712:
the translation of the genetic code. Subsequently he was one of the pioneering founders of protein engineering, developing it as an analytical procedure for understanding interactions in proteins and enzyme catalysis. This radical new approach unravelled the relationships between the structure, activity and function of proteins. The full power of his methods became apparent in his seminal and far reaching contributions to the field of protein folding and stability. These studies opened the way to development of novel therapies in cancer and other diseases. He currently works on mutations that affect the stability and activity of the tumour suppressor p53 and how mutants may be "rescued" by small molecule drugs. His contributions have been widely recognised nationally and internationally by prizes for both chemistry and molecular biology, and by memberships of foreign academies.
47:
1446:
477:
711:
Herchel Smith
Professor of Organic Chemistry at the MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, Sir Alan is one of the world's leading protein scientists. He was elected to the Royal Society in his late 30s in 1983 for his work illuminating enzymic catalysis and how enzymes attain high fidelity in
368:, where he obtained First Class in Pt I of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1964, First Class in Pt II (Chemistry) in 1965 and was awarded his PhD degree in 1968. He was President of the University of Cambridge Chess Club in 1964–65 and awarded a half blue in 1965.
1239:
580:
of the transition. He elucidated the leaving-group specificity, leading to a detailed structural interpretation which showed the energetics of "strain" at the binding site. Another experiment dispelled final doubts about the role of a
1243:
2392:
348:, London. His father, Philip, was a ladies' tailor and his mother, Betty, a dressmaker. His grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland, Romania, Lithuania and Belarus. He was educated at
2422:
2417:
2412:
717:
907:
589:. He demonstrated that their precise specificity depends on consecutive independent recognition steps, and under appropriate conditions he trapped a transiently discharged
649:
727:
of The Royal
Society, for his development and application of methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution.
2437:
2387:
2382:
1733:
1488:
1131:
Fersht, A.; Matouschek, A.; Serrano, L. (1992). "The folding of an enzyme I. Theory of protein engineering analysis of stability and pathway of protein folding".
2442:
157:
2071:
1724:
953:
1657:
867:(1993). "Engineered disulfide bonds as probes of the folding pathway of barnase: Increasing the stability of proteins against the rate of denaturation".
439:, which he developed as a primary method for analysis of the structure, activity and folding of proteins. He has developed methods for the resolution of
248:
1686:
313:
1166:
Fersht, A. R. (2024). "From covalent transition states in chemistry to noncovalent in biology: from β- to Φ-value analysis of protein folding".
593:. Fersht has shown how binding energy can be used to enhance either specificity or rate in an enzymatic reaction, leading to a demonstration of
1222:
2397:
781:
653:
1257:
842:
541:
296:
36:
1779:
1717:
681:
911:
2462:
2402:
1844:
1741:
1398:
1198:
1069:
537:
365:
325:
232:
794:
975:
1710:
665:
305:
2467:
2054:
1424:
693:
2457:
1583:
2447:
349:
429:
385:
216:
2432:
949:
707:
for his pioneering work on protein science. His citation on election to the
Academy of Medical Sciences reads:
614:
525:
425:
2157:
2100:
610:
1461:
677:
2427:
2284:
1990:
521:
2063:
505:
292:
32:
1364:
360:, London. He was a keen chess player and was the Essex County Junior champion in 1961. He was awarded a
2184:
2132:
1912:
669:
637:
606:
1275:
2407:
2377:
673:
622:
586:
83:
2452:
1702:
626:
485:
393:
226:
428:
from 1990 to 2010 when, on reaching the retirement age, he became an
Emeritus Group Leader at the
1918:
1833:
1191:
Structure and mechanism in protein science : a guide to enzyme catalysis and protein folding
1028:
860:
735:
Fersht married
Marilyn Persell in 1966 and has one son and one daughter. His recreations include
489:
409:
401:
317:
266:
221:
93:
46:
2372:
2179:
2122:
2047:
2032:
1954:
1948:
1924:
1785:
1261:
846:
361:
1017:
2147:
1888:
1641:
816:
480:
Scientists sharing L1 in Caius Court, Gonville and Caius
College, Cambridge, taken in 1994 (
2367:
2328:
2264:
2219:
2105:
1996:
1749:
1666:
1662:
744:
577:
529:
461:
Structure and
Mechanism in Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding
353:
1036:
8:
1978:
1864:
1648:
1587:
1557:
992:
766:
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436:
405:
377:
333:
1451:
2300:
2167:
1960:
1900:
1216:
685:
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602:
444:
276:
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2040:
1876:
1815:
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1144:
1075:
1065:
1023:
884:
804:
618:
561:
533:
421:
272:
585:
intermediate. More recently Fersht has studied a more complex group of enzymes, the
447:
for studying the folding transition states of proteins. His interests also include
2346:
2239:
2204:
1936:
1676:
1354:
editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade
Association. ÖGV. Austria.
1302:
1140:
1032:
876:
689:
661:
549:
321:
1043:
2322:
2194:
2137:
2090:
2008:
2002:
1797:
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1773:
1755:
1540:
1481:
926:"Professor Sir Alan Fersht FRS, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge"
820:
493:
448:
440:
413:
389:
345:
329:
192:
139:
103:
1062:
The selected papers of Sir Alan Fersht : development of protein engineering
2269:
2254:
2249:
2214:
2199:
2189:
2142:
2095:
2020:
1984:
1972:
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1498:
770:
590:
573:
381:
2361:
2340:
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2234:
2224:
2117:
2085:
2067:
1966:
1623:
1513:
1208:
1079:
594:
569:
553:
417:
397:
808:
432:. He is a Fellow of both Gonville & Caius College and Imperial College.
309:
2152:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1827:
1809:
1631:
1605:
1595:
1413:
He has written an account of the history of
Staunton and other chess sets.
1341:
1314:
1306:
1175:
724:
557:
168:
2173:
2111:
1159:
1152:
888:
466:
The
Selected Papers of Sir Alan Fersht: Development of Protein Engineering
2259:
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2162:
1942:
1930:
1574:
1520:
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641:
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497:
481:
357:
162:
145:
880:
2334:
2229:
1852:
1821:
1803:
1694:
1613:
1547:
1365:"Royal Society announces 2020 winners of prestigious medals and awards"
513:
151:
1289:"Alan R. Fersht receives Bader Award / Corey Award to David W. C. Mac
979:
2209:
1567:
424:
at Cambridge from 1988 to 2010. He was the Director of the Cambridge
1732:
740:
672:, Stein and Moore Award of the Protein Society; Bader Award of the
636:
Anniversary Prize; Novo Biotechnology Award; Charmian Medal of the
443:
in the sub-millisecond time-scale and has pioneered the method of
301:
2062:
950:"Professor Sir Alan Fersht FRS becomes the 42nd Master of Caius"
660:; Feldberg Foundation Prize, Distinguished Service Award, Miami
704:
242:
2393:
Members of the University of Cambridge Department of Chemistry
716:
476:
435:
Alan Fersht is widely regarded as one of the main pioneers of
812:
736:
384:. He returned to Cambridge in 1969 as a group leader at the
2423:
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
1258:"Alan Fersht, University of Cambridge, Election Year: 1993"
976:"Imperial College London: biographical summary Alan Fersht"
845:. University of Cambridge. 11 February 2014. Archived from
633:
632:
Fersht has received many prizes and medals including: the
1055:
1053:
396:
until 1972. Fersht was Wolfson Research Professor of the
197:
1097:
572:
between active and inactive forms, and investigated the
1130:
565:
544:(FMedSci). His nomination for the Royal Society reads:
2418:
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
2413:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1050:
993:
BBC: brief Fersht career summary at time of knighthood
668:
of the Protein Society; Natural Products Award of the
158:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
597:
limitations on mechanisms of the "induced fit" type.
1276:"Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden"
1016:
520:. He is a Foreign Associate of the United States
508:(FRS) in 1983. The Royal Society awarded him the
404:from 1978 to 1988. He spent a sabbatical year at
376:Fersht spent a post-doctoral year (1968–1969) at
2438:Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
2388:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
2359:
1734:Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
2383:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1489:Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
944:
942:
762:
760:
1260:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
656:; Jubilee Lecture and the Harden Medal of the
2048:
1718:
910:. Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from
556:methods. He showed that a slow relaxation of
332:, and is sometimes described as a founder of
2443:People educated at Sir George Monoux College
1388:
1099:Intramolecular Catalysis of Ester Hydrolysis
939:
859:
757:
654:Federation of European Biochemical Societies
249:Intramolecular Catalysis of Ester Hydrolysis
1417:Jaques and British Chess Company Chess Sets
1414:
1328:"Alan Fersht. 2001 Stein and Moore Award".
1242:. London: The Royal Society. Archived from
512:in 1991 for molecular biology, in 1998 the
339:
2055:
2041:
1725:
1711:
1221:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1059:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
408:on an Eleanor Roosevelt Fellowship of the
45:
902:
900:
898:
542:Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
400:and Professor of Biological Chemistry at
1234:
1232:
796:Studies of disulphide mutants of barnase
715:
682:Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research
548:Distinguished for work on mechanisms of
475:
454:
1357:
1295:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1031: ed.). A & C Black.
997:
908:"Professor Sir Alan Fersht FRS FMedSci"
803:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
2360:
1188:
1165:
1102:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
1092:
895:
792:
786:
680:Prize and Medal; Bijvoet Medal of the
601:Fersht holds honorary doctorates from
371:
2036:
1706:
1382:
1293:/ Breslow Award to Peter B. Dervan".
1229:
835:
538:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
471:
366:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
326:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
233:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
2398:Academics of Imperial College London
1391:Jaques Staunton Chess Sets 1849–1939
1120:. London. 22 March 1965. p. 12.
1060:Fersht, Alan; Wang, Qinghua (2010).
1014:
621:(2008). He is an Honorary Fellow of
536:, an Honorary Foreign Member of the
344:Fersht was born on 21 April 1943 in
1250:
1086:
1037:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U15668
306:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
13:
1064:. London: Imperial College Press.
956:from the original on 22 April 2015
775:
723:In August 2020 he was awarded the
694:University of California, Berkeley
300:(born 21 April 1943) is a British
14:
2479:
1437:
843:"Women at Cambridge: Jane Clarke"
1444:
1116:"Sweeping Chess Win by Oxford".
730:
664:Biotechnology Winter Symposium;
350:Sir George Monoux Grammar School
84:Sir George Monoux Grammar School
1407:
1348:
1321:
1282:
1268:
1182:
1168:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
1109:
986:
650:The Datta Lectureship and Medal
560:was not a chemical step on the
430:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
386:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
328:from 2012 to 2018. He works on
217:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
122:
2463:Recipients of the Copley Medal
1240:"EC/1983/09: Fersht, Alan Roy"
968:
918:
853:
615:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
526:American Philosophical Society
516:for chemistry and in 2008 the
426:Centre for Protein Engineering
1:
2101:Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar
750:
611:Weizmann Institute of Science
2403:Fellows of the Royal Society
1145:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90561-W
1133:Journal of Molecular Biology
1044:UK public library membership
552:, especially by stopped and
522:National Academy of Sciences
364:to read Natural Sciences at
7:
666:Christian B. Anfinsen Award
506:Fellow of the Royal Society
16:British chemist (born 1943)
10:
2484:
2133:William Alexander Gambling
1845:Gonville and Caius College
678:Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang
670:Royal Society of Chemistry
638:Royal Society of Chemistry
607:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
587:aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
528:, a Foreign Member of the
524:, a Foreign Member of the
2468:Jewish British scientists
2314:
2293:
2078:
1843:
1740:
1691:
1683:
1673:
1646:
1638:
1628:
1620:
1610:
1602:
1592:
1572:
1564:
1554:
1545:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1473:
674:American Chemical Society
623:Darwin College, Cambridge
282:
259:
241:
209:
185:
178:
132:
109:
99:
89:
79:
53:
44:
23:
2458:Bijvoet Medal recipients
1588:Robert E. M. Hedges
1018:"Fersht, Sir Alan (Roy)"
769:publications indexed by
627:Jesus College, Cambridge
486:Samuel Frederick Edwards
394:Jesus College, Cambridge
388:until 1977 and a junior
340:Early life and education
2448:People from Walthamstow
1419:. Kaissa Publications.
1393:. Kaissa Publications.
1105:(subscription required)
1029:Oxford University Press
782:Alan Fersht LMB Profile
410:American Cancer Society
402:Imperial College London
318:University of Cambridge
314:Department of Chemistry
222:University of Cambridge
94:University of Cambridge
2123:Malcolm Ferguson-Smith
1955:Ernest Stewart Roberts
1949:Norman Macleod Ferrers
1925:Richard Fisher Belward
1632:C. N. R. Rao
1307:10.1002/anie.200462026
720:
714:
599:
501:
451:, disease and cancer.
416:(1978–79). Fersht was
2433:English biophysicists
2347:Frank Westheimer
1389:Fersht, Alan (2007).
1189:Fersht, Alan (2017).
793:Clarke, Jane (1993).
719:
709:
546:
504:Fersht was elected a
479:
455:Selected publications
2329:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2323:Anatole Abragam
2220:Michael J. D. Powell
2106:Pierre Deslongchamps
1415:Alan Fersht (2010).
745:wildlife photography
530:Accademia dei Lincei
308:, Cambridge, and an
2428:Royal Medal winners
1979:Nevill Francis Mott
1967:John Forbes Cameron
1865:William Branthwaite
1649:Wilhelm Exner Medal
1558:Malcolm H. Chisholm
1482:Sir Christopher Hum
881:10.1021/bi00067a022
823:on 22 December 2018
698:Wilhelm Exner Medal
658:Biochemical Society
437:protein engineering
406:Stanford University
378:Brandeis University
372:Career and research
334:protein engineering
289:Sir Alan Roy Fersht
2341:Henry Stommel
2301:David Attenborough
2168:Christopher Hooley
1961:Hugh Kerr Anderson
1301:(41): 5430. 2004.
1246:on 9 January 2016.
817:uk.bl.ethos.318014
721:
686:Utrecht University
646:Harvard University
644:Lecture and Prize
603:Uppsala University
502:
500:, and Alan Fersht)
472:Awards and honours
449:protein misfolding
445:phi value analysis
356:grammar school in
277:Andreas Matouschek
2355:
2354:
2306:Margaret Thatcher
2275:Charles Weissmann
2158:Richard Henderson
2030:
2029:
1877:Thomas Batchcroft
1816:William Buckenham
1768:William Somersham
1701:
1700:
1692:Succeeded by
1674:Succeeded by
1658:Christian Wandrey
1629:Succeeded by
1611:Succeeded by
1593:Succeeded by
1555:Succeeded by
1531:Charles Weissmann
1528:Succeeded by
1496:Succeeded by
1474:Academic offices
1400:978-0-9557325-0-8
1369:The Royal Society
1264:on 17 April 2015.
1200:978-981-322-519-0
1071:978-1-84816-554-0
1042:(Subscription or
914:on 17 April 2015.
849:on 24 March 2015.
619:Aarhus University
534:Academia Europaea
422:Organic Chemistry
362:State Scholarship
312:Professor in the
286:
285:
273:Sophie E. Jackson
260:Doctoral students
180:Scientific career
2475:
2408:Knights Bachelor
2378:British chemists
2057:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2033:
1937:Benedict Chapman
1727:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1684:Preceded by
1677:Bertil Andersson
1670:
1642:Zdeněk P. Bažant
1639:Preceded by
1621:Preceded by
1603:Preceded by
1584:Sir Philip Cohen
1565:Preceded by
1538:Preceded by
1511:Preceded by
1479:Preceded by
1471:
1470:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1336:(4): 905. 2001.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1094:Fersht, Alan Roy
1090:
1084:
1083:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1020:
1012:
995:
990:
984:
983:
982:on 27 June 2009.
978:. Archived from
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
937:
936:
934:
932:
922:
916:
915:
904:
893:
892:
857:
851:
850:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
819:. Archived from
790:
784:
779:
773:
764:
690:Gilbert N. Lewis
688:in 2008 and the
562:reaction pathway
550:enzyme catalysis
299:
255:
227:Imperial College
126:
124:
71:
67:
65:
49:
39:
21:
20:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2453:Jewish chemists
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2335:Jean Leray
2310:
2289:
2285:Dudley Williams
2195:C David Marsden
2138:Ian Graham Gass
2112:William Douglas
2091:Patrick Bateson
2074:
2061:
2031:
2026:
2009:Christopher Hum
2003:Neil McKendrick
1839:
1798:Henry Costessey
1792:Edmund Sheriffe
1774:John Rickingale
1756:William Rougham
1736:
1731:
1697:
1689:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1634:
1626:
1616:
1608:
1598:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1541:Jean-Marie Lehn
1533:
1524:
1516:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1330:Protein Science
1327:
1326:
1322:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1187:
1183:
1164:
1160:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1072:
1058:
1051:
1041:
1013:
998:
991:
987:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
948:
947:
940:
930:
928:
924:
923:
919:
906:
905:
896:
858:
854:
841:
840:
836:
826:
824:
791:
787:
780:
776:
765:
758:
753:
733:
703:In 2003 he was
494:David Shoenberg
474:
457:
441:protein folding
414:Arthur Kornberg
390:research fellow
374:
342:
330:protein folding
291:
271:
253:
237:
205:
193:Protein folding
174:
140:Knight Bachelor
128:
125: 1966)
120:
116:
115:Marilyn Persell
104:Protein folding
90:Alma mater
75:
74:London, England
72:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
58:Alan Roy Fersht
40:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Felix Weinberg
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Brian Spalding
2252:
2250:Edwin Southern
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Michael Pepper
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Donald Metcalf
2197:
2192:
2190:George Lusztig
2187:
2182:
2180:Peter Lawrence
2177:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Edward Cocking
2093:
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595:thermodynamic
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554:quenched flow
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420:Professor of
419:
418:Herchel Smith
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70:(age 81)
68:21 April 1943
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
34:
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19:
2172:
2153:Ray Guillery
2127:
2110:
2014:
1991:William Wade
1907:Thomas Gooch
1895:James Halman
1889:Robert Brady
1883:William Dell
1879:(1626, 1660)
1871:John Gostlin
1859:Thomas Legge
1834:Thomas Bacon
1828:John Styrmin
1810:Edmund Stubb
1656:
1653:2009
1647:
1606:Cyril Hilsum
1596:Chris Dobson
1582:
1579:2008
1573:
1546:
1519:
1487:
1460:
1459:
1458:profile for
1455:
1416:
1409:
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1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1350:
1333:
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1262:the original
1252:
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970:
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920:
912:the original
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869:Biochemistry
868:
864:
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847:the original
837:
825:. Retrieved
821:the original
800:
795:
788:
777:
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725:Copley Medal
722:
710:
702:
631:
617:(2006), and
600:
558:chymotrypsin
547:
532:, Member of
503:
465:
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434:
375:
343:
288:
287:
247:
210:Institutions
179:
169:Copley Medal
18:
2368:1943 births
2260:Nigel Unwin
2245:Ian Sneddon
2185:John Lawson
2163:Peter Higgs
2148:George Gray
2143:Ian Gibbons
2128:Alan Fersht
2015:Alan Fersht
1943:Edwin Guest
1931:Martin Davy
1750:John Colton
1661: [
1575:Royal Medal
1521:Gabor Medal
1462:Alan Fersht
960:21 November
767:Alan Fersht
642:Max Tishler
625:(2014) and
583:tetrahedral
568:-dependent
518:Royal Medal
510:Gabor Medal
498:Rodney Hill
490:David Tabor
482:Nevill Mott
358:Walthamstow
267:Jane Clarke
163:Royal Medal
146:Gabor Medal
28:Alan Fersht
2362:Categories
2294:Statute 12
2230:Ivan Roitt
1997:Peter Gray
1919:John Smith
1901:John Ellys
1853:John Caius
1822:John Skypp
1804:John Barly
1695:Ada Yonath
1614:Ron Laskey
1548:Davy Medal
1493:2012–2018
1170:. 57 e4.
1046:required.)
801:jisc.ac.uk
751:References
696:, and the
578:equilibria
574:energetics
514:Davy Medal
152:Davy Medal
64:1943-04-21
2210:Ted Paige
1568:Jim Feast
1217:cite book
1209:986523773
1118:The Times
1080:646400491
1024:Who's Who
861:Clarke, J
700:in 2009.
320:. He was
80:Education
2265:Ian Ward
2070:elected
1374:9 August
1342:11345067
1315:15484254
1176:38597675
1096:(1968).
1027:(online
954:Archived
809:53666398
741:horology
705:knighted
629:(2017).
613:(2004),
609:(1999),
605:(1999),
564:, but a
354:all-boys
310:Emeritus
229:, London
2315:Foreign
2079:Fellows
2072:in 1983
2066:of the
2064:Fellows
1506:Awards
1454:has an
1452:Scholia
1153:1569556
931:26 July
889:8476861
827:17 June
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304:at the
302:chemist
297:FMedSci
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2011:(2006)
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1999:(1988)
1993:(1976)
1987:(1966)
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1975:(1948)
1969:(1928)
1963:(1912)
1957:(1903)
1951:(1880)
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133:Awards
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