Alan L. Hart - Knowledge

573:(1936) contains a doctor, Richard Cameron, who describes himself as a 'cripple' after his foot is amputated following persistent bone infection. Cameron worries that this physical defect will drive women away, but ends up marrying his sweetheart. A second character, a radiologist named Sandy Farquhar, is a gay man who has been harassed and tormented, driven from job to job, over his sexuality. Farquhar, who is short, thin, and bespectacled, resembles Hart physically, and considers himself "the possessor of a defective body" from which he wishes to escape, a possible expression of gender dysphoria. Another novel, 259:, then located in San Francisco. Hart was deeply unhappy that the medical degree was issued in his female name, limiting his opportunities to use it in any future life under a male name. College records show that at least one of the senior staff was sympathetic; his graduation records were indexed internally as "Hart, Lucile (aka Robert L.), M.D." Nonetheless, Hart knew that if he presented himself as Robert, any prospective employer checking his credentials would discover the female name or find no records for him at all. After graduation he worked for a short while (presenting as a woman) at a 2124:'s statement that "Katz's book is unfortunately tainted with a heavy dose of transphobia." She also brings up Katz's footnote in his Gay/Lesbian Almanac about an unpublished paper: "Transsexualism: Today's Quack Medicine: An Issue for Every Body", and noting his statement: "An historical study needs to be made of the medical and autobiographical literature on 'transsexualism'; it will, I think, reveal the fundamentally sexist nature of the concept and of the associated medical treatments." O'Hartigan also sets forth, disapprovingly, an explanation for referring to Hart as female by 722:, written in 1943, stipulated that his personal letters and photographs be destroyed, and this was done on his death in 1962. Hart had acted all his life to control the interpretation of his private and emotional life, and the destruction of his personal records at his death were commensurate with this goal. Believing that the secret of his personal history was safe he made no attempt to account for his own life. His identity as the pseudonymous "H" in Gilbert's notes was discovered posthumously by Jonathan Ned Katz, and his identity described as 195:. When Hart was five years old his mother remarried, to Bill Barton, and the family moved to Edna's father's farm. Hart wrote later, in 1911, of his happiness during this time, when he was free to present as male, playing with boys' toys made for him by his grandfather. His parents and grandparents largely accepted and supported his gender expression, though his mother described his "desire to be a boy" as "foolish". His grandparents' obituaries, from 1921 and 1924, both list Hart as a grandson. When Hart was 12 the family moved to 849:

Avengers, several transsexual men from Seattle, and the wife of one of those men) protested the Right to Privacy dinner in the convention center where it was taking place. They wore buttons that said HIS NAME WAS ALAN HART! and passed out over 400 yellow flyers to attendees that said HIS NAME WAS ALAN and explained that they wanted the Right to Privacy dinner to acknowledge that he was a "transsexual hero". The Lesbian Avengers also placed a message on the flyer urging Right to Privacy to acknowledge Hart this way. According to

757:, Katz expressed the belief that transsexualism was "quack medicine" at the time. Wrote Katz: "An historical study needs to be made of the medical and autobiographical literature on 'transsexualism'; it will, I think, reveal the fundamentally sexist nature of the concept and the associated medical treatments." Hart's widow refused interviews to Katz, offended by his categorization of her husband (and by extension, herself) as lesbian. Katz has said he would not portray Hart as a lesbian today. 212:, including to assume names of a different gender. Hart published work in local newspapers and in school and college publications under this name, or as "submitted by an anonymous boy", or using the neutral "A. L. H." or "A. Hart". He used his legal name only under pressure from peers or seniors. His early work dealt with masculine subjects, even when he was asked to write on topics about life as a woman. When asked to write about female classmates or friends he portrayed them as 224: 828:

identity as a man, and upon his death his widow continued to insist that he was a man. Why would such a straight man be called a lesbian by the gay community when today we would certainly call him a female-to-male transsexual? He was transsexual or, at least, a transgenderist - a true pioneer. One who is seen as a hero by today's transsexual community. Please don't let him be taken away from us by allowing his old name to be used as though it were a badge of honor.

279:. In the early 20th century the disease was the biggest killer in America. Doctors, including Hart, were realizing that myriad illnesses (consumption, phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, Koch's disease, scrofula, lupus vulgaris, white plague, King's evil, Pott's disease and Gibbus) were all cases of tuberculosis (TB). TB usually attacked victims' lungs first; Hart was among the first physicians to document how it then spread, via the circulatory system, causing 172: 232: 294:, or Roentgen rays as they were more commonly known until World War Two, had been discovered only in 1895, when Hart was five years old. In the early twentieth century they were used to detect bone fractures and tumors, but Hart became interested in their potential for detecting tuberculosis. Since the disease often presented no symptoms in its early stages, X-ray 861:

this editorial. Right to Privacy was resistant to the protests, with their chair, Lisa Maxfield, saying that she was "not yet convinced" that anyone could know "the truth about whether Lucy was a lesbian or preoperative transsexual". However, Right to Privacy agreed to start a face-to-face dialogue about the issue with the Ad Hoc Committee in January 1996.

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dinner that same year. In 1999, Right to Pride dissolved, and many members joined Basic Rights Oregon, a similar gay and lesbian group. They used Hart's name for fundraising in 2000 for the "17th Annual Hart Dinner" and used both she and he pronouns for him in the pamphlet. In 2003, the writer Joy Parks described the battle, especially within

746:(1976) first identified Hart as the pseudonymous "H" in Joseph Gilbert's 1920s case notes, described Hart as a lesbian and depicted his case as one where contemporary strictures against lesbianism were so strong that a 'woman' like Hart had to adopt a male identity to pursue love affairs with women. Katz contended again in his 1983 765:

Lucille Hart made a choice to represent herself as a man based on the oppression of society at large It is our belief that by honoring the beginning of her life as a woman, as well as the end of her life as a man, we bring greater dignity and respect to one of Oregon's greatest lesbian and gay heroes." In 1996, the

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called Right to Privacy began hosting the Lucille Hart dinner. They characterized Alan Hart as a famous lesbian from Portland. This fundraiser regularly collected over $ 100,000 in contributions annually. Right to Privacy's executive director, Barry Pack, claimed in 1995: "We continue to believe that

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him as transgender, forcing Hart and his wife to move. Hart found the experience traumatic and again consulted Gilbert, who wrote that Hart had suffered from "the hounding process ... which our modern social organization can carry on to such perfection and refinement". Hart set up a new practice

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In 1948, Hart was appointed director of hospitalization and rehabilitation for the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission. As in Idaho, Hart took charge of a massive statewide X-ray screening program for TB, emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment. He held this position for the

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in 1920, that "from a sociological and psychological standpoint is a man" and that living as one was Hart's only chance for a happy existence, "the best that can be done". Gilbert addressed the fact that Hart already passed as male, stating: "Many Kodak pictures of H have been exhibited as those of

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Koskovich, Gerard. "Gay at Stanford: Past, Present and Future" (panel discussion sponsored by the Stanford Historical Society at Stanford University, Dec. 3, 2009). Koskovich was one of three presenters; his talk mentions Hart as a forebear of the transgender rights movement. A podcast of the panel

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Right to Privacy published "The Lucille Hart Story: an Unconventional Fairy Tale" in 1996. It was authored by amateur historian Tom Cook, and Thomas Lauderdale, who had a degree in history but a career as a pianist for the band Pink Martini. Both Cook and Lauderdale believed that Hart was a lesbian

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The relocations, financial insecurity, and secrecy placed strain on Hart's marriage, and Inez left him in September 1923. She ordered him to have no further contact with her, and divorced him in 1925. The same year Hart married his second wife, Edna Ruddick; the union lasted until the end of Hart's

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argument, that a person with "abnormal inversion" should be sterilized. Gilbert was initially reluctant, but accepted that Hart was "extremely intelligent and not mentally ill, but afflicted with a mysterious disorder for which I have no explanation". He accepted that Hart experienced himself only

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An experienced and accessible writer, Hart wrote widely for medical journals and popular publications, describing TB for technical and general audiences and giving advice on its prevention, detection, and cure. At the time the word "tuberculosis" carried a social stigma akin to venereal disease, so

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that Hale framing the issue as infighting among transsexuals did not represent the truth, which is that there was a strong movement among transsexuals and lesbians at the time to pressure Right to Privacy to change the name of the dinner and to claim Alan Hart as a transsexual man. In 2004, writer

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and asked if they would like to see a presentation that argued their case. The Lesbian Avengers agreed and, upon seeing a presentation by Brown, Koteles, and a female-to-male transsexual named Ken Morris, were persuaded to believe that Alan Hart was a transgender man. After attempting to negotiate

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The Right to Privacy Political Action Committee in Oregon has a big fundraiser every year that is called the Lucille Hart Dinner. When asked if I am going, I indignantly answer, "Not until they stop using the wrong name and gender for one of our heroes!" His name is Alan He never wavered from his

674:(published by W. W. Norton & Company) – This novel showed gay physician "Sandy Farquhar" pursuing a career in radiology "because he thought it wouldn't matter so much in a laboratory what a man's personality was", conflicts and themes which Hart himself had experienced in his early career. 310:

In 1937, Hart was hired by the Idaho Tuberculosis Association and later became the state's Tuberculosis Control Officer. He established Idaho's first fixed-location and mobile TB screening clinics and spearheaded the state's war against tuberculosis. Between 1933 and 1945 Hart traveled extensively

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was invaluable for early detection. Even rudimentary early X-ray machines could detect the disease before it became critical. This allowed early treatment, often saving the patient's life. It also meant sufferers could be identified and isolated from the population, greatly lessening the spread of

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of June 10, 1921: "Young Hart was different, even then. Boys' clothes just felt natural. Hart always regarded himself as a boy and begged his family to cut his hair and let him wear trousers. Hart disliked dolls but enjoyed playing doctor. He hated traditional girl tasks, preferring farm work with

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detection; he worked in sanitariums and X-ray clinics in New Mexico, Illinois, Washington, and Idaho. For the last 16 years of his life, he headed mass X-ray programs that screened for tuberculosis in Connecticut X-rays were not regularly used to screen for tuberculosis prior to Hart's innovation,

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After the publication of Doctor Mallory, Hart wrote that one of his ambitions was "to be an 'unofficial observer' of the medical profession during the remainder of my life" and "to write a novel about a research institute, another about hospitals, another about a family of doctors". He eventually

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that emphasized the Ad Hoc Committee was not complaining about lesbian and gay people in general. Brown emphasized that the Committee believed that the lesbians and gays who were transphobic were a "minority of the gay and lesbian community". She emphasized the allyship of the Lesbian Avengers in

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lecture given by Thomas Cook titled " The Legendary Life of Lucille Hart, alias Dr. Alan Hart" to unfurl a 20 foot banner that said "HIS NAME WAS ALAN!" Three days after this protest, over a dozen transsexuals and lesbians (including Brown, Morris, Koteles, several members of the Portland Lesbian

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views of identity gave her "reservations about using the word 'transsexual' to refer to people before the mid 20th century who identify in a profound, ongoing manner with a gender that they were not assigned at birth". The term 'transsexual' was not published until the 1920s, and not widely used

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In an interview with a local paper, Hart declared that he was "happier since I made this change than I ever have in my life, and I will continue this way as long as I live .... I have never concealed anything regarding my to men's clothing .... I came home to show my friends that I am

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Writers in the 2020s for mainstream publications as well as historical societies tend to portray Alan Hart as a transgender man. The Oregon Encyclopedia acknowledges that there was conflict over his identity, but refers to him as "one of the first female-to-male transgender persons to undergo a

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In March 1996, the board of Right to Privacy announced that they would change the name of the Lucille Hart Dinner. According to Maxfield: "The articles presented to us were very convincing and certainly influenced our decision." Right to Privacy settled on the name "Right to Pride" for the next

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Hart and Cushman's story also was featured in a second historical exhibition at Stanford University: "Creating Queer Space at Stanford: Pages From a Student Scrapbook", which was on display in April and May 2004 in the second floor lobby of Tresidder Memorial Union on the Stanford campus. The

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Hart said once, in a speech to graduating medical students, "Each of us must take into account the raw material which heredity dealt us at birth and the opportunities we have had along the way, and then work out for ourselves a sensible evaluation of our personalities and accomplishments".

667:(published by W. W. Norton & Company) – An overnight best-seller, Hart's first novel drew on his experiences as a small-town doctor in Gardiner, Oregon. It portrayed the medical profession as increasingly venal, and was the first exposé of the medical world by a working doctor. 199:. There Hart was obliged to present as female to attend school, where he was treated as a girl. He continued to spend the holidays at his grandfather's farm, presenting as male among his male friends, "teasing the girls and playing boy's games". According to a reminiscence piece in the 568:

Alongside his medical practice and research, Hart pursued a second career as a novelist. He had in early life published in local, school, and college magazines, and later published four novels, chiefly on medical themes. His four novels incorporate semi-autobiographical themes:

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had set a new precedent for sex reassignment surgery by enlisting simultaneous support from psychiatric, legal, and surgical quarters. There was now medical and legal precedent for transitioning; Hart's approach to his own transition appears to have drawn on the Baer case.

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rest of his life, and is credited with helping contain the spread of tuberculosis in Connecticut as he had previously in the Pacific Northwest. Similar programs based on his leadership and methodology in this field in other states also saved many thousands of lives.

611:, March 1909 issue) – A call for student rebellion and a statement of the need of students to be taken seriously. The work discusses doves spreading their wings and flying, reflecting Hart's sense of confinement while forced to live as a sedate young woman. 1747: 726:. Katz's attempts to learn more about Hart's life by contacting Hart's widow were discouraged by Edna Ruddick Hart. The message passed on by her friend in Albany was: "Let that all be passed now. She is older and does not want any more heart ache now." 374:

a man without being questioned." He added: "Let him who finds in himself a tendency to criticize to offer some constructive method of dealing with the problem on hand. He will not want for difficulties. The patient and I have done our best with it."

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During the last six years of his life Hart gave numerous lectures, and dedicated all his free time to fundraising for medical research and to support patients with advanced TB who could not afford treatment. He was a member of the

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newspaper on Feb. 6, 1918. The article's opening sentence referred to him by his birth name and with she/her pronouns, describing him as having graduated from Stanford "as a fluffy coed ... affected boyish mannerisms".

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The majority of Hart's biographers insist upon viewing the doctor as a woman in disguise, without regard for Hart's self-identification as a man, medical treatment, and legal documentation. O'Hartigan (2002) also refers to

646:, March 1910 issue) – A discussion of the difference between moral laws, physical laws, and laws of convention, with reference to discourtesy of someone who tells tales on another student for contravening gender norms. 347:

as a man. Hart's was the first documented transgender male transition in the United States, though sex reassignment surgeries had been carried out earlier in Germany, including on one man, treated by German sexologist

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the menfolk instead. The self reliance that became a lifelong trait was evident early: once when he accidentally chopped off his fingertip with an axe, Hart dressed it himself, saying nothing about it to the family."

702:, is considered to have influenced subsequent medical fiction. Another semi-autobiographical account, it revolves around John Finlay, a relatively wealthy doctor who owns his own practice during the Great Depression. 639:, February 1910 issue, under the pseudonym "Lucille Hart") – the story condemns contemporary politic scandals and the injustice of sexism, and sets out Hart's ideas about the character of a true and respectable man. 1417:"Geschlechtsübergänge. Mischungen männlicher und weiblicher Geschlechtscharaktere (sexuelle Zwischenstufen)" [Gender transitions. Mixtures of male and female sexual characteristics (sexual intermediates)]. 315:

Hart insisted his clinics be referred to as "chest clinics", himself as a "chest doctor", and his patients as "chest patients". Discretion and compassion were important tools in treating the stigmatised disease.

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Graduation details for "Hart, Lucille (aka Robert L.), M.D." Oregon Health & Science University Historical Collections & Archives, Biographical Files, in Box 27 of the Licenses, Degrees, and Certificates

604:, March 1909 issue) – A love poem, presented as the work of an anonymous male student about an Irish girl. It was reprinted in his college yearbook in 1911, under his female name, outing his crush on Eva Cushman. 287:

spread rapidly among persons in close proximity by coughing and sneezing. This meant it might be treated, but with no cure for the disease in its advanced stages the only hope for sufferers was early detection.

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synthetic testosterone became available in the US, and for the first time Hart was able to grow a beard and shave. He also developed a deeper voice, making him more confident and his public appearances easier.

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During his school years, Hart was allowed to write essays under his chosen name "Robert Allen Bamford Jr." with little resistance from his classmates or teachers. It was common at the time for writers to use

632:, January 1910 issue) – A lament on the destruction of Hart's childhood dreams of freedom when he was obliged to be female; ending with hope for a future in which he, "with a heart of a man", might be happy. 618:, December 1909 issue) – A critical take on the fate of women obliged to be housewives, and raising their daughters to the same destiny. The piece quoted the Bible and reflected a concern for women's rights. 653:, Albany College yearbook, 1911) – By now Hart's habits of male dress outside school were well-known, and this story frankly described his early life and its freedom to dress and live as a boy. 1434:, in three vols. illustrated, edited by Magnus Hirschfeld, Verlag für Sexualwissenschaft Schneider & Co., Leipzig/Wien, 1930 (English edition – abbreviated and without illustrations: 819:

listed Alan Hart as a historical figure representing transgender men. In October 1994, Candice Hellen Brown, a male-to-female transsexual residing in Portland, wrote a letter to the editor of

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In 1943, Hart, now recognized as pre-eminent in the field of tubercular roentgenology, compiled his extensive evidence on TB and other X-ray-detectable cases into a definitive compendium,

715:, from which his mother had died. The interest on his estate is donated annually to the Alan L. and Edna Ruddick Hart Fund, which makes grants for research into leukaemia and its cure. 539:, among many others. Socially, both he and Edna were well liked, active community leaders. Alan was of Protestant faith and served for eight years as vice president for his local 506:, where Hart had been appointed Director of Hospitalization and Rehabilitation for the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission. The couple lived for the rest of their lives in 2348: 681:(published by W. W. Norton & Company) – Hart's third novel was favorably reviewed for its insights into contemporary medicine, but the reviewer at a national magazine ( 930:, along with a brief description of their subsequent lives, was included in the historical exhibition "Coming to Terms: Passionate Friendship to Gay Liberation on the Farm" at 1555: 307:

were introduced in the 1940s, doctors using the techniques Hart developed had managed to cut the tuberculosis death toll down to one fiftieth of what it had previously been.

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on the kidneys, spine, and brain, eventually resulting in death. Scientists had discovered in the nineteenth century that tuberculosis was not hereditary, but an airborne

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A compilation of Hart's college writings from the Lewis & Clark College Special Collections, accompanied by an overview and timeline of Hart's life by Brian Booth:

597:) – For an assignment to write about female college members and sporting activities, Hart described the ambiguously named "Frances", a prize boxer and basketball player. 934:

at Stanford. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich; it ran from July through October 1994 and was the subject of a feature article in the

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wiped out most of the Montana farmers and stockmen, and me along with them". He then took itinerant work, until in 1921, on a written recommendation from noted doctor

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as a male, who described himself using phrases including "the other fellows and I" and asking "what could a fellow do?" Gilbert wrote, in case notes published in the

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Bair, Henry. "Lucille Hart Story" and Brian Booth "Alan Hart: A Literary Footnote", in Right to Privacy Ninth Annual Lucille Hart Dinner Booklet (October 6, 1990).

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with the Right to Privacy commission, The Lesbian Avengers and the Ad Hoc Committee of Transsexuals decided to protest the Lucille Hart Dinner and other events.

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for the 1911–1912 school year before going back to Albany. Hart graduated from Albany College in 1912, and in 1917 obtained a doctor of medicine degree from the

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that claimed Hart's attempted lesbian reclamation was a "gay rewriting of history" and that it showed a "blatant lack of regard for transgendered identities".

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through rural Idaho, covering thousands of miles while lecturing, conducting mass TB screenings, training new staff, and treating the effects of the epidemic.

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s critic wrote that, "... for a doctor, he seems to know surprisingly little of women. His portraits of them are little more than profile sketches".

532: 884:, calling Hart an "issue in a recent transgender community controversy" and one of "three butch/ftm border war figures". However, O'Hartigan claimed in 140:, October 4, 1890 – July 1, 1962) was an American physician, radiologist, tuberculosis researcher, writer, and novelist. Hart pioneered the use of 2503: 2448: 1325: 794:. Stryker claimed in the summer of 1995 that Hart was "the butch half of a butch/femme relationship". In the following issue, Stryker said that her 2301:

Connecticut History: a CTHumanities Project - Stories about the people, traditions, innovations, and events that make up Connecticut's rich history

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to refer to people before the mid-20th century who identify in a profound, ongoing manner with a gender that they were not assigned to at birth."

1356: 1104:. The date of Hart's death is given in Booth, "Chronology" (1999), page 11. It was listed incorrectly on Knowledge until May 23, 2012, 3:57 EST. 775:

and frequently gave soundbites to newspapers about it as well as formal presentations at colleges and history museums in Oregon and Washington.

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Hart's surgery was completed at the University of Oregon Medical School over the 1917–1918 winter vacation. He then legally changed his name.

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Early female to male (FTM) reassignment surgeries involved the implanting of testicular tissue in place of the removed ovaries. Crystalline

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exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich, with Stanford undergraduate Hunter Hargraves serving as associate curator.

2523: 2498: 2508: 2245: 923:, a title drawing on one of Hart's novels. The exhibition's run was extended by nearly a month in light of unexpectedly high interest. 1060: 322:(published by Harper & Brothers), still a standard text today. The book was translated into Spanish and several other languages. 1120: 152:

As a fiction author, Hart published over nine short stories and four novels, which incorporated drama, romance, and medical themes.

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Weiss, Jillian Todd (2003). "GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community".

2128:: "As an historian favoring 'social construction' approaches to questions of identity, I have reservations about using the word 256: 115: 625:, December 1909 issue) – Hart asks "what would his mother would say if he were to be a rough and tough College football hero?" 2538: 2513: 2037: 252: 2057: 963: 2356: 1708: 360:

In 1917, Hart approached Joshua Allen Gilbert, Ph.D., M.D., at the University of Oregon and requested surgery to eliminate

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Lauderdale, Thomas M.; Cook, Tom (September–October 1993). "The Incredible Life and Loves of the Legendary Lucille Hart".

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communities over Hart's identity as "extremely ugly" and one in which "neither side appeared particularly victorious".

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He interned at San Francisco Hospital. A former classmate recognized him there, and he was outed as transgender in the

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and are still used as a gold standard today, which has led researchers to believe that he has saved countless lives.

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reported that Right to Privacy said Hart obtaining a hysterectomy was an "unfortunate result of the psychotherapy".

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Manifesting Manhood: Dr. Alan Hart's Transformation and the Embodiment of Sex in Early Twentieth-Century Sexology

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wrote all three. Hart's other novels are In the Lives of Men (1937) and Doctor Finlay Sees it Through (1942).

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Geschlechts-Übergänge. Mischungen männlicher und weiblicher Geschlechtscharaktere (sexuelle Zwischenstufen)

2297:"Alan L. Hart: Pioneer in Medicine and Transgender History - Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project" 395:

In February 1918, he married his first wife, Inez Stark, at a Congregational church and moved with her to

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Margaret Deidre O'Hartigan called this "the opening shot in the struggle to restore Hart's manhood" in

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magazine defending Hart's manhood and criticizing the Right to Privacy dinner. In her letter she wrote:

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had been extracted in usable quantities from male urine by 1903, but it represented an infection risk.

2323:"Meet Oregonian Dr. Alan Hart, who underwent the first documented gender-confirming surgery in the US" 1548:"100 years ago in San Francisco: Dr. Alan Hart, doctor who interned in Lewiston, outed as transgender" 1039:

These Mysterious Rays: a nontechnical discussion of the uses of X rays and radium, chiefly in medicine

491:. During the war Hart was also a medical adviser at the Army Recruiting and Induction headquarters in 320:

These Mysterious Rays: A Nontechnical Discussion of the Uses of X-rays and Radium, Chiefly in Medicine

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Lauderdale, Thomas M., and Cook, Tom. "The Incredible Life and Loves of the Legendary Lucille Hart",

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in New York, where he also carried out postgraduate work; he spent 1926–1928 as a clinician at the

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Bates, Tom. "Decades ago, an Oregon Doctor Tried to Define Gender"" The Oregonian (July 14, 1996).

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on July 1, 1962. The terms of his will directed his body be cremated and his ashes scattered over

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Synthetic hormones were not immediately available. When given the opportunity, Hart began taking

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OHSU Fertility Clinic News (September 2006) in the University of Oregon Medical School Library

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from a presentation by Brian Booth to OCHC's Discovering Oregon Originals '99 series in 2000

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In 1997, female-to-male transsexual philosopher Jacob Hale supported Stryker's views in the

2388: 2383: 921:"The Lives of Men": A Literary Glimpse at the Life of Alberta Lucille Hart/Dr. Alan L. Hart 295: 248: 180: 111: 52: 803:

that a social constructionist view would seem to exclude claiming Hart was butch as well.

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The life and Career of Alberta Lucille / Dr. Alan L. Hart with collected early writings

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The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart, with collected early writings

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The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart with Collected Early Writings

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After Hart's death his wife acted on his wish to establish a fund for research into

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Hart's novels received a fair amount of critical attention and were reviewed in

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hysterectomy in the United States and live the remainder of his life as a man".

479:, where Hart worked during the 1930s and early 1940s; his work also took him to 364:

and the possibility of ever becoming pregnant. He also presented Gilbert with a

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In Oregon, Hart suffered an early blow when a former medical school classmate

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fever in 1892, his mother reverted to her maiden name and moved the family to

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Hart (standing on right) as a part of editorial staff for college yearbook.

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Devereaux, Emile (2010). "Doctor Alan Hart: X-Ray Vision in the Archive".

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Geschlechtskunde auf Gruddreissingjährur Forschung und Erfahrung bearbeit

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in 1995, also claimed Hart was a lesbian. In 1995, transsexual historian

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O'Hartigan, Margaret Deidre (2002). "Alan Hart". In Kotula, Dean (ed.).

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In 1994, the story of Alan Lucille Hart and Eva Cushman's attendance at

2186:"TransSisters: The Journal of Transsexual Feminism No. 8 (Spring 1995)" 1361: 719: 460: 443:

for developing a flu vaccine), he secured a post as staff physician at

243:), then transferred with classmate and romantic partner Eva Cushman to 217: 209: 498:

In 1948, after Hart obtained a master's degree in public health from

464: 260: 156: 1871: 1449: 1326:"FTM Contributions to Medicine, Psychology, Science and Engineering" 171: 712: 365: 284: 1269:

Koskovich, Gerard (June 1993). "Private Lives, Public Struggles".

864: 853:, attendees responded to this with generally favorable attitudes. 685:) noted "as a doctor, Hart knows surprisingly little about women". 275:

Hart devoted much of his career to research into and treatment of

2161:"Information for the Female-to-Male Crossdresser and Transsexual" 1320: 1318: 1316: 901:

referred to Hart as a "trailblazing transgender doctor" in 2021.

844:

In October 1995, members from the Ad Hoc Committee interrupted a

723: 492: 488: 280: 188: 87:

Physician; radiologist; tuberculosis researcher; writer; novelist

299:

the disease. Public fund-raising drives, like the newly created

813:

Information for the Female-to-Male Crossdresser and Transsexual

423: 291: 213: 32: 1313: 1084:"Alberta Lucille Hart / Dr. Alan L. Hart: An Oregon "Pioneer"" 1083: 593:

1908: "Frankfort Center" (published in the Albany High School

231: 2519:

Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed gender identity

1816: 1792: 946: 806: 476: 2032:(1 ed.). Los Angeles, California: Alyson Publications. 919:

ran an exhibition on Hart's life and early writings, titled

1780:, and other leading publications of the times.In reviewing 1667: 874: 499: 642:

1910: "The Unwritten Law of the Campus" (published in the

1196:"In transition: OHSU evolves to aid transgender patients" 799:

until the 1960s, near Hart's death. O'Hartigan noted in

753:

As activist Margaret Deidre O'Hartigan noted in the book

750:

that Hart was "clearly a lesbian, a woman-loving woman".

554:

where he and Edna had spent many happy summers together.

744:

Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.

463:

in Illinois. In 1928 Hart obtained a master's degree in

1933:

Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A

1286:

Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A

1121:"Trailblazing Transgender Doctor Saved Countless Lives" 982:

Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A

600:

1909: "My Irish Colleen" (published anonymously in the

1419:

Monatsschrift für Harnkrankheiten und Sexuelle Hygiene

1022:

Koskovich, Gerard. "Private Lives, Public Struggles",

998:, Vol. 2, Nos. 12 and 13 (September and October 1993). 649:

1911: "An Idyll of a Country Childhood" (published in

18:

Transgender American physician and writer (1890–1962)

2046: 1193: 621:

1909: "'Ma' on the Football Hero" (published in the

577:, contains a gay male character with a missing arm. 471:; he was in 1929 appointed Director of Radiology at 303:

campaign, helped finance these efforts. By the time

235:

Eva Cushman, who dated Hart during his college years

533:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

414:, including a lower-pitched voice and facial hair. 2243:Sacred Ground: News and Reviews on Lesbian Writing 1194:Oregonian/OregonLive, Casey Parks (May 14, 2016). 1526:. Stuttgart: Julius Püttman, Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1509:Mentioned in Hirschfeld's notes in 1905 entitled 339:Upon reaching adulthood, Hart sought psychiatric 2375: 1019:. Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR. 1999. 856:After the protest, Brown wrote an editorial for 614:1909: "The American 'Martha'" (published in the 2030:The phallus palace: female to male transsexuals 1801:, from a presentation by Brian Booth to OCHC's 889:Jillian Todd Weiss published an article in the 865:Transgender reclamation and conflict resolution 628:1910: "The Magic of Someday" (published in the 2027: 1219: 635:1910: "The National Triune" (published in the 2394:Oregon Health & Science University alumni 1400:Drei Fälle irrtümlicher Geschlechtsbestimmung 974: 1365:. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017 1586:"Dr. Hart explains change to male attire". 790:weighed in on Hart's identity twice in the 760:In 1981, the Oregon gay and lesbian rights 483:, where he held a research fellowship as a 1521: 1404:Three cases of erroneous sex determination 1397: 1309:National Cyclopaedia of American Biography 947:Describing Hart as transsexual/transgender 807:Transgender protest of lesbian reclamation 31: 2504:20th-century American non-fiction writers 2449:Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male) 1834: 1268: 1061:List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon 984:. New York City: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976. 607:1909: "To the Faculty" (published in the 155:Circa 1917, Hart became one of the first 1545: 1357:"Dr. Alan Hart, Unwitting Queer Pioneer" 417: 270: 230: 222: 170: 2346: 2100: 1869: 1626: 1608:from the original on September 27, 2020 1558:from the original on September 27, 2020 1447: 510:, where Edna became a professor at the 475:. During the 1930s the couple moved to 2376: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1948:Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary 1870:Gilbert, Joshua Allen (October 1920). 1729: 1448:Gilbert, Joshua Allen (October 1920). 1175:from the original on November 18, 2020 1118: 1077: 1075: 991:. New York City: Harper and Row, 1983. 989:Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary 748:Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary 734: 585:These short stories were collected in 580: 399:, to set up his own medical practice. 257:Stanford University School of Medicine 253:Oregon Health & Science University 116:Stanford University School of Medicine 2347:Heywood, Karen (September 29, 1994). 2260: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2101:Roberts, Barbara (October 12, 1991). 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1876:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1711:from the original on October 17, 2020 1658: 1654: 1652: 1496:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1454:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1241:The Takenah (Albany College Yearbook) 1094:from the original on October 23, 2008 1081: 1001:Miller, Janet, and Schwartz, Judith. 915:In 2002 the Aubrey Watzek Library at 778:Other Portland publications, such as 371:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179:Hart was born on October 4, 1890, in 1945: 1930: 1915: 1438:, The Panurge Press, New York, 1934) 1354: 1283: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1114: 1112: 1110: 251:Medical Department in Portland (now 2489:Yale School of Public Health alumni 1436:The Sexual History of the World War 1288:. New York City: Thomas Y. Crowell. 1239:"An Idyll of a Country Childhood". 1088:Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission 1072: 1041:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 961:Stanford Historical Society website 904: 13: 2524:20th-century American LGBTQ people 2499:20th-century American male writers 2359:from the original on April 5, 2021 2254: 2203: 2054:"20th Century Transgender History" 1954: 1872:"Homo-Sexuality and Its Treatment" 1750:from the original on April 5, 2021 1649: 1637:from the original on April 5, 2021 1546:Kershner, Jim (February 6, 2018). 1450:"Homo-sexuality and Its Treatment" 1254:"Reminiscences of Hall's Summit". 529:American Public Health Association 239:Hart attended Albany College (now 159:in the United States to undergo a 14: 2550: 2509:American male non-fiction writers 1138: 1107: 683:The Saturday Review of Literature 2399:Lewis & Clark College alumni 1888:10.1097/00005053-192010000-00002 1803:Discovering Oregon Originals '99 1733:Female Husbands: A Trans History 1466:10.1097/00005053-192010000-00002 1432:Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges 1009: 451:life. In 1925 Hart moved to the 329: 2469:People from Linn County, Oregon 2414:20th-century American novelists 2340: 2315: 2289: 2235: 2178: 2153: 2113: 2094: 2064: 1939: 1924: 1909: 1863: 1828: 1808: 1762: 1723: 1693: 1620: 1594: 1579: 1570: 1539: 1530: 1515: 1503: 1499:. Williams & Wilkins. 1920. 1487: 1441: 1425: 1410: 1391: 1348: 1302: 1292: 563: 1736:. Cambridge University Press. 1730:Manion, Jen (March 26, 2020). 1330:ComputerConsultingServices.net 1277: 1262: 1247: 1232: 1213: 1187: 909: 811:In the popular 1985 pamphlet, 729: 537:American Civil Liberties Union 453:Trudeau School of Tuberculosis 1: 2222:DigitalTransgenderArchive.net 2190:DigitalTransgenderArchive.net 2165:DigitalTransgenderArchive.net 2107:Barbara Roberts Video Gallery 1778:Saturday Review of Literature 1355:Will, Robin (July 15, 2015). 1066: 1033:from Lewis and Clark College. 1026:, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 1993). 690:Doctor Finlay Sees it Through 334: 166: 2539:American transgender writers 2514:People from Gardiner, Oregon 1931:Katz, Jonathan Ned (1992) . 1590:. March 26, 1918. p. 1. 1119:DeLuca, Leo (October 2021). 7: 1946:Katz, Jonathan Ned (1983). 1916:Katz, Jonathan Ned (1983). 1837:Australian Feminist Studies 1774:The New York Herald-Tribune 1522:Hirschfeld, Magnus (1930). 1398:Hirschfeld, Magnus (1906). 1054: 1003:Lesbian Physicians Sideshow 433:crash of the autumn of 1920 10: 2555: 2404:Stanford University alumni 2248:December 17, 2007, at the 975:Describing Hart as lesbian 966:December 27, 2009, at the 882:Transsexual News Telegraph 792:Transsexual News Telegraph 508:West Hartford, Connecticut 469:University of Pennsylvania 2459:American LGBTQ scientists 2072:"Oregon History Online 2" 1905:– via Google Books. 1849:10.1080/08164641003762479 1821:October 23, 2008, at the 1797:October 23, 2008, at the 1483:– via Google Books. 1383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 917:Lewis & Clark College 706: 657: 525:American Thoracic Society 241:Lewis & Clark College 121: 99: 91: 83: 71: 59: 39: 30: 23: 2534:American transgender men 2484:American LGBTQ novelists 2454:LGBTQ people from Kansas 2429:Transgender male writers 2424:American medical writers 343:and surgery to continue 138:Robert Allen Bamford Jr. 75:Robert Allen Bamford Jr. 2529:LGBTQ history in Oregon 2479:Medical fiction writers 2419:American male novelists 2409:Yale School of Medicine 1935:. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. 1627:P Close, Colin (2014). 1602:"Alan Hart (1890-1962)" 1284:Katz, Jonathan (1976). 1165:"Alan Hart (1890-1962)" 780:Alternative Connections 473:Tacoma General Hospital 410:. His treatment led to 2494:Physicians from Kansas 2474:Physicians from Oregon 2444:Transgender scientists 2263:Journal of Bisexuality 1679:Legacy Project Chicago 1222:Alternative Connection 1169:OregonEncyclopedia.org 996:Alternative Connection 932:Cecil H. Green Library 891:Journal of Bisexuality 830: 815:, author and activist 796:social constructionist 644:Albany College Student 637:Albany College Student 630:Albany College Student 623:Albany College Student 616:Albany College Student 609:Albany College Student 602:Albany College Student 512:University of Hartford 502:, the couple moved to 445:Albuquerque Sanatorium 236: 228: 176: 175:Hart as a young child. 2464:American radiologists 2434:Transgender novelists 2275:10.1300/J159v03n03_02 2103:"Lucille Hart Dinner" 1659:Booth, Brian (2003). 1588:Albany Daily Democrat 1082:Booth, Brian (2000). 1037:Hart, Alan L (1943). 825: 418:Life after transition 403:ashamed of nothing". 271:Tuberculosis research 234: 226: 185:Coffey County, Kansas 174: 2218:"FTM Newsletter #33" 2060:on February 5, 2013. 1552:The Spokesman-Review 987:Katz, Jonathan Ned. 959:is available on the 699:Dr Finlay's Casebook 249:University of Oregon 112:University of Oregon 53:Halls Summit, Kansas 2082:on February 1, 2014 1950:. Harper & Row. 1920:. pp. 516–522. 1918:Gay/Lesbian Almanac 1782:In the Lives of Men 1125:Scientific American 928:Stanford University 899:Scientific American 735:Lesbian reclamation 679:In the Lives of Men 581:Early short stories 575:In the Lives of Men 437:Harriet J. Lawrence 245:Stanford University 193:Linn County, Oregon 108:Stanford University 1770:The New York Times 1336:on January 4, 2012 886:The Phallus Palace 834:The Phallus Palace 801:The Phallus Palace 755:The Phallus Palace 589:, by Brian Booth. 237: 229: 177: 77:A. L. H. 2141:on March 29, 2016 2039:978-1-55583-654-2 1707:. July 12, 2019. 1681:. October 3, 2013 1256:Halls Summit News 851:FTM International 740:Jonathan Ned Katz 350:Magnus Hirschfeld 201:Halls Summit News 142:X-ray photography 131: 130: 2546: 2439:LGBTQ physicians 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2258: 2252: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2137:. Archived from 2117: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2078:. Archived from 2068: 2062: 2061: 2056:. 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Hart" 1666: 1648: 1619: 1593: 1578: 1569: 1538: 1529: 1514: 1502: 1486: 1460:(4): 297–322. 1440: 1424: 1409: 1390: 1347: 1312: 1301: 1291: 1276: 1261: 1246: 1231: 1228:(12 & 13). 1212: 1186: 1137: 1106: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1015:Booth, Brian. 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 976: 973: 972: 971: 956: 953: 948: 945: 944: 943: 939: 936:Stanford Daily 924: 911: 908: 906: 903: 866: 863: 808: 805: 736: 733: 731: 728: 708: 705: 704: 703: 686: 675: 668: 665:Doctor Mallory 659: 656: 655: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 582: 579: 565: 562: 439:(decorated by 419: 416: 336: 333: 331: 328: 301:Christmas Seal 272: 269: 214:prize fighters 168: 165: 129: 128: 126:Doctor Mallory 123: 119: 118: 104:Albany College 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 73: 69: 68: 67:(aged 71) 61: 57: 56: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 24: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2551: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2126:Susan Stryker 2123: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1942: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1912: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1749: 1745: 1743:9781108587433 1739: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1589: 1582: 1573: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1533: 1525: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1420: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1351: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1295: 1287: 1280: 1272: 1265: 1257: 1250: 1242: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010:General works 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 986: 983: 979: 978: 969: 965: 962: 957: 954: 951: 950: 940: 937: 933: 929: 925: 922: 918: 914: 913: 902: 900: 894: 892: 887: 883: 878: 876: 873: 862: 859: 854: 852: 847: 842: 839: 835: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 804: 802: 797: 793: 789: 788:Susan Stryker 785: 781: 776: 772: 770: 769: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 727: 725: 721: 716: 714: 701: 700: 695: 691: 687: 684: 680: 676: 673: 672:The Undaunted 669: 666: 662: 661: 652: 648: 645: 641: 638: 634: 631: 627: 624: 620: 617: 613: 610: 606: 603: 599: 596: 592: 591: 590: 588: 578: 576: 572: 571:The Undaunted 561: 559: 555: 553: 549: 548:heart failure 546:Hart died of 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 415: 413: 409: 404: 400: 398: 393: 390: 385: 382: 380: 379:male hormones 375: 372: 367: 363: 358: 355: 351: 346: 342: 330:Personal life 327: 323: 321: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 297: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 233: 225: 221: 219: 215: 211: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 173: 164: 162: 158: 153: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 127: 124: 122:Notable works 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 74: 70: 62: 58: 54: 42: 38: 34: 29: 22: 16: 2361:. 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