything in the material world. An alternative view found in the treatise

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Adamson, Peter (10 January 2005). "Al-Kindī and the reception of Greek philosophy". In Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (eds.).

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messages using statistics and frequency analysis. This text arguably gave rise to the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis.

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was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on him, as he synthesized, adapted and promoted Hellenistic and

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Al-Kindi was the first great theoretician of music in the Arab-Islamic world. He is known to have written fifteen treatises on

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The first page of al-Kindi's manuscript "On Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing the oldest known description of

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school of theology, because of the mutual concern both he and they demonstrated for maintaining the singularity (

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In his writings, one of al-Kindi's central concerns was to demonstrate the compatibility between philosophy and

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Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages

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because it implies that any description which can be predicated to anything else, cannot be said about God.

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Matton, Sylvain (Winter 2023). "An Irradiation of Latin Grammarians, or The De radiis is not by al-Kindī".

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Al-Kindi's primary optical treatise "De aspectibus" was later translated into Latin. This work, along with

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Broemeling, Lyle D. (1 November 2011). "An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology".

4986: 4037: 1534: 352:. He subsequently wrote hundreds of original treatises of his own on a range of subjects ranging from 13047: 12845: 11724: 11398: 11319: 9948: 9666: 9317: 9079: 8303: 8208: 8183: 8033: 7777: 7699: 7485: 6931: 6850: 6532: 6228: 5632: 5213: 5097: 4366: 4118: 3911: 3721: 1611: 11231: 12977: 12424: 11899: 11858: 11809: 11334: 11324: 11314: 10079: 9599: 9213: 8832: 8403: 8333: 7291: 6951: 6815: 6780: 6613: 6573: 6502: 6477: 6289: 5446: 5340: 5218: 4981: 4941: 4437: 4396: 4264: 4148: 3901: 3252: 2963: 856:

could only travel in straight lines. For this reason, al-Kindi considered the latter preponderant.

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which eventually was adopted by the rest of the world. Al-Kindi was also one of the fathers of

341: 2342: 2235: 1312:, who is famous for his critique of the philosophers, was himself an expert in philosophy and 851:

example, why a circle viewed from the side will appear as a line. According to Aristotle, the

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Treatise on the Dominion of the Arabs and its Duration (used to predict the end of Arab rule).

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Broemeling, Lyle D. (2011). "An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology".

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Stanton, Andrea L.; Seybolt, Peter J.; Ramsamy, Edward; Elliott, Carolyn M., eds. (2012).

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for centuries to come, even after his influence has been eclipsed by later Philosophers.

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philosophical and scientific texts, in Baghdad. He was also well known for his beautiful

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According to Plato, everything that exists in the material world corresponds to certain

1145:) of God. A minority view however holds that such agreements are considered incidental. 12878: 12788: 12615: 12538: 12324: 12269: 12208: 12171: 12072: 11946: 11875: 11834: 11714: 11629: 11171: 10049: 10005: 9750: 9563: 9450: 9224: 9185: 9099: 8934: 8897: 8859: 8781: 8656: 8428: 8213: 8088: 8063: 7885: 7872: 7667: 7168: 7094: 6785: 6487: 6467: 6416: 6335: 6309: 6304: 6160: 6101: 5779: 5731: 5589: 5142: 4936: 4811: 4766: 4740: 4689: 4330: 4208: 4143: 3856: 3711: 3472: 3244: 3097: 2344:

History of Islamic Philosophy: With View of Greek Philosophy and Early History of Islam

2228:(2009). "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources from the 8th Century". 2225: 2204: 2120: 2010: 1738: 1703: 1382: 1000: 992: 876: 872: 825: 703: 428: 345: 123: 113: 27: 11147: 12890: 12850: 12778: 12763: 12738: 12561: 12551: 12193: 12136: 12042: 11981: 11579: 11197: 11163: 11107: 10345: 10284: 10191: 9899: 9763: 9612: 9558: 9454: 9089: 9056: 8984: 8979: 8939: 8927: 8912: 8892: 8793: 8769: 8595: 8418: 8258: 8193: 6870: 6845: 6699: 6314: 6191: 6186: 6060: 5920: 5461: 5395: 5390: 5107: 4756: 4735: 4173: 4062: 3772: 3691: 3615: 2924: 2846: 2823: 2799: 2777: 2743: 2613: 2435: 2402: 2377: 2373: 2348: 2309: 2270: 2245:. Vol. P.C. Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 30. Leipzig: Brockhaus. 2212: 2152:

The Alchemy of Light: Geometry and Optics in Late Renaissance Alchemical Illustration

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Lindberg, David C. (Winter 1971). "Alkindi's Critique of Euclid's Theory of Vision".

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Islamic philosophy from its origin to the present: philosophy in the land of prophecy

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While Muslim intellectuals were already acquainted with Greek philosophy (especially

627: 512:). On account of his learning and aptitude for study, al-Ma'mun appointed him to the 488: 475:

in the early Islamic period, until it lost much of its power following the revolt of

72: 10350: 2207:(2001). "Alchemy, chemistry and chemical technology". In al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (ed.). 2124: 12733: 12591: 12434: 12274: 12106: 12067: 12061: 11962: 11664: 11659: 11589: 11514: 11484: 11415: 10160: 10134: 9837: 9510: 9413: 9254: 9136: 8989: 8969: 8954: 8519: 8178: 7946: 7680: 7429: 7413: 7392: 7317: 6987: 6921: 6865: 6603: 6527: 6457: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6251: 6201: 6170: 6045: 6035: 5965: 5824: 5784: 5769: 5692: 5657: 5637: 5579: 5502: 5487: 5482: 5208: 5057: 4946: 4634: 4508: 4483: 4188: 4168: 4077: 4057: 4042: 3896: 3866: 3841: 3826: 3686: 3452: 3287: 2975: 2936: 2916: 2769: 2104: 2002: 1730: 1695: 1390: 1355: 1228: 914: 868: 663: 456: 227: 157: 7033: 1381:. Several of his books got translated into Latin influencing western authors like 1198:

philosophy as compatible with the concept of God according to Islamic revelation.

1033: 12803: 12699: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12370: 12329: 12198: 12089: 11922: 11851: 11594: 11235: 11122: 10704: 10054: 10039: 10001: 9968: 9943: 9857: 9804: 9705: 9700: 9676: 9590: 9493: 9440: 9435: 8922: 8825: 8820: 8803: 8764: 8704: 8661: 8468: 8398: 8203: 7951: 7736: 7547: 7397: 7043: 6658: 6447: 6411: 6274: 6106: 6040: 5804: 5759: 5289: 5163: 5132: 5082: 5067: 4895: 4795: 4787: 4694: 4447: 4310: 4229: 4113: 3881: 3876: 3831: 3292: 3277: 3272: 2991: 2986: 2901: 2838: 2817: 2660: 2424: 2303: 1878: 1378: 1319:

During his life, al-Kindi was fortunate enough to enjoy the patronage of the pro-

1195: 1129: 1037: 961: 639: 550: 513: 400: 337: 325: 310: 260: 138: 10844: 5122: 13007: 12793: 12773: 12728: 12704: 12581: 12236: 11968: 11880: 11649: 11466: 11437: 11257: 11176: 11042: 11019: 11002: 10848: 10773: 10697: 10218: 10124: 9733: 9688: 9683: 9534: 9503: 9408: 9291: 9129: 8882: 8815: 8808: 8798: 8646: 8383: 8244: 8173: 8148: 8008: 7941: 7857: 7660: 7603: 7506: 7048: 7028: 6739: 6648: 6643: 6623: 6593: 6552: 6426: 5950: 5925: 5711: 5574: 5228: 5203: 5188: 5173: 5137: 5006: 4627: 4599: 4340: 4239: 4234: 4183: 4052: 4022: 3811: 3787: 3767: 3747: 3282: 3163: 2897: 2773: 2679: 2230:

Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry

2095: 1874: 1401: 1328: 864: 821: 610:, al-Kindi wrote at least two hundred and sixty books, contributing heavily to 558: 517: 502: 471:. The family belonged to the most prominent families of the tribal nobility of 396: 333: 302: 268: 11217: 11024: 10211: 1073:, and the difference for its directions based on time and location, he wrote: 12911: 12783: 12694: 12686: 12576: 12517: 12156: 12151: 11584: 11181: 11111: 11091: 11053: 10672: 10657: 10421:

Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī

10228: 10153: 9963: 9924: 9911: 9886: 9792: 9581: 9553: 9430: 9384: 9302: 9001: 8902: 8887: 8877: 8712: 8674: 8651: 8613: 8524: 8254: 8248: 8238: 8226: 7714: 7537: 7439: 7215: 6911: 6906: 6830: 6795: 6618: 6522: 6070: 5980: 5854: 5724: 5717: 5416: 5284: 5198: 4442: 4361: 4002: 3701: 3625: 3599: 3533: 2079: 1647: 1371: 1332: 1305: 1186: 1096: 988: 676: 573: 525: 460: 420: 294: 11353: 11143: 6724: 5259: 4315: 3930: 642:(Bayt al-Hikma), an institute of translation and learning patronized by the 12840: 12566: 12111: 12054: 12036: 11209: 11138: 10926:

Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī

10866: 10839: 10830: 10730: 10207: 10023: 9958: 9651: 9548: 9539: 9445: 9199: 8867: 8786: 8717: 8581: 8078: 8018: 7993: 7974: 7490: 6961: 6835: 6653: 6366: 5900: 5794: 5507: 5441: 5294: 5037: 5001: 4473: 4289: 4047: 3891: 3836: 3660: 3589: 3345: 3330: 3168: 2813: 2042:

The Forty Chapters of Al-Kindī: Traditional Horary and Electional Astrology

1734: 1699: 1413: 1349: 1324: 1224: 1120:. His own thought was largely influenced by the Neo-Platonic philosophy of 1088: 940: 607: 604: 554: 491: 408: 404: 365: 349: 209: 189: 10876: 10369: 9989: 3523: 2116: 2006: 12716: 12556: 12546: 12251: 12048: 12014: 11191: 10913: 10881: 10826: 10692: 10390: 10355: 10337: 10129: 9866: 9796: 9476: 9375: 8944: 8917: 8907: 8844: 8749: 8739: 8734: 8566: 8549: 8373: 8288: 8128: 8003: 7194: 6896: 6840: 6492: 6299: 6075: 6065: 6030: 5839: 5819: 5698: 5538: 5274: 5223: 5183: 4951: 4585: 4529: 4284: 4249: 4178: 3752: 3676: 3482: 1781: 1386: 1154: 983: 901: 829: 809: 521: 392: 385: 381: 353: 290: 197: 173: 11719: 2869:

Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

2370:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

12672: 12638: 12008: 11941: 11554: 11504: 11393: 10835: 10632: 10413: 10359: 10257: 10195: 10146: 10112: 10065: 9986: 9919: 9906: 9824: 9800: 9729: 9634: 9576: 9498: 9401: 8774: 8538: 8534: 8368: 8293: 8269: 8234: 8188: 8123: 8083: 8058: 8013: 7998: 7988: 7692: 7645: 7568: 7563: 7454: 7265: 7089: 7002: 6901: 6891: 6825: 6790: 6744: 6729: 6628: 6517: 6482: 6361: 6020: 6010: 6000: 5905: 5885: 5809: 5477: 5426: 5264: 5254: 5092: 5087: 5072: 4493: 4320: 4193: 4163: 4138: 4133: 3681: 3584: 3503: 3418: 3262: 2861: 1320: 1309: 1288: 1235: 1138: 884: 656: 440: 361: 185: 153: 8619:

Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)

8478:

Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

2981: 12833: 12650: 12628: 12586: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12393: 12383: 12146: 12124: 12095: 11987: 11936: 11794: 11095: 11083: 11061: 10992: 10905:

Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī

10896: 10797: 10742: 10667: 10321: 10316: 10242: 10186: 9932: 9787: 9780: 9656: 9567: 9481: 9461: 9306: 9247: 8759: 8727: 8682:

Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī

8570: 8448: 8363: 8358: 8168: 8133: 8028: 8023: 7673: 7532: 7516: 7434: 7201: 6941: 6719: 6638: 6633: 6583: 6497: 6401: 6376: 6356: 6330: 6294: 6284: 6055: 5995: 5774: 5553: 5497: 5168: 5102: 5077: 4961: 4488: 4376: 4244: 4203: 4153: 4108: 4103: 4027: 3742: 3630: 3564: 3508: 3457: 3325: 3267: 3257: 3066: 1269: 1258: 1215: 1159: 1133: 840: 672: 648: 614:(thirty-two books), medicine and philosophy (twenty-two books each), 581: 539: 373: 369: 298: 205: 201: 181: 11086: 12645: 12633: 12596: 12388: 12141: 11829: 11814: 11804: 11759: 11654: 11452: 11280: 11247: 11102: 10987: 10979: 10768: 10173: 10104: 10027: 10010: 9841: 9828: 9661: 9607: 9389: 8837: 8628: 8461: 8053: 7769: 7470: 7444: 7296: 6916: 6734: 6714: 6709: 6608: 6220: 6080: 6050: 6015: 6005: 5945: 5764: 5279: 5249: 5193: 5127: 5117: 5042: 4259: 4198: 3579: 3518: 3513: 3335: 2108: 1262: 1206: 1163: 1125: 972: 944: 652: 611: 585: 480: 468: 286: 193: 46: 11891: 3012: 427:, and introduced several new methods of breaking ciphers, notably 12721: 12709: 12180: 11998: 11474: 11285: 11265: 11226: 11071: 10918:

Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī

10862: 10814: 10661: 10651: 10376: 10325: 10279: 10117: 10014: 9915: 9894: 9773: 9768: 9643: 9594: 9522: 9471: 9192: 9071: 8744: 8558: 8490: 7880: 7613: 7608: 7229: 5985: 5975: 5910: 5859: 5799: 5789: 5754: 5112: 4704: 3360: 3340: 3211: 3130: 1121: 880: 860: 813: 699: 643: 619: 329: 321: 177: 97: 2209:

Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and Applied Sciences

1761:

Statistics at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

16:

Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician and physician (c.801–873)

12078: 11799: 11754: 11599: 11509: 11479: 11446: 11423: 11290: 11270: 11151: 11115: 10299: 10202: 10139: 10018: 9861: 9815: 9295: 8604:

Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)

8562: 8509: 7933: 7844: 7593: 5960: 5955: 4579:

The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

3390: 3231: 2430:(3rd pbk. print. ed.). University of Texas Press. p. 2185: 1962: 1938: 1409: 1170: 1142: 1092: 844: 836: 805: 720: 377: 283: 169: 8469:

Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī

1815: 1813: 1091:, but only five have survived. He added a fifth string to the 12828: 12130: 12117: 12030: 11975: 11690: 11570: 11275: 10311: 9936: 9737: 9725: 8527: 8502: 8473: 7862: 6547: 6025: 5890: 5814: 3973: 3395: 3385: 3380: 3350: 1546: 1544: 1393:(1501–1575) considered him one of the twelve greatest minds. 1313: 1211: 1113: 1099:

and what he regarded as "cosmological connections" of music.

896: 667: 623: 615: 601: 484: 357: 165: 161: 2367: 1169:

Central to al-Kindi's understanding of metaphysics is God's

947:, and provides recipes for 107 different kinds of perfumes. 726:

Some of the notable astrological works by al-Kindi include:

524:, and at one point was employed as a calligrapher by Caliph 10969:

Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

8513: 8508:

Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-

8438: 4852: 3726: 3620: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3178: 2882:

A History of Medicine: Vol.4 Byzantine and Islamic medicine

2511: 2487: 1914: 1883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–111. 1810: 1070: 1057: 472: 452: 436: 317: 251: 76: 68: 10929:

Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī

1541: 816:

as a writer on the topic. In the apocryphal work known as

8872: 7368: 5683: 4641: 2305:

The Mathematics of Encryption: An Elementary Introduction

2173: 1926: 1116:), al-Kindi is credited with being the first real Muslim 399:

to the Islamic world, and their further development into

340:. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as 242: 230: 8614:

Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī

2559: 2547: 2523: 2465: 2463: 2322: 1950: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1830: 1828: 1279:

of the prophet's and the philosopher's knowledge is the

931:

One work attributed to al-Kindi, variously known as the

2250: 1563: 1561: 1559: 746:

Several epistles on weather and meteorology, including

516:, a recently established center for the translation of 4614:

Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures

2426:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

2161: 8666:

Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

8629:

Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī

3008:

with PDF extracts from the Introduction and main text

2583: 2571: 2535: 2499: 2475: 2460: 2448: 2131: 2021: 1974: 1897: 1880:

Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

1825: 245: 239: 10901:

Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī

8499:

Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī

2862:"Al-Kindi, A Precursor of the Scientific Revolution" 1573: 1556: 1353: 1218:

were highly respected in the medieval Islamic world.

899:. His most important work in this field is probably 332:

Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of

248: 233: 1585: 1054:

Treatise on the Efficient Cause of the Flow and Ebb

395:, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing 236: 12409:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 10945:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī 10893:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī 8607:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) 2681:Al-Kindi – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2423: 2232:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 283–298. 1785: 1633: 1455:. State University of New York. pp. 137–138. 1270:The relationship between revelation and philosophy 774:'On the Signs of Astronomy as applied to Medicine' 12614: 12537: 10433:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) 2947: 2880:Prioreschi, Plinio (1996). "Medicine: al-Kindi". 12909: 9362: 8596:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām 3413: 2720:Adamson, Peter; Pormann, Peter E., eds. (2012). 2684:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 698:Al-Kindi took his view of the solar system from 576:also destroyed countless libraries during their 417:Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages 10760:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī 8610:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī 592:, and whose son Ahmad was tutored by al-Kindi. 3003:Benjamnin N. Dyke's translation of Al-Kindi's 2954:"Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi" 2768:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–51. 2719: 2074:. Chicago: University of Chicago. p. 19. 1608:"Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi" 1015:). In his treatise on cryptanalysis, he wrote: 222:Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī 13038:Music theorists of the medieval Islamic world 12943:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 11907: 11383: 11369: 9341:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam 8691:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) 7785: 7354: 6236: 4838: 3959: 3935: 3082: 2302:Cozzens, Margaret; Miller, Steven J. (2013). 2301: 1667:Fundamentals in Information Theory and Coding 1251: 935:("The Book of Gentleness on Perfume") or the 768:(on mundane astrology and natal revolutions). 12685: 6453:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari 2921:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 2917:"Kindī: Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kindī" 2836: 2766:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy 2517: 2493: 2308:. American Mathematical Society. p. 5. 2191: 1968: 1944: 1920: 1819: 1757:"Al-Kindi Distinguished Statistics Lectures" 1550: 1050:Risala fi l-Illa al-Failali l-Madd wa l-Fazr 1007:(رسالة في استخراج الكتب المعماة; literally: 772:De Signis Astronomiae Applicitis as Mediciam 336:scientific and philosophical texts into the 10439:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) 2841:. In Leaman, Oliver; Nasr, Hossein (eds.). 2149: 1442: 778:Treatise on the Spirituality of the Planets 11914: 11900: 11376: 11362: 10460:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) 7812: 7792: 7778: 7361: 7347: 6243: 6229: 4845: 4831: 3966: 3952: 3089: 3075: 2884:. Omaha: Horatius Press. pp. 227–235. 2879: 2859: 2605:A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy 2340: 2328: 2179: 2167: 2072:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler 2044:. Minneapolis: Cazimi Press. pp. 5–6. 1720: 1685: 1602: 1600: 45: 13098:Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate 13023:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world 13013:Astrologers of the medieval Islamic world 12968:Arabic-language commentators on Aristotle 11414: 7237:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon 4700:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 3975:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world 2790: 2256: 2224: 2203: 1635:"The man who cracked the Kama Sutra code" 1500: 1377:Al-Kindi was also an important figure in 975:is a mathematical and logical absurdity. 800:, Medieval manuscripts, MS R.15.17 (937). 477:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath 12963:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world 10062:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 8601:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm 7675:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab 2919:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). 2092: 2069: 1792:. New York City: Anchor Books. pp. 1776: 1774: 1205: 1102: 1095:. His works included discussions on the 1005:Risāla fī Istikhrāj al-Kutub al-Mu'ammāh 982: 969:Kitāb fī Isti`māl al-'A`dād al-Hindīyyah 788: 692:Liber novem iudicum in iudiciis astrorum 686: 13093:Philosophers from the Abbasid Caliphate 10285:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī 6937:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi 4854:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world 2959:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 2763: 2735: 2729: 2713: 2677: 2589: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2505: 2481: 2469: 2454: 2399:Philosophies of Music in Medieval Islam 2396: 2268: 2239: 2137: 2027: 1980: 1956: 1850:Al Kindi: The Father of Arab Philosophy 1834: 1597: 1591: 1579: 1503:Encyclopedia of love in world religions 1478:Al-Kindi: the father of Arab philosophy 1360:praised al-Kindi and his work stating: 1069:In explaining the natural cause of the 1024:Al-Kindi was influenced by the work of 804:Al-Kindi was the first major writer on 796:, manuscript, 17th century. Cambridge, 13018:Astronomers from the Abbasid Caliphate 12910: 9642: 9285:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 5651:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 4997:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi 4621:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 3096: 2923:. New York: Springer. pp. 635–6. 2914: 2812: 2698:Introduction to the History of Science 2694: 2601: 2577: 2421: 2054: 1992: 1932: 1908: 1846: 1567: 1505:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 405. 1475: 1298: 1013:On Decrypting Encrypted Correspondence 753:Treatise on the Judgement of Eclipses. 731:The Book of the Judgement of the Stars 324:. He became a prominent figure in the 265:أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي 13103:Physicians from the Abbasid Caliphate 12756: 12665: 11895: 11357: 10853:Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order 9361: 8434:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar 7811: 7773: 7370:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world 7342: 6224: 5672:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 5610: 4864: 4826: 3947: 3934: 3412: 3070: 3052:Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya'kub Ibn Ishak Al- 2701:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 2271:"Al-Kindi's Mathematical Metaphysics" 2039: 1873: 1780: 1771: 1681: 1679: 1664: 1654:from the original on 12 January 2022. 1435:. In Leaman, O & Nasr, H (2001). 1009:On Extracting Obscured Correspondence 750:, ("On the Changing of the Weather"). 12463:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias 11688: 11568: 7799: 7188:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye 6250: 5621: 3022:al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya'ḳub ibn Isḥak 2724:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1448: 839:appear in the writings of al-Kindi: 415:(717–786), Al-Kindi's book entitled 11921: 10073:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi 7654:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib 7543:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist) 7039:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani 2907:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2895: 2722:The Philosophical Works of al-Kindī 2678:Adamson, Peter (2018). "Al-Kindi". 2283:from the original on 7 January 2007 1853:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 1210:Ancient Greek philosophers such as 1153:According to al-Kindi, the goal of 965: 937:Kitāb Kīmiyāʾ al-ʿiṭr wa-l-taṣʿīdāt 812:placed him in the first rank after 264: 13: 12824:Transmission of the Greek Classics 7757:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba 2422:Turner, Howard R. (28 July 2010). 1676: 1501:Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg (2008). 1389:. The Italian Renaissance scholar 1032:, which contains the first use of 595: 578:invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia 309:, and is hailed as the "father of 14: 13119: 12498:The Situations and Names of Winds 10445:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) 6463:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi 2995:– Three texts by Al Kindi in the 2889: 1056:), al-Kindi presents a theory on 666:on the one hand, and revealed or 455:to an aristocratic family of the 100:, Abbasid Caliphate (now in Iraq) 51:al-Kindi on Iraqi stamp from 1962 12884: 12874: 12873: 10463:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) 8685:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard 8557:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad- 8235:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit 7647:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān 6801:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat 4878: 4557: 3011: 2985: 2943:Alkindus (Bibliotheca Augustana) 2234:(same content also available on 1847:Abboud, Tony (15 January 2006). 1398:Royal Commission for Riyadh City 958:On the Use of the Hindu Numerals 423:, was the earliest known use of 307:Islamic peripatetic philosophers 305:. Al-Kindi was the first of the 226: 12404:On Length and Shortness of Life 11015:United Submitters International 10294:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir 9672:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 9025:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 7393:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid) 7075:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani 7059:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 5376:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi 4865: 2796:A Companion to the Philosophers 2708: 2688: 2671: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2595: 2415: 2390: 2361: 2334: 2295: 2262: 2197: 2143: 2086: 2063: 2048: 2033: 1986: 1867: 1840: 1749: 1714: 1658: 1626: 1337:Incoherence of the Philosophers 1293:Incoherence of the Philosophers 1201: 1082: 1040:words with and without vowels. 978: 966:كتاب في استعمال الأعداد الهندية 867:and the Arabic translations of 766:On the Revolutions of the Years 563: 544: 530: 507: 496: 463:, descended from the chieftain 21:Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi 11994:Correspondence theory of truth 11309:Sunni schools of jurisprudence 10322:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād 9035:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 9030:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 8688:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) 8309:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 6680:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali 5865:Schema for horizontal sundials 5381:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 4906:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 3027:New International Encyclopedia 2742:. Oxford University Press US. 1519: 1494: 1469: 1425: 1148: 1043: 1030:Book of Cryptographic Messages 950: 659:might not have been possible. 1: 12340:Constitution of the Athenians 10736:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi 9062:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid 6750:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi 6372:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 4593:Principles of Hindu Reckoning 3862:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 3852:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 3443:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 2843:History of Islamic Philosophy 2819:History of Islamic Philosophy 2401:. Leiden: Brill. p. 35. 2341:Al-Jubouri, I. M. N. (2004). 2150:Szulakowska, Urszula (2000). 1995:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 1449:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). 1437:History of Islamic Philosophy 1419: 1107: 1034:permutations and combinations 1003:). His book on this topic is 918: 737:, on questions and elections. 633: 446: 276: 88: 60: 12242:On Generation and Corruption 11765:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam 10424:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) 10365:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi 10346:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi 9364:Islamic schools and branches 8199:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad 8104:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 7708:One Hundred and Twelve Books 6998:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi 6786:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon 6690:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam 6685:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar 6538:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali 6443:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi 6123:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) 3529:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 2837:Klein-Franke, Felix (2001). 2661:"Al-Kindi | Muslim Heritage" 908: 682: 7: 13068:Philosophers of mathematics 10356:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin 9052:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 8409:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi 8344:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi 7694:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ 7175:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs 6760:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili 6112:University of al-Qarawiyyin 5316:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi 4783:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 4715:University of al-Qarawiyyin 2978:– Islamic Philosophy Online 2860:Prioreschi, Plinio (2002). 2070:Lindberg, David C. (1976). 2040:Dykes, Benjamin N. (2011). 1531:www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk 1354: 933:Kitāb al-Taraffuq fī l-ʿiṭr 890: 479:. His father Ishaq was the 10: 13124: 13078:Philosophers of psychology 12938:9th-century mathematicians 12483:On Marvellous Things Heard 12102:Potentiality and actuality 11550:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni 11112:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir 10552:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī 10305:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī 9983:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani 9467:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 8723:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 8354:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 8314:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 8139:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 7548:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer) 7538:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist) 7398:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana 7223:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya 7008:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb 6957:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi 5611: 5356:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 4685:Al-Mustansiriya University 4664:Islamic geometric patterns 4412:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 3807:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 3707:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 3621:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 2774:10.1017/CCOL0521817439.003 2211:. UNESCO. pp. 41–84. 1439:. London: Routledge. p 165 1252:The soul and the afterlife 1227:, which was influenced by 1097:therapeutic value of music 1048:In a treatise entitled as 419:gave rise to the birth of 411:. Building on the work of 25: 18: 13058:Philosophers of education 12973:Aristotelian philosophers 12869: 12846:Commentaries on Aristotle 12816: 12530: 12433: 12417: 12369: 12348: 12314: 12298: 12260: 12222: 12179: 12170: 11955: 11929: 11868: 11843: 11777: 11747: 11612: 11497: 11465: 11436: 11407: 11399:Persian traditional music 11389: 11384:Medieval Perso-Arab music 11303: 11256: 11208: 11162: 11052: 11039: 10978: 10875: 10813: 10796: 10683: 10631: 10622: 10561: 10478: 10412: 10389: 10336: 10256: 10241: 10171: 10038: 9881: 9745: 9720: 9696:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects 9633: 9533: 9383: 9374: 9370: 9357: 9331: 9276: 9223: 9119: 9112: 9070: 9040:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine 9000: 8858: 8755:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 8703: 8673: 8580: 8548: 8489: 8447: 8268: 8222: 8209:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 8184:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 8034:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 7973: 7964: 7932: 7904: 7871: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7807: 7622: 7586: 7556: 7525: 7499: 7491:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist) 7463: 7435:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith) 7430:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) 7422: 7406: 7385: 7376: 7305: 7279: 7253: 7144: 7123: 7103: 7067: 7021: 6970: 6932:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli 6927:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi 6884: 6851:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta 6773: 6695:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 6672: 6561: 6533:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon 6435: 6344: 6323: 6267: 6258: 6197:Medieval European science 6179: 6148: 6089: 5878: 5745: 5681: 5628: 5617: 5606: 5567: 5531: 5470: 5457:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar 5409: 5308: 5237: 5214:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli 5156: 5025: 4929: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4860: 4775: 4749: 4723: 4672: 4651: 4566: 4555: 4522: 4466: 4430: 4349: 4303: 4222: 4086: 3990: 3981: 3941: 3936:Links to related articles 3796: 3735: 3669: 3608: 3555:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 3547: 3496: 3430: 3426: 3408: 3318: 3243: 3108: 3104: 1723:The American Statistician 1688:The American Statistician 1669:. Springer. p. 122. 1342: 1028:(717–786), who wrote the 784: 215: 147: 129: 119: 109: 105: 84: 56: 44: 37: 13083:Philosophers of religion 13073:Philosophers of medicine 12948:9th-century philosophers 11859:Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir 11810:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 10725:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī 9600:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 9214:The Moderation in Belief 9095:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya 8833:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi 8404:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 8334:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 7414:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber) 7292:Ancient Iranian medicine 7080:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri 6952:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni 6816:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi 6781:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 6604:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili 6503:Al-Tamimi, the physician 6290:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi 5447:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 5341:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 4982:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi 4438:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 4397:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 2964:University of St Andrews 2915:Cooper, Glen M. (2007). 2608:. Polity Press. p. 2397:Shehadi, Fadlou (1995). 2059:. McFarland. p. 92. 19:Not to be confused with 13108:Medieval cryptographers 13088:Philosophers of science 12983:History of cryptography 12933:9th-century astrologers 12928:9th-century Arab people 12214:Sophistical Refutations 11187:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 10578:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān 10496:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī 10268:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād 9207:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi 9165:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah 9020:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 8424:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 8329:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 8319:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 8159:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani 8114:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 8049:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini 7244:Lives of the Physicians 7209:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi 7155:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah 7111:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi 6993:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi 6856:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi 6579:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani 6508:Eutychius of Alexandria 6483:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5549:Baha' al-din al-'Amili 5523:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i 5401:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati 5321:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 4807:History of trigonometry 4802:Trigonometric functions 4796:Western Arabic numerals 4792:Eastern Arabic numerals 4357:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 3539:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 3488:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 3448:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 3042:Encyclopædia Britannica 2822:. London: Keagan Paul. 2736:Adamson, Peter (2007). 2695:Sarton, George (1927). 2602:Leaman, Oliver (1999). 2347:. Authors on Line Ltd. 1011:, more contemporarily: 943:process for extracting 798:Trinity College Library 94:(aged approximately 72) 12953:9th-century physicians 12399:On Divination in Sleep 12085:Horror vacui (physics) 11825:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 10859:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu 10436:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) 9929:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 9424:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 9085:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd 9080:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani 9015:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 8975:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi 8960:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 8640:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri 8635:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar 8394:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 8304:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 8299:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 8284:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 8154:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 8119:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 8044:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 7574:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām 7486:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn 7476:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī 7455:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) 7450:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq 7287:Ancient Greek medicine 6947:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 6861:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 6705:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 6599:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi 6569:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu 6473:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari 5830:Navigational astrolabe 5585:Al Achsasi al Mouakket 5351:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 5270:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 5219:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani 5148:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi 4731:Babylonian mathematics 4422:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 4407:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 4402:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 4326:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 4255:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 3998:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk 3872:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 3822:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 3783:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 3651:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 3478:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 3300:Transcendent theosophy 3057:Encyclopedia Americana 3045:(11th ed.). 1911. 2240:Garbers, Karl (1948). 2055:Deming, David (2012). 1735:10.1198/tas.2011.10191 1700:10.1198/tas.2011.10191 1665:Borda, Monica (2011). 1367: 1365:prominence in Science. 1219: 1080: 1067: 1022: 996: 835:Two major theories of 801: 695: 342:Hellenistic philosophy 272: 13063:Philosophers of logic 12891:Philosophy portal 12513:Rhetoric to Alexander 11820:Safi al-Din al-Urmawi 11128:Wallace Fard Muhammad 10080:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya 9587:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 9336:Early Muslim scholars 9144:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 8414:Rahmatullah Kairanawi 8164:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi 8074:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 7701:Nabataean Agriculture 7640:Books of the Balances 7271:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 7162:The Canon of Medicine 6983:Burhan-ud-din Kermani 6589:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal 6574:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani 6478:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i 6422:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu 6166:Hellenistic astronomy 6137:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg) 5931:Deferent and epicycle 5331:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 5300:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 4942:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 4757:Byzantine mathematics 4545:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi 4372:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 4336:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 3656:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 3016:Texts on Wikisource: 2845:. London: Routledge. 2798:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2154:. Brill. p. 29. 2007:10.1353/mrw.2023.0005 1476:Abboud, Tony (2006). 1362: 1209: 1103:Philosophical thought 1078:winter winds are not. 1075: 1062: 1036:to list all possible 1017: 986: 792: 748:De mutatione temporum 690: 451:Al-Kindi was born in 425:statistical inference 316:Al-Kindi was born in 26:For the surname, see 13003:Islamic philosophers 12998:Intellectual history 12602:Andronicus of Rhodes 12503:On Virtues and Vices 12458:On Indivisible Lines 12379:Sense and Sensibilia 12349:Rhetoric and poetics 12162:Mathematical realism 11735:Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya 11645:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 11635:Ulayya bint al-Mahdi 10774:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya 10569:Al-Harith ibn Surayj 9759:Theology of Twelvers 9604:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 9151:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 8950:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 8349:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 8339:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 8324:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 8144:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 8109:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 8099:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 8094:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 8069:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 7054:Sultan Ali Khorasani 6755:Serapion the Younger 6397:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 6280:Al-Harith ibn Kalada 6156:Babylonian astronomy 5971:Gravitational energy 5346:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5336:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri 5017:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 4916:Mashallah ibn Athari 4901:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht 4762:European mathematics 4710:Maragheh observatory 4535:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi 4514:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 4387:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 4295:Muhammad al-Baghdadi 3887:Reza Davari Ardakani 3763:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 3697:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 3646:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 3560:Afdal al-Din Kashani 2982:Dr. Mashhad Al-Allaf 2950:Robertson, Edmund F. 2792:Arrington, Robert L. 2730:Works about al-Kindi 2714:English translations 2236:the author's website 1527:"Al-Kindi biography" 668:speculative theology 467:, a contemporary of 13053:Philosophers of art 13033:Metaphysics writers 12993:History of pharmacy 12988:History of medicine 12958:9th-century writers 12572:Strato of Lampsacus 12204:Posterior Analytics 11956:Ideas and interests 11008:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 10750:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī 10722:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya 10520:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī 10182:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah 9489:Other Salafi trends 9318:Musta'li Isma'ilism 9234:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya 8625:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr 8389:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 8039:Zakariyya al-Ansari 7750:Turba Philosophorum 7599:Philosopher's stone 7481:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs 7323:Medical Renaissance 7181:The Book of Healing 7085:Qurayshi al-Shirazi 6876:Zakariya al-Qazwini 6765:Zayn al-Din Gorgani 6407:Salmawaih ibn Bunan 6097:Al-Azhar University 5916:Celestial mechanics 5706:Book of Fixed Stars 5665:The Book of Healing 5644:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat 5386:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi 5361:Zakariya al-Qazwini 4972:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 4967:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 4680:Al-Azhar University 4607:The Book of Healing 4013:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 3847:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 3768:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 3758:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 3717:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 3227:Medieval psychology 3199:Natural philosophy 2948:O'Connor, John J.; 2226:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. 2205:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. 2194:, pp. 173–174. 1971:, pp. 166–167. 1947:, pp. 172–173. 1935:, pp. 154–155. 1537:on 26 October 2007. 1299:Critics and patrons 818:De radiis stellarum 760:The Choices of Days 741:On the Stellar Rays 590:On First Philosophy 465:al-Ash'ath ibn Qays 441:prophetic knowledge 12616:Islamic Golden Age 12539:Peripatetic school 12325:Nicomachean Ethics 12020:Future contingents 11876:Islamic Golden Age 11835:Abu Ahmad Monajjem 11730:Arib al-Ma'muniyya 11715:Inan bint Abdallah 11630:Ibrahim al-Mawsili 11307:Other scholars of 11198:Islamic modernists 11172:Modernist Salafism 10823:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 10782:Abdullah ibn Saba' 10717:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar 10602:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf 10590:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr 10581:Muhārīb ibn Dithār 10512:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī 9834:Astarabadi (Naimi) 9564:Abdullah al-Harari 9518:Muhammad bin Dawud 9451:Syed Nazeer Husain 9186:Tabsirat al-Adilla 9100:Al-Mansur al-Qasim 8935:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 8782:Syed Nazeer Husain 8705:Salafi Theologians 8457:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham 8429:Muhammad Abu Zahra 8214:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 8064:Abdul Qadir Gilani 7742:Secret of Creation 7724:(pseudo-Aristotle) 7668:Five Hundred Books 7445:Maslama al-Qurṭubī 7261:Al-'Adudi Hospital 7169:Tacuinum Sanitatis 7095:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi 6614:Badi' al-Asturlabi 6513:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath 6488:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi 6468:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 6417:Yahya ibn Sarafyun 6310:Rufaida Al-Aslamia 6305:Nafi ibn al-Harith 6161:Egyptian astronomy 6102:House of Knowledge 5780:Astronomical clock 5590:Muhammad al-Rudani 4987:Banū Mūsā brothers 4937:Abu Ali al-Khayyat 4812:History of algebra 4767:Indian mathematics 4741:Indian mathematics 4690:House of Knowledge 4144:Brethren of Purity 4038:Banū Mūsā brothers 3857:Abdolkarim Soroush 3702:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 3616:Hajji Bektash Wali 3152:medieval astronomy 3098:Islamic philosophy 2997:Islamic Philosophy 2976:Al-Kindi's website 2665:muslimheritage.com 1642:. 4 October 2000. 1614:on 26 October 2007 1406:Diplomatic Quarter 1383:Robert Grosseteste 1220: 1001:frequency analysis 997: 993:frequency analysis 877:Robert Grosseteste 826:Robert Grosseteste 802: 735:The Forty Chapters 704:empirical evidence 696: 618:(nine books), and 429:frequency analysis 348:philosophy in the 328:, and a number of 124:Islamic philosophy 114:Islamic Golden Age 28:al-Kindi (surname) 12905: 12904: 12899: 12898: 12851:Metabasis paradox 12812: 12811: 12752: 12751: 12739:Pietro Pomponazzi 12681: 12680: 12661: 12660: 12610: 12609: 12562:Eudemus of Rhodes 12552:Clearchus of Soli 12526: 12525: 12194:On Interpretation 12137:Temporal finitism 12025:Genus–differentia 11982:Category of being 11889: 11888: 11773: 11772: 11743: 11742: 11608: 11607: 11580:Atika bint Shuhda 11493: 11492: 11461: 11460: 11432: 11431: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11299: 11298: 11108:Muhammad Jaunpuri 11035: 11034: 10961:Sumāma ibn Ashras 10792: 10791: 10643:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî 10618: 10617: 10488:Gaylān ibn Marwān 10385: 10384: 10237: 10236: 9900:Abdallah al-Aftah 9716: 9715: 9629: 9628: 9613:Necmettin Erbakan 9455:Siddiq Hasan Khan 9419:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 9353: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9327: 9326: 9267:Tajrid al-I'tiqad 9261:Tashih al-I'tiqad 9172:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 9108: 9107: 9090:Al-Qasim al-Rassi 9057:Idris Imad al-Din 9010:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 8985:Ruhollah Khomeini 8965:Zurarah ibn A'yan 8940:Sharif al-Murtaza 8928:Muhammad al-Mahdi 8913:Muhammad al-Jawad 8893:Muhammad al-Baqir 8794:Siddiq Hasan Khan 8770:Rabee al-Madkhali 8419:Murtada al-Zabidi 8194:Ibrahim al-Bajuri 7960: 7959: 7767: 7766: 7686:Clavis sapientiae 7582: 7581: 7336: 7335: 7328:Medieval medicine 7119: 7118: 6978:Abu Sa'id al-Afif 6811:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl 6700:Ahmad ibn Farrokh 6315:Zaynab al-Awadiya 6218: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6192:Chinese astronomy 6187:Byzantine science 6061:Temporal finitism 5991:Islamic cosmology 5921:Celestial spheres 5741: 5740: 5633:Arabic star names 5602: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5462:Fathullah Shirazi 5396:Al-Ashraf Umar II 5108:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 4911:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 4820: 4819: 4736:Greek mathematics 4659:Alhazen's problem 4553: 4552: 4174:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 4124:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3773:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 3712:Mahmud Shabistari 3692:Jalaladdin Davani 3641:Nasir al-Din Tusi 3463:Abu Hatim al-Razi 3404: 3403: 2994: 2930:978-0-387-31022-0 2805:978-0-631-22967-4 2783:978-0-521-81743-1 2749:978-0-19-518142-5 2619:978-0-7456-1961-3 2556:, pp. 41–42. 2532:, pp. 40–41. 2518:Klein-Franke 2001 2494:Klein-Franke 2001 2374:SAGE Publications 2192:Klein-Franke 2001 1969:Klein-Franke 2001 1945:Klein-Franke 2001 1921:Klein-Franke 2001 1820:Klein-Franke 2001 1551:Klein-Franke 2001 1512:978-1-85109-980-1 1487:978-1-4042-0511-6 1462:978-0-7914-6799-2 1180:negative theology 808:since antiquity. 675:and (especially) 628:Gerard of Cremona 280: 801–873 AD 219: 218: 73:Abbasid Caliphate 13115: 13048:People from Kufa 12889: 12888: 12887: 12877: 12876: 12754: 12753: 12734:Jacopo Zabarella 12683: 12682: 12663: 12662: 12612: 12611: 12592:Diodorus of Tyre 12535: 12534: 12177: 12176: 12107:Substance theory 12068:Moderate realism 12062:Minima naturalia 11963:Active intellect 11916: 11909: 11902: 11893: 11892: 11745: 11744: 11725:Faḍl al-Shāʻirah 11686: 11685: 11665:Allawayh al-Asar 11660:Ishaq al-Mawsili 11566: 11565: 11463: 11462: 11434: 11433: 11412: 11411: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11355: 11354: 11050: 11049: 10811: 10810: 10629: 10628: 10605:Nusayr ibn Yahyā 10587:Awn ibn Abdullāh 10574:Sa'id ibn Jubayr 10544:Ubayd al-Mūktaib 10410: 10409: 10254: 10253: 10223:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus 10192:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī 10161:Khashabiyya Shia 10097:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān 10055:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān 9838:Imadaddin Nasimi 9743: 9742: 9640: 9639: 9511:Salafi Modernism 9414:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 9381: 9380: 9372: 9371: 9359: 9358: 9255:Awail Al Maqalat 9137:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 9117: 9116: 9047:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 9002:Isma'ili Shi'ism 8990:Wilayat al-faqih 8970:Hisham ibn Hakam 8955:Allamah Al-Hilli 8179:Muhammad Mayyara 7971: 7970: 7841: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7809: 7808: 7801:Islamic theology 7794: 7787: 7780: 7771: 7770: 7682:Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma 7383: 7382: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7318:Learned medicine 7313:Ibn Sina Academy 7013:Şerafeddin Kadir 6988:Husayni Isfahani 6922:Mansur ibn Ilyas 6866:Rashidun al-Suri 6745:Moshe ben Maimon 6528:Ibrahim ibn Baks 6458:Abu Bakr al-Razi 6392:Jabir ibn Hayyan 6387:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 6382:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 6265: 6264: 6252:Islamic medicine 6245: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6202:Indian astronomy 6171:Indian astronomy 6139: 6132: 6125: 6046:Sublunary sphere 6036:Specific gravity 5936:Earth's rotation 5825:Mural instrument 5770:Armillary sphere 5693:Alfonsine tables 5658:Tabula Rogeriana 5638:Islamic calendar 5626: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5607: 5503:Sibt al-Maridini 5488:Jamshid al-Kashi 5209:Said al-Andalusi 5012:Thābit ibn Qurra 4947:Abu Said Gorgani 4921:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 4875: 4874: 4862: 4861: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4635:Tabula Rogeriana 4561: 4509:Sibt al-Maridini 4169:Sinan ibn Thabit 4078:Abu Said Gorgani 4068:Thābit ibn Qurra 4058:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 4043:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3988: 3987: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3932: 3931: 3902:Hasanzadeh Amoli 3897:Mostafa Malekian 3867:Taha Abdurrahman 3842:Ismail al-Faruqi 3800: 3722:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 3453:Abu Bakr al-Razi 3428: 3427: 3410: 3409: 3235: 3222:Medieval science 3217: 3202: 3184: 3174: 3137: 3126: 3106: 3105: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3046: 3031: 3015: 2990: 2989: 2972:– Famous Muslims 2966: 2934: 2911: 2902:Zalta, Edward N. 2896:Adamson, Peter. 2885: 2876: 2866: 2856: 2833: 2809: 2787: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2725: 2703: 2702: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2568:, p. 46-47. 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2429: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2275: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2233: 2222: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1959:, p. 32-33. 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1895: 1894: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1791: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1610:. Archived from 1604: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1533:. Archived from 1523: 1517: 1516: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1446: 1440: 1431:Klein-Frank, F. 1429: 1400:inaugurated the 1391:Geralomo Cardano 1359: 1356:Kitab al-Fihrist 1229:Platonic realism 1171:absolute oneness 967: 927: 923: 920: 915:Abu Bakr al-Razi 664:natural theology 626:translations by 567: 565: 548: 546: 534: 532: 511: 509: 500: 498: 391:In the field of 320:and educated in 281: 278: 266: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 158:Islamic theology 93: 90: 65: 62: 49: 35: 34: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13113: 13112: 12978:Epistemologists 12908: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12900: 12895: 12885: 12883: 12865: 12808: 12748: 12744:Cesar Cremonini 12700:Albertus Magnus 12677: 12657: 12606: 12522: 12478:Physiognomonics 12473:On Things Heard 12468:On the Universe 12429: 12413: 12371:Parva Naturalia 12365: 12344: 12330:Eudemian Ethics 12310: 12294: 12256: 12218: 12199:Prior Analytics 12166: 12090:Rational animal 11951: 11925: 11923:Aristotelianism 11920: 11890: 11885: 11864: 11852:Kitab al-Aghani 11839: 11769: 11748:Andalusian-Arab 11739: 11684: 11604: 11564: 11489: 11457: 11428: 11403: 11385: 11382: 11352: 11339: 11295: 11252: 11223:Ahmed Raza Khan 11204: 11158: 11148:Fethullah Gülen 11123:Nation of Islam 11044: 11041: 11031: 10974: 10951:Ahmad ibn Hābīt 10879: 10871: 10804: 10800: 10788: 10709:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā 10679: 10614: 10599:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb 10557: 10474: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10393: 10381: 10332: 10245: 10233: 10167: 10041: 10034: 10002:Hassan-i Sabbah 9885: 9877: 9749: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9712: 9677:Hasan al-Utrush 9625: 9591:Ahmed Raza Khan 9537: 9529: 9436:Dawud al-Zahiri 9387: 9366: 9345: 9323: 9272: 9219: 9179:Kitab al-Tawhid 9104: 9066: 8996: 8923:Hasan al-Askari 8898:Ja'far al-Sadiq 8860:Twelver Shi'ism 8854: 8826:Salafi Jihadism 8821:Osama bin Laden 8804:Safar Al-Hawali 8765:Saleh Al-Fawzan 8699: 8669: 8662:Sahib ibn Abbad 8657:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 8622:Ja'far ibn Harb 8587:Wasil ibn 'Ata' 8584: 8576: 8544: 8505:ī (Muqātilīyya) 8485: 8443: 8399:Shah Abdul Aziz 8272: 8264: 8218: 8204:Ahmad al-Dardir 8089:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 7977: 7956: 7928: 7900: 7867: 7828: 7827: 7803: 7798: 7768: 7763: 7738:Sirr al-khalīqa 7618: 7578: 7552: 7521: 7495: 7471:pseudo-Avicenna 7459: 7418: 7402: 7372: 7367: 7337: 7332: 7301: 7275: 7249: 7140: 7115: 7099: 7063: 7044:Dawud al-Antaki 7017: 6966: 6880: 6821:Ibn Abi Usaibia 6769: 6668: 6659:Jonah ibn Janah 6557: 6448:Aayon Ibn Aayon 6431: 6412:Shapur ibn Sahl 6340: 6319: 6275:Abu Hafsa Yazid 6254: 6249: 6219: 6206: 6175: 6144: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6107:House of Wisdom 6085: 6041:Spherical Earth 5874: 5805:Equatorial ring 5785:Celestial globe 5760:Analog computer 5737: 5732:Sullam al-sama' 5677: 5613: 5594: 5563: 5527: 5466: 5405: 5304: 5290:Jabir ibn Aflah 5233: 5164:Abu Nasr Mansur 5152: 5133:Abolfadl Harawi 5068:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 5021: 4925: 4896:Ahmad Nahavandi 4884: 4869: 4856: 4851: 4821: 4816: 4788:Arabic numerals 4771: 4745: 4719: 4695:House of Wisdom 4668: 4647: 4569: 4562: 4549: 4518: 4462: 4448:Ibn al-Durayhim 4426: 4345: 4311:Jabir ibn Aflah 4299: 4230:Abu Nasr Mansur 4218: 4114:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 4082: 3977: 3972: 3937: 3929: 3916: 3882:Fouad Zakariyya 3877:Mohammed Arkoun 3832:Frithjof Schuon 3798: 3792: 3778:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 3731: 3665: 3604: 3543: 3492: 3422: 3400: 3314: 3273:Illuminationism 3239: 3233: 3215: 3200: 3183:(jurisprudence) 3182: 3172: 3135: 3124: 3100: 3095: 3049: 3034: 3019: 2931: 2892: 2864: 2853: 2830: 2806: 2784: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2732: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2693: 2689: 2676: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2339: 2335: 2329:Prioreschi 2002 2327: 2323: 2316: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2219: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2180:Prioreschi 1996 2178: 2174: 2168:Prioreschi 2002 2166: 2162: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2103:(4): 469–489 . 2091: 2087: 2068: 2064: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1875:Crone, Patricia 1872: 1868: 1861: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1779: 1772: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1719: 1715: 1684: 1677: 1663: 1659: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1557: 1549: 1542: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1474: 1470: 1463: 1447: 1443: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1379:medieval Europe 1345: 1301: 1291:attacks in his 1272: 1254: 1236:universal forms 1204: 1151: 1130:John Philoponus 1110: 1105: 1085: 1046: 981: 953: 925: 921: 911: 893: 873:Euclid's Optics 787: 762:(on elections). 685: 640:House of Wisdom 636: 598: 596:Accomplishments 562: 551:House of Wisdom 543: 529: 514:House of Wisdom 506: 495: 489:Abbasid caliphs 449: 401:Arabic numerals 368:, mathematics, 364:, to medicine, 338:Arabic language 326:House of Wisdom 311:Arab philosophy 279: 229: 225: 150: 143: 139:Aristotelianism 101: 95: 91: 80: 66: 63: 52: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13121: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13028:Metaphysicians 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12893: 12881: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12858: 12856:Views on women 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12817:Related topics 12814: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12758: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12729:Peter of Spain 12726: 12725: 12724: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12705:Thomas Aquinas 12702: 12697: 12691: 12689: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12675: 12669: 12667: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12631: 12626: 12620: 12618: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12582:Aristo of Ceos 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12543: 12541: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12439: 12437: 12435:Pseudepigrapha 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12375: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12321: 12319: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12308: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12237:On the Heavens 12234: 12228: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12183: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12127: 12122: 12104: 12099: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12046: 12039: 12034: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12005: 11996: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11972: 11969:Antiperistasis 11965: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11919: 11918: 11911: 11904: 11896: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11881:Hind bint Utba 11878: 11872: 11870: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11855: 11847: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11751: 11749: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11710:Milh Al-Attara 11707: 11702: 11696: 11694: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11650:Mansour Zalzal 11647: 11642: 11640:Yaḥya al-Makki 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11590:Djamila/Jamila 11587: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11530:Hunain al-Hiri 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11442: 11440: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11426: 11420: 11418: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11358: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11229: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11177:Muhammad Abduh 11168: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11058: 11056: 11047: 11037: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11020:Rashad Khalifa 11012: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11003:Muhammad Iqbal 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10946: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10894: 10887: 10885: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10856: 10849:Bektashi Order 10842: 10833: 10819: 10817: 10808: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10698:Abu al-Khattab 10689: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10656:Abū Hulmān al- 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10637: 10635: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10611:Amr ibn Murrah 10609: 10608:Ahmad ibn Hārb 10606: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10596:Salm ibn Sālem 10594: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10528:Sāleh ibn Umar 10523: 10522: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10504:Gassān al-Kūfī 10499: 10498: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10418: 10416: 10407: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10362: 10353: 10351:Jābir ibn Zayd 10348: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10319: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10262: 10260: 10251: 10239: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10219:Tawussite Shia 10216: 10215: 10214: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10184: 10178: 10176: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10074: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10046: 10044: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10021: 10008: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9922: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9891: 9889: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9864: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9831: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9755: 9753: 9740: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9689:Imams of Yemen 9686: 9684:Yahya ibn Umar 9681: 9680: 9679: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9648: 9646: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9610: 9597: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9556: 9545: 9543: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9438: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9395: 9393: 9378: 9368: 9367: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9310: 9299: 9292:Kitab al-Majmu 9288: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9229: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9130:Asas al-Taqdis 9125: 9123: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8982: 8980:Ja'far Sobhani 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8883:Husayn ibn Ali 8880: 8875: 8864: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8818: 8816:Salman al-Ouda 8813: 8812: 8811: 8809:Sahwa movement 8801: 8799:Zubair Ali Zai 8796: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8679: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8647:Al-Zamakhshari 8644: 8643: 8642: 8632: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8592: 8590: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8522: 8506: 8495: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8453: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8384:Ahmad Sirhindi 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8252: 8245:Malik ibn Anas 8242: 8231: 8229: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8009:Al-Shahrastani 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7838: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7774: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7734: 7726: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7661:Emerald Tablet 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7512:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs 7509: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7049:Hakim-e-Gilani 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7029:Rostam Gorgani 7025: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6871:Sa'ad al-Dawla 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Ibn al-Tilmīdh 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6649:Ibn al-Kattani 6646: 6644:Ibn al-Haytham 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Ibn Al-Thahabi 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6594:Ali ibn Ridwan 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6553:Qusta ibn Luqa 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6427:Yusuf al-Khuri 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6336:Ja'ar al-Sadiq 6333: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951:Elliptic orbit 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Circular orbit 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5712:Toledan Tables 5709: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575:Yang Guangxian 5571: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5229:Ali ibn Khalaf 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204:Kushyar Gilani 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174:Ali ibn Ridwan 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:Haseb-i Tabari 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5007:Sahl ibn Bishr 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4871: 4870: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4628:Toledan Tables 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4600:Book of Optics 4596: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4341:Ibn al-Yasamin 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4240:Kushyar Gilani 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4184:Nazif ibn Yumn 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4063:Na'im ibn Musa 4060: 4055: 4053:Yusuf al-Khuri 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Qusta ibn Luqa 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3985: 3983:Mathematicians 3979: 3978: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3812:Muhammad Iqbal 3809: 3803: 3801: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3788:Hādī Sabzavārī 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Mir Fendereski 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3473:Ikhwan al-Safa 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3305:Traditionalist 3302: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3209: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3139: 3128: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3047: 3032: 3009: 3005:Forty Chapters 3000: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2945: 2940: 2929: 2912: 2891: 2890:External links 2888: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2857: 2851: 2834: 2828: 2810: 2804: 2794:, ed. (2001). 2788: 2782: 2761: 2748: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2687: 2670: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2618: 2594: 2582: 2580:, p. 156. 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2520:, p. 168. 2510: 2498: 2496:, p. 167. 2486: 2474: 2459: 2447: 2441:978-0292781498 2440: 2414: 2408:978-9004101289 2407: 2389: 2383:978-1412981767 2382: 2376:. p. 87. 2360: 2353: 2333: 2321: 2315:978-0821883211 2314: 2294: 2261: 2257:al-Hassan 2001 2249: 2217: 2196: 2184: 2182:, p. 230. 2172: 2160: 2142: 2130: 2109:10.1086/350790 2085: 2062: 2047: 2032: 2020: 2001:(3): 437–455. 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1923:, p. 166. 1913: 1911:, p. 154. 1896: 1889: 1866: 1859: 1839: 1824: 1822:, p. 172. 1809: 1802: 1770: 1748: 1729:(4): 255–257. 1713: 1694:(4): 255–257. 1675: 1657: 1625: 1596: 1584: 1572: 1570:, p. 155. 1555: 1553:, p. 165. 1540: 1518: 1511: 1493: 1486: 1468: 1461: 1441: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1402:Al Kindi Plaza 1344: 1341: 1300: 1297: 1271: 1268: 1253: 1250: 1203: 1200: 1150: 1147: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1084: 1081: 1045: 1042: 980: 977: 952: 949: 910: 907: 892: 889: 822:Ibn al-Haytham 786: 783: 782: 781: 775: 769: 763: 757: 754: 751: 744: 738: 684: 681: 635: 632: 597: 594: 566: 870–892 547: 842–847 533: 847–861 510: 833–842 499: 813–833 448: 445: 397:Hindu numerals 303:music theorist 282:) was an Arab 217: 216: 213: 212: 151: 149:Main interests 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 135: 133: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102: 96: 86: 82: 81: 67: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13120: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12892: 12882: 12880: 12872: 12871: 12868: 12862: 12861:Wheel paradox 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12769:Trendelenburg 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12755: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12695:Peter Lombard 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12687:Scholasticism 12684: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12664: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12577:Lyco of Troas 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12519: 12518:Magna Moralia 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12157:Virtue ethics 12155: 12153: 12152:Unmoved mover 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12006: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11917: 11912: 11910: 11905: 11903: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11687: 11681: 11680:Ibn al-Tahhan 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11670:Amr ibn Banah 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11585:Azza al-Mayla 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11560:Malik al-Ta'i 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11515:Sa'ib Khathir 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11379: 11374: 11372: 11367: 11365: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11258:Other beliefs 11255: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11232:Hilmi Tunahan 11230: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11182:Muhammad Asad 11180: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11092:Sabbatai Zevi 11090: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11038: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942:Ali al-Aswarī 10941: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10799: 10795: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10716: 10715: 10714:Muʿāmmarīyya 10713: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10610: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10399: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10298: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10244: 10240: 10230: 10229:Waqifite Shia 10227: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10170: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10154:Ishaq al-Turk 10152: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9912:Hamdan Qarmat 9910: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9809:Safavid Islam 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9793:Sheikh Haydar 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9386: 9385:Ahl al-Hadith 9382: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9320: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9072:Zaydi Shi'ism 9069: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8903:Musa al-Kazim 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888:Ali al-Sajjad 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8878:Hasan ibn Ali 8876: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8849:Post-Salafism 8848: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8713:Ibn Taymiyyah 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8694:Mustadrakīyya 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Amr ibn Ubayd 8650: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7788: 7783: 7781: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7760: 7759:(al-Nabarawi) 7758: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7730:Sirr al-asrār 7727: 7725: 7723: 7722:Sirr al-asrār 7719: 7717: 7716: 7715:Seventy Books 7712: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7633:Book of Mercy 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7569:Ibn al-Rassām 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440:Ibn Waḥshiyya 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7216:Adab al-Tabib 7213: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:Ophthalmology 7129: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034:ʽImad Shirazi 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:Ibn al-Khatib 6910: 6908: 6907:Ibn al-Akfani 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846:Ibn al‐Raqqam 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6831:Ibn al-Baitar 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Al-Shahrazuri 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6619:Ibn Abi Sadiq 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6523:Ibn al-Jazzar 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6117:Observatories 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071:Triangulation 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Heliocentrism 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Shadow square 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5725:Zij-i Sultani 5722: 5720: 5719: 5718:Zij-i Ilkhani 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Kadızade Rumi 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Ibn al-Shatir 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Ibn al‐Raqqam 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285:Ibn al-Kammad 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Ibn al-Saffar 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4565: 4560: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443:Ibn al-Shatir 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417:Ibn al-Banna' 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4362:Ahmad al-Buni 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4003:Sanad ibn Ali 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3600:Shams Tabrizi 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3534:Nasir Khusraw 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509:Ibn Miskawayh 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2852:9780415131599 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829:9781135198886 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2814:Corbin, Henry 2811: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2667:. 6 May 2007. 2666: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2592:, p. 47. 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2544:, p. 40. 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2508:, p. 39. 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2484:, p. 35. 2483: 2478: 2472:, p. 36. 2471: 2466: 2464: 2457:, p. 37. 2456: 2451: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2354:9780755210114 2350: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2331:, p. 17. 2330: 2325: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2279: 2272: 2269:Al-Allaf, M. 2265: 2259:, p. 69. 2258: 2253: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2218:9789231038310 2214: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2140:, p. 45. 2139: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2030:, p. 43. 2029: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1983:, p. 42. 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1892: 1890:0-521-52940-9 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1860:9781404205116 1856: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1837:, p. 34. 1836: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1805: 1803:9780385495325 1799: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1788:The Code Book 1783: 1777: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:The Telegraph 1636: 1629: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1582:, p. 33. 1581: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:In 1986, the 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1372:Islamic world 1366: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1333:Deborah Black 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:Oliver Leaman 1296: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 994: 990: 989:cryptanalysis 985: 976: 974: 970: 963: 959: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 916: 906: 904: 903: 898: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 854: 848: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 799: 795: 791: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 745: 742: 739: 736: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 718: 714: 708: 705: 701: 693: 689: 680: 678: 677:neo-Platonist 674: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 645: 641: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 606: 605:bibliographer 603: 600:According to 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 569: 560: 556: 552: 541: 536: 527: 526:al-Mutawakkil 523: 519: 515: 504: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Arabian tribe 454: 444: 442: 438: 432: 430: 426: 422: 421:cryptanalysis 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:mathematician 292: 288: 285: 274: 270: 262: 256: 223: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 146: 140: 137: 136: 134: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 104: 99: 87: 83: 78: 74: 70: 59: 55: 48: 43: 36: 33: 29: 22: 12841:Neoplatonism 12623: 12567:Theophrastus 12425:Protrepticus 12318:and politics 12129: 12116: 12112:hypokeimenon 12110: 12094: 12077: 12060: 12053: 12041: 12037:Hylomorphism 12029: 12007: 11986: 11974: 11967: 11857: 11850: 11784: 11689: 11569: 11445: 11241:Other orders 11146: / 11139:Nur movement 11110: / 11067:Mirza Ghulam 10998:Tolu-e-Islam 10867:Galibi Order 10865: / 10845:Balım Sultan 10840:Babai revolt 10831:Qalandariyya 10829: / 10731:Mufaḍḍaliyya 10640:Jawārībīyya 10593:Umar ibn Zar 10562:Other Murjīs 10291:Bayhasīyyah 10208:Nuqta-yi Ula 10024:Pir Sadardin 10017: / 9931: / 9927: / 9844: / 9836: / 9823: / 9803: / 9799: / 9795: / 9652:Zayd ibn Ali 9602: / 9589: / 9540:Ilm al-Kalam 9453: / 9446:Ahl-i Hadith 9314:Umm al-kitab 9312: 9301: 9290: 9283: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9212: 9205: 9200:Fihi Ma Fihi 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 8868:Twelve Imams 8787:Ahl-i Hadith 8718:Ibnul Qayyim 8598:(Nazzāmīyya) 8079:Ibn al-Jawzi 8019:Al-Taftazani 7994:Al-Baqillani 7756: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7713: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7646: 7638: 7631: 7557:14th century 7526:13th century 7500:12th century 7464:11th century 7423:10th century 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7104:18th century 7068:17th century 7022:16th century 6971:15th century 6962:Zayn-e-Attar 6885:14th century 6836:Ibn al-Nafis 6774:13th century 6673:12th century 6654:Ibn al-Wafid 6562:11th century 6436:10th century 6367:Ali al-Ridha 6351: 6090:Institutions 5941:Eccentricity 5901:Astrophysics 5795:Compass rose 5730: 5723: 5716: 5704: 5697: 5682: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5508:Ibn al-Majdi 5483:Abd al‐Wajid 5442:Al-Wabkanawi 5437:Abū al‐ʿUqūl 5326:Jamal ad-Din 5295:Omar Khayyam 5123:Al-ʻIjliyyah 5098:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 5083:Ibn al-A'lam 5002:Al-Khwarizmi 4956: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4568:Mathematical 4523:16th century 4474:Ibn al-Majdi 4467:15th century 4431:14th century 4350:13th century 4304:12th century 4290:Omar Khayyam 4223:11th century 4119:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 4087:10th century 4048:Al-Khwarizmi 4017: 3912:Partawi Shah 3907:Javadi Amoli 3892:Ahmad Fardid 3837:Martin Lings 3687:Hajji Bayram 3661:Ibn Taymiyya 3590:Omar Khayyám 3575:Ayn-al-Quzat 3570:Ahmad Yasavi 3483:Ibn Masarrah 3437: 3417:by century ( 3415:Philosophers 3310:Contemporary 3212: 3179: 3169: 3132: 3121: 3055: 3040: 3025: 3004: 2996: 2957: 2920: 2905: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2842: 2818: 2795: 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2738: 2721: 2709:Bibliography 2697: 2690: 2680: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2604: 2597: 2590:Adamson 2005 2585: 2573: 2566:Adamson 2005 2561: 2554:Adamson 2005 2549: 2542:Adamson 2005 2537: 2530:Adamson 2005 2525: 2513: 2506:Adamson 2005 2501: 2489: 2482:Adamson 2005 2477: 2470:Adamson 2005 2455:Adamson 2005 2450: 2425: 2417: 2398: 2392: 2369: 2363: 2343: 2336: 2324: 2304: 2297: 2285:. Retrieved 2264: 2252: 2241: 2238:). See also 2229: 2208: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2138:Adamson 2005 2133: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2035: 2028:Adamson 2005 2023: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1981:Adamson 2005 1976: 1964: 1957:Adamson 2005 1952: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1879: 1869: 1849: 1842: 1835:Adamson 2005 1787: 1782:Singh, Simon 1764: 1760: 1751: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1691: 1687: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1639: 1628: 1616:. 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Rosen. 1325:al-Ma'mun 1259:Epictetus 1216:Aristotle 1160:al-Farabi 1134:Aristotle 1026:al-Khalil 956:volumes, 945:rose oils 909:Chemistry 845:Euclidean 794:De radiis 717:De radiis 683:Astronomy 649:al-Farabi 582:al-Farabi 540:al-Wathiq 492:al-Ma'mun 413:al-Khalil 374:astrology 370:astronomy 299:physician 206:astrology 202:cosmology 182:chemistry 12879:Category 12804:Nussbaum 12774:Brentano 12646:Averroes 12634:Avicenna 12624:Al-Kindi 12597:Erymneus 12493:Problems 12389:On Sleep 12356:Rhetoric 12335:Politics 12280:Movement 12142:Quiddity 12003:accident 11930:Overview 11830:Ibn Kurr 11815:Avempace 11805:Avicenna 11785:Al-Kindi 11760:Avempace 11720:Shāriyah 11705:Mahbubah 11655:Mukhariq 11625:Ibn Jami 11535:Algharid 11467:Sasanian 11453:Rhoptron 11438:Parthian 11281:Tawakkul 11248:Tawassul 11210:Taṣawwuf 11132:doctrine 10980:Quranism 10769:Namiriya 10398:Muḥāmmad 10391:Murji'ah 10105:Rawendis 10028:Satpanth 9949:Musta'li 9944:Fatimids 9842:Hurufism 9829:Alawites 9734:Sects in 9726:Mahdiist 9662:Batriyya 9608:Deobandi 9559:Shafi'is 9494:Jihadism 9441:Salafism 9409:Hanbalis 9390:Atharism 9303:Malfūzāt 9241:Al-Amali 8838:Hazimism 8550:Murji'ah 8474:Jahmīyya 8462:Mu'jbira 8054:Ibn Aqil 7604:al-iksīr 7587:Concepts 7297:Ayurveda 7124:Concepts 6917:Jaghmini 6897:Aqsara'i 6735:Ibn Zuhr 6715:Averroes 6710:Avempace 6664:Masawaih 6609:Avicenna 6543:Muvaffak 6352:Al-Kindi 6130:Maragheh 6081:Universe 6051:Sunlight 6016:Parallax 6006:Muwaqqit 5946:Ecliptic 5879:Concepts 5845:Quadrant 5765:Aperture 5280:Averroes 5250:Avempace 5194:Avicenna 5128:Nastulus 5118:al-Sijzi 5043:Al-Adami 4957:Al-Kindi 4652:Concepts 4484:al-Kāshī 4458:al-Umawi 4260:Avicenna 4199:Al-Sijzi 4149:Ibn Sahl 4018:Al-Kindi 3580:Averroes 3519:Ibn Hazm 3514:Avicenna 3468:Al Amiri 3438:Al-Kindi 3431:9th–10th 3341:ʼIjtihād 3326:ʻAṣabīya 3319:Concepts 3258:Farabism 3213:Madrasah 2970:Al-Kindi 2875:: 17–19. 2816:(1993). 2739:Al-Kindī 2278:Archived 2125:40895875 1877:(1980). 1784:(2000). 1652:Archived 1433:Al-Kindi 1323:Caliphs 1164:Avicenna 1126:Plotinus 973:infinity 891:Medicine 853:complete 653:Avicenna 612:geometry 586:Avicenna 481:governor 469:Muhammad 287:polymath 273:Alkindus 194:medicine 75:(now in 39:al-Kindi 12722:Scotism 12710:Thomism 12361:Poetics 12270:History 12232:Physics 12224:Physics 12181:Organon 12109: ( 12055:Mimesis 11999:Essence 11869:Related 11613:Abbasid 11595:Hababah 11498:Umayyad 11475:Bamshad 11408:Origins 11330:Shafi'i 11320:Hanbali 11286:Tewafuq 11266:Sadaqah 11227:Barelvi 11218:Ṭarīqah 11072:Qadiani 11045:beliefs 10815:Alevism 10662:Dimashq 10448:Nūnīyya 10442:Maʿīyya 10402:ibn al- 10377:Azzabas 10338:Ibadism 10326:Nukkari 10280:Azariqa 10265:Ajardi 10212:Bábīyya 10118:Sunpadh 10050:Mukhtār 10015:Nizaris 9990:Alevism 9964:Dawoodi 9954:Tayyibi 9916:Sevener 9895:Fathite 9769:Akhbari 9764:Ja'fari 9751:Twelver 9730:Shi'ite 9667:Imamate 9644:Zaydism 9595:Barelvi 9582:Hanafis 9554:Malikis 9523:Maqrizi 9472:Ibn Baz 9431:Zahiris 9193:Masnavi 8745:Ibn Baz 8559:Dimashq 8259:Shafi‘i 8189:'Illish 7924:Physics 7906:Science 7614:Athanor 7609:Alembic 7254:Centers 7230:Al-Hawi 5986:Inertia 5976:Gravity 5911:Azimuth 5860:Sundial 5850:Sextant 5800:Dioptra 5790:Compass 5755:Alidade 5366:al-Urdi 5189:Alhazen 5113:Ma Yize 5058:al-Qūhī 5033:al-Sufi 4776:Related 4705:Madrasa 4673:Centers 4479:al-Rūmī 4382:al-Urdi 4280:ibn Hud 4235:Alhazen 4189:al-Qūhī 3799:present 3361:Maslaha 3245:Schools 3232:Sufism 3116:Alchemy 3060:. 1920. 3030:. 1905. 2999:section 2904:(ed.). 2117:4948770 1404:in the 1370:in the 1352:in his 1277:content 1122:Proclus 881:Vitello 869:Ptolemy 861:Alhazen 814:Ptolemy 713:On Rays 700:Ptolemy 644:Abbasid 620:physics 574:Mongols 459:of the 330:Abbasid 322:Baghdad 178:physics 98:Baghdad 12764:Newman 12757:Modern 12666:Jewish 12316:Ethics 12209:Topics 12079:Philia 12073:Mythos 11947:Lyceum 11800:Ziryab 11755:Ziryab 11675:Jahzah 11600:Ubayda 11545:Ma'bad 11510:Nashit 11505:Ṭuways 11485:Nagisa 11480:Barbad 11424:Karnay 11335:Zahiri 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