Persian mythology - Knowledge

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transferred to modern Persian in the form of epics and preserved to a large extent. As the greatest epic work of Iranian history, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh was written in the Islamic era. In terms of literature and epic, Shahnameh has great superiority over all the works of the previous eras. Some Iranians even tried to establish a kind of equivalent relationship between the mythological figures of these two completely different frameworks. So the time, place and mythological characters of the two mythological systems, Iranian and Semitic, were mixed up; For example, in Iranian mythology, the parents of man are Ayudamen (or Meshia) and Meshiani. In the Islamic era, some people equated Ayudamen with Adam, who is the first of the people in Semitic mythology, and it is the same. Along with the intermingling of Iranian and Semitic mythology, which increased with the passage of time, Iranian mythology continued to live and evolve among the Zoroastrian minority. One of the most important developments was the changes that took place in the predictions about the end of time. There were more references to the Tazi raiders and the new religion of the conquerors.

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mythology are close in many ways. This proximity is sometimes to the extent of the similarity of the names of persons and places. The close languages of these two groups also confirm their common roots; Therefore, the origin of the mythology of these two nations has been the same in the distant past, but the migration of Indians from the Aryan plateau to lands with different nature and climatic conditions, as well as indigenous peoples, has brought about fundamental changes in their mythology and religious beliefs. There are good and evil forces in both of these myths. The names of their gods are close to each other. Fire is sacred and praised in Iranian and Indian beliefs, and they used to perform sacrifices for the gods in a similar manner. The oldest examples of the ancient form of Iranian mythology are references in

3938: 4278: 3536: 4307: 3776: 4095: 4449: 5462: 3616:, which has two stalks and fifteen leaves. These fifteen leaves are in accordance with the years that Mishiyeh and Mishyaneh, the first Adam couple have at that time. Mishiyeh is male and Mishyaneh is female. Mishiyeh is known as the father of humans and Mishyaneh as the mother of humans. Ahriman attacks their thoughts and they utter the first lie and attribute creation to Ahriman. They both repent and have seven pairs of children and die after living for a hundred years. The genealogy of the descendants of Mishiyeh and Mishyaneh includes the origins of many different races. The Iranian race is from a couple called 4797: 3600:, which are: Sepand Mino, Khordad, Mordad, Bahman, Ordibehesht, Shahrivar and Spandarmad. After the creation of Amshaspandan, Ahura Mazda creates the gods. Ahriman also creates Sardivan for each of Amshaspandans to deal with Ahura Maza. At the end of the first three thousand years, a peace is made between Ahura Mazda and Ahriman that the last battle between the forces of evil and good will take place nine thousand years later. After the pact is concluded, Ahura Mazda utters the true prayer, Ahunur, and as a result, Ahriman falls to hell and remains unconscious there for the second three thousand years. 4205:-like, consuming itself in fire every few hundred years, only to rise anew from the ashes. The Huma bird is said to have both the male and female natures in one body, each nature having one wing and one leg. Huma is considered to be compassionate, and a 'bird of fortune' since its shadow is said to be auspicious. In Sufi tradition, catching the Huma is beyond even the wildest imagination, but catching a glimpse of it or even a shadow of it is sure to make one happy for the rest of one's life. It is also believed that Huma cannot be caught alive, and the person killing a Huma will die in forty days. 3876: 4856: 6414: 4174: 3576: 4733: 4982: 3694: 5774: 3394: 588: 262: 6745: 5764: 4504: 65: 526: 167: 24: 3567:

Chelpasa (lizard), Snake and Young. Although he is mentioned in the Shahnameh of the Mardosh kingdom, in the Avesta he is a three-headed, six-eyed and three-nosed demon with a body full of scorpions. However, based on Zoroastrian writings, in the final days of the world, it is Ahura Mazda who will win over Ahriman and destroy him forever, and after that only goodness, light and health will remain in the world.

6407: 3523:. The dynamism arose, the mountains were created, the rivers flowed, and the moon and stars began to rotate. In the general picture of the world at that time, the world was divided into seven regions, the center of which was called Khoonirth, and six satellite lands were around it. The sky had three levels of star base, moon base and sun base. Dark Mountain, which was located in 3461:. The traditions and beliefs of these people influenced the beliefs of their later society, which was under the cultural domination of the Aryans. With the power of the Medes and then the Persians, a newer mythology, known as the comprehensive mythology of Iran, began. Researchers believe that before the power of the Medes, a branch of Aryans migrated from Iran to 3478:. Because Yashta are above all a collection of prayer hymns, there are no detailed references to myths in them. Everything is closed and short. The most detailed texts about Iranian mythology are in Zoroastrian writings in Middle Persian. The final compilation of most of them is in the early Islamic era; But most of them are based on the texts of the late 3596:

world is Minoan and there is still neither place nor time. In this period, two entities are mentioned. One is the world belonging to Ahura Maza, which is full of light, life, knowledge, beauty, and fragrance, and the second is the world belonging to Ahriman, which is dark, ugly, smelly, and full of sorrow and disease. Ahura Maza first creates

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Ahuras became evil and Divan became good, And among Iranians, Ahuras became good and Divan became evil. They sacrificed for both types of gods. The purpose of the sacrifice for the evil gods was to pay them a ransom to stop killing people. Sacrifice was made for good gods to seek help and blessing from them. On the other side of the fence is

3956:: divinity of the wind (Vayu) and of the atmosphere (Vata). The names are also used independently of one another, with 'Vayu' occurring more frequently than 'Vata', but even when used independently still representing the other aspect. The entity is simultaneously angelic and demonic, that is, depending on the circumstances, either 3527:, was considered the center of the universe. The message of Iranian myths is the confrontation of two gems of good and evil. One is truth and the other is untruth, one is fragrant and the other is bright, one is light and the other is darkness. In fact, serving good concepts is still one of the great mythological messages of Iran. 3231:

and a genre of ancient Persian folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities of deities, heroes, and mythological creatures, and the origins and significance of the ancient Persians' own cult and ritual practices. Modern scholars study the myths to shed

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narrates about the practice of killing xrafstars among the Magi: "The Magi are a very peculiar race, different entirely from the Egyptian priests, and indeed from all other men whatsoever. The Egyptian priests make it a point of religion not to kill any live animals except those which they offer in

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has had significant influence. Historically, these were regions long ruled by dynasties of various Iranian empires, that incorporated considerable aspects of Persian culture through extensive contact with them, or where sufficient Iranian peoples settled to still maintain communities who patronize

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poetry. Although there are many legends of the creature, common to all is that the bird is said never to alight on the ground, and instead to live its entire life flying invisibly high above the earth. Huma bird is said to never come to rest, living its entire life flying invisibly high above the

3453:, but they were not of the Aryan race. These tribes, who controlled the southern half of Iran, the west and the northwest, had their own special myths. Not much is known about their mythology. However, Kassites mythology has some similarities with later Iranian civilizations, namely the Medes and 3364:

which grew out from both of his shoulders. No matter how many times they were beheaded, new heads grew on them to guard him. The snake, like in many other mythologies, was a symbol of evil, but many other animals and birds appear in Iranian mythology, and, especially, the birds were signs of good

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Iranian mythology is based on the battle between good and evil. Indo-Iranian peoples believed in two general categories of gods: Ahuras, and evil: Divan. The characteristics of these two ranks of gods among Iranians and Hindus, and were transformed into each other, in the sense that among Indians

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came to Iran, many Iranian myths were discarded or at least fell out of favor. Myths related to creation, actions of gods and supernatural forces in general, and predictions related to the end of the world are among them. Contrary to the mentioned cases, the deeds of mythological characters were

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Creation takes place within twelve thousand mythological years. These twelve thousand years are divided into four periods of three thousand years. The first three thousand years begins with the birth of two children named Ahura Maza and Ahriman from Zarvan. In the first three thousand years, the

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A fusion of mythological history and real history: This period corresponds to the time when the Iranian mythological narrative coincides with concrete historical data such as stone inscriptions and Greek texts; It means the fall of Iran at the hands of Alexander. However, the Iranian narrative

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Ahura Mazda and Ahriman have been at war with each other since eternity, and life in the world is a reflection of the cosmic struggle of the two. Ahriman's place of residence is the north of the earth, where the whole divan of "Zeed and Islah". Ahriman appears in 3 forms other than his image:

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In the mythological beliefs of Iranians before Zoroastrian, the world was round and flat like a plate. The sky was also imagined as stone and hard as a diamond. The earth in the center was completely flat and untouched, and there was no movement between the earth, the moon, and the stars. But

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are very similar to the ancient forms of Iranian mythology. The mythology of Iran was greatly influenced by the myths of the native peoples of the Iranian plateau and the myths of the Middle River. Researchers have shown these influences in many places in Iranian mythology. Indian and Iranian

4582: 4159:. When the Senmurv descended or alighted from its roost, all the ripened seeds fell to the earth. These seeds were gathered by the Chamrosh, which then distributed them to other parts of the earth. Chamrosh is the archetype of all birds, said to rule and protect all 4239:

sacrifice. The Magi, on the contrary, kill animals of all kinds with their own hands, excepting dogs and men. They even seem to take a delight in the employment, and kill, as readily as they do other animals, ants and snakes, and such like flying or creeping things"

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take over the leadership of Behdinan. Sushyant period is the period of evolution of Urmazdi creatures, and all divans from the generation of bipeds and quadrupeds are destroyed. Sushyant has the task of raising the dead. Each of these dead people pass through the

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The third three thousand years: in this period, we see the conflict of Ahriman and his demons with Ahura Maza and his gods. Meanwhile, Ahriman kills the created cow, grains, plants and animals are created. After 40 years, a rhubarb branch grows from the seed of

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The second three thousand years: After Ahriman's unconsciousness, Ahura Mazda begins the creation of the world. He creates the sky, water, earth, plants, animals and humans in one year. The anniversary of these creations are six festivals, which are known as

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belongs to the narratives of this period. In the Shahnameh, it is associated with the epic, and in it Rostam, who is a less prominent character in Zoroastrian texts, rises to the top. These kings were probably considered the local kings of eastern Iran.

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and Middle Persian texts, the class of xrafstars includes frogs, reptiles, scorpions and insects like ants or wasps, whereas predators such as the wolf are not referred to as xrafstars, even though they too are considered to be creations of evil.

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dynastic origin, probably from the 1st century AD. It has also been suggested that Gorgani's story reflects the traditions and customs of the period immediately before he himself lived. The framework of the story is the opposition of two

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and ends with the possessors. In this period, Zoroastrian religion is presented and we see fundamental changes in the mythological history of Iran. The most important events of this period are related to Iran and Turan wars. The story of

3558:(Ahriman), are mentioned by the names of Div and Druq. These two have male and female genders, and against every good thing in the world. In Iranian mythology, the world is always the scene of conflict between these evil and good forces. 4271:'s guidance. Since jinn are neither innately evil nor innately good, Islam acknowledged spirits from other religions and was able to adapt them during its expansion. Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several 3899:. Lotus Festival (Persian: Jashn-e Nilupar) is an Iranian festival that is held on the end of the first week of July. Holding this festival at this time was probably based on the blooming of lotus flowers at the beginning of summer. 4940:

in northeastern Iran. Manikan sees Shāhrū in a royal gala, wonders at her beauty, and asks her to marry him. She answers that she is already married, but she promises to give him her daughter in marriage if a girl is born to her.

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The one who chose to follow Ahura Mazda, would live a good life with others, and the one who chose Ahriman, will become a source of strife. Death is a journey to the afterlife, and the soul of the dead person has to cross the

3608:. The main prototypes of creation are the cow, four-legged animals, and the human beings. At the end of the second three thousand years, Ahriman, with the help of his allies, returns and decides to destroy the current world. 3686:. This series of kings who brought the beginning of human civilization to Iranians and were able to record fire and use of metals and other living things and capturing the court in their records. It starts from 4360:. Powerful, cruel and cold-hearted, they have a particular relish for the taste of human flesh. Some use only primitive weapons, such as stones: others, more sophisticated, are equipped like warriors, wearing 3428:

civilizations lived in this land, which mostly had no linguistic, racial, or even religious kinship with their neighbors outside the Iranian plateau, and sometimes they had solidarity. These tribes included

3895:: goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aredvi Sura Anahita, associated with fertility, healing and wisdom. There is also a temple named Anahita in Iran. The symbol of goddess Anahita is the 3284:

Most characters in Persian mythology are either good, or they are evil. The resultant discord mirrors the nationalistic ideals of the early Islamic era as well as the moral and ethical perceptions of the

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In Iranian mythology, what can be seen everywhere in all mythological narratives is the presence of evil and evil forces in the world. These evil forces, which are considered to be the assistants of

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is pillaged every three years by outsiders, and when this happens, the angel Burj sends Chamrosh out to fly onto the highest mountaintop then snatch the pillagers in its talons as a bird does corn.

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slays Div-e Sepid and uses his heart and blood to cure the blindness of the king and the captured Persian heroes. Rostam also takes the Div's head as a helmet and is often pictured wearing it.

3385:), a beautiful albeit evil woman in early mythology, gradually became less evil and more beautiful. The conflict between good and evil is prevalent in Persian myths as well as Zoroastrianism. 6399: 3869:

sources relating to Mithra. Since the early 1970s, the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between the Persian and Roman traditions, making it, at most, the result of Roman

3457:, especially in the names. The mythology of the Elamites, who were a separate people and had linguistic affinities with the non-Aryans of India, shares some myths contained in the 3905:: Rashnu is one of the three judges who pass judgment on the souls of people after death. Rashnu's standard appellation is "the very straight." The 18th day of every month in the 3738:

considered the reign of Alexander and the Greeks to be very short, and did not assume any time for the Seleucids, it also estimated the period of 450 years of rule of the

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and ends at Garshasp. However, all these are mythological characters in the Avesta, and in the Zoroastrian texts of the Sasanian period, they are gods of the Izder race.

4600:(also given as Yama), who rules the world with justice. He is given power by the gods as a reward for his selfless devotion and uses it wisely. In Persian mythology and 3767:. Good souls found the bridge to be a wide road leading to heaven, and for bad souls who chose to follow Ahriman during their life, they fell from the bridge into hell. 3658:

is a religion that has Ahura Mazda at the head of their gods, and in other words, it is Zoroastrian religion. After Zoroaster's death, Oshidar, Oshidar Mah and

4484:. There are some accounts that the spines can be launched like arrows. It eats its victims whole, using its three rows of teeth, and leaves no bones behind. 4382:

are described as ugly demons with supernatural strength and power, who, nonetheless, may sometimes be subdued and forced to do the bidding of a sorcerer.

4004:, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire" or "visible and invisible fire". It is considered to be the visible presence of 4201:

earth, and never alighting on the ground (in some legends it is said to have no legs). In several variations of the Huma myths, the bird is said to be

3968:, which in Zoroastrian tradition is a demon. Scripture frequently applies the epithet "good" when speaking of one or the other in a positive context. 3650:. This period is the period of religious revelation. Ahura Mazda reveals the secrets of religion to Zoroaster, and he declares himself a prophet of 5183: 2373: 4762:. The Seven Labours were seven difficult tasks undertaken by Rostam, accompanied, in most instances, only by his faithful and sagacious steed 5281: 3730:

to the Kayanians in his works. However, it is clear that the last Kiyan king who is defeated by Alexander in mythological texts is the same

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and using weapons of metal. Despite their uncouth appearance – and in addition to their great physical strength – many are also masters of

2420: 4378:, they are already the evil entities endowed with roughly human shape and supernatural powers familiar from later folklore, in which the 1535: 3712:: The Kayanians are the second mythological dynasty of Iran, which in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is equal to the epic periods. It starts with 5635: 4352:.They are described as having a body like that of a human, only of gigantic size, with two horns upon their heads and teeth like the 4125:, though it must be understood as a completely different mythological creature of its own. The figure can be found in all periods of 554: 4969:, written about a hundred years after Shahnameh, is about Faramarz and his wars. He is also mentioned in other ancient books like 4396:'s demon of "wrath." Aeshma is variously interpreted as "wrath," "rage," and "fury." His standard epithet is "of the bloody mace." 3982:, the 13th day of the month and the 4th month of the year are dedicated to Tishtrya/Tir, and hence named after the entity. In the 4151:, described as having the body of a dog/wolf with the head and wings of an eagle. It was said to inhabit the ground beneath the 129: 101: 5269: 5167: 2344: 2316: 4049:: Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a 1195: 301: 4675:. When Siavash goes to Turan and abandons Iranian army, Bahram is put in command of the Iranian army until the arrival of 3627: 5810: 4296:

renowned for their beauty. They are described in one reference work as mischievous beings that have been denied entry to

3846:, light, oath, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship. Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of 3195: 3080: 3052: 2301: 425: 108: 5426: 5027: 4989: 2366: 2323: 1254: 82: 37: 6703: 4534:. Rostam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins (holy warriors). He rides the legendary stallion 5319: 587: 228: 210: 148: 51: 192: 3937: 3012: 2330: 1094: 115: 5667: 5630: 605: 5496: 5373: 4272: 4246: 3814:. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Persian mythology. The literal meaning of the word 2602: 2565: 2186: 1961: 1365: 177: 86: 3535: 97: 5609: 2874: 2359: 1931: 1200: 1137: 938: 824: 547: 5353:

Iran almanac and book of facts 1964–1965. Fourth edition, new print. Published by Echo of Iran, Tehran 1965.

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to be only 200 years. The final data of the Parthian era in Iranian mythology deals with the battle between

5961: 3310:, who although not participating in the day-to-day affairs of mankind, was represented in the world by the 3037: 3002: 1619: 1122: 933: 928: 923: 818: 4277: 6557: 5522: 5047: 4888: 3047: 2425: 1936: 1431: 1132: 1011: 997: 978: 5331: 6774: 6769: 6478: 6169: 5187: 5032: 4306: 4053:

and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name

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that proliferated in western European medieval art as well. It has the head of a human, the body of a

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of "victory", and "as a giver of victory Verethragna plainly enjoyed the greatest popularity of old.

6779: 5461: 4617: 4050: 3932: 3140: 2236: 2126: 1946: 1477: 1309: 1260: 1156: 958: 913: 908: 828: 540: 291: 5289: 4085:: Spenta Armaiti is the guardian and goddess of the green earth and a sign of fertility and birth. 5803: 5491: 4225:

for the animals that are harmful or repulsive. They were considered creations of the Evil Spirit

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The fourth three thousand years: The third three thousand years ends in the middle of the era of

3188: 2131: 1858: 968: 963: 953: 597: 188: 75: 5248: 3986:, which inherits its month names from the Zoroastrian calendar, the 4th month is likewise named 3828:(Ahriman): the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the 3269: 6610: 6534: 5604: 5476: 5419: 4605: 4563: 4415: 4293: 3682:

are the first dynasty of Iranian history according to mythological texts, which are related to

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period, in which the world was perceived to be locked in a battle between the destructive

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Persian myths is filled with famous heroes, to name a few: the greatest Persian hero is

3974:: benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility. Tishtrya is 6748: 6719: 6602: 6413: 6334: 6309: 6304: 6235: 6134: 6124: 6114: 6024: 5840: 5796: 5777: 5569: 5553: 5226: 5218: 5042: 4877: 4779: 4676: 4644: 4609: 4469: 4419: 3859: 3727: 3679: 3675: 3181: 3092: 3075: 2889: 2849: 2805: 2777: 2652: 2622: 2617: 2555: 2550: 2530: 2520: 2498: 2463: 2442: 2415: 2405: 2193: 2144: 2078: 2062: 1687: 1340: 1079: 765: 670: 665: 456: 386: 355: 332: 2737: 2657: 6725: 6698: 6643: 6094: 5767: 5741: 5707: 5640: 5412: 5369: 5315: 5265: 5230: 5163: 5076: 4796: 4769: 4668: 4130: 2926: 2914: 2757: 2747: 2742: 2700: 2637: 2560: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2510: 2488: 2468: 2434: 2410: 2207: 2173: 2165: 2109: 2103: 2085: 2056: 2035: 2013: 1783: 1644: 1584: 1566: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1464: 1459: 1288: 1151: 800: 793: 786: 772: 758: 718: 697: 634: 626: 429: 337: 282: 2894: 6651: 6494: 6367: 6004: 5903: 5589: 5501: 5210: 5096: 5037: 5022: 4671:

are Siavash's counselors. They unsuccessfully try to convince Siavash not to go to

4613: 4254: 4138: 4134: 3983: 3880: 3750:, which is the same as what was found in Latin and Armenian texts. After that, the 3709: 3353: 3216: 3152: 3007: 2931: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2854: 2815: 2810: 2787: 2730: 2710: 2687: 2667: 2647: 2632: 2483: 2478: 2448: 2430: 2201: 2151: 1968: 1774: 1662: 1602: 1579: 1522: 1517: 1454: 1441: 1436: 1426: 1099: 712: 660: 652: 645: 350: 319: 4873: 3931:, 'victorious'. Representing this concept is the divinity Verethragna, who is the 6693: 6683: 6377: 6109: 6009: 5748: 5702: 5659: 5594: 5486: 5481: 5092: 5084: 5080: 4920:. The story is about Vis, the daughter of Shāhrū and Qārin, the ruling family of 4917: 4909: 4896: 4815: 4660: 4411: 4329: 4317: 4257:. Like humans, they are accountable for their deeds and can be either believers ( 4250: 3779: 3751: 3739: 3479: 3466: 3450: 3258: 3253: 3228: 3147: 2946: 2884: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2725: 2717: 2662: 2597: 2587: 2580: 2570: 2503: 2493: 2453: 2282: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2222: 2158: 2137: 2115: 1700: 1589: 1512: 1421: 1354: 1295: 1161: 893: 878: 868: 863: 779: 751: 513: 508: 503: 490: 471: 416: 406: 272: 253: 5201:

Frye, Richard Nelson (1962). "Reitzenstein and Qumrân Revisited by an Iranian".

3875: 6544: 6539: 6382: 6372: 5941: 5726: 5113: 5088: 5052: 4772:: The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab forms part of the 10th-century Persian epic 4684: 4393: 4222: 4197: 4148: 4082: 4058: 4023: 3997: 3866: 3863: 3843: 3783: 3764: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3286: 2830: 2825: 2782: 2767: 2627: 2515: 2027: 1894: 1769: 1327: 1281: 1249: 1185: 676: 477: 466: 411: 5214: 4732: 4434:, his commanders, and paladins; blinds them, and imprisons them in a dungeon. 4173: 3575: 3232:

light on the religious and political institutions of not only Iran but of the

6763: 6713: 6261: 5969: 5100: 4966: 4880: 4714: 4574:, without knowing who his opponent is. He is also known for the story of his 4418:. He is a huge being. He possesses great physical strength and is skilled in 4208: 4141:, and other regions that were within the realm of Persian cultural influence. 3829: 3807: 3597: 3434: 3249: 2974: 2964: 2919: 2287: 1751: 1667: 1384: 1242: 1104: 858: 401: 391: 245: 6064: 4855: 4811: 4555: 1074: 6688: 6212: 4904:, one in the west and the other in the east. Gorgani originally belongs to 4629: 4625: 4539: 4457: 4407: 4268: 4230: 4226: 4152: 4126: 4114: 4039: 4001: 3896: 3855: 3290: 3241: 3233: 3097: 1906: 1744: 1218: 1089: 888: 883: 873: 368: 5916: 5911: 4766:, although in two labours he was accompanied also by the champion, Olad. 4431: 6445: 6440: 6324: 5926: 5921: 5715: 5692: 4981: 4884: 4841: 4688: 4399: 4333: 4193: 4005: 3987: 3941: 3916: 3833: 3803: 3787: 3687: 3683: 3643: 3520: 3425: 3323:

Iranians. The only written texts relating to religious come from prophet

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period begins, and they are introduced as descendants of the Kayanians.

3693: 1069: 6504: 6217: 5936: 5697: 5579: 5537: 5222: 5134: 5126: 4997: 4970: 4962: 4861: 4430:, boulders, and tree trunks using his magical skills. He then captures 4423: 4181: 3795: 3747: 3731: 3484: 3245: 3130: 2969: 1845: 1759: 1637: 1402: 6182: 4750:: a series of acts carried out by the greatest of the Iranian heroes, 6524: 6453: 6432: 6344: 6069: 5989: 5946: 5878: 5820: 5532: 5450: 5160:

Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts

4953: 4913: 4824: 4774: 4759: 4706: 4648: 4465: 4453: 4403: 4374: 4369: 4357: 4314: 4310: 4235: 4189: 4177: 4122: 4046: 3953: 3811: 3723: 3713: 3659: 3647: 3605: 3588: 3547: 3502: 3397: 3374: 3361: 3341: 3324: 3237: 3102: 2048: 1825: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1789: 1657: 5389: 4215:. Als are demons of childbirth, interfering with human reproduction. 4016:. The rituals for purifying a fire are performed 1,128 times a year. 3449:

also had an old and well-known civilization in the southwest of the

195:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 64: 6549: 6473: 6339: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6222: 6192: 6074: 6029: 5868: 5858: 5848: 5825: 5435: 4948: 4944: 4905: 4892: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4782: 4755: 4718: 4702: 4601: 4481: 4297: 4218: 4144: 3971: 3945: 3613: 3539: 3507: 3496: 3454: 3438: 3413: 3401: 3224: 3167: 3135: 1991: 1982: 1873: 1674: 1649: 1553: 1044: 620: 5394: 3913:, a Sassanid-era text, notes that on the 18th day "life is merry". 6529: 6468: 6458: 6362: 6284: 6279: 6207: 6202: 6177: 6144: 6104: 6099: 5951: 5863: 5853: 5584: 5130: 4993: 4985: 4844:. Esfandiyār is best known for the tragic story of a battle with 4652: 4638: 4597: 4585: 4547: 4487: 4426:. He destroys the army of Kay Kavus by conjuring a dark storm of 4389: 4348: 4301: 4258: 4156: 4110: 4098: 4074: 3892: 3884: 3825: 3621: 3620:

and Neshak. After them, Farag-Farwagin and after them the couple

3584: 3555: 3543: 3490: 3458: 3430: 3370: 3318: 2041: 2005: 1998: 1796: 1416: 1049: 395: 5994: 3646:. The most important feature of this period is the emergence of 3393: 3345: 6670: 6509: 6463: 6406: 6329: 6314: 6256: 6197: 6154: 6139: 6119: 6059: 6054: 5974: 5883: 5574: 5517: 5001: 4958: 4845: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4786: 4763: 4751: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4698: 4694: 4656: 4571: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4491: 4473: 4443: 4435: 4385: 4361: 4321: 4164: 4013: 3958: 3902: 3839: 3791: 3617: 3524: 3471: 3442: 3349: 3337: 3311: 3303: 3162: 1764: 1718: 1237: 1054: 6049: 6044: 4604:, Jamshid is described as the fourth and greatest king of the 4527: 4523: 4102: 3377:, a royal bird of victory whose plume adorned Persian crowns. 6519: 6514: 6499: 6319: 6271: 6129: 6089: 6019: 5999: 5984: 5527: 5399: 5072: 5009: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4710: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4263: 4212: 4129:

art and literature and is also evident in the iconography of

4035: 4019: 3964: 3718: 3698: 3570: 3475: 3462: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3366: 3296: 3262: 3070: 1863: 1737: 1731: 1713: 1084: 1059: 5004:, Simurg and many other Iranian myths play a prominent role. 6245: 5888: 5873: 5404: 4937: 4925: 4477: 4427: 4353: 4342: 4337: 4289: 4281: 4242: 4168: 4160: 4009: 3993: 3851: 3847: 3446: 3378: 3327:, initiated the reforms which would become Zoroastrianism. 2389: 2255: 4976: 4725:, as they become lovers. They had two children, including 5262:

Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary

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their respective cultures. It roughly corresponds to the

4113:: a benevolent bird. It is sometimes equated with other 3832:, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of 4743:, who later becomes one of the greatest Persian heroes. 3223:), is the body of the myths originally told by ancient 4192:: is a mythical bird, continuing as a common motif in 3500:. The other major source for Persian mythology is the 4916:

background point to a date in the Parthian period of

5237: 4570:); and for tragically fighting and killing his son, 4895:origin for the story, but it is now regarded as of 89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4679:. His most important adventure is in the story of 4336:lore, with Persian origins. They exist along with 3506:(“The Book of Kings”) written by the Persian poet 4554:. Rostam is best known for his tragic fight with 4229:and killing them was seen as meritorious. In the 3373:, a large, beautiful, and powerful bird; and the 6761: 4912:. The existence of these small kingdoms and the 4057:is a normalized rendition of the word, which in 3850:, and the guardian of cattle, the harvest, and 3670: 5112:For example, those regions and peoples in the 5804: 5420: 5033:List of articles related to Persian mythology 4828:. He was the son and the crown prince of the 4147:: a bird said to live on the summit of Mount 3482:. Some of the most famous of these books are 3189: 2367: 548: 5157: 4026:and in later Persian culture and mythology. 5151: 52:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5811: 5797: 5427: 5413: 4785:. It tells the tragic story of the heroes 3571:Myths of creation and the end of the world 3561: 3348:, who led a popular uprising against him. 3196: 3182: 2374: 2360: 2338:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 555: 541: 5818: 5636:Ferdowsi millennial celebration in Berlin 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 211:Learn how and when to remove this message 149:Learn how and when to remove this message 5363: 5116:that were not under direct Iranian rule. 4980: 4859:A miniature from the 1729 manuscript by 4854: 4795: 4731: 4580: 4558:, the other legendary Iranian hero; for 4502: 4447: 4305: 4276: 4172: 4105:and its chickens. 16th century painting. 4093: 3936: 3874: 3774: 3692: 3626: 3574: 3534: 3513: 3392: 4977:Iranian mythology in the Islamic period 4891:in the 11th century. Gurgani claimed a 4852:and is one of its literary highlights. 4848:. It is one of the longest episodes in 4073:. The Middle Persian name derives from 3757: 3279: 6762: 5184:"Interview with Richard N. Frye (CNN)" 3978:in Middle- and Modern Persian. In the 5792: 5408: 5390:Iranian Mythology by Albert J. Carnoy 4442:" to free his sovereign. At the end, 2345:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2317:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5200: 4566:(not to be confused with the modern 4406:, Div-e Sepid (White Demon), is the 4267:), depending on whether they accept 160: 87:adding citations to reliable sources 58: 17: 4721:, and later she becomes married to 3465:. That is why the ancient forms of 3357: 3220: 2302:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 13: 6412: 6405: 6398: 5357: 5162:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 83. 4818:hero and one of the characters of 4729:, the main hero of the Shahnameh. 4667:. In the story of Siavash, he and 4546:, Rostam and his predecessors are 4522:, who is the grandson of the hero 4284:, flying, with cup and wine flask. 3400:, believed to be a depiction of a 2324:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 14: 6791: 5383: 33:This article has multiple issues. 6744: 6743: 6573:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan) 5773: 5772: 5763: 5762: 5460: 5158:Marcinkowski, Christoph (2010). 5125:Such as in the western parts of 3911:Counsels of Adarbad Mahraspandan 3330: 2331:Journal of Indo-European Studies 1095:Bible translations into Armenian 586: 524: 260: 165: 63: 22: 5668:A New Prologue to the Shahnameh 5631:Ferdowsi millennial celebration 5324: 5304: 5264:. Clive Holes. 2001. Page XXX. 4947:: an Iranian legendary hero in 4538:and wears a special suit named 4510:depicted killing a demon, with 4498: 4245:: invisible creatures in early 4155:tree that was the roost of the 3591:(left, with star-studded globe) 3306:supporters, versus the Creator 606:List of Indo-European languages 74:needs additional citations for 41:or discuss these issues on the 5497:Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 5274: 5255: 5203:The Harvard Theological Review 5194: 5176: 5119: 5106: 5065: 4908:which is one of main lands of 4701:mythological female figure in 4275:beliefs integrated into Islam. 3980:Zoroastrian religious calendar 3530: 3388: 3369:. Most famous of these is the 3344:who was, finally, defeated by 1: 6582:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman) 5610:Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan 5144: 4332:: monstrous creatures within 1932:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1201:Paleolithic continuity theory 6585:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan 5434: 4865:, of the Persian love story 4624:. In the eastern regions of 4089: 3909:is dedicated to Rashnu. The 3782:-era relief (224-561 AD) at 3671:Mythological history of Iran 3236:, which includes regions of 1620:Northern Black Polished Ware 819:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 5523:List of places in Shahnameh 5048:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 5016: 4840:. He was the grandchild of 4620:transliterated the name as 4247:religion in pre-Islamic era 4163:on Earth. According to the 3962:- "worthy of worship" - or 1937:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 191:the claims made and adding 10: 6796: 6579:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid 6576:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein) 4887:was composed in poetry by 4754:, The story was retold by 4300:until they have completed 3654:religion and his mission. 3295:and his hordes of demonic 3274:Iranian cultural continent 1233:Domestication of the horse 6739: 6663: 6595: 6566: 6487: 6423: 6396: 6353: 6270: 6244: 6168: 5960: 5902: 5839: 5832: 5758: 5677: 5649: 5623: 5562: 5546: 5510: 5469: 5458: 5442: 5215:10.1017/S0017816000007926 4709:. She is the princess of 4526:, and son of the equally 4456:(labeled "martigora") by 3883:is the symbol of goddess 1942:Historical Vedic religion 1219:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 5364:Hinnells, J. R. (1985). 5282:"Columbia College Today" 5058: 4990:Nodir Devonbegi Madrasah 4932:(Rāmīn), the brother to 4889:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani 4647:, is an Iranian hero in 4472:similar to the Egyptian 1947:Ancient Iranian religion 1310:Novotitarovskaya culture 1157:Indo-European migrations 5492:Ferdowsi Street, Tabriz 5482:Ferdowsi Square, Tehran 5245:"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN" 5000:. In the literature of 4683:, where he fights with 3818:is "lord", and that of 3770: 3562:Ahura Mazda and Ahriman 1448:Northern/Eastern Steppe 6709:Rostam's Seven Labours 6588:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez) 6417: 6410: 6403: 5605:Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi 5477:Ferdowsi Metro Station 5395:Indo-Iranian Mythology 5332:"Encyclopædia Iranica" 5005: 4961:and at last killed by 4902:Parthian ruling houses 4870: 4808: 4748:Rostam's Seven Labours 4744: 4687:army along with other 4596:Another great hero is 4593: 4515: 4461: 4325: 4285: 4185: 4106: 4034:and is the cognate of 4012:through the eponymous 3984:Iranian civil calendar 3949: 3923:is related to Avestan 3888: 3799: 3706: 3639: 3592: 3551: 3519:everything changed by 3417: 3272:project uses the term 3158:Religion and mythology 1919:Religion and mythology 1878:Medieval Scandinavians 1169:Alternative and fringe 6704:Rostam and Esfandiyar 6416: 6409: 6402: 5310:Sarkhosh-Curtis, V., 4984: 4936:Manikan, the King of 4858: 4799: 4735: 4584: 4506: 4451: 4309: 4280: 4176: 4097: 4032:Indo-Iranian religion 3940: 3878: 3873:of Zoroastrian ideas. 3778: 3696: 3636:sarcophagus of Wirkak 3630: 3578: 3538: 3514:Overview of the world 3396: 3360:) was guarded by two 3121:Comparative mythology 2421:Aboriginal Australian 2269:Indo-European studies 1632:Peoples and societies 6160:Eskandar (Alexander) 5249:Encyclopædia Iranica 4590:Shahnameh of Tahmasb 4292:: exquisite, winged 4139:Eastern Roman Empire 4022:: a divine plant in 3907:Zoroastrian calendar 3758:Life & Afterlife 3624:and Guzak are born. 3581:The School of Athens 3280:Religious background 3270:Encyclopædia Iranica 3126:Comparative religion 3088:Legendary progenitor 2566:Continental Germanic 1176:Anatolian hypothesis 1128:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1035:Hittite inscriptions 580:Indo-European topics 302:World Heritage Sites 83:improve this article 5615:Mohammad-Amin Riahi 5600:Keikhosrow Shahrokh 4924:(Media) in western 4634:Indian subcontinent 4568:Mazandaran Province 4542:in battles. In the 4101:returning to nest, 4030:has its origins in 3546:- a scene from the 3221:اسطوره‌شناسی ایرانی 2875:Proto-Indo-European 1432:Multi-cordoned ware 1303:Mikhaylovka culture 1191:Indigenous Aryanism 1181:Armenian hypothesis 1040:Hieroglyphic Luwian 98:"Persian mythology" 6720:Khosrow and Shirin 6558:Other locations... 6418: 6411: 6404: 5570:Abolhassan Sadighi 5554:Firdeusi Institute 5071:These include the 5043:Persian literature 5006: 4871: 4809: 4758:in his epic poem, 4745: 4636:it is rendered as 4610:Pishdadian Dynasty 4594: 4516: 4480:and the tail of a 4470:legendary creature 4462: 4326: 4286: 4261:) or unbelievers ( 4221:: a cover term in 4186: 4117:birds such as the 4107: 4061:appears as either 3950: 3944:on the coinage of 3919:: The neuter noun 3889: 3860:Mithraic mysteries 3800: 3794:of sovereignty to 3707: 3676:Pishdadian dynasty 3640: 3593: 3552: 3508:Abolqasem Ferdowsi 3418: 3404:, as mentioned in 3317:and the righteous 3261:and its bordering 3209:Iranian mythology, 3076:Legendary creature 2792:Pacific Northwest 1012:Proto-Indo-Iranian 998:Proto-Balto-Slavic 979:Proto-Italo-Celtic 430:Miniature painting 422:Visual art history 176:possibly contains 6775:Iranian mythology 6770:Persian mythology 6757: 6756: 6731:Persian mythology 6726:Bijan and Manijeh 6699:Rostam and Sohrab 6394: 6393: 6170:Female characters 6150:Rostam Farrokhzād 6095:Zangay-i Shavaran 5786: 5785: 5742:Rustam and Zohrab 5734:Rostam and Sohrab 5721:Persian mythology 5641:Firdousi (crater) 5575:Abu-Mansur Daqiqi 5400:Iran Almanac 2006 5366:Persian Mythology 5270:978-90-04-10763-2 5169:978-3-643-80049-7 5028:Iranian mythology 4988:on the portal of 4878:classical Persian 4807:by Joseph Rotter. 4770:Rostam and Sohrab 4669:Zange-ye Shavaran 4618:Edward FitzGerald 3927:, 'obstacle' and 3858:attributed their 3726:has compared the 3276:for this region. 3215:in western term ( 3213:Persian mythology 3206: 3205: 2384: 2383: 1645:Anatolian peoples 1615:Painted Grey Ware 1503:Nordic Bronze Age 1152:Kurgan hypothesis 1105:Old Irish glosses 1070:Gaulish epigraphy 565: 564: 239: 238: 231: 221: 220: 213: 178:original research 159: 158: 151: 133: 56: 6787: 6747: 6746: 6368:House of Goudarz 5837: 5836: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5776: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5590:Hooshang Seyhoun 5502:Tomb of Ferdowsi 5464: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5379: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5288:. Archived from 5278: 5272: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5186:. Archived from 5180: 5174: 5173: 5155: 5138: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5069: 5038:Persian folklore 5023:Iranian folklore 4957:. He was son of 4614:Kayanian dynasty 4458:Johannes Jonston 4438:undertakes his " 4135:medieval Armenia 3948:, 2nd century CE 3710:Kayanian dynasty 3703:Sa'dabad Complex 3587:, 1509, showing 3474:, especially in 3467:Indian mythology 3359: 3222: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3153:Pseudo-mythology 3065:Related concepts 2386: 2385: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2217: 2210: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2140: 2065: 2051: 2044: 2030: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1985: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1792: 1775:Germanic peoples 1765:Hellenic peoples 1754: 1747: 1740: 1663:Mycenaean Greeks 1652: 1580:Thraco-Cimmerian 1478:Globular Amphora 1455:Abashevo culture 1394: 1387: 1357: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1100:Tocharian script 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 721: 707: 700: 693: 679: 655: 648: 629: 590: 567: 566: 557: 550: 543: 529: 528: 527: 264: 241: 240: 234: 227: 216: 209: 205: 202: 196: 193:inline citations 169: 168: 161: 154: 147: 143: 140: 134: 132: 91: 67: 59: 48: 26: 25: 18: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6780:Persian culture 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6735: 6694:Zal and Rudabeh 6684:Derafsh Kaviani 6659: 6631:of Shah Tahmasp 6591: 6562: 6483: 6425: 6419: 6390: 6378:House of Nowzar 6355: 6349: 6266: 6240: 6164: 5962:Male characters 5956: 5898: 5828: 5817: 5787: 5782: 5754: 5749:Rustom O Sohrab 5703:Derafsh Kaviani 5673: 5651: 5645: 5619: 5595:Julius von Mohl 5558: 5542: 5506: 5487:Ferdowsi Street 5465: 5456: 5438: 5433: 5386: 5376: 5360: 5358:Further reading 5350: 5349: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5314:(1993) London, 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5199: 5195: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5019: 4979: 4918:Iranian history 4739:gives birth to 4655:and brother of 4651:. He is son of 4501: 4390:Younger Avestan 4251:Islamic culture 4092: 3790:presenting the 3773: 3760: 3734:of Achaemenid. 3673: 3573: 3564: 3533: 3516: 3510:(940-1020 CE). 3480:Sassanid period 3451:Iranian plateau 3391: 3333: 3282: 3259:Iranian Plateau 3254:culture of Iran 3229:Iranian peoples 3202: 3173: 3172: 3148:Lower mythology 3116: 3108: 3107: 3066: 3058: 3057: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2960: 2952: 2951: 2802:Plains Indians 2693:Native American 2401: 2380: 2351: 2350: 2283:Marija Gimbutas 2271: 2261: 2260: 2252:Winter solstice 2242:Horse sacrifice 2213: 2206: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2089: 2074: 2061: 2047: 2040: 2026: 2017: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1951: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1854: 1841: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1727: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1654: 1648: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1598: 1575: 1562: 1550: 1531: 1473: 1450: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1390: 1383: 1374: 1372:Northern Europe 1353: 1349: 1336: 1323: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1255:Steppe cultures 1228: 1221: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1196:Baltic homeland 1170: 1166: 1162:Eurasian nomads 1146: 1142: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1080:Runic epigraphy 1075:Latin epigraphy 1030: 1022: 1021: 959:Proto-Anatolian 943: 898: 894:Thraco-Illyrian 879:Graeco-Phrygian 869:Graeco-Armenian 864:Graeco-Albanian 843: 821: 808: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 717: 703: 696: 689: 675: 651: 644: 625: 610: 602: 600: 561: 531:Iran portal 525: 523: 518: 514:Kurdish cuisine 509:Caspian cuisine 504:Balochi cuisine 495: 482: 448: 435: 373: 360: 342: 324: 306: 287: 254:Culture of Iran 235: 224: 223: 222: 217: 206: 200: 197: 182: 170: 166: 155: 144: 138: 135: 92: 90: 80: 68: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6793: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6608: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6552: 6547: 6545:Mount Damavand 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6479:White Elephant 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6383:House of Sasan 6380: 6375: 6373:House of Viseh 6370: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5942:Humay Chehrzad 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5727:Persians and I 5723: 5718: 5713: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5384:External links 5382: 5381: 5380: 5374: 5368:. P. Bedrick. 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5323: 5303: 5273: 5254: 5236: 5209:(4): 261–268. 5193: 5190:on 2016-04-23. 5175: 5168: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5118: 5114:North Caucasus 5105: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5053:Zoroastrianism 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5015: 4978: 4975: 4814:: a legendary 4713:, daughter of 4606:epigraphically 4560:his expedition 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4463: 4397: 4394:Zoroastrianism 4383: 4334:Middle Eastern 4327: 4304:for atonement. 4287: 4240: 4223:Zoroastrianism 4216: 4206: 4187: 4142: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083:Spenta Armaiti 4080: 4059:Middle Persian 4051:transcendental 4044: 4024:Zoroastrianism 4017: 3991: 3969: 3951: 3914: 3900: 3890: 3837: 3823: 3812:god of the sky 3784:Naqsh-e Rostam 3772: 3769: 3765:Chinvat Bridge 3759: 3756: 3672: 3669: 3665:Chinvat Bridge 3652:Zoroastrianism 3632:Chinvat Bridge 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3532: 3529: 3515: 3512: 3390: 3387: 3340:, a symbol of 3332: 3329: 3281: 3278: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3013:Feral children 3010: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2237:Fire sacrifice 2233: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2082: 2081: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2028:Zoroastrianism 2010: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1898: 1897: 1895:Medieval India 1886: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1849: 1848: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1777: 1772: 1770:Italic peoples 1767: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1704: 1703: 1691: 1690: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1546:Gandhara grave 1543: 1538: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392:Middle Dnieper 1388: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1347:Eastern Europe 1344: 1343: 1331: 1330: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1275:Dnieper–Donets 1271: 1264: 1252: 1250:Kurgan culture 1247: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186:Beech argument 1183: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1009: 995: 990: 976: 969:Proto-Germanic 966: 964:Proto-Armenian 961: 956: 954:Proto-Albanian 950: 949: 942: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 905: 904: 897: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 850: 849: 842: 841: 840: 839: 815: 814: 807: 806: 805: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 743: 738: 732: 731: 725: 724: 723: 722: 710: 709: 708: 701: 694: 682: 681: 680: 668: 663: 658: 657: 656: 649: 637: 632: 631: 630: 617: 616: 609: 608: 601: 596: 595: 592: 591: 583: 582: 576: 575: 563: 562: 560: 559: 552: 545: 537: 534: 533: 520: 519: 517: 516: 511: 506: 500: 497: 496: 494: 493: 487: 484: 483: 481: 480: 475: 469: 464: 459: 453: 450: 449: 447: 446: 440: 437: 436: 434: 433: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 389: 384: 378: 375: 374: 372: 371: 365: 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 329: 326: 325: 323: 322: 317: 311: 308: 307: 305: 304: 299: 294: 288: 286: 285: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 257: 256: 250: 249: 237: 236: 219: 218: 173: 171: 164: 157: 156: 71: 69: 62: 57: 31: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6792: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6714:Davazdah Rokh 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6611:Great Mongol 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450:Koulad-Ghandi 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437:Kharvazan Div 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6262:Mehrab Kaboli 6260: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5779: 5771: 5769: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652:others' works 5650:Depictions in 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547:Organizations 5545: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5320:0-7141-2082-0 5317: 5313: 5312:Persian Myths 5307: 5292:on 2015-11-27 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992:(1622-1623), 4991: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967:Faramarz-nama 4964: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4874:Vis and Rāmin 4868: 4867:Vis and Rāmin 4864: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4789:and his son, 4788: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715:Mehrab Kaboli 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4628:, and by the 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4576:Seven Labours 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324:into the sea. 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249:and later in 4248: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211:: a class of 4210: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842:: The god of 3841: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3830:Spenta Mainyu 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808:creator deity 3805: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3634:scene on the 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3598:Amesha Spenta 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424:, individual 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3331:Good and Evil 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3250:Transcaucasia 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796:Kwakwakaʼwakw 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 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P. Mallory 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925:Reconstructed 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1752:Insular Celts 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668:Indo-Iranians 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410:Pontic Steppe 1404: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243:Kurgan stelae 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1226:Pontic Steppe 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1016:Proto-Iranian 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 991: 988: 984: 980: 977: 974: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 948: 945: 944: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:Daco-Thracian 857: 855: 852: 851: 848: 845: 844: 838: 834: 830: 826: 823: 822: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812:Reconstructed 810: 809: 802: 798: 795: 791: 788: 784: 781: 777: 774: 770: 767: 763: 760: 756: 753: 749: 748: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 730: 727: 726: 720: 716: 715: 714: 711: 706: 702: 699: 695: 692: 688: 687: 686: 683: 678: 674: 673: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 654: 650: 647: 643: 642: 641: 638: 636: 633: 628: 624: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 612: 611: 607: 604: 603: 599: 594: 593: 589: 585: 584: 581: 578: 577: 573: 569: 568: 558: 553: 551: 546: 544: 539: 538: 536: 535: 532: 522: 521: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 499: 498: 492: 489: 488: 486: 485: 479: 476: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 452: 451: 445: 442: 441: 439: 438: 431: 427: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 397: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 370: 367: 366: 364: 363: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 346: 345: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 328: 327: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 310: 309: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 268: 267: 263: 259: 258: 255: 252: 251: 247: 243: 242: 233: 230: 215: 212: 204: 194: 190: 186: 180: 179: 174:This article 172: 163: 162: 153: 150: 142: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: – 99: 95: 94:Find sources: 88: 84: 78: 77: 72:This article 70: 66: 61: 60: 55: 53: 46: 45: 40: 39: 34: 29: 20: 19: 16: 6730: 6718: 6689:Babr-e Bayan 6677: 6676:Abu-Mansuri 6653: 6645: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6616:(or Demotte) 6612: 6604: 6387:House of Sām 6213:Banu Goshasp 5819: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5709: 5686: 5685:Abu-Mansuri 5666: 5658: 5449: 5365: 5340:, retrieved 5338:, 2023-11-15 5335: 5326: 5311: 5306: 5294:. Retrieved 5290:the original 5286:columbia.edu 5285: 5276: 5257: 5239: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5188:the original 5178: 5159: 5153: 5121: 5108: 5067: 5007: 4952: 4943: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4849: 4823: 4810: 4780:Persian poet 4773: 4768: 4746: 4693: 4643: 4637: 4630:Zoroastrians 4626:Greater Iran 4621: 4612:(before the 4595: 4543: 4540:Babr-e Bayan 4517: 4499:Famous Myths 4440:Seven Labors 4414:(demons) of 4379: 4373: 4347: 4341: 4262: 4231:Young Avesta 4227:Angra Mainyu 4184:(550-330 BC) 4115:mythological 4077: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4038: 4027: 3975: 3963: 3957: 3929:verethragnan 3928: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3897:Lotus flower 3881:Lotus flower 3870: 3826:Angra Mainyu 3822:is "wisdom". 3819: 3815: 3786:, depicting 3761: 3744:Artabanus IV 3736: 3708: 3674: 3641: 3610: 3602: 3594: 3565: 3556:Angra Mainyu 3553: 3517: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3419: 3382: 3334: 3319: 3312: 3297: 3291: 3283: 3273: 3267: 3242:Central Asia 3212: 3208: 3207: 3098:Culture hero 2942:West African 2880:Proto-Uralic 2859: 2722:Californian 2678:Mesopotamian 2343: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2309:Publications 2308: 2294: 2275: 2229: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094:Paleo-Balkan 2084: 2083: 2071: 2070: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1967: 1966: 1954: 1924: 1907:Greater Iran 1900: 1899: 1888: 1887: 1851: 1850: 1838: 1837: 1780:Paleo-Balkan 1745:Celtiberians 1724: 1723: 1706: 1705: 1693: 1692: 1680: 1679: 1608: 1607: 1595: 1594: 1572: 1571: 1559: 1558: 1528: 1527: 1470: 1469: 1447: 1446: 1409: 1408: 1371: 1370: 1346: 1345: 1333: 1332: 1320: 1319: 1261:Bug–Dniester 1225: 1224: 1090:Gothic Bible 1006:Proto-Baltic 1002:Proto-Slavic 987:Proto-Italic 983:Proto-Celtic 946: 901: 889:Italo-Celtic 884:Indo-Hittite 874:Graeco-Aryan 847:Hypothetical 846: 811: 746:Paleo-Balkan 728: 685:Indo-Iranian 640:Balto-Slavic 613: 382:Architecture 314: 225: 207: 201:January 2024 198: 175: 145: 139:January 2024 136: 126: 119: 112: 105: 93: 81:Please help 76:verification 73: 49: 42: 36: 35:Please help 32: 15: 6620:Baysonghor 6596:Manuscripts 6446:Div-e Sepid 6441:Arzhang Div 6426:and animals 5927:Kay Lohrasp 5922:Kay Khosrow 5716:Persian art 5693:Bizhan Nama 5077:Achaemenids 4965:. The book 4914:feudalistic 4842:Kay Lohrasp 4608:unattested 4514:behind him. 4400:Div-e Sepid 4006:Ahura Mazda 4000:concept of 3998:Zoroastrian 3942:Verethragna 3921:verethragna 3917:Verethragna 3871:perceptions 3864:Zoroastrian 3834:Ahura Mazda 3804:Ahura Mazda 3788:Ahura Mazda 3728:Achaemenids 3688:Kay Lohrasp 3684:Kay Lohrasp 3680:Pishdadians 3644:Kay Lohrasp 3531:Evil Forces 3521:Ahura Mazda 3420:Before the 3389:Development 3308:Ahura Mazda 3287:Zoroastrian 3234:Persosphere 2697:Algonquian 2683:Micronesian 2576:Anglo-Saxon 2399:Mythologies 2187:Continental 2180:Anglo-Saxon 1883:Middle Ages 1833:Middle Ages 1688:Indo-Aryans 1681:Indo-Aryans 1488:Bell Beaker 1483:Corded ware 1379:Corded ware 1268:Sredny Stog 1213:Archaeology 993:Proto-Greek 973:Proto-Norse 462:Calligraphy 444:Handicrafts 6764:Categories 6639:of Rashida 6567:Structures 6540:Alborzkouh 6535:Mazandaran 6505:Zabulistan 6424:Creatures 6363:Kashvadian 6218:Gordafarid 6065:Esfandiyār 5937:Kay Bahman 5841:Pishdadian 5833:Characters 5698:Borzu Nama 5580:Asadi Tusi 5538:Zabulistan 5375:0872260178 5342:2023-12-31 5296:9 December 5145:References 5135:Tajikistan 5127:South Asia 4998:Uzbekistan 4971:Borzu Nama 4963:Kay Bahman 4881:love story 4862:Visramiani 4836:and Queen 4812:Esfandiyār 4564:Mazandaran 4556:Esfandiyār 4424:necromancy 4416:Mazandaran 4370:nightmares 4182:Persepolis 4121:, and the 3946:Kanishka I 3933:hypostasis 3852:the Waters 3796:Ardashir I 3748:Ardeshir I 3732:Darius III 3697:Statue of 3579:Detail of 3358:Aži Dahāka 3302:and their 3252:where the 3246:South Asia 3227:and other 3131:Euhemerism 2937:Vietnamese 2870:Polynesian 2865:Philippine 2843:Talamancan 2673:Melanesian 2643:Lusitanian 2613:Indonesian 2474:Cantabrian 2439:Lithuanian 2295:Institutes 2215:Lithuanian 1969:Indo-Aryan 1955:Historical 1889:Indo-Aryan 1846:Tocharians 1760:Cimmerians 1638:Bronze Age 1529:South Asia 1403:Bronze Age 1341:Afanasievo 1145:Mainstream 909:Vocabulary 829:Sound laws 691:Indo-Aryan 457:Embroidery 426:Modern art 387:Literature 356:Irreligion 333:Philosophy 185:improve it 109:newspapers 38:improve it 6678:Shahnameh 6654:Shahnameh 6646:Shahnameh 6637:Shahnameh 6629:Shahnameh 6622:Shahnameh 6613:Shahnameh 6605:Shahnameh 6603:Florence 6554:Kasa-Roud 6525:Ctesiphon 6454:Huma bird 6433:Akvan Div 6354:Clans and 6345:Biderafsh 5990:Kayanoush 5947:Kay Darab 5917:Kay Kāvus 5912:Kay Kawād 5879:Manuchehr 5821:Shahnameh 5710:Shahnameh 5687:Shahnameh 5451:Shahnameh 5336:Knowledge 5231:162213219 5097:Afsharids 5085:Sasanians 5081:Parthians 4954:Shahnameh 4910:Parthians 4850:Shahnameh 4825:Shahnameh 4775:Shahnameh 4760:Shahnameh 4707:Shahnameh 4649:Shahnameh 4544:Shahnameh 4466:Manticore 4454:manticore 4432:Kay Kavus 4408:chieftain 4404:Shahnameh 4402:: In the 4375:Shahnameh 4311:Shahnameh 4236:Herodotus 4219:Khrafstra 4178:Huma bird 4090:Creatures 4002:holy fire 3954:Vayu-Vata 3844:covenants 3740:Parthians 3724:Al-Biruni 3714:Kay Kawad 3660:Saoshyant 3648:Zoroaster 3606:Gahambars 3589:Zoroaster 3548:Shahnameh 3503:Shahnameh 3485:Bundahisn 3381:(Avestan 3375:Huma bird 3342:despotism 3325:Zoroaster 3238:West Asia 3163:Symbolism 3103:Folk hero 3003:Creatures 2998:Creations 2822:Puebloan 2706:Blackfoot 2608:Hungarian 2459:Brazilian 2390:Mythology 2230:Practices 2049:Yarsanism 1859:Albanians 1839:East Asia 1826:Scythians 1818:Phrygians 1811:Paeonians 1804:Illyrians 1790:Thracians 1707:East Asia 1658:Armenians 1585:Hallstatt 1567:Chernoles 1508:Terramare 1498:Trzciniec 1465:Sintashta 1460:Andronovo 1361:Cernavodă 1334:East Asia 1289:Khvalynsk 1029:Philology 939:Particles 825:Phonology 766:Liburnian 741:Tocharian 736:Anatolian 705:Nuristani 598:Languages 338:Astronomy 315:Mythology 297:Festivals 283:Languages 189:verifying 44:talk page 6749:Category 6644:Windsor 6550:Tammisha 6474:Shabrang 6356:families 6340:Nastihan 6300:Afrasiab 6295:Garsivaz 6290:Aghrirat 6272:Turanian 6231:Katāyoun 6227:Manizheh 6223:Farangis 6193:Sindukht 6188:Shahrnāz 6085:Siyâvash 6080:Fariborz 6075:Faramarz 6070:Pashotan 6035:Gershasp 6030:Gostaham 5980:Shahrasp 5932:Goshtasb 5904:Kayanian 5894:Garshasp 5869:Fereydun 5859:Tahmuras 5849:Keyumars 5826:Ferdowsi 5778:Template 5768:Category 5708:Kurdish 5660:Ferdowsi 5624:Memorial 5436:Ferdowsi 5093:Safavids 5089:Samanids 5017:See also 4949:Ferdowsi 4945:Faramarz 4906:Hyrcania 4897:Parthian 4893:Sasanian 4838:Katāyoun 4834:Goshtasp 4830:Kayanian 4820:Ferdowsi 4783:Ferdowsi 4756:Ferdowsi 4719:Sindukht 4705:'s epic 4703:Ferdowsi 4691:heroes. 4685:Turanian 4602:folklore 4548:Marzbans 4482:scorpion 4392:name of 4349:shayatin 4298:paradise 4161:avifauna 4145:Chamrosh 4008:and his 3972:Tishtrya 3925:verethra 3752:Sassanid 3656:Mazdaism 3614:Keyumars 3542:slaying 3540:Faramarz 3497:Vendidad 3494:and the 3455:Persians 3447:Elamites 3439:Kassites 3414:Vendidad 3402:Fravashi 3398:Farvahar 3225:Persians 3168:Theology 3136:Folklore 3115:See also 2975:National 2965:Creation 2890:Romanian 2850:Ossetian 2838:Selk'nam 2806:Ho-Chunk 2778:Iroquois 2653:Malagasy 2623:Japanese 2561:Frankish 2556:Germanic 2551:Georgian 2536:Etruscan 2531:Estonian 2521:Egyptian 2499:Scottish 2464:Buddhist 2443:Prussian 2416:Armenian 2406:Albanian 2276:Scholars 2174:Germanic 2145:Scottish 2110:Thracian 2104:Illyrian 2098:Albanian 2086:European 2079:Armenian 2063:Ossetian 2057:Scythian 2042:Yazidism 1992:Buddhism 1983:Hinduism 1874:Norsemen 1784:Anatolia 1701:Iranians 1694:Iranians 1675:Iron Age 1650:Hittites 1603:Colchian 1596:Caucasus 1554:Iron Age 1523:Lusatian 1518:Urnfield 1442:Srubnaya 1437:Poltavka 1427:Catacomb 1366:Cucuteni 1321:Caucasus 1138:Religion 1123:Homeland 1065:Behistun 1045:Linear B 934:Numerals 929:Pronouns 854:Balkanic 801:Thracian 794:Phrygian 787:Paeonian 773:Messapic 759:Illyrian 671:Hellenic 666:Germanic 635:Armenian 627:Albanian 621:Albanoid 572:a series 570:Part of 351:Religion 320:Folklore 246:a series 244:Part of 6664:Related 6652:Davari 6530:Estakhr 6469:Shabdiz 6459:Simurgh 6285:Pashang 6280:Zadashm 6208:Tahmina 6203:Sudabeh 6183:Arnavāz 6178:Faranak 6145:Shaghad 6105:Goudarz 6100:Kashvad 6040:Nariman 5952:Dara II 5864:Jamshid 5854:Hushang 5737:(opera) 5678:Related 5585:Bundari 5223:1508723 5131:Bahrain 4994:Bukhara 4986:Simurgh 4816:Iranian 4778:by the 4699:Persian 4689:Iranian 4653:Goudarz 4639:Jamshed 4632:of the 4622:Jamshyd 4598:Jamshid 4588:in the 4586:Jamshid 4460:(1650). 4420:sorcery 4410:of the 4366:sorcery 4320:throws 4302:penance 4294:spirits 4259:Muslims 4255:beliefs 4203:phoenix 4157:Senmurv 4131:Georgia 4127:Iranian 4119:phoenix 4111:Simurgh 4099:Simurgh 4078:zruvan. 4075:Avestan 3893:Anahita 3885:Anahita 3867:Persian 3780:Sasanid 3622:Hushang 3585:Raphael 3544:Ahriman 3491:Denkard 3459:Rigveda 3431:Lullubi 3383:Pairika 3371:Simurgh 3354:Avestan 3292:Ahriman 3217:Persian 3053:Sources 3038:Objects 3026:Culture 3022:Heroes 3008:Deities 2927:Tibetan 2860:Persian 2758:Guarani 2748:Choctaw 2743:Chilote 2701:Abenaki 2638:Lugbara 2618:Italian 2603:Hittite 2593:Guanche 2541:Finnish 2526:English 2511:Chinese 2489:Cornish 2469:Catalan 2435:Latvian 2411:Arabian 2208:Latvian 2166:Cornish 2036:Kurdish 2022:Persian 2014:Iranian 2006:Sikhism 1999:Jainism 1962:Hittite 1901:Iranian 1797:Dacians 1590:Jastorf 1513:Tumulus 1493:Únětice 1422:Yamnaya 1417:Chariot 1355:Usatovo 1296:Yamnaya 1133:Society 1117:Origins 1050:Rigveda 902:Grammar 729:Extinct 719:Romance 698:Iranian 491:Cuisine 478:Jewelry 472:Pottery 417:Gardens 407:Theater 396:Dastgah 292:Symbols 273:History 183:Please 123:scholar 6671:Daqiqi 6510:Sistan 6488:Places 6464:Rakhsh 6335:Barman 6330:Houman 6315:Arjasp 6310:Shideh 6305:Tageuo 6257:Zahhak 6253:Mardas 6246:Tazian 6236:Azadeh 6198:Rudaba 6155:Barbad 6140:Zavara 6135:Gorgin 6125:Bahram 6120:Rohham 6115:Bizhan 6060:Sohrab 6055:Rostam 5975:Siamak 5970:Jamasp 5884:Nowzar 5663:(film) 5563:People 5518:Ghazni 5470:Places 5372: 5318: 5268: 5229: 5221: 5166: 5101:Qajars 5008:After 5002:Sufism 4959:Rostam 4928:, and 4883:. 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The 3443:Urartu 3441:, and 3435:Gutian 3410:Yashts 3362:vipers 3350:Zahhak 3338:Zahhak 3304:Aneran 3263:plains 3248:, and 3048:Places 3018:Floods 2980:Origin 2947:Yoruba 2932:Turkic 2910:Talysh 2905:Somali 2900:Slavic 2855:Papuan 2816:Pawnee 2811:Lakota 2788:Muisca 2731:Ohlone 2711:Lenape 2688:Mongol 2668:Meitei 2648:Maasai 2633:Korean 2581:Gothic 2546:French 2484:Breton 2479:Celtic 2449:Basque 2431:Baltic 2426:Berber 2223:Slavic 2202:Baltic 2152:Breton 2132:Celtic 2116:Dacian 2072:Others 1852:Europe 1725:Europe 1719:Yuezhi 1573:Europe 1560:Steppe 1471:Europe 1328:Maykop 1282:Samara 1238:Kurgan 1055:Avesta 837:Ablaut 833:Accent 780:Mysian 752:Dacian 713:Italic 661:Celtic 653:Slavic 646:Baltic 614:Extant 467:Carpet 412:Cinema 278:People 248:on the 125: 118: 111: 104: 96: 6520:Balkh 6515:Kabul 6500:Turan 6325:Piran 6320:Viseh 6130:Hojir 6090:Farud 6020:Qaren 6015:Qobád 6000:Arash 5985:Abtin 5528:Turan 5511:Lands 5443:Books 5227:S2CID 5219:JSTOR 5073:Medes 5059:Notes 5010:Islam 4934:Mobed 4930:Ramin 4832:King 4711:Kabul 4681:Farud 4673:Turan 4665:Hojir 4372:. 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