55:
846:
680:
336:
211:
1513:
442:
1518:
62:
470:, and would become the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate (although he ordered the White Palace to be restored, it remained in decay). After the foundation of Baghdad, the decline of al-Mada'in became faster, and many of the inhabitants resettled in Baghdad, while the Church of the East patriarch and the exilarch were forced to move to the city. Nevertheless, the patriarch
301:, reconquered his domains. During his reign, some of the great fame of al-Mada'in decreased, due to the popularity of Khosrau's new winter residence, Dastagerd. In 628, a deadly plague hit al-Mada'in and the rest of the western part of the Sasanian Empire, which even killed Khosrau's son and successor,
263:'s communistic attempts had plunged Persia and led a successful military revolt that achieved political independence for the Jews of Mahoza. The Jewish state lasted seven years until 502 CE, when Kavad finally defeated Mar-Zutra and punished him with crucifixion on the bridge of Mahoza.
366:
quickly seized
Valashabad and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of Rumiya and Behrasir. Terms of the treaty were that the inhabitants of Rumiya were allowed to leave if they wanted to, but if they did not, they were forced to acknowledge Muslim authority, and also pay tribute
432:
was made the governor of al-Mada'in, and later in 701, Hanzala ibn al-Warrad and Ibn 'Attab ibn Warqa' were appointed as the combined governors of the metropolis. Some time later, the governorship of al-Mada'in was abolished.
221:
According to Perso-Arabic sources, Ctesiphon, the capital of the
Sasanian Empire, was greatly enlarged and flourished during their rule, thus turning into a metropolis, which was known by in Arabic as al-Mada'in, and in
1219:
The
Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and
465:
killed at the same place. In 755, the White Palace of al-Mada'in was destroyed under the orders of al-Mansur, who wanted to create a new city, which would later get completed in 762, and would be known as
818:. But at the same time people also moved to the metropolis from Kufa, Basra, and other places. Prominent figures such as Hilal ibn Khabab (who was from Kufa) and Nasr ibn Hajib al-Qurashi (who was from
381:, nobles, and troops. However, the Muslims had managed to take some of the troops captive, and many riches were seized from the Sasanian treasury and given to the Muslim troops. In 637 Sa`d made
282:
name meaning "better than
Antioch, Khosrow built this". It was known by the locals of the place as Rumagan ("town of the Romans"), while the Arabs knew it as al-Rumiya (also spelled Rumiya).
497:
as their leader. The rebels also managed to capture
Baghdad's surrounding regions, which included al-Mada'in. One year later, al-Mada'in was recaptured by al-Ma'mun's Persian officer
421:
409:
226:
as Mahoza. The oldest inhabited places of al-Mada'in was on its eastern side, which in Arabic sources is called "the Old City", where the residence of the
Sasanians, known as the
417:
613:
made several incursions into Iraq, and even captured al-Mada'in. In 1002, they defended al-Mada'in from a counter-attack by Sharaf al-Dawla's brother and successor,
429:
793:
was one of these Arab leaders from Kufa, and is known to have had a
Christian or Jewish woman from al-Mada'in as his wife, who, he, however, was forced by the
1422:
237:), known as Mahoza by the Jews, Kokhe by the Christians, and Behrasir by the Arabs. Veh-Ardashir was populated by many wealthy Jews, and was the seat of the
412:
served as the governor of the metropolis in 663, and another person named Ishaq ibn Mas'ud served as its governor in 685. The
Azariqa, a faction of the
663:. They then openly revolted, and attacked the leader of the mosque and his supporters, with ended in a Muslim defeat. The Muslims then complained to
319:. Al-Mada'in then continued to be involved in constant fighting between two factions of the Sasanian Empire, the Pahlav (Parthian) faction under the
230:, was located. The southern side of al-Mada'in was known as Aspanbar, which was known by its prominent halls, riches, games, stables, and baths.
238:
621:
between a combined Asadis-Uqaylids army and a Buyid army under Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj, who had received reinforcements by
Bedouins and the
1394:
822:) also moved to al-Mada'in. A very small minority of Zoroastrians also seems to have lived in the metropolis, such as the father of the
605:, who conquered Fars and Kerman. In 987, Sharaf al-Dawla captured al-Mada'in and then conquered the rest of Iraq. Between 999-1002, the
1752:
883:
1415:
887:
541:
785:, and figures of prominent Muslim families, who were, unlike the rest of population, not tribal. A companion of the Islamic prophet
1757:
857:
Al-Mada'in has received considerable interest from archaeologists since the 18th century; the most famous landmark there is the
1169:
1286:
1262:
382:
198:(r. 309–379 CE). According to another folklore, the names of five (or seven) cities that al-Mada'in comprised were Aspanbur,
962:
1408:
1230:
259:. After the king denied Jews the right to organize their own militia, Mar-Zutra took advantage of the confusion into which
1248:
21:
1772:
766:. However, a portion of Persians remained there, and some important figures of these people are known to have provided
105:
1347:
1315:
1057:
355:, who had since 633 invaded the territories of the Sasanian Empire, defeated them during a great battle known as the
833:
and married a local woman, who bore him Babak. During the 13th century, the majority of al-Mada'in's population was
1680:
1047:
939:
505:
471:
574:, however by 975 the rebels were defeated. However, one year later, after the death of the Buyid supreme leader
461:
briefly held his court at Rumiya (which was included in al-Mada'in). He also had his prominent military officer
1642:
75:
493:, who then marched towards Baghdad. In 817, the people of Baghdad revolted, and proclaimed the Abbasid prince
54:
1662:
1652:
513:
425:
1199:
628:. The battle ended in a Buyid victory, and resulted in the reconquest of al-Mada'in and the rest of Iraq.
1431:
803:
to divorce because of the population of marriageable Muslim women in the metropolis was enough to marry.
566:
seized al-Mada'in including the rest of Iraq, and made the Caliph his vassal. In 974, the
Turkish rebel
1339:
1307:
356:
1637:
1239:
352:
160:
777:
During the early Islamic period, the population of al-Mada'in consisted of tribal Arab leaders from
1777:
1657:
1213:
763:
690:
227:
183:, who named it Kardbandad. The city was then later rebuilt by the legendary Iranian king Zab, the
1685:
1647:
1632:
1278:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1209:
529:
373:). When the Muslim military officer (and one of the companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad)
524:(r. 902–908) further ruined al-Mada'in by digging it up for building materials to construct the
1762:
1627:
1622:
903:
790:
374:
1695:
1607:
1477:
416:, attacked al-Mada'in in 687/8, and massacred its inhabitants. The city was then governed by
386:
806:
However, during this period much of the population of al-Mada'in resettled in the cities of
1569:
667:
secretary and requested for aid. Al-Nasir agreed to help, and had the synagogue destroyed.
494:
378:
320:
312:, but the latter was shortly assassinated by the supporters of Khosrau II's daughter, the
8:
1584:
1467:
1447:
1369:
1217:
509:
188:
1782:
1767:
1723:
1554:
1544:
1497:
834:
563:
398:
275:
1574:
1472:
1343:
1311:
1282:
1258:
1186:
1178:
1053:
830:
648:
614:
579:
498:
450:
405:
363:
184:
172:
726:
During the Sasanian period, population of al-Mada'in was heavily mixed, it included
1690:
1602:
1564:
1539:
1452:
1296:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". In
826:
819:
771:
714:
The tomb of Salman the Persian was restored during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan
594:. 'Adud al-Dawla eventually managed to emerge victorious, and conquer all of Iraq.
533:
490:
298:
297:
from Iraq, and conquered the region. One year later, Khosrau II, with aid from the
233:
The western side was known as Veh-Ardashir (meaning "the good city of Ardashir" in
1358:
1174:
1612:
1559:
1534:
1333:
1329:
1301:
1297:
1276:
1272:
739:
670:
610:
602:
598:
591:
286:
192:
148:
91:
1713:
1549:
1487:
1325:
1243:
1235:
958:
751:
731:
637:
622:
537:
517:
390:
279:
252:, Mahoza (as the Jews called the city) was the scene of a Jewish revolt led by
234:
1400:
1335:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1303:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
967:
Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Yerushalmi, and Midrashic Literature
1746:
1492:
1190:
640:
583:
575:
453:
captured al-Mada'in and the rest of Iraq, and declared themselves as the new
324:
290:
36:
23:
570:
seized al-Mada'in and much of Iraq from Mu'izz al-Dawla's son and successor
501:, and by the next year, Iraq was once again under the control of al-Ma'mun.
1617:
1502:
1439:
934:
893:
743:
571:
486:
478:
256:
199:
742:. Several religions were also practiced in the metropolis, which included
516:, was put charge in the defense of al-Mada'in in 865. The Abbasid caliphs
359:. The Arabs then attacked Ctesiphon, and seized some parts of al-Mada'in.
1462:
858:
377:
arrived to al-Mada'in, it was completely desolated, due to flight of the
202:, Hanbu Shapur, Darzanidan, Veh Jondiu-Khosrow, Nawinabad and Kardakadh.
845:
679:
335:
1457:
922:
899:
823:
755:
606:
567:
525:
521:
462:
413:
309:
294:
242:
597:
After the death of 'Adud al-Dawla in 983, he was succeeded by his son
873:
850:
660:
458:
454:
308:
In 629, al-Mada'in was briefly under the control of Mihranid usurper
302:
267:
215:
195:
156:
140:
489:(r. 813–833), al-Mada'in was captured in 812 by al-Ma'mun's general
868:
794:
786:
727:
715:
664:
625:
546:
394:
313:
253:
210:
176:
144:
1118:
1731:
1705:
1512:
815:
759:
747:
644:
482:
467:
344:
340:
271:
249:
223:
180:
1517:
797:
735:
656:
618:
260:
132:
671:
Mongol, Jalairid, Kara Koyunlu, Timurid, and Aq Qoyunlu period
445:
Map of Iraq and surrounding regions in the early ninth century
441:
1672:
1482:
811:
807:
770:
with presents, which he, however, refused to take. After the
559:
369:
316:
152:
1049:
A Prince Without a Kingdom: The Exilarch in the Sasanian Era
408:, which had put an end to the Rashidun Caliphate. A certain
175:, al-Mada'in was constructed by the legendary Iranian kings
1594:
1526:
877:
800:
778:
652:
587:
578:, a civil war ensured between Izz al-Dawla and his cousin,
339:
Map of the Muslim expansion and the Muslim world under the
136:
80:
1073:
1135:
1133:
782:
767:
1097:
978:
762:
rule. Much of the population fled from al-Mada'in after
274:
to the south of Aspanbur, a place which became known as
973:
The Martyrdom and History of Blessed Simeon Bar Sabba'e
647:, invaded Iraq and made the Buyid ruler of the region,
631:
1145:
1130:
139:. It was located between the ancient royal centers of
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
758:, who continued to be mentioned in al-Mada'in during
655:
of al-Mada'in complained about the construction of a
550:
rule over Iraq. The battle ended in a Baridi defeat.
1085:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
921:
The site partially overlaps with the modern town of
774:, the Persian population of al-Mada'in disappeared.
718:(r. 1623-40) and was further restored in 1904-1905.
99:
1229:
1208:
1168:
1124:
990:
1744:
1430:
1367:
1079:
1052:. Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, German. p. 295.
1045:
385:responsible for the defense of al-Mada'in, and
864:Excavation sites and ancient suburbs include:
601:, who, however, met resistance by his brother
330:
248:In 495, during the turbulent reign of Emperor
166:
1416:
709:
404:In 661, al-Mada'in was under control of the
131:) was an ancient metropolis situated on the
617:(r. 988–1012). A battle shortly ensured at
293:repelled the newly ascended Sasanian ruler
116:
1423:
1409:
1249:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
721:
159:, in a tradition that continued after the
1295:
1257:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 331–339.
474:founded a hospital at al-Mada'in in 790.
155:as a synonym for the Sasanian capital of
1324:
880:, whose exact location is not confirmed)
844:
440:
334:
209:
1397:(extract from the Encyclopedia of Iran)
1360:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4
1271:
1151:
1139:
323:and the Parsig (Persian) faction under
1745:
1356:
1227:
1197:
1166:
1103:
1091:
1033:
984:
1404:
1374:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
428:briefly occupied al-Mada'in. In 697,
270:(r. 531–579) resettled captives from
16:Ancient metropolis in modern-day Iraq
1328:(1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In
1281:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
674:
632:Seljuq period and Abbasid insurgency
109:
1198:Morony, Michael (2009). "MADĀʾEN".
957:
512:, a relative of the Iranian prince
401:was buried in al-Mada'in in 656/7.
389:as the governor of al-Mada'in. The
241:. To the south of Veh-Ardashir was
95:
13:
1357:Kröger, Jens (1993). "CTESIPHON".
764:the Arab capture of the metropolis
205:
61:
14:
1794:
1753:Ancient cities of the Middle East
1395:The Shahr (province) of Asuristan
1388:
876:(previously thought to have been
436:
393:companion of the Islamic prophet
1516:
1511:
1177:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
678:
60:
53:
1758:Former populated places in Iraq
940:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
896:(Also Bahurasir, Coche, Choche)
754:. The population also included
553:
422:Yazid ibn al-Harith al-Shaybani
1643:Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz
1185:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1125:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
1109:
1039:
951:
890:, Asbanabr, Aspanbar, Asfanur)
485:(r. 809–813), and his brother
424:. In 696, the Kharjite leader
151:. The city's name was used by
1:
1653:Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn
945:
840:
530:battle occurred at al-Mada'in
528:in Baghdad. In August 942, a
457:. In 754, the Abbasid caliph
1368:Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005).
514:Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
426:Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
418:Kardam ibn Martad ibn Najaba
383:al-Qa'qa' ibn 'Amr al-Tamimi
362:The Muslim military officer
239:Church of the East patriarch
7:
1432:Holiest sites in Shia Islam
928:
651:, his vassal. In 1199, the
506:Abbasid civil war (865–866)
331:Rashidun and Umayyad period
167:Foundation and constitution
100:
79:Location within modern-day
10:
1799:
1663:Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd
1340:Cambridge University Press
1308:Cambridge University Press
1223:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1160:
710:Safavid and Ottoman period
636:In 1055, the ruler of the
544:, who both fought for the
1773:Jewish Babylonian history
1722:
1704:
1671:
1638:Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar
1593:
1525:
1509:
1438:
902:(Balashkert), founded by
481:(809–813) between Caliph
420:, and some time later by
410:Simak ibn 'Ubayd al-'Absi
191:(r. 356–323 BCE) and the
147:, and was founded by the
106:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1658:Imamzade Hossein, Qazvin
1167:Neggaz, Nassima (2021).
1046:Geoffrey Herman (2012).
659:that was close to their
285:In 590, a member of the
1686:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque
1648:Tomb of Hassan Modarres
1633:Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza
829:, who had resettled in
722:Population and religion
430:Mutarrif ibn al-Mughira
357:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
1681:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque
1628:Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine
1623:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
1183:Encyclopaedia of Islam
854:
791:Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
687:This section is empty.
446:
348:
218:
1696:Uwais al-Qarni Mosque
1608:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
1478:Great Mosque of Mecca
1214:Margoliouth, David S.
1201:Encyclopaedia Iranica
848:
444:
387:Shurahbil ibn al-Simt
379:Sasanian royal family
338:
213:
161:Arab conquest of Iran
1570:Great Mosque of Kufa
1342:. pp. 250–305.
1115:Madelung, "Banu Saj"
1080:Shapur Shahbazi 2005
558:In 945, the Iranian
495:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
321:House of Ispahbudhan
76:class=notpageimage|
1585:Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
1468:Masjid al-Qiblatayn
1448:al-Masjid al-Nabawi
1363:. pp. 446–448.
1228:Rekaya, M. (1991).
1106:, pp. 335–336.
987:, pp. 446–448.
835:Twelver Shia Muslim
532:between a combined
375:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
189:Alexander the Great
33: /
1555:Imam Husayn Shrine
1545:Al-Hannanah Mosque
1498:Mina, Saudi Arabia
1370:"SASANIAN DYNASTY"
1173:. In Fleet, Kate;
855:
447:
399:Salman the Persian
364:Khalid ibn 'Urfuta
349:
276:Weh Antiok Khosrow
219:
1740:
1739:
1575:Maytham al-Tammar
1473:The Seven Mosques
1453:al-Baqi' Cemetery
1310:. pp. 1–57.
1288:978-0-582-40525-7
1264:978-90-04-08112-3
1210:Amedroz, Henry F.
1127:, pp. 31–32.
781:, leaders of the
707:
706:
649:Al-Malik al-Rahim
520:(r. 892–902) and
499:al-Hasan ibn Sahl
406:Umayyad Caliphate
37:33.100°N 44.583°E
1790:
1691:Al-Nuqtah Mosque
1603:Imam Reza shrine
1565:Al-Askari Shrine
1540:Al-Sahlah Mosque
1520:
1515:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1364:
1353:
1330:Frye, Richard N.
1321:
1298:Frye, Richard N.
1292:
1268:
1233:
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1205:
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1043:
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1031:
988:
982:
976:
970:
955:
827:Babak Khorramdin
772:Battle of Siffin
702:
699:
689:You can help by
682:
675:
510:Abu'l-Saj Devdad
491:Tahir ibn Husayn
299:Byzantine Empire
193:Sasanian emperor
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
111:
103:
97:
64:
63:
57:
48:
47:
45:
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31:
30:
29:
26:
1798:
1797:
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1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1778:Sasanian cities
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1718:
1700:
1667:
1613:Jamkaran Mosque
1589:
1560:Al Abbas Mosque
1535:Imam Ali Shrine
1521:
1507:
1434:
1429:
1391:
1378:
1376:
1350:
1326:Bosworth, C. E.
1318:
1289:
1265:
1236:Bosworth, C. E.
1216:, eds. (1921).
1179:Rowson, Everett
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983:
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959:Jastrow, Marcus
956:
952:
948:
931:
911:Tell al-Dhaba’I
843:
724:
712:
703:
697:
694:
673:
634:
603:Sharaf al-Dawla
599:Samsam al-Dawla
556:
439:
333:
287:House of Mihran
208:
206:Sasanian period
169:
149:Sasanian Empire
135:in what is now
128:
125:
122:
119:
85:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
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65:
41:
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1714:Al-Nabi Shayth
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1550:Wadi-us-Salaam
1547:
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1488:Safa and Marwa
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1170:"al-Madāʾin"
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582:, who ruled
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554:Buyid period
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479:Fourth Fitna
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449:In 750, the
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351:In 636, the
350:
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228:White Palace
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200:Veh-Ardashir
170:
112:
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18:
1463:Quba Mosque
1244:Pellat, Ch.
1231:"al-Maʾmūn"
1104:Rekaya 1991
1092:Rekaya 1991
1034:Morony 2009
985:Kröger 1993
914:Tell Dhahab
908:al-Ma’aridh
904:Vologases I
859:Taq-i Kisra
851:Taq-i Kisra
518:al-Mu'tadid
504:During the
477:During the
40: /
1747:Categories
1580:Al-Mada'in
1458:Mount Uhud
1253:Volume VI:
1065:15 January
963:"מָחוֹזָא"
946:References
923:Salman Pak
900:Valashabad
841:Archeology
831:Azerbaijan
824:Khurramite
810:and Kufa,
756:Manicheans
665:al-Nasir's
568:Sabuktakin
526:Taj Palace
522:al-Muqtafi
463:Abu Muslim
414:Kharijites
347:caliphates
343:and early
310:Shahrbaraz
295:Khosrow II
243:Valashabad
185:Macedonian
126:the cities
101:al-Madāʾin
88:Al-Mada'in
68:al-Madāʾin
1783:Ctesiphon
1768:Babylonia
1724:Palestine
1191:1873-9830
874:Ctesiphon
837:farmers.
740:Assyrians
698:July 2014
661:synagogue
487:al-Ma'mun
472:Timothy I
459:al-Mansur
455:caliphate
303:Kavadh II
268:Khosrow I
216:Ctesiphon
196:Shapur II
157:Ctesiphon
141:Ctesiphon
1379:30 March
1275:(2004).
1255:Mahk–Mid
1246:(eds.).
1181:(eds.).
929:See also
884:Aspanbur
869:Seleucia
820:Khorasan
795:Rashidun
787:Muhammad
783:Banu Azd
732:Persians
728:Arameans
716:Murad IV
626:Annazids
611:Uqaylids
609:and the
547:de facto
534:Hamdanid
395:Muhammad
314:banbishn
266:In 540,
254:Exilarch
177:Tahmuras
145:Seleucia
1732:Al-Aqsa
1706:Lebanon
1332:(ed.).
1300:(ed.).
1161:Sources
888:Isbanir
816:Baghdad
760:Umayyad
748:Judaism
645:Tughril
623:Kurdish
562:prince
542:Baridis
538:Turkish
483:al-Amin
468:Baghdad
391:Persian
345:Abbasid
341:Umayyad
272:Antioch
250:Kavad I
224:Aramaic
214:Map of
181:Hushang
120:
96:المدائن
28:44°35′E
25:33°06′N
1346:
1314:
1285:
1261:
1242:&
1189:
1056:
853:, 1921
814:, and
798:Caliph
750:, and
738:, and
736:Greeks
657:mosque
638:Turkic
619:Hillah
607:Asadis
592:Kerman
590:, and
261:Mazdak
133:Tigris
113:Māḥozā
92:Arabic
1673:Syria
1483:Kaaba
1234:. In
812:Wasit
808:Basra
560:Buyid
370:jizya
317:Boran
187:king
153:Arabs
110:מחוזא
1595:Iran
1527:Iraq
1381:2014
1344:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1220:Ta'i
1187:ISSN
1067:2014
1054:ISBN
971:Cf.
878:Opis
801:Umar
779:Kufa
653:Jews
588:Oman
584:Fars
278:, a
173:myth
143:and
137:Iraq
117:lit.
81:Iraq
768:Ali
693:.
179:or
1749::
1372:.
1251:.
1238:;
1212:;
1132:^
992:^
965:.
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925:.
861:.
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327:.
305:.
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115:;
108::
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94::
1424:e
1417:t
1410:v
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700:)
696:(
536:-
367:(
129:'
123:'
90:(
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