40:
20:
154:(VLCC) and offloading 300–400 kbbl (48,000–64,000 m) per day through each of the berths. The ABOT suffered significant damage during the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War; however, it remained in service until 1989, when Brown & Root attempted to refurbish it after the conclusion of that war. Work was stopped when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 and the facility was inflicted with further damage during the ensuing Gulf War. In addition, the platform was operated under the
56:
315:
Al-Zubair pumping station to the FAO storage facility where eight new crude oil storage tanks, each with a capacity of 350 kbbl (56,000 m), were brought online with another eight tanks close to operational; these 16 storage tanks represent 25% of the 64 tanks planned for in the ICOEEP. The crude oil then flows offshore through the new twin 48" pipelines to the new 600 MT subsea valve manifold for distribution to two
32:
48:
690:
The Crude Export
Facility of Southern Iraq currently exports approximately 1.8 MMBOPD from the KAAOT and ABOT offshore terminals. The oil is transported from onshore facilities to the offshore terminals through two 48 inch export pipelines for ABOT and one 42 inch and two 32 inch pipelines for KAAOT.
1312:
UMM QASR, Iraq—(Front right) Rear Adm. Charles M. Gaouette, U.S. Naval Forces
Central Command deputy commander, and (front left) Iraqi Maj. Gen. Ali Hussein Al-Rubaye, head of the Iraqi Navy, arrive aboard the Al Basrah Oil Terminal for a ceremony turning over responsibility of the security for the
319:
systems. Phase 1 completion will increase overall exports by 1.8 MMBOPD when both SPMs and all sixteen storage tanks are operational. In
November, 2012 Leighton Offshore transferred operations of the completed ICOEEP installations. On March 7, 2012, the first tanker was berthed and loaded from one
314:
The "first oil ready for start-up" milestone was celebrated on
February 12, 2012, with Iraq Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki in attendance. The milestone marked the addition of 800 kbbl (130,000 m) barrels per day of export capacity via 130 km (81 mi) of onshore pipelines from the
249:
Despite the work conducted, the dilapidated and fragile nature of the terminal was featured in an NPR story on June 20, 2009, and again on
October 4, 2010. Engineers interviewed said that "they didn't even know just how bad the condition of the pipeline is; they didn't dare run it at full pressure
370:
The Iraq Crude Oil Export
Facility Reconstruction Project (COEFRP) was funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency and includes work to add a third 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipeline running from shore to the ABOT valve station. New pipelines will also be run from the ABOT valve
122:
systems (SPM) were added in 2012, each with a design rating of 800 thousand barrels (130,000 m) (kbbl) of oil per day, and two more SPMs are planned to be operational by 2013 to increase total loading capacity to 6.4–6.6 Mbbl (1,020,000–1,050,000 m) of oil per day.
394:
ABOT and KAAOT are major players in Iraq's eventual economic stability and therefore are considered one of the top terrorist targets in the world due to their strategic importance. The terminals maintain strict security and are guarded by both the Iraqi Navy and
Marines.
691:
The KAAOT terminal has previously suffered damage and so the majority of the oil is exported through the ABOT terminal. The current export facilities and pipelines were built in the 1960s and 1970s and designed for a 20 year life, with the proper maintenance.
165:(KAAOT) was built in 1958 and had fallen into extreme disrepair and would require wholesale reconstruction to restore full capabilities as of 2007. The shallow draft of its location, however, makes a reconstruction effort of questionable economic value.
191:
While under US control, the US units enforcing the 3 km (1.9 mi; 1.6 nmi) warning and 2 km (1.2 mi; 1.1 nmi) exclusion zones around ABOT and KAAOT including
Maritime interdiction operations were conducted primarily by
1285:
UMM QASR, Iraq—A U.S. sailor salutes Iraqi Maj. Gen. Ali
Hussein Al-Rubaye, head of the Iraqi Navy, after handing him a folded U.S. flag during a ceremony held aboard the Al Basrah Oil Terminal, July 26. (Photo by Pvt. Andrew Slovensky)
1000:
246:. ABOT's capacity was more than doubled to offload up to 3 Mbbl (480,000 m) of oil per day. Practical constraints in the upstream refinery and oil fields limit actual delivery below the designed maximum.
250:
for fear it would burst, and they didn't dare shut down the flow to fix it for fear that the weight of the ocean would implode it"; the most recent capacity tests were conducted nearly two decades earlier in 1991.
534:
It is the tiled version of the global 15m
Landsat 7 derived WMS Global Mosaic, visual. This is the visual style, which uses color derived from the red green and blue spectral and brightness from the panchromatic
286:
Installation of two parallel, 48 in (1.2 m) outside diameter pipelines running 10 km (6.2 mi) onshore, through an onshore crossing, and then 40 km (25 mi) offshore to link with new
371:
station to the KAAOT valve station to supply a fifth SPM and the KAAOT loading facilities. In October, 2011, the South Oil Company awarded two contracts worth US$ 518 million and US$ 79.85 million to
741:
938:
1008:
328:
The second phase of the ICOEEP added a central metering and management platform (CMMP), brought three SPMs online, and installed a fourth SPM. The scope of work included:
173:
After the terminal was secured by SOCOM forces, defense of the platform throughout OIF was provided by USMC, USN, and USCG forces in conjunction with the Iraqi military.
362:
in October, 2011 with delivery expected in the fourth quarter of 2013; other Phase 2 facilities include connecting the ABOT platform to the new pipelines via the CMMP.
301:
with nameplate ratings of 900 kbbl (140,000 m) per day along with manifolds and subsea pipelines capable of servicing VLCCs - two operational and one spare
1156:
767:
107:
Crude oil produced for export from the southern Iraqi oilfields is carried through three 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipelines to the southern tip of the
126:
The KAAOT facility has a shallower depth and its two berths can accommodate Suezmax oil tankers with capacities up to 1 Mbbl (160,000 m) or 200,000
883:
27:
filling at ABOT. The leftmost ship has just started filling; when full, the red portion of the hull will be below the waterline like the ship on the right.
745:
856:
1219:
208:. United States Coast Guard Port Security Units were assigned to assist the Task Force with the security of these facilities for Coalition partners.
949:
398:
On April 30, 2009, the Iraqi Navy assumed control of the Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal and on July 26, 2011, they assumed control of ABOT as well.
355:
279:
205:
1341:
630:
1104:
470:
111:
and then undersea to the ABOT platform. One 48 in (1.2 m) and two 32 in (0.81 m) pipelines supply the KAAOT platform.
262:'s export capacity from 1.75 Mbbl (278,000 m) of oil per day (MMBOPD) to 4.5 Mbbl (720,000 m) of oil per day by 2014.
1189:
600:
379:
A third 75 km (47 mi), 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipeline connecting onshore facilities to the offshore valve stations
1126:
433:
707:
217:
509:
188:, was responsible for the primary defense of the platforms, as well as the training and deployment of Iraqi Marines on board.
258:
The Iraqi Ministry of Oil (MoO) Master Plan 2007 included the Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOEEP) to expand the
231:
181:
1078:
574:
1336:
441:
1056:
39:
185:
1163:
887:
74:
offshore, deep sea crude oil marine loading terminal that lies approximately 50 km (31 mi) southeast of the
768:"Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, October 30, 2012"
114:
The ABOT facilities can transfer up to 3 million barrels (480,000 m) (Mbbl) of oil per day when all four of its
778:
673:
1031:"Foster Wheeler-Managed Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project Achieves "First Oil Ready for Start-Up" Milestone"
1030:
822:
803:"Southern Iraq Oil and Gas Situational Assessment, Part 3: Help from the USG and Oil Companies Still Needed"
365:
193:
407:
92:
197:
1299:
1272:
910:
645:
375:
for delivery in January, 2013 with a scope of work running in parallel with Phase 1 that includes:
282:
with work commencing in November, 2010 for delivery in March, 2012 for a scope of work to include:
843:
146:
in 1974 with a design lifetime, with proper maintenance, of 20 years. In 2003, the current name
629:
Cheng, Paul Y.; Singhal, Mansi; Bharat, Saurabh; Khoo, Cheng; Haskins, Lucy (January 18, 2008).
481:
1331:
975:
705:
155:
101:
100:), the terminals provide the principal point of export for more than eighty percent of Iraq's
216:
In 2004, the ABOT platform was refurbished and upgraded under contract W9126G-04-D-0002, an
118:
berths operate at maximum capacity and has a maximum draft of 21 m (69 ft). Three
1134:
979:
412:
316:
298:
288:
274:
was awarded the front-end engineering & management contract for Phase 1 of the ICOEEP,
223:
201:
8:
798:
239:
119:
1242:
604:
445:
366:
Iraq Crude Oil Export Facility Reconstruction Project (COEFRP), aka JICA Sealine Project
304:
Fabrication and installation of a 600 metric tons (660 short tons) subsea valve manifold
1250:
714:
547:
177:
127:
115:
19:
628:
1004:
259:
521:
310:
Construction of onshore metering and manifold facilities at the FAO storage facility
1082:
358:
for Phase 2's Central Metering and Manifold Platform (CMMP) was awarded to Italy's
130:
and has the capacity to transfer about 240 kbbl (38,000 m) of oil daily.
108:
75:
911:"Foster Wheeler Contract Announcements February 14, 2012 through January 10, 2005"
742:"Leighton Offshore Successfully Completes Iraq Operations and Maintenance Project"
1079:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOOEP) - Phase 1 - Variation Order 02"
641:
335:
A 3.5 km (2.2 mi), 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipeline near-shore
917:
578:
271:
150:
was adopted. The facility was constructed with four berths capable of handling
706:
Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (2006-04-26).
1325:
1220:"Leighton Chooses Lamprell for Iraq Crude Oil Export Facility Reconstruction"
802:
143:
323:
265:
79:
51:
Iraqi sailors and marines guard KAAOT in its entirety with minimal support.
372:
275:
151:
24:
677:
382:
Two offshore valve station platforms, one at ABOT and a second at KAAOT
235:
307:
Dredging to bury the pipelines and to provide adequate depth for VLCCs
1313:
platform to the Iraqi Navy, July 26. (Photo by Pvt. Andrew Slovensky)
1001:"Prime Minister opens first phase of the escalation of energy export"
638:
Global Equity Research, Energy & Power, Integrate Oil Sector View
220:(IDIQ), cost-plus award fee with an estimated not-to-exceed value of
55:
104:
as of 2009, and all of the oil from the southern Başrah refinery.
31:
348:
243:
320:
of the 900,000 bpd SPMs installed during Phase 1 of the ICOEEP.
624:
622:
359:
1190:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion heightens country's security"
341:
Conversion of an existing spare SPM buoy to operational status
1105:"Saipem Wins Contract for Basra Oil Export Expansion Project"
736:
734:
1243:"Iraq Assumes Control of Oil Terminal from Coalition Forces"
619:
517:
71:
731:
324:
Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOEEP), Phase 2
266:
Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOEEP), Phase 1
1187:
253:
47:
1157:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Facility Reconstruction Project"
948:. Leighton Offshore. September 26, 2011. Archived from
211:
158:
for several years thereafter with minimal maintenance.
504:
502:
1054:
973:
884:"Iraq bullish on Fao storage, south export expansion"
844:
Aging Oil Terminal Vital To Iraq's Economy : NPR
431:
797:
499:
1162:. Leighton Offshore. November 2011. Archived from
480:(1). Leighton Offshore. March 2012. Archived from
434:"U.S. Sailors, Coast Guard Protect Iraq's Economy"
142:and was designed and commissioned into service by
1297:
1270:
1240:
939:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project Phase 1"
881:
775:Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction
1323:
1033:(Press release). BusinessWire. February 12, 2012
793:
791:
701:
699:
465:
463:
1057:"Iraq's SOC lets contract for Sea Line project"
857:"Iraq Raises Oil Reserves Estimates 25 Percent"
744:. Leighton Offshore. 2012-11-08. Archived from
1131:Foster-Wheeler Energy, Ltd. ICOEEP Engineering
854:
848:
760:
577:. LYE Asia Pacific. 2012-01-02. Archived from
425:
788:
696:
460:
332:Central Metering and Manifold Platform (CMMP)
294:A third onshore crossing for future expansion
1149:
1081:. BEKK Solutions. 2012-11-28. Archived from
1071:
510:"Global Mosaic Pseudocolor, JPL WMS Server"
1050:
1048:
976:"Iraq's SOC lets EPC contract to Leighton"
385:One additional single-point mooring system
338:One additional single-point mooring system
168:
43:An aerial view of KAAOT just after sunrise
823:"[Iraq] Oilfields and Facilities"
674:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project"
569:
567:
565:
1181:
668:
666:
218:indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity
82:. Along with its sister terminal, the
54:
46:
38:
30:
18:
1045:
1324:
1107:. iraq-business news. October 19, 2011
815:
708:"Al-Basrah Oil Terminal, Basrah, Iraq"
562:
1342:Ports and harbours of the Arab League
908:
663:
471:"Leighton Delivers First Oil In Iraq"
254:Iraq Ministry of Oil Master Plan 2007
232:United States Army Corps of Engineers
182:Maritime Expeditionary Security Force
152:very large crude carrier type vessels
59:KAAOT from ground level in Feb, 2007.
35:MESD 823 personnel onboard ABOT, 2009
1055:Smith, Christopher E. (2011-10-14).
974:Smith, Christopher E. (2010-10-25).
432:Montgomery, Darryl L. (2009-10-10).
212:Refurbishment Under Coalition Forces
1298:Slovensky, Andrew (July 26, 2011).
1271:Slovensky, Andrew (July 26, 2011).
1007:. February 12, 2012. Archived from
442:United States Department of Defense
278:was then awarded a US$ 733 million
163:Mīnā' Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal
13:
1200:. PennWell Corporation: 2012-05-07
946:Leighton Offshore Current Projects
886:. Iraq Energy News. Archived from
186:Naval Expeditionary Combat Command
14:
1353:
882:Al-Maliky, Tammam (May 6, 2011).
389:
344:Replacement of the spare SPM buoy
1241:Simmons, D. Keith (2009-04-30).
1188:Oday al Auoraishi; Gary Vogler.
1133:. BEKK Solutions. Archived from
644:. pp. 28–31. Archived from
603:. Port Directory. Archived from
230:. The contract was between the
1291:
1264:
1234:
1222:. Subsea World News. 2012-02-14
1212:
1119:
1097:
1023:
993:
967:
931:
902:
875:
837:
593:
540:
70:, is a strategically critical
1:
1302:. United States Forces - Iraq
1275:. United States Forces - Iraq
863:. National Public Radio (NPR)
855:Sutherland, JJ (2010-10-04).
825:. University of Texas library
438:American Forces Press Service
418:
84:Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal
861:The two-way, NPR's News Blog
575:"The Sealine Project – Iraq"
194:Patrol Forces Southwest Asia
7:
909:FWNAC (February 17, 2012).
401:
240:Parsons Iraqi Joint Venture
10:
1358:
1337:Ports and harbours of Iraq
408:Petroleum industry in Iraq
140:Mīnā' al-Bakr Oil Terminal
138:ABOT was originally named
133:
93:Khor al-Amaya Oil Terminal
66:, commonly referred to as
631:"Global Oil Choke Points"
198:United States Coast Guard
1300:"Al Basrah Oil Terminal"
676:. Unaoil. Archived from
184:, which falls under the
1059:. Oil & Gas Journal
204:and United States Navy
169:Operation Iraqi Freedom
297:Installation of three
156:Oil-for-Food Programme
102:gross domestic product
64:Al Başrah Oil Terminal
60:
52:
44:
36:
28:
1194:Oil & Gas Journal
1127:"ICOEEP Overview Map"
980:Oil & Gas Journal
784:on February 17, 2013.
58:
50:
42:
34:
22:
1273:"A folded U.S. flag"
1137:on February 22, 2012
777:: 82. Archived from
748:on December 15, 2012
413:Oil reserves in Iraq
317:single point mooring
289:single point mooring
206:Patrol craft coastal
202:Island class cutters
120:single-point mooring
799:Christopher R. Hill
651:on January 31, 2012
524:on January 19, 2012
196:a component of the
1286:110726-A-JX739-139
1251:United States Navy
680:on January 7, 2012
607:on August 28, 2012
347:Installation of a
178:United States Navy
61:
53:
45:
37:
29:
16:Iraqi oil terminal
1247:Navy.mil web site
1005:South Oil Company
581:on March 13, 2013
448:on April 14, 2012
373:Leighton Offshore
276:Leighton Offshore
270:On July 13, 2010
260:South Oil Company
1349:
1316:
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1309:
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1169:on March 4, 2016
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1016:
1011:on April 7, 2012
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955:on March 4, 2016
954:
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890:on July 10, 2012
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713:. Archived from
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550:. Port Directory
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529:
520:. Archived from
506:
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496:
494:
492:
486:
475:
467:
458:
457:
455:
453:
444:. Archived from
429:
227:
144:Brown & Root
109:al-Faw Peninsula
88:ميناء خور العمية
76:Al-Faw Peninsula
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672:
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648:
642:Lehman Brothers
633:
627:
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601:"Khor Al Amaya"
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487:on 4 March 2016
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918:Foster Wheeler
901:
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814:
801:(2009-11-10).
787:
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592:
561:
548:"Mina Al-Bakr"
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390:Strategic role
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272:Foster Wheeler
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15:
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1332:Oil terminals
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1085:on 2013-08-11
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867:January 26,
829:January 25,
752:January 29,
655:February 8,
611:January 25,
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528:January 25,
452:January 26,
234:(USACE) of
200:comprising
116:supertanker
1326:Categories
808:2012-02-07
724:2012-01-25
419:References
236:Fort Worth
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