al-Walid I - Knowledge

4783: 805: 1319:, Anjar "has the best claim of any Islamic foundation datable before 750 ... to be a city", though it was probably abandoned within forty years of its construction. In the Hejaz, al-Walid attempted to redress the hardships of pilgrims making the trek to Mecca by having water wells dug throughout the province, improving access through the mountain passes, and building a drinking fountain in Mecca. The historian M. A. Shaban theorizes that while al-Walid's projects in the cities of Syria and the Hejaz had a "utilitarian purpose", they were mainly intended to provide employment, in the form of cheap labor, for the growing non-Arab populations in the cities. 1390: 72: 1332: 1280:, it is "possible that the caliph kept it on the boil so that one faction not acquire a monopoly of power". Al-Walid's mother genealogically belonged to the Qays and he accorded Qaysi officials certain advantages. However, Wellhausen doubts that al-Walid preferred one faction over the other, "for he had no need to do so, and it is not reported" by the medieval historians. The Qays–Yaman division intensified under al-Walid's successors, who did not maintain his balancing act. The feud was a major contributor to the Umayyad regime's demise in 750. 1289: 678: 1386:

of their salaries for nine years to pay for its construction. The scale and grandeur of the great mosque made it a "symbol of the political supremacy and moral prestige of Islam", according to the historian Nikita Elisséeff. Noting al-Walid's awareness of architecture's propaganda value, Hillenbrand calls the mosque a "victory monument" intended as a "visible statement of Muslim supremacy and permanence". The mosque has maintained its original form until the present day.

1570:. More significant were the costs to equip and pay the armies driving the conquests. The substantial expenditures under both Abd al-Malik and al-Walid became a financial burden on their successors, under whom the flow of war spoils, on which the caliphal economy depended, began to diminish. Blankinship notes that the enormous losses incurred during the 717–718 siege of Constantinople alone "practically wiped out the gains made under al-Walid". 1304:

roads in Syria and installed street lighting in the cities. They invested in land reclamation projects, entailing irrigation networks and canals, which boosted agricultural production. Al-Hajjaj also carried out irrigation and canal projects in Iraq during this period, in a bid to restore its agricultural infrastructure, damaged by years of warfare, and to find employment for its demobilized inhabitants.

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state's public face". Domestically, it was generally a period of peace and prosperity. Kennedy asserts that al-Walid's reign was "remarkably successful and represents, perhaps, the zenith of Umayyad power", though his direct role in these successes is unclear and his primary accomplishment may have been maintaining the equilibrium between the rival factions of the Umayyad family and military.

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evading the persecution of al-Hajjaj. Umar informed al-Walid of al-Hajjaj's abuses, while al-Hajjaj advised the caliph to dismiss Umar for hosting Iraqi rebels. Al-Walid, wary of the Hejaz once again developing into a center of anti-Umayyad activity as it had during the Second Muslim Civil War, dismissed Umar in 712. He split the governorship of the Hejaz, appointing al-Hajjaj's nominees

1194:, who belonged to the same tribe as the caliph's mother. This was prompted either because of mounting complaints against Abd Allah's corruption, which was blamed for Egypt's first recorded famine under Islamic rule, or a desire to install a loyalist as governor. Qurra ibn Sharik served until his death in 715 and established a more efficient means of tax collection, reorganized 1413:, which was built on the same axis of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount, was originally built by Abd al-Malik or al-Walid. Several architectural historians hold that Abd al-Malik commissioned the project and that al-Walid finished or expanded it. The earliest source indicating al-Walid's work on the mosque is the 1273:, or northern Arab tribes, largely supported Ibn al-Zubayr. Abd al-Malik reconciled with the Qays in 691, but competition for influence between the two factions intensified as the Syrian army was increasingly empowered and deployed to the provinces, where they replaced or supplemented Iraqi and other garrisons. 777:, was slated to succeed. Though the latter refused to step down from the line of succession, he died in 704 or early 705, removing the principal obstacle to al-Walid's nomination. After the death of Abd al-Malik on 9 October 705, al-Walid acceded. Al-Walid was physically described by the 9th-century historian 1385:

Most of the structure was demolished. Al-Walid's architects replaced the demolished space with a large prayer hall and a courtyard bordered on all sides by a closed portico with double arcades. The mosque was completed in 711. The army of Damascus, numbering some 45,000 soldiers, were taxed a quarter

1421:

discussing the dispatch of Egyptian laborers and craftsmen to help build the "Mosque of Jerusalem". It is likely that the unfinished administrative and residential structures that were built opposite the southern and eastern walls of the Temple Mount, next to the mosque, date to the era of al-Walid,

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From the beginning of his rule, al-Walid inaugurated public works and social welfare programs on a scale unprecedented in the caliphate's history. The efforts were financed by treasure accrued from the conquests and tax revenue. He and his brothers and sons built way-stations and dug wells along the

1231:, who was the husband of al-Walid's sister Fatima and brother to al-Walid's wife Umm al-Banin, the mother of Abd al-Aziz. On al-Walid's orders, Umar had Hisham publicly humiliated, an unprecedented motion against a sacked governor of Medina, which set "a dangerous precedent", according to McMillan. 1516:

Walīd I's reign (705–15/86–96) was in every way a direct continuation of his father's and was unruffled. Ḥajjāj remained in power, in fact he became more powerful, and the same policies were followed. The only difference was that the tranquillity of these years allowed Walīd to develop further the

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Umar maintained friendly ties to the holy cities' religious circles. He led the Hajj for at least four of the six years he was in office, with al-Walid's son Umar leading it in 707 and al-Walid leading it in 710, the only time he left Syria during his caliphate. Umar provided safe haven to Iraqis

1525:

comments that the combined reigns of al-Walid and Abd al-Malik, tied together by al-Hajjaj, represented in "some ways the high point of Umayyad power, witnessing significant territorial advances both in the east and the west and the emergence of a more marked Arabic and Islamic character in the

1222:

for refusing to give the oath of allegiance to al-Walid as heir apparent during Abd al-Malik's reign. Although Hisham's act was in support of al-Walid, he considered it an abusive excess. According to the historian M. E. McMillan, other than al-Walid's "sense of righteous indignation", dynastic

1578:

Compared to his brothers, al-Walid had an "exceptional number of marriages", at least nine, which "reflect both his seniority in age ... and his prestige as a likely successor" to Abd al-Malik, according to the historian Andrew Marsham. The marriages were intended to forge political alliances,

1444:

craftsmen. According to Hillenbrand, the building of a large-scale mosque in Medina, the original center of the caliphate, was an "acknowledgement" by al-Walid of "his own roots and those of Islam itself" and possibly an attempt to appease Medinan resentment at the loss of the city's political

1565:

in northern Syria and Dayr Murran. The considerable wealth in his treasury allowed him to spend extravagantly on his relatives. Expectations of such grants among the growing number of Umayyad princes continued under his successors. Their generous stipends and costly private constructions were

1492:

Al-Walid unsuccessfully attempted to nominate his son Abd al-Aziz as his successor and void the arrangements set by his father, in which Sulayman was to succeed al-Walid. Relations between the two brothers had become strained. Sulayman acceded and dismissed nearly all of al-Walid's governors.

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Al-Walid essentially continued his father's policies of centralization and expansion. Unlike Abd al-Malik, al-Walid heavily depended on al-Hajjaj and allowed him free rein over the eastern half of the caliphate. Moreover, al-Hajjaj strongly influenced al-Walid's internal decision-making, with

1529:

By virtue of the conquests of Hispania, Sind and Transoxiana during his reign, his patronage of the great mosques of Damascus and Medina, and his charitable works, al-Walid's Syrian contemporaries viewed him as "the worthiest of their caliphs", according to the 9th-century historian

1613:, "tied the fortunes" of Abd al-Malik and her father, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan. From her al-Walid had his sons Abd al-Aziz, Muhammad, Marwan, and Anbasa, and a daughter, A'isha. From another Umayyad wife, Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah ibn Amr, a great-granddaughter of Caliph 1381:

could not cope with the fast-growing Muslim community and no sufficient free spaces were available in Damascus for a large congregational mosque. In 705, al-Walid had the cathedral converted into a mosque, compensating local Christians with other properties in the city.

848:

on the eastern and western frontiers had begun under Abd al-Malik, after he neutralized the Umayyads' domestic opponents. Under al-Walid, the armies of the caliphate "received a fresh impulse" and a "period of great conquests" began, in the words of the historian

1322:

Welfare programs included financial relief for the poor and servants to assist the handicapped, though this initiative was limited to Syria, and only to the Arab Muslims there. As such, Shaban considered it "a special state subsidy to the ruling class".

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in 713. He mainly secured Umayyad suzerainty through tributary alliances with local rulers, whose power remained intact. With Qutayba's death in 716, his army disbanded and the weak Arab position in Transoxiana allowed for the local princes and the

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importance to Syria under the Umayyads. In the words of McMillan, the mosque and the works benefitting the pilgrims to the holy cities "were a form of reconciliation ... a constructive counterweight to the political damage" caused by the Umayyad

552:

His reign was marked by domestic peace and prosperity and likely represented the peak of Umayyad power, though it is difficult to ascertain his direct role in its affairs. The balance al-Walid maintained among the elites, including the

1227:, who was a contender for the caliphal succession, which al-Walid coveted for his son Abd al-Aziz. Rather than leaving such a close relative of his brother Hisham at the helm of the Islamic holy cities, al-Walid installed his cousin 1181:

as the sole official language of the state, unified the varied tax systems of the caliphate's provinces and contributed to the establishment of a more ideologically Islamic government. In 709, al-Walid replaced Abd Allah with his

1023:(Upper Mesopotamia) and charged him with leading the war effort against Byzantium. Although Maslama established a strong power base in the frontier zone, the Umayyads made few territorial gains during al-Walid's reign. After a 1699:(744–750). Yazid III acceded but died six months later, after which he was succeeded by his half-brother Ibrahim. The latter did not attain wide recognition and was overthrown in December 744 by a distant Umayyad kinsman, 772:

Toward the end of his reign, Abd al-Malik, supported by al-Hajjaj, attempted to nominate al-Walid as his successor, abrogating the arrangement set by Marwan whereby Abd al-Malik's brother, the governor of Egypt,

1777: 520:

in the west, bringing the caliphate to its largest territorial extent. War spoils from the conquests enabled al-Walid to finance impressive public works, including his greatest architectural achievement, the

1440:) and Umar. The vocal opposition to the demolition of Muhammad's home from local religious circles was dismissed by al-Walid. He lavished large sums for the reconstruction and supplied mosaics and Greek and 1683:

In 744, around a dozen of al-Walid's sons, probably resentful at being sidelined from the caliphal succession, conspired with other Umayyad princes and elites under Yazid III to topple their cousin Caliph

1137:, a fugitive from al-Hajjaj's prison, in 708. Despite his initial disapproval, al-Walid pardoned Yazid as a result of Sulayman's lobbying and payment of the heavy fine that al-Hajjaj had imposed on Yazid. 764:

and Qasr Burqu'. Bacharach speculates that al-Walid used the sites, located in the territory of Arab tribes, to reaffirm their loyalty, which had been critical to the Umayyads during the civil war.

1088:) sent a delegation to negotiate a truce with al-Walid or decipher his intentions. The delegates reported back that al-Walid was planning a land and naval assault to conquer the Byzantine capital 1760:

Following the precedent of Hisham's public humiliation, several Umayyad governors of Medina underwent public humiliations and floggings by their successors upon dismissal from office, including

1261:, which inaugurated Marwan's reign in 684, a sharp division developed among the Syrian Arab tribes, who formed the core of the Umayyad army. The loyalist tribes that supported Marwan formed the 1161:

as the language of the bureaucracy in Syria and Iraq, respectively. These administrative reforms continued under al-Walid, during whose reign, in 705 or 706, Arabic replaced Greek and

492:

Under al-Walid, his father's efforts to centralize government, impose a more Arabic and Islamic character on the state, and expand its borders were continued. He heavily depended on

1594:. Al-Walid married two of Ali's great-granddaughters, Nafisa bint Zayd ibn al-Hasan and Zaynab bint al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan. He married Sa'id's daughter, Amina, whose brother 996:. The massive war spoils netted by the conquests of Transoxiana, Sind and Hispania were comparable to the amounts accrued in the Muslim conquests during the reign of Caliph 1429:

in Medina. Its redevelopment entailed the demolition of the living quarters of Muhammad's wives and the incorporation of the graves of Muhammad and the first two caliphs,

1546:, lamented the caliph's death in verse: "O eye, weep copious tears aroused by remembrance; after today there is no point in your tears being stored." The Christian poet 1214:, as governor of the Hejaz and leader of the Hajj pilgrimage. Both offices were of great prestige owing to the central religious importance of Mecca and Medina, the two 705:

in the 630s, resumed in 692 after the collapse of the truce that had been reached three years earlier. Annual campaigns were thereafter launched by the Umayyads in the

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which toppled Umayyad rule in 750. Others from the lines of his sons al-Abbas and Umar survived, including the Habibi family, which attained prominence in the Umayyad

1145:

Between 693 and 700, Abd al-Malik and al-Hajjaj initiated the dual processes of establishing a single Islamic currency in place of the previously used Byzantine and

1598:

had been removed from the line of succession by Marwan and was killed in an attempt to topple Abd al-Malik. One of his wives was a daughter of a Qurayshite leader,

1481:, an Umayyad winter estate on the outskirts of Damascus, on 23 February 715, about one year after al-Hajjaj's death. He was buried in Damascus at the cemetery of 1401:. These unfinished buildings and the al-Aqsa Mosque are generally attributed to al-Walid, though the mosque has been substantially altered since al-Walid's reign. 717:(Mopsuestia), while in the following year, he targeted a place known in Arabic sources as 'Atmar', located at some point north of Malatya. He also led the annual 4030:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIII: The Zenith of the Marwānid House: The Last Years of ʿAbd al-Malik and the Caliphate of al-Walīd, A.D. 700–715/A.H. 81–95

5008: 557:, may have been his key personal achievement. On the other hand, the massive military expenditures of his rule, as well as his extravagant grants to the 3677: 1359:

in Damascus, Jerusalem and Medina underlined his political legitimacy and religious credentials. The mosque he founded in Damascus, later known as the

709:

and beyond. During his father's caliphate, al-Walid led the campaigns in 696, 697, 698 and 699. In his summer 696 campaign, he raided the area between

1821:, Rafi Grafman and Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, and Amikam Elad, assert or suggest that Abd al-Malik started the project and al-Walid finished or expanded it. 1751:

The primary sources give different dates for the city's fall, ranging from 707 to 710. The event is generally placed in 708 or 709 by modern scholars.

1531: 744:

basin in the south, ultimately leading to Mecca and Medina. His patronage is attested by an inscription naming him as "the emir al-Walid, son of the

1276:

Al-Walid maintained his father's policy of balancing the power of the two factions in the military and administration. According to the historian

1493:

Although he maintained the militarist policies of al-Walid and Abd al-Malik, expansion of the caliphate largely ground to a halt under Sulayman (

1561:

Al-Walid embraced the formal trappings of monarchy in a manner unprecedented among earlier caliphs. He resided at several palaces, including in

1773: 1769: 883:(Central Asia), which had been a largely impenetrable region for earlier Muslim armies, between 705 and 715. Qutayba gained the surrender of 3453: 1133:

had been appointed by their father as governor and remained in office under al-Walid. Sulayman sheltered the deposed governor of Khurasan,

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar, and Yazīd, A.D. 715–724/A.H. 96–105

3697: 4197: 496:, his father's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the caliphate. During his reign, armies commissioned by al-Hajjaj conquered 4248:

Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd

1315:, in 714. It included a mosque, palace, and residential, commercial, and administrative structures. According to the art historian 784:

at the tip of his beard". He noted that al-Walid "spoke ungrammatically". To his father's chagrin, al-Walid abandoned speaking the

1847:

The Habibi family were descended from al-Walid's great-grandson, Habib ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Umar, and its members were governors,

1512:, "The caliphate of al-Walīd saw the harvest of the seed planted by the long work of ʿAbd al-Malik". In the assessment of Shaban: 992:(the Iberian Peninsula) in 711, and was reinforced by Musa in the following year. By 716, a year after al-Walid's death, Hispania 4998: 3807: 4940: 4916: 1765: 1417:

Papyri, which contain letters from December 708 – June 711 between his governor of Egypt, Qurra ibn Sharik, and an official in

658:), was recognized as caliph by pro-Umayyad Arab tribes. With the tribes' support, he restored the dynasty's rule in Syria and 4569: 4449: 4407: 4383: 4359: 4338: 4317: 4296: 4275: 4232: 4183: 4159: 4062: 4038: 3969: 3945: 3842: 3793: 3572: 3442: 3361: 3204: 1363:, was the greatest architectural achievement of his rule. Under his predecessors, Muslim residents had worshipped in a small 1093: 3961:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVI: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate: Prelude to Revolution, A.D. 738–744/A.H. 121–126

1665:). She had been taken captive in the conquest of Transoxiana and was gifted to al-Walid by al-Hajjaj. The mother of his son 4993: 4120: 4560:

George, Alain (2021). "A Builder of Mosques: The Projects of al-Walid I, from Sanaa to Homs". In Gibson, Melanie (ed.).

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXII: The Marwānid Restoration: The Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 693–701/A.H. 74–81

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Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). "'Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism". In Brogiolo, Gian Pietro; Ward-Perkins, Bryan (eds.).

1838:. Their consistent marriages with the Marwanids indicates the high favor their family enjoyed with the Umayyad caliphs. 1624:), al-Walid had his son Abd al-Rahman. He also married Umm Abd Allah's niece, Izza bint Abd al-Aziz, whom he divorced. 4500: 4477: 4428: 4109: 4085: 4014: 3993: 3895: 3764: 3657: 3593: 3406: 3385: 3257: 1243:

to Medina. Neither was ever appointed to lead the Hajj, al-Walid reserving that office for Maslama and his own sons.

1211: 541:. He was the first caliph to institute programs for social welfare, aiding the poor and handicapped among the Muslim 3753:"The Babylonian Encounter and the Exilarchic House in the Light of Cairo Geniza Documents and Parallel Arab Sources" 3497: 1859:

of al-Andalus lists two other sons of al-Walid, Abd al-Malik and al-As'ad, whose descendants settled in the emirate.

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resented by "nearly everyone else" in the caliphate and were "a drain on the treasury", according to the historian

905: 4782: 1806: 4193: 3709: 3428: 3308: 4682: 862: 1610: 1020: 203: 3852:

Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1999). "The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus".

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Marsham, Andrew (2022). "Kinship, Dynasty, and the Umayyads". In Osti, Letizia; van Berkel, Maaike (eds.).

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After al-Walid's death, Umm Abd Allah married his nephew Ayyub, the son and would-be successor of Caliph

1218:. Al-Walid dismissed him in 706 as punishment for flogging and humiliating the prominent Medinan scholar 674:, Abd al-Malik instituted several centralization measures, which consolidated Umayyad territorial gains. 4532:

Yavuz, Yildirim (1996). "The Restoration Project of the Masjid al-Aqsa by Mïmar Kemalettın (1922–26)".

4251:(in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. 1761: 1258: 1240: 1223:

politics motivated his dismissal order. Hisham was the maternal grandfather of al-Walid's half-brother

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by the end of his reign. Abd al-Malik succeeded Marwan and conquered the rest of the caliphate, namely

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Judaeo-Arabic Studies: Proceedings of the Founding Conference of the Society for Judaeo-Arabic Studies

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attribute the original Umayyad construction to al-Walid. Other architectural historians, Julian Rabi,

853:. During the second half of al-Walid's reign, the Umayyads reached their furthest territorial extent. 4737: 4632: 4469: 4205: 4136: 3922: 3815: 3545: 3246:(1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage". In Necpoğlu, Gülru (ed.). 1831: 1457:

during the civil war. Other mosques that al-Walid is credited for expanding in the Hejaz include the

1174: 1130: 871:

Expansion from the eastern frontiers was overseen by al-Hajjaj from Iraq. His lieutenant governor of

866: 745: 122: 4871: 4439: 904:

nomads to roll back most of Qutayba's gains by the early 720s. From 708 or 709, al-Hajjaj's nephew,

3705: 3420: 3347: 1567: 1219: 1191: 1043: 1016: 921: 909: 821: 702: 659: 497: 447:, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715. He was the eldest son of his predecessor, Caliph 251: 4946: 4826: 4821: 3353:

The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

3416: 1835: 1509: 1224: 1199: 694: 667: 640: 600: 448: 376: 112: 4846: 4655: 1696: 1215: 845: 774: 554: 486: 415: 4831: 4806: 4488: 3752: 3461: 3432: 4988: 4923: 4909: 4886: 4876: 4402:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4354:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4073: 4033:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3964:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1602:, who was a key official under Ibn al-Zubayr. Among his other wives was a woman of the Qaysi 1547: 1134: 1039: 663: 246: 4791: 3396: 1579:

including with potential rival families like those of the descendants of the fourth caliph,

4978: 4767: 4742: 4242: 1666: 1450: 1446: 1262: 1228: 1177:, the governor of Egypt and appointee of Abd al-Malik. These policies effected the gradual 631:

and Medina are located). His mother, Wallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz, was a descendant of

616: 276: 1173:(government departments) of Egypt. The change was implemented by al-Walid's half-brother, 804: 8: 4983: 4495:(in Spanish). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. pp. 445–462. 3671: 1677: 1676:) was a concubine named Su'ar or Budayra. His other sons by concubines were Umar, Bishr, 671: 534: 493: 266: 47: 4514: 4562:

Fruit of Knowledge, Wheel of Learning: Essays in Honour of Robert Hillenbrand (Vol. II)

4541: 4209: 4140: 3979: 3955: 3926: 3869: 3549: 3295: 3287: 3231: 1852: 1715: 1711: 1599: 1591: 1454: 1316: 1051: 985: 876: 632: 261: 1710:). Several descendants of al-Walid, progeny of his son Rawh, were executed during the 4856: 4836: 4697: 4648: 4565: 4520: 4510: 4496: 4473: 4445: 4424: 4403: 4393: 4379: 4369: 4355: 4334: 4313: 4292: 4271: 4252: 4228: 4179: 4155: 4105: 4081: 4058: 4034: 4010: 3989: 3965: 3941: 3891: 3838: 3789: 3779: 3775: 3760: 3736: 3681: 3653: 3631: 3589: 3568: 3524: 3484: 3438: 3402: 3381: 3357: 3335: 3299: 3253: 3243: 3200: 3199:. Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. 1802: 1425:

In 706 or 707, al-Walid instructed Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz to significantly enlarge the

1047: 1038:. Al-Walid did not lead any of the annual or bi-annual campaigns, but his eldest son 850: 749: 624: 596: 441: 256: 238: 147: 94: 4267:

The Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire

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was written but insisted that everyone in his company have knowledge of the Qur'an.

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The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies

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Excavated ruins of the Umayyad palatial and administrative structures beneath the

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was carried out under his successors, ending in 718 as a disaster for the Arabs.

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officials often being installed and dismissed upon the viceroy's recommendation.

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E. J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII Ṭāʾif–Zūrkhāna

643:, the Umayyads of the Hejaz were expelled by a rival claimant to the caliphate, 4717: 4622: 4213: 4201: 4132: 4006:

The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages

3918: 3823: 3811: 3721: 3713: 3616: 3612: 3541: 3509: 3505: 3469: 3465: 3371: 3320: 3316: 1814: 1522: 1486: 1410: 1394: 1360: 1343:, which has maintained much of its original form since its founding by al-Walid 1336: 1308: 1293: 1154: 1150: 1122: 1089: 1024: 725: 682: 526: 522: 188: 1877: 1875: 4972: 4891: 4707: 4524: 4256: 3881: 3819: 3740: 3717: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3667: 3635: 3608: 3528: 3501: 3488: 3457: 3424: 3339: 3312: 1790: 1680:, Mansur, Rawh, Khalid, Jaz, Maslama, Tammam, Mubashshir, Yahya, and Sadaqa. 1655: 1482: 1126: 1078: 778: 737: 729: 686: 644: 612: 581: 546: 467: 184: 173: 4372:(2010). "The Violence of the Abbasid Revolution". In Suleiman, Yasir (ed.). 3105: 647:, and relocated to Syria. There al-Walid's grandfather, the elder statesman 4048: 4024: 3643: 3585:

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The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State

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Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand

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Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Volume 13

1685: 1603: 1539: 1478: 1418: 1178: 880: 833: 825: 741: 501: 475: 169: 4519:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1331: 840:, (the areas shaded in green) were all conquered during al-Walid's reign 4811: 4545: 4420:

The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict

3873: 3267: 3235: 2238: 1818: 1739: 1735: 989: 817: 753: 714: 608: 517: 76: 3291: 1742:(25 January 715 CE) or the last day of Jumada II 96 AH (11 March 715). 689:

built or expanded by al-Walid while he was still a prince in 700/01 CE

485:, after the death of the designated successor, Abd al-Malik's brother 4881: 4866: 4772: 4762: 3748: 1855:

in al-Andalus up to the late 9th century. The 10th-century historian

1700: 1651: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1595: 1562: 1535: 1414: 1352: 1288: 1114: 892: 809: 789: 706: 530: 444: 271: 224: 4441:

Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600–750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation

3865: 3785:

The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation

3227: 724:

In 700 or 701, al-Walid patronized the construction or expansion of

4747: 4722: 3283: 3158: 3156: 2945: 1856: 1466: 1430: 1340: 1070: 927: 896: 888: 837: 829: 648: 636: 509: 354: 80: 4640: 4288:

The Historian of Islam at Work: Essays in Honor of Hugh N. Kennedy

2461: 966:, in the far north and south of modern-day Morocco. Musa's Berber 677: 4712: 4078:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

3398:

God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam

2285: 1646:) was Shah-i-Afrid (also called Shahfarand), the daughter of the 1371:(prayer room) attached to the 4th-century Christian cathedral of 1366: 1297: 1110: 1062: 959: 955: 943: 939: 901: 884: 813: 757: 733: 710: 513: 361: 349: 3153: 2754: 2191: 2189: 2187: 1347:

Al-Walid turned the example of his father's construction of the

4309:

The Meaning of Mecca: The Politics of Pilgrimage in Early Islam

2986: 2984: 2524: 1614: 1553: 1312: 1195: 1158: 1074: 951: 947: 592: 570: 538: 466:

from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the

143: 90: 3045: 1979: 670:, and Arabia. With the key assistance of his viceroy of Iraq, 4330:

The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia

3649:

Quṣayr 'Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria

2957: 2512: 2184: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2085: 1462: 1441: 1185: 1168: 1058: 1028: 969: 938:, another holdover from Abd al-Malik's reign, subjugated the 781:

as "tall and swarthy ... snub-nosed ... with a touch of gray

628: 620: 542: 471: 394: 3887:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

3773: 3759:. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. pp. 135–174. 3652:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3129: 3111: 2981: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2667: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2604: 2602: 2563: 2422: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2079: 1881: 4378:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 226–251. 2790: 2703: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2478: 2476: 1848: 1631:, including al-Abbas, whose mother was Greek. According to 1550:

considered al-Walid to be "the caliph of God through whose

1405:

In Jerusalem, al-Walid continued his father's works on the

1270: 997: 963: 718: 3117: 3081: 2836: 2834: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2109: 2015: 2003: 4080:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. 3214:

Allan, J. W. (1991). "New Additions to the New Edition".

2969: 2933: 2858: 2802: 2631: 2599: 2587: 2398: 2334: 2332: 2213: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2126: 2063: 2061: 2059: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1580: 3437:. Leiden, New York, and Köln: Brill. pp. 998–1004. 3356:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3173: 3171: 3020: 3018: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2648: 2614: 2553: 2551: 2473: 2439: 2437: 2410: 2356: 2344: 2275: 2273: 2046: 2044: 2042: 1969: 1967: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 4074:"Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868" 4054:

Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa

3141: 3035: 3033: 2909: 2887: 2885: 2846: 2831: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2027: 1952: 1940: 1609:

Marsham notes al-Walid's marriage to his first cousin,

1517:

internal implications of the ʿAbdulmalik-Ḥajjāj policy.

3093: 2897: 2744: 2742: 2715: 2536: 2488: 2388: 2386: 2329: 2143: 2097: 2056: 1991: 1542:, his official court poet. The latter's contemporary, 3377:

Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

3168: 3057: 3015: 2996: 2778: 2679: 2575: 2548: 2500: 2434: 2373: 2371: 2039: 1964: 1887: 1738:

mentions two alternative death dates, 14 Jumada I 96

1627:

Out of his twenty-two children, fifteen were born to

1355:

into a wide-scale building program. His patronage of

639:

tribe. In 684, after Umayyad rule collapsed amid the

3030: 2921: 2882: 2727: 2449: 2297: 2250: 1551: 1376: 1364: 1183: 1166: 975: 967: 958:(western North Africa). In 708 or 709, he conquered 760:

summer encampment between his base of operations in

420: 54: 45: 3890:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 3851: 2870: 2819: 2760: 2739: 2691: 2383: 2201: 1928: 1042:fought reputably alongside Maslama. His other sons 340:

Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān

4009:. Leiden, Boston and Köln: Brill. pp. 59–98. 3069: 2766: 2368: 1489:and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz led the funeral prayers. 1283: 1210:Al-Walid initially kept Abd al-Malik's appointee, 4493:Estudios onomástico-biográficos de al-Andalus: VI 4486: 3162: 1307:Al-Walid or his son al-Abbas founded the city of 208:Umm ʿAbdallāh bint ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān 4970: 3985:Islamic Architecture: Form, Function and Meaning 3588:(2nd ed.). Leiden, Boston and Köln: Brill. 1793:, al-Walid also led the Hajj pilgrimage in 707. 1246: 561:, became a financial burden on his successors. 4192: 2195: 1817:, and Yildirim Yavuz, as well as the scholars 1695:). His assassination in April 744 sparked the 1265:confederation, alluding to ancestral roots in 4656: 1770:Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri 1654:and granddaughter of the last Sasanian king, 1326: 211:ʿIzza bint ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAmr ibn ʿUthman 4465:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 1606:tribe, with whom he had his son Abu Ubayda. 4002: 3978: 3954: 3346: 3087: 2990: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2813: 2673: 2642: 2569: 2428: 2404: 2232: 1538:were dedicated to al-Walid and his sons by 615:, al-Walid's family was part of the larger 607:. While Mu'awiya belonged to the Umayyads' 4663: 4649: 4509: 4219:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4146:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3932:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3829:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3727:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3622:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3559:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3515:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3475:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3415: 3394: 3326:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2939: 2593: 2518: 2137: 2120: 2091: 1409:. There is disagreement as to whether the 5009:Umayyad people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 4458: 4444:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4270:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4227:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 643–644. 4154:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 127–128. 4057:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3940:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 311–312. 3837:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 339–344. 3630:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 277–291. 3602: 3567:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822. 3523:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 323–327. 3401:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3380:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3334:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 788–789. 3242: 2840: 2796: 2661: 2625: 2323: 2291: 2033: 2021: 1997: 1422:who died before they could be completed. 4368: 4333:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4305: 3451: 3306: 3147: 2915: 2279: 2067: 1590:), and the prominent Umayyad statesman, 1503: 1388: 1330: 1287: 1198:and, on al-Walid's orders, restored the 803: 799: 676: 4284: 4263: 4168: 4118: 4094: 4071: 3988:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3904: 3880: 3735:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 76–77. 3535: 3483:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 39–43. 3395:Crone, Patricia; Hinds, Martin (1986). 3135: 3123: 3099: 3024: 3009: 2903: 2542: 2530: 2506: 2494: 2443: 2416: 2338: 2166: 2103: 2050: 2009: 1973: 1958: 1946: 1922: 1472: 912:, the northwestern part of South Asia. 4971: 4437: 4416: 4392: 4347: 3802: 3642: 3177: 3063: 2876: 2685: 2608: 2581: 2557: 2467: 1985: 1766:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Amr ibn Hazm 1296:, founded by al-Walid I in modern-day 1113:to his sons; al-Abbas was assigned to 432:– 23 February 715), commonly known as 4644: 4531: 4241: 4047: 4023: 3370: 3213: 3192: 3051: 3039: 2927: 2891: 2864: 2733: 2721: 2697: 2482: 2455: 2362: 2350: 2306: 2244: 2207: 1934: 1253:Qays–Yaman rivalry § Umayyad era 1099: 808:A map depicting the expansion of the 422:al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān 4489:"Otros Linajes Omeyas en al-Andalus" 4487:Uzquiza Bartolomé, Aránzazu (1994). 4326: 4178:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 3692: 3666: 3581: 3495: 3266: 2852: 2825: 2784: 2772: 2748: 2709: 2392: 2377: 2178: 1851:, poets and major landowners in the 1015:Al-Walid appointed his half-brother 926:In the west, al-Walid's governor in 915: 856: 752:, al-Walid built the nearby site of 635:, a famous 6th-century chief of the 403:Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 157: 4670: 3747: 3075: 1809:and Henri Stern, and the historian 1109:Al-Walid entrusted most of Syria's 954:confederations and advanced on the 437: 410: 13: 4564:. London: Gingko. pp. 16–49. 4553: 4423:. Leiden, Boston and Köln: Brill. 4104:. London and New York: Routledge. 3782:; Fishbein, Michael, eds. (2018). 3673:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia 2247:, pp. 116–118 (esp. note 40). 1834:. Izza married al-Walid's brother 1010: 386:Wallāda bint al-ʿAbbās ibn al-Jazʾ 14: 5020: 4291:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 12–45. 3252:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 27–44. 504:in the east, while the troops of 217:Zaynab bint al-Ḥaṣan ibn al-Ḥaṣan 4781: 3270:(1908). "The Aphrodito Papyri". 1841: 1718:after its establishment in 756. 879:, launched several campaigns in 732:outpost on the route connecting 70: 3272:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3186: 2761:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999 1824: 1796: 1783: 1754: 1745: 1705: 1690: 1671: 1660: 1641: 1635:, the mother of al-Walid's son 1619: 1585: 1495: 1477:Al-Walid died of an illness in 1435: 1284:Public works and social welfare 1092:. Al-Walid died in 715 and the 1083: 1002: 653: 586: 549:, who held him in high esteem. 453: 104:9 October 705 – 23 February 715 4999:8th-century monarchs in Europe 4348:Powers, David S., ed. (1989). 1728: 1212:Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi 1077:in 714, the Byzantine emperor 1073:. After one such raid against 863:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 748:". According to the historian 458:). As a prince, he led annual 16:Umayyad caliph from 705 to 715 1: 4924:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 4910:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 4516:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 1866: 1397:and the southern wall of the 1292:Ruins of the Umayyad city of 1069:and launched raids deep into 1032: 685:, a fortified outpost in the 574: 564: 479: 426: 223:Shah-i-Afrid bint Peroz III ( 214:Nafīsa bint Zayd ibn al-Ḥaṣan 204:Umm al-Banin bint Abd al-Aziz 161: 136: 3788:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 2470:, pp. 105–107, 179–182. 1247:Balancing of tribal factions 1237:Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri 1061:solidified their control of 1027:, the Byzantine fortress of 767: 721:pilgrimage in Mecca in 698. 707:Arab–Byzantine frontier zone 555:Qays and Yaman army factions 411:الوليد بن عبد الملك بن مروان 7: 4994:8th-century Umayyad caliphs 4491:. In Marín, Manuela (ed.). 4076:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 3905:Hawting, Gerald R. (2002). 3538:"Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik" 1552: 1508:According to the historian 1465:in Mecca and the mosque of 1377: 1375:. By al-Walid's reign, the 1365: 1184: 1167: 1054:and Marwan also led raids. 1031:was captured and sacked in 976: 968: 421: 220:Āmīna bint Sāʾīd ibn al-ʿĀs 55: 46: 10: 5025: 1772:in 723, and Hisham's sons 1762:Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri 1734:The 9th-century historian 1327:Patronage of great mosques 1269:(South Arabia), while the 1250: 1241:Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri 1065:and the areas east of the 994:had been largely conquered 919: 860: 4955: 4845: 4790: 4779: 4696: 4678: 4629: 4616: 4608: 4581: 4470:Stanford University Press 4417:Scales, Peter C. (1994). 3907:"Yazīd (III) b. al-Walīd" 3755:. In Golb, Norman (ed.). 3698:"ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān" 3678:The Royal Asiatic Society 3348:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 1573: 974:(freedman or client; pl. 867:Umayyad conquest of Sindh 746:commander of the faithful 591:), the founder and first 390: 382: 372: 360: 348: 339: 334: 330: 237: 196: 179: 153: 132: 128: 118: 108: 100: 88: 69: 37: 23: 4941:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 4917:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 4468:. Stanford, California: 4306:McMillan, M. E. (2011). 4264:Marsham, Andrew (2009). 3419:(1993) . "Umaiyads". In 3054:, p. 123, note 674. 2533:, pp. 103–104, 113. 2294:, pp. 343–344, 349. 1988:, p. 176, note 639. 1721: 1568:Khalid Yahya Blankinship 1205: 1192:Qurra ibn Sharik al-Absi 1140: 1104: 922:Muslim conquest of Spain 703:Muslim conquest of Syria 523:Great Mosque of Damascus 4903:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir 3454:"al-Ḥadjdjādj b. Yūsuf" 3193:Ahmed, Asad Q. (2011). 2954:, p. 293, note 18. 1836:Bakkar ibn Abd al-Malik 1510:Giorgio Levi Della Vida 1311:, between Damascus and 1216:holiest cities of Islam 641:Second Muslim Civil War 601:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 79:of al-Walid, minted in 4627:705 – 23 February 715 4438:Shaban, M. A. (1971). 4312:. London: Saqi Books. 4119:Kennedy, Hugh (2002). 4072:Kennedy, Hugh (1998). 3808:"Al-Kuds—B. Monuments" 3603:Elisséeff, N. (1965). 3163:Uzquiza Bartolomé 1994 2940:Crone & Hinds 1986 2712:, p. 36, note 58. 2082:, pp. 1001, 1004. 1697:Third Muslim Civil War 1519: 1447:sieges of Mecca in 683 1402: 1344: 1300: 1149:coinage and replacing 841: 736:in the north with the 690: 603:, was a member of the 487:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan 4243:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 3582:Elad, Amikam (1999). 3452:Dietrich, A. (1971). 3307:Blachère, R. (1965). 3138:, pp. 91–93, 96. 2181:, pp. 54–56, 59. 1805:, the archaeologists 1716:emirate of al-Andalus 1514: 1504:Assessment and legacy 1392: 1334: 1291: 1220:Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib 1135:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab 1129:, al-Walid's brother 906:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim 807: 800:Territorial expansion 701:, which dated to the 680: 580:, during the rule of 569:Al-Walid was born in 4892:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti 4327:Munt, Harry (2014). 3774:Gordon, Matthew S.; 3536:Eisener, R. (1997). 3496:Duri, A. A. (1965). 2867:, pp. 219, 222. 1473:Death and succession 1259:Battle of Marj Rahit 1229:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 1179:transition of Arabic 611:branch, resident in 4698:Caliphs of Damascus 3980:Hillenbrand, Robert 3956:Hillenbrand, Carole 3423:; Wensinck, A. J.; 3417:Della Vida, G. Levi 3126:, pp. 112–114. 2855:, pp. 106–108. 2611:, pp. 118–119. 2521:, pp. 225–226. 2485:, pp. 201–202. 2365:, pp. 160–162. 2353:, pp. 160–161. 2196:Lévi-Provençal 1993 2094:, pp. 224–225. 2012:, pp. 126–127. 1257:As a result of the 1019:as governor of the 844:The renewal of the 672:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 494:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 230:Budayra (concubine) 5004:People from Medina 4847:Caliphs of Córdoba 4511:Wellhausen, Julius 4394:Rowson, Everett K. 4370:Robinson, Chase F. 4194:Lévi-Provençal, E. 3882:Hawting, Gerald R. 3780:Rowson, Everett K. 3776:Robinson, Chase F. 3710:Lévi-Provençal, E. 3429:Lévi-Provençal, E. 3244:Bacharach, Jere L. 3112:Gordon et al. 2018 2966:, pp. 83, 85. 2799:, pp. 30, 33. 2080:Gordon et al. 2018 1882:Gordon et al. 2018 1712:Abbasid Revolution 1600:Abd Allah ibn Muti 1403: 1345: 1317:Robert Hillenbrand 1301: 1111:military districts 1100:Provincial affairs 986:Visigothic Kingdom 877:Qutayba ibn Muslim 842: 691: 633:Zuhayr ibn Jadhima 508:, the governor of 290:ʿĀʾisha (daughter) 4966: 4965: 4857:Abd al-Rahman III 4837:Abd al-Rahman III 4639: 4638: 4630:Succeeded by 4571:978-1-9099-4260-8 4460:Treadgold, Warren 4451:978-0-521-08137-5 4409:978-0-88706-975-8 4385:978-0-7486-3738-6 4361:978-0-7914-0072-2 4340:978-1-107-04213-1 4319:978-0-86356-895-4 4298:978-90-04-52523-8 4277:978-0-7486-2512-3 4234:978-90-04-09419-2 4185:978-0-582-40525-7 4161:978-90-04-12756-2 4064:978-0-521-19677-2 4040:978-0-88706-721-1 3971:978-0-88706-810-2 3947:978-90-04-12756-2 3844:978-90-04-07819-2 3795:978-90-04-35621-4 3574:978-90-04-10422-8 3444:978-90-04-09794-0 3427:; Heffening, W.; 3363:978-0-7914-1827-7 3206:978-1-900934-13-8 2993:, pp. 83–84. 2787:, pp. 36–37. 2724:, pp. 16–17. 2676:, pp. 71–72. 2572:, pp. 59–61. 2431:, pp. 94–95. 2419:, pp. 71–72. 2024:, pp. 31–32. 1961:, pp. 98–99. 1949:, pp. 92–93. 1803:K. A. C. Creswell 1558:rain is sought". 1455:assault on Medina 1117:, Abd al-Aziz to 916:Western frontiers 857:Eastern frontiers 851:Julius Wellhausen 750:Jere L. Bacharach 597:Umayyad Caliphate 525:, as well as the 440:), was the sixth 419: 400: 399: 344: 343: 148:Umayyad Caliphate 95:Umayyad Caliphate 5016: 4897:Abd al-Rahman IV 4817:Abd ar-Rahman II 4792:Emirs of Córdoba 4785: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4609:Preceded by 4604: 4597: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4549: 4528: 4506: 4483: 4455: 4434: 4413: 4389: 4365: 4344: 4323: 4302: 4281: 4260: 4238: 4210:Heinrichs, W. P. 4198:"Mūsā b. Nuṣayr" 4189: 4165: 4141:Heinrichs, W. P. 4115: 4091: 4068: 4049:Kaegi, Walter E. 4044: 4020: 3999: 3975: 3951: 3927:Heinrichs, W. P. 3901: 3877: 3848: 3799: 3770: 3744: 3689: 3663: 3639: 3599: 3578: 3550:Heinrichs, W. P. 3532: 3492: 3448: 3412: 3391: 3367: 3343: 3303: 3263: 3239: 3210: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3088:Hillenbrand 1989 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 2994: 2991:Blankinship 1994 2988: 2979: 2976:Blankinship 1994 2973: 2967: 2964:Blankinship 1994 2961: 2955: 2952:Blankinship 1994 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2814:Hillenbrand 1994 2811: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2674:Hillenbrand 1994 2671: 2665: 2659: 2646: 2643:Hillenbrand 1994 2640: 2629: 2623: 2612: 2606: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2570:Hillenbrand 1999 2567: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2432: 2429:Blankinship 1994 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2405:Blankinship 1994 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2233:Blankinship 1994 2230: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2141: 2135: 2124: 2118: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1885: 1879: 1860: 1845: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1781: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1732: 1709: 1707: 1694: 1692: 1675: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1645: 1643: 1629:slave concubines 1623: 1621: 1589: 1587: 1557: 1499: 1497: 1459:Sanctuary Mosque 1439: 1437: 1427:Prophet's Mosque 1380: 1373:John the Baptist 1370: 1349:Dome of the Rock 1200:mosque of Fustat 1189: 1172: 1087: 1085: 1037: 1034: 1006: 1004: 979: 973: 895:in 711–712, and 846:Muslim conquests 786:classical Arabic 699:Byzantine Empire 657: 655: 590: 588: 579: 576: 535:Prophet's Mosque 512:, conquered the 484: 481: 457: 455: 439: 431: 428: 424: 414: 412: 332: 331: 166: 163: 159: 141: 138: 83:, 707/08 CE 74: 60: 51: 48:Amir al-Mu'minin 21: 20: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5013: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4951: 4930:Abd al-Rahman V 4849: 4841: 4802:Abd al-Rahman I 4794: 4786: 4777: 4700: 4692: 4674: 4672:Umayyad dynasty 4669: 4635: 4626: 4621: 4619:Caliph of Islam 4614: 4603:23 February 715 4598: 4592: 4591: 4588:Umayyad Dynasty 4584: 4572: 4559: 4556: 4554:Further reading 4503: 4480: 4452: 4431: 4410: 4386: 4362: 4341: 4320: 4299: 4278: 4235: 4202:Bosworth, C. E. 4186: 4162: 4133:Bosworth, C. E. 4112: 4088: 4065: 4041: 4017: 3996: 3972: 3948: 3919:Bosworth, C. E. 3898: 3866:10.2307/1523262 3845: 3812:Bosworth, C. E. 3796: 3767: 3660: 3596: 3575: 3542:Bosworth, C. E. 3445: 3421:Houtsma, M. Th. 3409: 3388: 3372:Crone, Patricia 3364: 3260: 3228:10.2307/1523148 3207: 3189: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3114:, p. 1058. 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3008: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2942:, pp. 8–9. 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2649: 2641: 2632: 2624: 2615: 2607: 2600: 2594:Wellhausen 1927 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2519:Wellhausen 1927 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2144: 2138:Wellhausen 1927 2136: 2127: 2123:, p. 1002. 2121:Della Vida 1993 2119: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2092:Wellhausen 1927 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2057: 2049: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1888: 1884:, p. 1001. 1880: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1853:Umayyad emirate 1846: 1842: 1829: 1825: 1807:Robert Hamilton 1801: 1797: 1788: 1784: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1704: 1689: 1670: 1659: 1640: 1618: 1592:Sa'id ibn al-As 1584: 1576: 1532:Umar ibn Shabba 1506: 1494: 1475: 1434: 1329: 1286: 1278:Hugh N. Kennedy 1255: 1249: 1208: 1143: 1107: 1102: 1082: 1067:Euphrates River 1035: 1013: 1011:Byzantine front 1001: 982:Tariq ibn Ziyad 936:Musa ibn Nusayr 924: 918: 869: 861:Main articles: 859: 802: 770: 713:(Melitene) and 652: 605:Umayyad dynasty 585: 577: 567: 559:Umayyad princes 506:Musa ibn Nusayr 482: 452: 429: 326: 233: 192: 168: 164: 158:23 February 715 142: 139: 84: 63: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5022: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4623:Umayyad Caliph 4615: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4529: 4507: 4501: 4484: 4478: 4456: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4396:, ed. (1989). 4390: 4384: 4366: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4261: 4239: 4233: 4206:van Donzel, E. 4190: 4184: 4166: 4160: 4137:van Donzel, E. 4125:Bearman, P. J. 4121:"al-Walīd (I)" 4116: 4110: 4092: 4086: 4069: 4063: 4045: 4039: 4027:, ed. (1990). 4021: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3976: 3970: 3958:, ed. (1989). 3952: 3946: 3923:van Donzel, E. 3911:Bearman, P. J. 3902: 3896: 3878: 3849: 3843: 3816:van Donzel, E. 3800: 3794: 3771: 3765: 3745: 3706:Kramers, J. H. 3702:Gibb, H. A. R. 3694:Gibb, H. A. R. 3690: 3668:Gibb, H. A. R. 3664: 3658: 3640: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3546:van Donzel, E. 3533: 3493: 3449: 3443: 3425:Gibb, H. A. R. 3413: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3368: 3362: 3344: 3304: 3284:10.2307/624559 3264: 3258: 3240: 3211: 3205: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3180:, p. 114. 3167: 3165:, p. 458. 3152: 3150:, p. 237. 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3102:, p. 311. 3092: 3090:, p. 234. 3080: 3078:, p. 163. 3068: 3066:, p. 241. 3056: 3044: 3042:, p. 123. 3029: 3014: 2995: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2930:, p. 221. 2920: 2918:, p. 788. 2908: 2906:, p. 821. 2896: 2894:, p. 219. 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2841:Bacharach 1996 2830: 2828:, p. 106. 2818: 2801: 2797:Bacharach 1996 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2751:, p. 116. 2738: 2736:, p. 153. 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2688:, p. 341. 2678: 2666: 2664:, p. 801. 2662:Elisséeff 1965 2647: 2630: 2628:, p. 800. 2626:Elisséeff 1965 2613: 2598: 2596:, p. 299. 2586: 2584:, p. 118. 2574: 2562: 2560:, p. 117. 2547: 2545:, p. 111. 2535: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2497:, p. 100. 2487: 2472: 2460: 2458:, p. 125. 2448: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2395:, p. 324. 2382: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2341:, p. 105. 2328: 2324:Bacharach 1996 2311: 2309:, p. 126. 2296: 2292:Treadgold 1997 2284: 2249: 2237: 2212: 2200: 2198:, p. 643. 2183: 2171: 2169:, p. 104. 2142: 2140:, p. 224. 2125: 2108: 2106:, p. 103. 2096: 2084: 2072: 2055: 2038: 2034:Bacharach 1996 2026: 2022:Bacharach 1996 2014: 2002: 1998:Bacharach 1996 1990: 1978: 1976:, p. 125. 1963: 1951: 1939: 1937:, p. 118. 1927: 1925:, p. 127. 1886: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1840: 1823: 1815:Jere Bacharach 1795: 1782: 1753: 1744: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1708: 744–750 1693: 743–744 1674: 744–744 1663: 632–651 1644: 744–744 1622: 644–656 1588: 656–661 1575: 1572: 1523:Gerald Hawting 1521:The historian 1505: 1502: 1498: 715–717 1487:Bab al-Faradis 1474: 1471: 1438: 632–634 1411:al-Aqsa Mosque 1395:al-Aqsa Mosque 1361:Umayyad Mosque 1337:Umayyad Mosque 1328: 1325: 1285: 1282: 1248: 1245: 1207: 1204: 1142: 1139: 1121:, and Umar to 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1090:Constantinople 1086: 713–715 1012: 1009: 1005: 634–644 984:, invaded the 917: 914: 858: 855: 801: 798: 769: 766: 756:, likely as a 728:, a fortified 656: 684–685 599:. His father, 589: 661–680 566: 563: 527:al-Aqsa Mosque 456: 685–705 398: 397: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 374: 370: 369: 364: 358: 357: 352: 346: 345: 342: 341: 337: 336: 328: 327: 325: 324: 321: 318: 315: 314:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 243: 241: 235: 234: 232: 231: 228: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 200: 198: 194: 193: 189:Bab al-Faradis 183: 181: 177: 176: 155: 151: 150: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 86: 85: 75: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57:Khalifat Allah 52: 40: 35: 34: 32: 31: 28: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5021: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4502:84-00-07415-7 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4479:0-8047-2630-2 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4430:90-04-09868-2 4426: 4422: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4170:Kennedy, Hugh 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:Bianquis, Th. 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4111:0-415-25093-5 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4096:Kennedy, Hugh 4093: 4089: 4087:0-521-47137-0 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4025:Hinds, Martin 4022: 4018: 4016:90-04-10901-3 4012: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3995:0-231-10132-5 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915:Bianquis, Th. 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3897:0-415-24072-7 3893: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3766:90-5702-082-3 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3659:0-520-23665-3 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3644:Fowden, Garth 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3595:90-04-10010-5 3591: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:Ménage, V. L. 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3408:0-521-32185-9 3404: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3387:0-521-52940-9 3383: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:"al-Farazdak" 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3259:90-04-10633-2 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3148:Robinson 2010 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3027:, p. 39. 3026: 3021: 3019: 3012:, p. 38. 3011: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2978:, p. 84. 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2916:Blachère 1965 2912: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2843:, p. 35. 2842: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2816:, p. 73. 2815: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2775:, p. 39. 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2700:, p. 16. 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2645:, p. 69. 2644: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2509:, p. 34. 2508: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2446:, p. 72. 2445: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2407:, p. 38. 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2380:, p. 77. 2379: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2326:, p. 30. 2325: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2280:McMillan 2011 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2235:, p. 82. 2234: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2210:, p. 15. 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2070:, p. 41. 2069: 2068:Dietrich 1971 2064: 2062: 2060: 2053:, p. 58. 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2036:, p. 32. 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2006: 2000:, p. 31. 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1789:According to 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1702: 1698: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1668: 1657: 1656:Yazdegerd III 1653: 1649: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1582: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1501: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483:Bab al-Saghir 1480: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1357:great mosques 1354: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1239:to Mecca and 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1080: 1079:Anastasios II 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1030: 1026: 1025:lengthy siege 1022: 1018: 1008: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 972: 971: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 923: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 868: 864: 854: 852: 847: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 797: 793: 791: 788:in which the 787: 783: 780: 776: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:Syrian Desert 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 688: 687:Syrian Desert 684: 681:The ruins of 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 650: 646: 645:Ibn al-Zubayr 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 583: 572: 562: 560: 556: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 477: 476:heir apparent 473: 469: 468:Syrian Desert 465: 461: 450: 446: 443: 435: 423: 417: 408: 404: 396: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378: 377:ʿAbd al-Malīk 375: 371: 368: 365: 363: 359: 356: 353: 351: 347: 338: 333: 329: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 252:ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 250: 248: 245: 244: 242: 240: 236: 229: 226: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 199: 195: 190: 186: 185:Bab al-Saghir 182: 178: 175: 171: 156: 152: 149: 145: 135: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 87: 82: 78: 73: 68: 65: 59: 58: 53: 50: 49: 44: 43: 42: 39: 36: 29: 26: 25: 22: 19: 4989:Arab Muslims 4939: 4935:Muhammad III 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4732: 4728:Abd al-Malik 4617: 4612:Abd al-Malik 4600: 4593: 4586: 4561: 4537: 4533: 4515: 4492: 4464: 4440: 4419: 4398: 4374: 4350: 4329: 4308: 4287: 4266: 4247: 4224: 4217: 4174: 4151: 4144: 4100: 4077: 4053: 4029: 4005: 3984: 3960: 3937: 3930: 3886: 3857: 3853: 3834: 3827: 3784: 3756: 3732: 3725: 3672: 3648: 3627: 3620: 3584: 3564: 3557: 3520: 3513: 3480: 3473: 3433: 3397: 3376: 3352: 3331: 3324: 3275: 3271: 3248: 3219: 3215: 3195: 3187:Bibliography 3143: 3136:Hawting 2000 3131: 3124:Kennedy 2004 3119: 3107: 3100:Hawting 2002 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3025:Marsham 2022 3010:Marsham 2022 2971: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2904:Eisener 1997 2899: 2879:, p. 3. 2872: 2860: 2848: 2821: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2763:, p. 2. 2756: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2543:Kennedy 2004 2538: 2531:Kennedy 2004 2526: 2514: 2507:Kennedy 2001 2502: 2495:Kennedy 2004 2490: 2463: 2451: 2444:Kennedy 1998 2424: 2417:Kennedy 1998 2412: 2400: 2358: 2346: 2339:Kennedy 2004 2287: 2240: 2203: 2174: 2167:Kennedy 2004 2104:Kennedy 2004 2099: 2087: 2075: 2051:Hawting 2000 2029: 2017: 2010:Marsham 2009 2005: 1993: 1981: 1974:Marsham 2009 1959:Kennedy 2004 1954: 1947:Kennedy 2004 1942: 1930: 1923:Kennedy 2002 1843: 1826: 1811:F. E. Peters 1798: 1785: 1768:in 720–721, 1756: 1747: 1730: 1682: 1626: 1611:Umm al-Banin 1608: 1577: 1560: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1491: 1476: 1424: 1407:Temple Mount 1404: 1399:Temple Mount 1384: 1346: 1321: 1306: 1302: 1275: 1256: 1233: 1209: 1196:Egypt's army 1144: 1108: 1057:By 712, the 1056: 1014: 932:North Africa 925: 908:, conquered 887:in 706–709, 870: 843: 828:, including 794: 782: 771: 762:al-Qaryatayn 723: 692: 619:line in the 568: 551: 491: 474:. He became 462:against the 449:Abd al-Malik 438:الوليد الأول 433: 402: 401: 172:, Damascus, 113:Abd al-Malik 64: 41: 38: 30:الوليد الأول 18: 4979:670s births 4872:Muhammad II 4862:Al-Hakam II 4758:Al-Walid II 4718:Mu'awiya II 4683:Family tree 4540:: 149–164. 4223:Volume VII: 4214:Pellat, Ch. 3824:Pellat, Ch. 3722:Pellat, Ch. 3714:Schacht, J. 3617:Schacht, J. 3613:Pellat, Ch. 3554:Lecomte, G. 3510:Schacht, J. 3506:Pellat, Ch. 3479:Volume III: 3470:Schacht, J. 3466:Pellat, Ch. 3321:Schacht, J. 3317:Pellat, Ch. 3268:Bell, H. I. 3178:Scales 1994 3064:Fowden 2004 2877:Powers 1989 2686:Grabar 1986 2609:Shaban 1971 2582:Shaban 1971 2558:Shaban 1971 2468:Powers 1989 1986:Rowson 1989 1686:al-Walid II 1604:Banu Fazara 1540:al-Farazdaq 1479:Dayr Murran 1461:around the 1419:Upper Egypt 1044:Abd al-Aziz 881:Transoxiana 834:Tukharistan 826:Transoxiana 775:Abd al-Aziz 742:Wadi Sirhan 726:Qasr Burqu' 683:Qasr Burqu' 502:Transoxiana 320:Abū ʿUbayda 170:Dayr Murran 160:(aged 109:Predecessor 4984:715 deaths 4973:Categories 4957:indicates 4947:Hisham III 4850:(929–1031) 4827:al-Mundhir 4822:Muhammad I 4812:Al-Hakam I 4733:Al-Walid I 4708:Mu'awiya I 4583:al-Walid I 4150:Volume XI: 3936:Volume XI: 3804:Grabar, O. 3749:Gil, Moshe 3676:. London: 3626:Volume II: 3563:Volume IX: 3519:Volume II: 3330:Volume II: 3278:: 97–120. 3052:Ahmed 2011 3040:Ahmed 2011 2928:Hinds 1990 2892:Hinds 1990 2865:Hinds 1990 2734:Yavuz 1996 2722:Allan 1991 2698:Allan 1991 2483:Hinds 1990 2456:Crone 1980 2363:Hinds 1990 2351:Hinds 1990 2307:Crone 1980 2245:Lilie 1976 2208:Kaegi 2010 1935:Hinds 1990 1867:References 1819:H. I. Bell 1791:al-Mas'udi 1736:al-Ya'qubi 1536:panegyrics 1534:. Several 1251:See also: 1190:(scribe), 1036: 708 920:See also: 779:al-Ya'qubi 754:Jabal Says 740:oasis and 715:al-Massisa 582:Mu'awiya I 578: 674 565:Early life 483: 705 464:Byzantines 434:al-Walid I 430: 674 308:Mubashshir 191:, Damascus 140: 674 77:Gold dinar 27:al-Walid I 4882:Hisham II 4867:Hisham II 4795:(756–929) 4773:Marwan II 4763:Yazid III 4701:(661–750) 4525:752790641 4257:797598069 3833:Volume V: 3820:Lewis, B. 3741:495469456 3731:Volume I: 3718:Lewis, B. 3686:499987512 3636:495469475 3609:Lewis, B. 3605:"Dimashk" 3529:495469475 3502:Lewis, B. 3489:495469525 3458:Lewis, B. 3340:495469475 3313:Lewis, B. 3300:164184450 3222:: 12–22. 2853:Munt 2014 2826:Munt 2014 2785:Elad 1999 2773:Elad 1999 2749:Bell 1908 2710:Elad 1999 2393:Duri 1965 2378:Gibb 1960 2179:Gibb 1923 1701:Marwan II 1652:Peroz III 1637:Yazid III 1633:al-Tabari 1596:al-Ashdaq 1563:Khunasira 1548:al-Akhtal 1415:Aphrodito 1353:Jerusalem 1175:Abd Allah 1127:Palestine 930:(central 893:Samarkand 810:caliphate 768:Caliphate 697:with the 623:(western 617:Abu al-As 531:Jerusalem 470:route to 436:(Arabic: 416:romanized 247:al-ʿAbbās 225:concubine 165: 41 146:, Hejaz, 119:Successor 4961:usurpers 4959:Hammudid 4887:Sulayman 4877:Sulayman 4832:Abdullah 4807:Hisham I 4748:Yazid II 4738:Sulayman 4723:Marwan I 4633:Sulayman 4534:Muqarnas 4513:(1927). 4462:(1997). 4245:(1976). 4216:(eds.). 4196:(1993). 4172:(2004). 4143:(eds.). 4098:(2001). 4051:(2010). 3982:(1994). 3929:(eds.). 3884:(2000). 3860:: 1–15. 3854:Muqarnas 3835:Khe–Mahi 3826:(eds.). 3806:(1986). 3751:(1997). 3724:(eds.). 3696:(1960). 3670:(1923). 3646:(2004). 3619:(eds.). 3556:(eds.). 3512:(eds.). 3472:(eds.). 3431:(eds.). 3374:(1980). 3350:(1994). 3323:(eds.). 3216:Muqarnas 3076:Gil 1997 1857:Ibn Hazm 1832:Sulayman 1778:Muhammad 1764:in 715, 1648:Sasanian 1431:Abu Bakr 1341:Damascus 1147:Sasanian 1131:Sulayman 1119:Damascus 1071:Anatolia 1040:al-Abbas 990:Hispania 928:Ifriqiya 897:Farghana 889:Khwarazm 873:Khurasan 838:Ferghana 830:Khwarazm 818:Hispania 649:Marwan I 637:Banu Abs 627:, where 609:Sufyanid 533:and the 518:Hispania 510:Ifriqiya 391:Religion 355:Marwanid 287:Muḥammad 123:Sulayman 81:Damascus 4768:Ibrahim 4713:Yazid I 4546:1523257 4225:Mif–Naz 3874:1523262 3565:San–Sze 3498:"Dīwān" 3236:1523148 1780:in 743. 1774:Ibrahim 1667:Ibrahim 1650:prince 1378:musalla 1367:musalla 1298:Lebanon 1165:in the 1155:Persian 1063:Cilicia 1017:Maslama 960:Tangier 956:Maghreb 944:Hawwara 942:of the 940:Berbers 902:Turgesh 885:Bukhara 814:Maghreb 758:Bedouin 734:Palmyra 711:Malatya 595:of the 514:Maghreb 442:Umayyad 418:: 367:Umayyad 362:Dynasty 299:Maslama 281:ʿAnbāsa 277:Ibrahim 197:Spouses 93:of the 4753:Hisham 4599: 4596:c. 674 4568: 4544: 4523: 4499: 4476: 4448: 4427: 4406: 4382: 4358: 4337: 4316: 4295: 4274: 4255: 4231: 4212:& 4182: 4158: 4139:& 4108: 4084: 4061: 4037: 4013: 3992: 3968: 3944: 3925:& 3894: 3872: 3841: 3822:& 3792: 3763: 3739: 3720:& 3684: 3656: 3634: 3615:& 3592: 3571: 3552:& 3527: 3508:& 3487: 3481:H–Iram 3468:& 3441: 3405: 3384: 3360: 3338: 3319:& 3298: 3292:624559 3290: 3256: 3234: 3203: 1678:Masrur 1615:Uthman 1574:Family 1442:Coptic 1313:Beirut 1225:Hisham 1163:Coptic 1159:Arabic 1123:Jordan 1075:Ancyra 1021:Jazira 977:mawali 952:Kutama 948:Zenata 812:. The 790:Qur'an 625:Arabia 593:caliph 571:Medina 539:Medina 445:caliph 407:Arabic 383:Mother 373:Father 323:Ṣadaqā 305:Tammām 302:Mansūr 296:Khālid 284:Marwān 267:Masrūr 180:Burial 144:Medina 91:Caliph 4688:Media 4601:Died: 4594:Born: 4542:JSTOR 4200:. In 4123:. In 3909:. In 3870:JSTOR 3810:. In 3700:. In 3607:. In 3540:. In 3500:. In 3456:. In 3311:. In 3296:S2CID 3288:JSTOR 3232:JSTOR 1849:qadis 1722:Notes 1554:sunna 1544:Jarir 1467:Ta'if 1463:Kaaba 1309:Anjar 1294:Anjar 1267:Yemen 1263:Yaman 1206:Hejaz 1186:katib 1169:diwan 1157:with 1151:Greek 1141:Egypt 1125:. In 1105:Syria 1094:siege 1059:Arabs 1052:Bishr 1029:Tyana 970:mawla 738:Azraq 660:Egypt 629:Mecca 621:Hejaz 613:Syria 547:Syria 543:Arabs 472:Mecca 460:raids 395:Islam 350:House 335:Names 317:Yaḥyā 272:Yazid 262:Bishr 257:ʿUmar 239:Issue 174:Syria 101:Reign 4743:Umar 4566:ISBN 4521:OCLC 4497:ISBN 4474:ISBN 4446:ISBN 4425:ISBN 4404:ISBN 4380:ISBN 4356:ISBN 4335:ISBN 4314:ISBN 4293:ISBN 4272:ISBN 4253:OCLC 4229:ISBN 4180:ISBN 4156:ISBN 4106:ISBN 4082:ISBN 4059:ISBN 4035:ISBN 4011:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3966:ISBN 3942:ISBN 3892:ISBN 3839:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3761:ISBN 3737:OCLC 3682:OCLC 3654:ISBN 3632:OCLC 3590:ISBN 3569:ISBN 3525:OCLC 3485:OCLC 3439:ISBN 3403:ISBN 3382:ISBN 3358:ISBN 3336:OCLC 3254:ISBN 3201:ISBN 1776:and 1453:and 1449:and 1335:The 1271:Qays 1153:and 1115:Homs 1048:Umar 998:Umar 962:and 950:and 910:Sind 891:and 865:and 836:and 824:and 822:Sind 719:Hajj 693:The 668:Iran 664:Iraq 516:and 500:and 498:Sind 311:Jazʾ 293:Rawḥ 154:Died 133:Born 89:6th 4152:W–Z 3938:W–Z 3862:doi 3733:A–B 3628:C–G 3521:C–G 3332:C–G 3280:doi 3224:doi 1581:Ali 1500:). 1485:or 1451:692 1351:in 1339:of 1007:). 988:of 980:), 964:Sus 934:), 695:war 573:in 545:of 537:in 529:in 478:in 187:or 4975:: 4538:13 4536:. 4472:. 4221:. 4208:; 4204:; 4148:. 4135:; 4131:; 4127:; 3934:. 3921:; 3917:; 3913:; 3868:. 3858:16 3856:. 3831:. 3818:; 3814:; 3778:; 3729:. 3716:; 3712:; 3708:; 3704:; 3680:. 3624:. 3611:; 3561:. 3548:; 3544:; 3517:. 3504:; 3477:. 3464:; 3460:; 3328:. 3315:; 3294:. 3286:. 3276:28 3274:. 3230:. 3218:. 3170:^ 3155:^ 3032:^ 3017:^ 2998:^ 2983:^ 2884:^ 2833:^ 2804:^ 2741:^ 2650:^ 2633:^ 2616:^ 2601:^ 2550:^ 2475:^ 2436:^ 2385:^ 2370:^ 2331:^ 2314:^ 2299:^ 2252:^ 2215:^ 2186:^ 2145:^ 2128:^ 2111:^ 2058:^ 2041:^ 1966:^ 1889:^ 1874:^ 1740:AH 1706:r. 1691:r. 1672:r. 1661:r. 1642:r. 1620:r. 1586:r. 1496:r. 1469:. 1436:r. 1202:. 1084:r. 1050:, 1046:, 1033:c. 1003:r. 946:, 875:, 832:, 820:, 816:, 666:, 654:r. 587:r. 575:c. 489:. 480:c. 454:r. 427:c. 425:; 413:, 409:: 162:c. 137:c. 4664:e 4657:t 4650:v 4574:. 4548:. 4527:. 4505:. 4482:. 4454:. 4433:. 4412:. 4388:. 4364:. 4343:. 4322:. 4301:. 4280:. 4259:. 4237:. 4188:. 4164:. 4114:. 4090:. 4067:. 4043:. 4019:. 3998:. 3974:. 3950:. 3900:. 3876:. 3864:: 3847:. 3798:. 3769:. 3743:. 3688:. 3662:. 3638:. 3598:. 3577:. 3531:. 3491:. 3447:. 3411:. 3390:. 3366:. 3342:. 3302:. 3282:: 3262:. 3238:. 3226:: 3220:8 3209:. 2282:. 1703:( 1688:( 1669:( 1658:( 1639:( 1617:( 1583:( 1433:( 1081:( 1000:( 651:( 584:( 451:( 405:( 227:) 167:)

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