Privacy - Knowledge

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allocate its resources to its intended assignees due to the ID issues. With the rise of Aadhaar, India has debated whether Aadhaar violates an individual's privacy and whether any organization should have access to an individual's digital profile, as the Aadhaar card became associated with other economic sectors, allowing for the tracking of individuals by both public and private bodies. Aadhaar databases have suffered from security attacks as well and the project was also met with mistrust regarding the safety of the social protection infrastructures. In 2017, where the Aadhar was challenged, the Indian Supreme Court declared privacy as a human right, but postponed the decision regarding the constitutionality of Aadhaar for another bench. In September 2018, the Indian Supreme Court determined that the Aadhaar project did not violate the legal right to privacy.

1307:("PIPEDA") is enforceable in all jurisdictions unless a substantially similar provision has been enacted on the provincial level. However, inter-provincial or international information transfers still engage PIPEDA. PIPEDA has gone through two law overhaul efforts in 2021 and 2023 with the involvement of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner and Canadian academics. In the absence of a statutory private right of action absent an OPC investigation, the common law torts of intrusion upon seclusion and public disclosure of private facts, as well as the Civil Code of Quebec may be brought for an infringement or violation of privacy. Privacy is also protected under ss. 7 and 8 of the 255: 1130: 1640:

of our consciousness consists of internal representations that remain private and are rarely externalized. This internal privacy, which Magnani refers to as a form of "information property" or "moral capital," is crucial for preserving free choice and personal agency. According to Magnani, when too much of our identity and data is externalized and subjected to scrutiny, it can lead to a loss of personal control, dignity, and responsibility. The protection of privacy, therefore, safeguards our ability to develop and pursue personal projects in our own way, free from intrusive external forces.

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detailed user profiles, which are sold to advertisers and other third parties. This practice is often done without explicit user consent, leading to an invasion of privacy as individuals have little control over how their information is used. The sale of personal data can result in targeted advertising, manipulation, and even potential security risks, as sensitive information can be exploited by malicious actors. This commercial exploitation of personal data undermines user trust and raises significant ethical and legal concerns regarding data protection and privacy rights.

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correlations between privacy concerns and information sharing behavior, which speaks against the privacy paradox. A meta-analysis of 166 studies published on the topic reported an overall small but significant relation between privacy concerns and informations sharing or use of privacy protection measures. So although there are several individual instances or anecdotes where behavior appear paradoxical, on average privacy concerns and privacy behaviors seem to be related, and several findings question the general existence of the privacy paradox.

2348:(VPN), where users must download software. Using a VPN hides all data and connections that are exchanged between servers and a user's computer, resulting in the online data of the user being unshared and secure, providing a barrier between the user and their ISP, and is especially important to use when a user is connected to public Wi-Fi. However, users should understand that all their data does flow through the VPN's servers rather than the ISP. Users should decide for themselves if they wish to use either an anonymizing proxy or a VPN. 1633:

describes the fulfillment of selected behaviour to achieve chosen outcomes. Outcome realization control is the personal interpretation of one’s achieved outcome. The relationship between two factors– primary and secondary control, is defined as the two-dimensional phenomenon where one reaches personal control: primary control describes behaviour directly causing outcomes, while secondary control is behaviour indirectly causing outcomes. Johnson explores the concept that privacy is a behaviour that has secondary control over outcomes.

381: 565:(573 U.S. 373), where David Leon Riley was arrested after he was pulled over for driving on expired license tags when the police searched his phone and discovered that he was tied to a shooting, that searching a citizen's phone without a warrant was an unreasonable search, a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court concluded that the cell phones contained personal information different from trivial items, and went beyond to state that information stored on the cloud was not necessarily a form of evidence. 41: 1301:, a 1985 piece of legislation applicable to personal information held by government institutions. The provinces and territories would later follow suit with their own legislation. Generally, the purposes of said legislation are to provide individuals rights to access personal information; to have inaccurate personal information corrected; and to prevent unauthorized collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. In terms of regulating personal information in the private sector, the federal 1670:. Through the "social ritual" of privacy, or the social practice of respecting an individual's privacy barriers, the social group communicates to developing children that they have exclusive moral rights to their bodies—in other words, moral ownership of their body. This entails control over both active (physical) and cognitive appropriation, the former being control over one's movements and actions and the latter being control over who can experience one's physical existence and when. 904:, where it was revealed that AccuWeather was selling locational data. This consisted of a user's locational data, even if they opted out within Accuweather, which tracked users' location. Accuweather sold this data to Reveal Mobile, a company that monetizes data related to a user's location. Other international cases are similar to the Accuweather case. In 2017, a leaky API inside the McDelivery App exposed private data, which consisted of home addresses, of 2.2 million users. 201: 2013: 8248: 578:(585 U.S. ____). In this case, the FBI used cell phone records without a warrant to arrest Timothy Ivory Carpenter on multiple charges, and the Supreme Court ruled that the warrantless search of cell phone records violated the Fourth Amendment, citing that the Fourth Amendment protects "reasonable expectations of privacy" and that information sent to third parties still falls under data that can be included under "reasonable expectations of privacy". 888:, and their improper use violates that user's privacy. A recent MIT study by de Montjoye et al. showed that four spatio-temporal points constituting approximate places and times are enough to uniquely identify 95% of 1.5M people in a mobility database. The study further shows that these constraints hold even when the resolution of the dataset is low. Therefore, even coarse or blurred datasets confer little privacy protection. 2189:, is a different concept from the collecting, aggregating, and disseminating information because those three are a misuse of available data, whereas invasion is an attack on the right of individuals to keep personal secrets. An invasion is an attack in which information, whether intended to be public or not, is captured in a way that insults the personal dignity and right to private space of the person whose data is taken. 963: 589:(NSA), where it was discovered that the NSA continues to breach the security of millions of people, mainly through mass surveillance programs whether it was collecting great amounts of data through third party private companies, hacking into other embassies or frameworks of international countries, and various breaches of data, which prompted a culture shock and stirred international debate related to digital privacy. 2168:

information was collected or the intent of making it available. Exposure is a special type of disclosure in which the information disclosed is emotional to the subject or taboo to share, such as revealing their private life experiences, their nudity, or perhaps private body functions. Increased accessibility means advertising the availability of information without actually distributing it, as in the case of

2433:. Also, the stress from overcrowding is connected to an increase in infant mortality rates and maternal stress. The lack of privacy that comes with overcrowding is connected to other issues in animals, which causes their relationships with others to diminish. How they present themselves to others of their species is a necessity in their life, and overcrowding causes the relationships to become disordered. 1617:

includes accessing personal information about them.) Behavioral barriers communicate to others—verbally, through language, or non-verbally, through personal space, body language, or clothing—that an individual does not want the other person to access or experience them. Lastly, normative barriers, such as laws and social norms, restrain others from attempting to access or experience an individual.

1887:. However, this does not mean that they are not concerned about their privacy. Susan B. Barnes gave a case in her article: in a television interview about Facebook, a student addressed her concerns about disclosing personal information online. However, when the reporter asked to see her Facebook page, she put her home address, phone numbers, and pictures of her young son on the page. 1859:: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." Shade believes that privacy must be approached from a people-centered perspective, and not through the marketplace. 2437:

be in the enclosures due to safety reasons, however Attenborough states that this is not an excuse for them to be constantly watched by unnecessary eyes. Also, animals will start hiding in unobserved spaces. Animals in zoos have been found to exhibit harmful or different behaviours due to the presence of visitors watching them:

854:. In the wake of Amanda Todd's death, the Canadian parliament proposed a motion purporting to stop bullying, but Todd's mother herself gave testimony to parliament rejecting the bill due to its provisions for warrantless breaches of privacy, stating "I don't want to see our children victimized again by losing privacy rights." 1385:(ICO), an independent public body set up to promote access to official information and protect personal information. They do this by promoting good practice, ruling on eligible complaints, giving information to individuals and organisations, and taking action when the law is broken. The relevant UK laws include: 1830:'product' that is not reported is fraud. For Lessig, privacy breaches online can be regulated through code and law. Lessig claims "the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right", and that "individuals should be able to control information about themselves". 2394:

Although there are laws that promote the protection of users, in some countries, like the U.S., there is no federal digital privacy law and privacy settings are essentially limited by the state of current enacted privacy laws. To further their privacy, users can start conversing with representatives,

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can be used to prevent Internet service providers (ISP) from knowing which sites one visits and with whom one communicates, by hiding IP addresses and location, but does not necessarily protect a user from third party data mining. Anonymizing proxies are built into a user's device, in comparison to a

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It can happen that privacy is not harmed when information is available, but that the harm can come when that information is collected as a set, then processed together in such a way that the collective reporting of pieces of information encroaches on privacy. Actions in this category which can lessen

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From 2004 to 2008, building from this and other historical precedents, Daniel J. Solove presented another classification of actions which are harmful to privacy, including collection of information which is already somewhat public, processing of information, sharing information, and invading personal

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Dr. Eliza Watt, Westminster Law School, University of Westminster in London, UK, proposes application of the International Human Right Law (IHRL) concept of “virtual control” as an approach to deal with extraterritorial mass surveillance by state intelligence agencies. Dr. Watt envisions the “virtual

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Acknowledging other conceptions of privacy while arguing that the fundamental concern of privacy is behavior selection control, Johnson converses with other interpretations including those of Maxine Wolfe and Robert S. Laufer, and Irwin Altman. He clarifies the continuous relationship between privacy

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expands on this concept by highlighting how privacy is essential in maintaining personal control over one's identity and consciousness. He argues that consciousness is partly formed by external representations of ourselves, such as narratives and data, which are stored outside the body. However, much

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In addition to the psychological barrier of reserve, Kirsty Hughes identified three more kinds of privacy barriers: physical, behavioral, and normative. Physical barriers, such as walls and doors, prevent others from accessing and experiencing the individual. (In this sense, "accessing" an individual

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Several methods to protect user privacy in location-based services have been proposed, including the use of anonymizing servers and blurring of information. Methods to quantify privacy have also been proposed, to calculate the equilibrium between the benefit of obtaining accurate location information

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A study conducted by Susanne Barth and Menno D.T. de Jo demonstrates that decision making takes place on an irrational level, especially when it comes to mobile computing. Mobile applications in particular are often built up in such a way that spurs decision making that is fast and automatic without

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Leslie Regan Shade argues that the human right to privacy is necessary for meaningful democratic participation, and ensures human dignity and autonomy. Privacy depends on norms for how information is distributed, and if this is appropriate. Violations of privacy depend on context. The human right to

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In various legal contexts, when privacy is described as secrecy, a conclusion is reached: if privacy is secrecy, then rights to privacy do not apply for any information which is already publicly disclosed. When privacy-as-secrecy is discussed, it is usually imagined to be a selective kind of secrecy

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2007 privacy ranking. On one end of the spectrum, green indicates countries that uphold human rights standards while on the other end, red indicates countries considered endemic surveillance societies. This ranking was the last global report conducted by Privacy International, and it is demonstrated

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A review and evaluation of scholarly work regarding the current state of the value of individuals' privacy of online social networking show the following results: "first, adults seem to be more concerned about potential privacy threats than younger users; second, policy makers should be alarmed by a

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began as a government and academic effort up through the 1980s, private corporations began to enclose the hardware and software of the Internet in the 1990s, and now most Internet infrastructure is owned and managed by for-profit corporations. As a result, the ability of governments to protect their

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For example, David Attenborough claims that the gorilla's right to privacy is being violated when they are looked at through glass enclosures. They are aware that they are being looked at, therefore they do not have control over how much the onlookers can see of them. Gorillas and other animals may

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Users are not always given the tools to live up to their professed privacy concerns, and they are sometimes willing to trade private information for convenience, functionality, or financial gain, even when the gains are very small. One study suggests that people think their browser history is worth

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advanced this notion by writing that privacy matters because "there is a close connection between our ability to control who has access to us and to information about us, and our ability to create and maintain different sorts of social relationships with different people." Protecting intimacy is at

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In addition, privacy may be seen as a state that fosters personal growth, a process integral to the development of self-identity. Hyman Gross suggested that, without privacy—solitude, anonymity, and temporary releases from social roles—individuals would be unable to freely express themselves and to

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In the US, while federal law only prohibits online harassment based on protected characteristics such as gender and race, individual states have expanded the definition of harassment to further curtail speech: Florida's definition of online harassment includes "any use of data or computer software"

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are popular today. A search for photos with the hashtag #selfie retrieves over 23 million results on Instagram and 51 million with the hashtag #me. However, due to modern corporate and governmental surveillance, this may pose a risk to privacy. In a research study which takes a sample size of 3763,

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components. Shared ideas about privacy allows freedom of conscience and diversity in thought. Public values guarantee democratic participation, including freedoms of speech and association, and limits government power. Collective elements describe privacy as collective good that cannot be divided.

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and Lawrence Lessig focus on the economic aspects of personal information control. Posner criticizes privacy for concealing information, which reduces market efficiency. For Posner, employment is selling oneself in the labour market, which he believes is like selling a product. Any 'defect' in the

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In addition, privacy may be viewed as a state that enables autonomy, a concept closely connected to that of personhood. According to Joseph Kufer, an autonomous self-concept entails a conception of oneself as a "purposeful, self-determining, responsible agent" and an awareness of one's capacity to

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directly challenged that portrayal, stating "I'm glad that they are fixing what they call bugs, but I take exception with their strong denial that they track users." In 2021, the U.S. state of Arizona found in a court case that Google misled its users and stored the location of users regardless of

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In a social sense, simply limiting the amount of personal information that users posts on social media could increase their security, which in turn makes it harder for criminals to perform identity theft. Moreover, creating a set of complex passwords and using two-factor authentication can allow

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Concrete solutions on how to solve paradoxical behavior still do not exist. Many efforts are focused on processes of decision making, like restricting data access permissions during application installation, but this would not completely bridge the gap between user intention and behavior. Susanne

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The willingness to incur a privacy risk is suspected to be driven by a complex array of factors including risk attitudes, personal value for private information, and general attitudes to privacy (which are typically measured using surveys). One experiment aiming to determine the monetary value of

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is administered by the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. The initial introduction of privacy law in 1998 extended to the public sector, specifically to Federal government departments, under the Information Privacy Principles. State government agencies can also be subject to state

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Companies like Google and Meta collect vast amounts of personal data from their users through various services and platforms. This data includes browsing habits, search history, location information, and even personal communications. These companies then analyze and aggregate this data to create

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Users of mobile applications generally have very little knowledge of how their personal data are used. When they decide which application to download, they typically are not able to effectively interpret the information provided by application vendors regarding the collection and use of personal

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and in most cases not closely related. A main explanation for the partial mismatch in the context of privacy specifically is that users lack awareness of the risks and the degree of protection. Users may underestimate the harm of disclosing information online. On the other hand, some researchers

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The privacy paradox has been studied and scripted in different research settings. Several studies have shown this inconsistency between privacy attitudes and behavior among online users. However, by now an increasing number of studies have also shown that there are significant and at times large

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The studies of psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Victor Tausk show that, as children learn that they can control who can access and experience them and to what extent, they develop an autonomous self-concept. In addition, studies of adults in particular institutions, such as Erving Goffman's

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Carl A. Johnson has identified the psychological concept of “personal control” as closely tied to privacy. His concept was developed as a process containing four stages and two behavioural outcome relationships, with one’s outcomes depending on situational as well as personal factors. Privacy is

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from the attention of others if they wish to do so, and the right to be immune from scrutiny or being observed in private settings, such as one's own home. Although this early vague legal concept did not describe privacy in a way that made it easy to design broad legal protections of privacy, it

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project in 2009, which resulted in all 1.2 billion Indians being associated with a 12-digit biometric-secured number. Aadhaar has uplifted the poor in India by providing them with a form of identity and preventing the fraud and waste of resources, as normally the government would not be able to

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One example of the free market approach is to be found in the voluntary OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. The principles reflected in the guidelines, free of legislative interference, are analyzed in an article putting them into perspective with

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introduced a registration system for online commenters in 2007, they reported that malicious comments only decreased by 0.9%, and in 2011 it was repealed. A subsequent analysis found that the set of users who posted the most comments actually increased the number of "aggressive expressions" when

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tracker on his car that was placed without a warrant, that warrantless tracking infringes the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court also justified that there is some "reasonable expectation of privacy" in transportation since the reasonable expectation of privacy had already been established under

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Johnson examined the following four stages to categorize where people exercise personal control: outcome choice control is the selection between various outcomes. Behaviour selection control is the selection between behavioural strategies to apply to attain selected outcomes. Outcome effectance

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There are various examples of this. Breach of confidentiality is when one entity promises to keep a person's information private, then breaks that promise. Disclosure is making information about a person more accessible in a way that harms the subject of the information, regardless of how the

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believes networked computer databases pose threats to privacy. He develops 'data protection' as an aspect of privacy, which involves "the collection, use, and dissemination of personal information". This concept forms the foundation for fair information practices used by governments globally.

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Privacy may be understood as a prerequisite for the development of a sense of self-identity. Privacy barriers, in particular, are instrumental in this process. According to Irwin Altman, such barriers "define and limit the boundaries of the self" and thus "serve to help define ." This control

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wrote in the late 19th century that "nothing is better worthy of legal protection than private life, or, in other words, the right of every man to keep his affairs to himself, and to decide for himself to what extent they shall be the subject of public observation and discussion." Adopting an

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The ability to do online inquiries about individuals has expanded dramatically over the last decade. Importantly, directly observed behavior, such as browsing logs, search queries, or contents of a public Facebook profile, can be automatically processed to infer secondary information about an

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Privacy self-synchronization is a hypothesized mode by which the stakeholders of an enterprise privacy program spontaneously contribute collaboratively to the program's maximum success. The stakeholders may be customers, employees, managers, executives, suppliers, partners or investors. When

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is a physical separation from others; Intimacy is a "close, relaxed; and frank relationship between two or more individuals" that results from the seclusion of a pair or small group of individuals. Anonymity is the "desire of individuals for times of 'public privacy.'" Lastly, reserve is the

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Although there are comprehensive regulations for data protection in the European Union, one study finds that despite the laws, there is a lack of enforcement in that no institution feels responsible to control the parties involved and enforce their laws. The European Union also champions the

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In 2008 the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) conducted a review of Australian privacy law and produced a report titled "For Your Information". Recommendations were taken up and implemented by the Australian Government via the Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012.

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Throughout history, there have been various conceptions of privacy. Most cultures acknowledge the right of individuals to keep aspects of their personal lives out of the public domain. The right to be free from unauthorized invasions of privacy by governments, corporations, or individuals is

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Alternatively, Stanley Benn defined privacy in terms of a recognition of oneself as a subject with agency—as an individual with the capacity to choose. Privacy is required to exercise choice. Overt observation makes the individual aware of himself or herself as an object with a "determinate

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Regan's goal is to strengthen privacy claims in policy making: "if we did recognize the collective or public-good value of privacy, as well as the common and public value of privacy, those advocating privacy protections would have a stronger basis upon which to argue for its protection".

474:) and other activities such as wiretapping and photography. As important records became digitized, Westin argued that personal data was becoming too accessible and that a person should have complete jurisdiction over their data, laying the foundation for the modern discussion of privacy. 2386:

users to be less susceptible to their accounts being compromised when various data leaks occur. Furthermore, users should protect their digital privacy by using anti-virus software, which can block harmful viruses like a pop-up scanning for personal information on a users' computer.

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assessing risk factors. Protection measures against these unconscious mechanisms are often difficult to access while downloading and installing apps. Even with mechanisms in place to protect user privacy, users may not have the knowledge or experience to enable these mechanisms.

1999:, for services that cannot exist without the user sharing private data. However, the general public is typically not given the choice whether to share private data or not, making it difficult to verify any claim that a service truly cannot exist without sharing private data. 310:(1689), Locke argued that a man is entitled to his own self through one’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He believed that the government was responsible for protecting these rights so individuals were guaranteed private spaces to practice personal activities. 720:

Several online social network sites (OSNs) are among the top 10 most visited websites globally. Facebook for example, as of August 2015, was the largest social-networking site, with nearly 2.7 billion members, who upload over 4.75 billion pieces of content daily. While

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and modern censorship and privacy, a notable example being that large social media companies, rather than the government, are able to monitor a user's data and decide what is allowed to be said online through their censorship policies, ultimately for monetary purposes.

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Athanasios S. Voulodimos and Charalampos Z. Patrikakis, "Quantifying Privacy in Terms of Entropy for Context Aware Services", special issue of the Identity in the Information Society journal, "Identity Management in Grid and SOA", Springer, vol. 2, no 2, December

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In 2016, the European Union passed the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which was intended to reduce the misuse of personal data and enhance individual privacy, by requiring companies to receive consent before acquiring personal information from users.

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The Internet and technologies built on it enable new forms of social interactions at increasingly faster speeds and larger scales. Because the computer networks which underlie the Internet introduce such a wide range of novel security concerns, the discussion of

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control” test, understood as a remote control over the individual's right to privacy of communications, where privacy is recognized under the ICCPR, Article 17. This, she contends, may help to close the normative gap that is being exploited by nation states.

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Control over one's personal information is the concept that "privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others." Generally, a person who has

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control the boundary between self and other—that is, to control who can access and experience him or her and to what extent. Furthermore, others must acknowledge and respect the self's boundaries—in other words, they must respect the individual's privacy.

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reports that 75 percent of U.S. recruiters and human-resource professionals now do online research about candidates, often using information provided by search engines, social-networking sites, photo/video-sharing sites, personal web sites and blogs, and

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is when an entity somehow injects itself into the personal decision-making process of another person, perhaps to influence that person's private decisions but in any case doing so in a way that disrupts the private personal thoughts that a person has.

2091:. Another example is how consumers and marketers also collect information in the business context through facial recognition which has recently caused a concern for things such as privacy. There is currently research being done related to this topic. 1219:

In a consumer protection approach, in contrast, it is claimed that individuals may not have the time or knowledge to make informed choices, or may not have reasonable alternatives available. In support of this view, Jensen and Potts showed that most

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data. Other research finds that this lack of interpretability means users are much more likely to be swayed by cost, functionality, design, ratings, reviews and number of downloads than requested permissions for usage of their personal data.

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Privacy may be understood as a necessary precondition for the development and preservation of personhood. Jeffrey Reiman defined privacy in terms of a recognition of one's ownership of their physical and mental reality and a moral right to

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are not merely individual because they require both the ability to obtain images without someone's consent as well as the social and economic infrastructure to disseminate that content widely. Therefore, privacy advocacy groups such as the

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self-synchronization is reached, the model states that the personal interests of individuals toward their privacy is in balance with the business interests of enterprises who collect and use the personal information of those individuals.

350:(1859) argued for the importance of protecting individual liberty against the tyranny of the majority and the interference of the state. His views emphasized the right of privacy as essential for personal development and self-expression. 1023:

The Internet has become a significant medium for advertising, with digital marketing making up approximately half of the global ad spending in 2019. While websites are still able to sell advertising space without tracking, including via

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of someone, and can include using the value of someone's reputation or likeness to advance interests which are not those of the person being appropriated. Distortion is the creation of misleading information or lies about a person.

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even though they care about their privacy. Psychologists Sonja Utz and Nicole C. Krämer particularly pointed out that the privacy paradox can occur when users must trade-off between their privacy concerns and impression management.

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is a phenomenon in which online users state that they are concerned about their privacy but behave as if they were not. While this term was coined as early as 1998, it was not used in its current popular sense until the year 2000.

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In a more non-technical sense, using incognito mode or private browsing mode will prevent a user's computer from saving history, Internet files, and cookies, but the ISP will still have access to the users' search history. Using

1487:, and various state laws. The Privacy Act of 1974 only applies to federal agencies in the executive branch of the federal government. Certain privacy rights have been established in the United States via legislation such as the 1613:"creation of a psychological barrier against unwanted intrusion"; this creation of a psychological barrier requires others to respect an individual's need or desire to restrict communication of information concerning themself. 1475:'s penumbral argument as having a "facial absurdity", casting doubt on the validity of a constitutional right to privacy in the United States and of previous decisions relying on it. In the United States, the right of 1707:

In a way analogous to how the personhood theory imagines privacy as some essential part of being an individual, the intimacy theory imagines privacy to be an essential part of the way that humans have strengthened or

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In the wake of these types of scandals, many large American technology companies such as Google, Apple, and Facebook have been subjected to hearings and pressure under the U.S. legislative system. In 2011, US Senator

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large part of users who underestimate risks of their information privacy on OSNs; third, in the case of using OSNs and its services, traditional one-dimensional privacy approaches fall short". This is exacerbated by

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The privacy calculus model posits that two factors determine privacy behavior, namely privacy concerns (or perceived risks) and expected benefits. By now, the privacy calculus has been supported by several studies.

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Samuel D. Warren and Louis Brandeis wrote "The Right to Privacy", an article in which they argued for the "right to be let alone", using that phrase as a definition of privacy. This concept relies on the theory of

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researchers found that for users posting selfies on social media, women generally have greater concerns over privacy than men, and that users' privacy concerns inversely predict their selfie behavior and activity.

404:, the increased ability to share information can lead to new ways in which privacy can be breached. It is generally agreed that the first publication advocating privacy in the United States was the 1890 article by 1502:

Unlike the EU and most EU-member states, the US does not recognize the right to privacy of non-US citizens. The UN's Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, criticized this distinction.

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Discussions surrounding surveillance coincided with philosophical ideas on privacy. Jeremy Bentham developed the phenomenon known as the Panoptic effect through his 1791 architectural design of a prison called

181:", which means set apart from what is public, personal and belonging to oneself, and not to the state. It is also derived from the Latin word 'privo,' which conveys the idea of deprivation or being robbed of. 1381:(usually breach of confidence) and privacy must then be considered under EC law. In the UK, it is sometimes a defence that disclosure of private information was in the public interest. There is, however, the 1691:

primarily entails the ability to regulate contact with others. Control over the "permeability" of the self's boundaries enables one to control what constitutes the self and thus to define what is the self.

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also defines the right to privacy. Among most countries whose constitutions do not explicitly describe privacy rights, court decisions have interpreted their constitutions to intend to give privacy rights.

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Flaherty, D. (1989). Protecting privacy in surveillance societies: The federal republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States. Chapel Hill, U.S.: The University of North Carolina Press.

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Priscilla Regan believes that individual concepts of privacy have failed philosophically and in policy. She supports a social value of privacy with three dimensions: shared perceptions, public values, and

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several types of personal information indicated relatively low evaluations of personal information. Despite claims that ascertaining the value of data requires a "stock-market for personal information",

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Privacy is sometimes defined as an option to have secrecy. Richard Posner said that privacy is the right of people to "conceal information about themselves that others might use to their disadvantage".

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Government agencies, corporations, groups/societies and other organizations may desire to keep their activities or secrets from being revealed to other organizations or individuals, adopting various

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practices and controls in order to keep private information confidential. Organizations may seek legal protection for their secrets. For example, a government administration may be able to invoke

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Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if, for example one is wary of becoming the victim of crime or

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devices that can reveal previously unknown information without a warrant constitutes a violation of privacy. In 2019, after developing a corporate rivalry in competing voice-recognition software,

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There are multiple techniques to invade privacy, which may be employed by corporations or governments for profit or political reasons. Conversely, in order to protect privacy, people may employ

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study of "total institutions" such as prisons and mental institutions, suggest that systemic and routinized deprivations or violations of privacy deteriorate one's sense of autonomy over time.

3806:"Amanda Todd's mother raises concerns about cyberbullying bill: Families of cyberbullying victims want legislation, but some have concerns about warrantless access to Canadians personal data" 430:

describes the life of Winston Smith in 1984, located in Oceania, a totalitarian state. The all-controlling Party, the party in power led by Big Brother, is able to control power through mass

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There is a highlighted quote on the importance of being honest with oneself, and after two and a half pages concludes with a suspicion that telephone operators are listening in on every call.

3813: 1674:

character" and "limited probabilities." Covert observation, on the other hand, changes the conditions in which the individual is exercising choice without his or her knowledge and consent.

1398: 581:

Beyond law enforcement, many interactions between the government and citizens have been revealed either lawfully or unlawfully, specifically through whistleblowers. One notable example is

2164:

Information dissemination is an attack on privacy when information which was shared in confidence is shared or threatened to be shared in a way that harms the subject of the information.

1596:

said that "Privacy is not simply an absence of information about us in the minds of others; rather it is the control we have over information about ourselves. Nevertheless, in the era of

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has received some reactions for features that prohibit advertisers from tracking a user's data without their consent. Google attempted to introduce an alternative to cookies named

6002: 753:. They also report that 70 percent of U.S. recruiters have rejected candidates based on internet information. This has created a need by many candidates to control various online 2087:

In the context of harming privacy, information collection means gathering whatever information can be obtained by doing something to obtain it. Examples include surveillance and

1530:, defines privacy as an appropriate information flow, where appropriateness, in turn, is defined as conformance with legitimate, informational norms specific to social contexts. 737:

research indicating that personal traits such as sexual orientation, race, religious and political views, personality, or intelligence can be inferred based on a wide variety of

4265: 1735:

Physical privacy could be defined as preventing "intrusions into one's physical space or solitude." An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S.

1137:

that countries that do have the legal right to privacy explicitly mentioned in their constitutions trend closer to yellow and green while those that do not trend closer to red.

1048:. Since the introduction of mobile phones, data brokers have also been planted within apps, resulting in a $ 350 billion digital industry especially focused on mobile devices. 6183:"The 'Privacy Paradox' in the Social Web: The Impact of Privacy Concerns, Individual Characteristics, and the Perceived Social Relevance on Different Forms of Self-Disclosure" 1644:

and personal control, where outlined behaviours not only depend on privacy, but the conception of one’s privacy also depends on his defined behavioural outcome relationships.

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and focuses on protecting individuals. The citation was a response to recent technological developments, such as photography, and sensationalist journalism, also known as

1303: 1172: 7870: 358:. The phenomenon explored the possibility of surveillance as a general awareness of being watched that could never be proven at any particular moment. French philosopher 304:’s (1632-1704) writings on natural rights and the social contract laid the groundwork for modern conceptions of individual rights, including the right to privacy. In his 2302:

messaging app, which encrypts messages so that only the recipient can read the message, is notable for being available on many mobile devices and implementing a form of

7209: 6105: 552:(1965). The Supreme Court also further clarified that the Fourth Amendment did not only pertain to physical instances of intrusion but also digital instances, and thus 645:

The Internet's effect on privacy includes all of the ways that computational technology and the entities that control it can subvert the privacy expectations of their

1973:

the equivalent of a cheap meal. Another finds that attitudes to privacy risk do not appear to depend on whether it is already under threat or not. The methodology of

1894:

However, the relationship between concerns and behavior is likely only small, and there are several arguments that can explain why that is the case. According to the

1823:

Flaherty forwards an idea of privacy as information control, "ndividuals want to be left alone and to exercise some control over how information about them is used".

1186:

published its Privacy Guidelines in 1980. The European Union's 1995 Data Protection Directive guides privacy protection in Europe. The 2004 Privacy Framework by the

7920: 3006: 973: 803:

An invasion of someone's privacy may be widely and quickly disseminated over the Internet. When social media sites and other online communities fail to invest in

362:(1926-1984) concluded that the possibility of surveillance in the instance of the Panopticon meant a prisoner had no choice but to conform to the prison's rules. 6558:"Putting the privacy paradox to the test: Online privacy and security behaviors among users with technical knowledge, privacy awareness, and financial resources" 1883:

to refer to the ambiguous boundary between private and public space on social media. When compared to adults, young people tend to disclose more information on

1063:

which it claimed reduced the privacy harms, but it later retracted the proposal due to antitrust probes and analyses that contradicted their claims of privacy.

706:. Privacy regulations are often further constrained to only protect specific demographics such as children, or specific industries such as credit card bureaus. 1183: 4251: 3572: 7935: 7816: 2201:

is any unwanted entry into a person's private personal space and solitude for any reason, regardless of whether data is taken during that breach of space.

1554:

There is extensive commentary over the meaning of being "let alone", and among other ways, it has been interpreted to mean the right of a person to choose

412:, "The Right to Privacy", and that it was written mainly in response to the increase in newspapers and photographs made possible by printing technologies. 4634: 3494: 4908: 3872: 3266: 1567:

Limited access refers to a person's ability to participate in society without having other individuals and organizations collect information about them.

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says "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon honor and reputation." The

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based privacy legislation. This built upon the already existing privacy requirements that applied to telecommunications providers (under Part 13 of the

8284: 8147: 5119: 1736: 1432: 757:

in addition to controlling their online reputations, the conjunction of which has led to legal suits against both social media sites and US employers.

150:

With the rise of technology, the debate regarding privacy has expanded from a bodily sense to include a digital sense. In most countries, the right to

7335: 7855: 6458: 3436: 1746:. There are different things that can be prevented to protect one's physical privacy, including people watching (even through recorded images) one's 1739:, which guarantees "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures". 1480: 4369: 2377:

Barth and Menno D.T. de Jong believe that for users to make more conscious decisions on privacy matters, the design needs to be more user-oriented.

8112: 8051: 7940: 3805: 1986: 1579:

said that privacy is "the condition of being protected from unwanted access by others—either physical access, personal information, or attention."

715: 6479:"The privacy paradox – Investigating discrepancies between expressed privacy concerns and actual online behavior – A systematic literature review" 1903:

argue that the mismatch comes from lack of technology literacy and from the design of sites. For example, users may not know how to change their

396:

As technology has advanced, the way in which privacy is protected and violated has changed with it. In the case of some technologies, such as the

6451:

Utz, S., & Kramer, N. (2009). The privacy paradox on social network sites revisited: The role of individual characteristics and group norms.

3089: 1459: 1401:. The ICO has also provided a "Personal Information Toolkit" online which explains in more detail the various ways of protecting privacy online. 3840: 2136:

secondary use, which is when people agree to share their data for a certain purpose, but then the data is used in ways without the data donors'

5971:

Popa, C., et al., "Managing Personal Information: Insights on Corporate Risk and Opportunity for Privacy-Savvy Leaders", Carswell (2012), Ch. 6

4079: 211: 6412:"Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression" 4456: 4104: 132:) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. 7806: 6521:

Kokolakis, Spyros (January 2017). "Privacy attitudes and privacy behaviour: A review of current research on the privacy paradox phenomenon".

1052: 5059:"What is Griswold v. Connecticut? How access to contraception and other privacy rights could be at risk after SCOTUS overturned Roe v. Wade" 4827: 2142:

exclusion is the use of a person's data without any attempt to give the person an opportunity to manage the data or participate in its usage

7885: 7359: 6411: 5058: 3299: 2395:

letting representatives know that privacy is a main concern, which in turn increases the likelihood of further privacy laws being enacted.

2057:, there are various ways to discuss what kinds of processes or actions remove, challenge, lessen, or attack privacy. In 1960 legal scholar 1716:

includes individuals volunteering to self-disclose most if not all personal information, this is one area in which privacy does not apply.

4933: 3778: 5423:"The future of consumer data protection in the E.U. Re-thinking the "notice and consent" paradigm in the new era of predictive analytics" 1488: 1318: 1313:

which is typically applied in the criminal law context. In Quebec, individuals' privacy is safeguarded by articles 3 and 35 to 41 of the

988: 572:

A recent notable occurrence of the conflict between law enforcement and a citizen in terms of digital privacy has been in the 2018 case,

7053: 2172:. Blackmail is making a threat to share information, perhaps as part of an effort to coerce someone. Appropriation is an attack on the 1856: 1754:

and unauthorized access to one's personal possessions or places. Examples of possible efforts used to avoid the former, especially for

1394: 857:

Even where these laws have been passed despite privacy concerns, they have not demonstrated a reduction in online harassment. When the

4041: 4016: 2024: with: more description of the mechanics of the privacy calculus model and how it relates to the privacy paradox. You can help by 1051:

Digital privacy has become the main source of concern for many mobile users, especially with the rise of privacy scandals such as the

8631: 8303:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

7895: 7811: 7801: 4972: 6369:

Acquisti, A., & Gross, R. (2006, June). Imagined communities: Awareness, information sharing, and privacy on the Facebook. In

1657:

in which individuals keep some information secret and private while they choose to make other information public and not private.

1592:

with another person is not considered "protected" by privacy rights with respect to the person they are in the relationship with.

8707: 8536: 1309: 842:

Despite the way breaches of privacy can magnify online harassment, online harassment is often used as a justification to curtail

533:

Police and citizens often conflict on what degree the police can intrude a citizen's digital privacy. For instance, in 2012, the

392:. A major selling point of dial telephone service was that it was "secret", in that no operator was required to connect the call. 5925: 3544: 8337: 8277: 6644: 3215: 2254:, there are multiple angles of privacy and multiple techniques to improve them to varying extents. When actions are done at an 1097:

made a distinction between collecting the contents of messages sent between users and the metadata surrounding those messages.

807:, an invasion of privacy can expose people to a much greater volume and degree of harassment than would otherwise be possible. 8127: 7483: 6732: 6689: 6045: 5666: 5381: 5336: 4411: 3420: 3250: 2873: 2595: 2553: 1377:

In the United Kingdom, it is not possible to bring an action for invasion of privacy. An action may be brought under another

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inculcate a security-focused conceptualization of privacy which reduces their obligations to uphold privacy into a matter of

4849: 729:

recently announced that it will be acquiring and permanently storing the entire archive of public Twitter posts since 2006.

8505: 7950: 7756: 7184: 3573:

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1066-2243&volume=21&issue=4&articleid=1926600&show=abstract

3186: 1699:. Such self-discovery and self-criticism contributes to one's understanding of oneself and shapes one's sense of identity. 1382: 1084:

individual, such as sexual orientation, political and religious views, race, substance use, intelligence, and personality.

7234: 6011:, p. 229: "In my view, the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right.". 5082: 2947: 569:

evidently became a landmark case, protecting the digital protection of citizen's privacy when confronted with the police.

9305: 9208: 8664: 8616: 8387: 8107: 7915: 7905: 7865: 7653: 2496: 929: 337:

argued that legal actions should be judged by the extent of their contribution to human wellbeing, or necessary utility.

6384: 5398:"Predicting Data that People Refuse to Disclose; How Data Mining Predictions Challenge Informational Self-Determination" 3341: 3314: 7847: 7821: 7781: 7592: 7511: 5888: 5154: 1436: 534: 1559:

strengthened the notion of privacy rights for individuals and began a legacy of discussion on those rights in the US.

9238: 8270: 8024: 7945: 7930: 7826: 7690: 7311: 6394: 5596: 3351: 3324: 1416: 1410: 1187: 1010: 661:

of users who share information online without expecting it to be stored and retained indefinitely. Phenomena such as

241: 139:, which can include the concepts of appropriate use and protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of 7134: 6833:

Trepte, Sabine; Reinecke, Leonard; Ellison, Nicole B.; Quiring, Oliver; Yao, Mike Z.; Ziegele, Marc (January 2017).

6074: 3886: 3462: 9203: 7713: 4241: 2122:

process, thus making facts which were intended to not name particular people to become associated with those people

1415:

In the United States, more systematic treatises of privacy did not appear until the 1890s, with the development of

1141:

Most countries give citizens rights to privacy in their constitutions. Representative examples of this include the

678:

argue that addressing the new privacy harms introduced by the Internet requires both technological improvements to

385: 4131: 450:

In the 1960s, people began to consider how changes in technology were bringing changes in the concept of privacy.

7900: 7831: 7796: 7527: 2444:

in zoos engage in less social behaviours, including physical contact and sex, than ones in off-exhibit buildings.

1544: 1390: 1261:

Privacy in Australian law § Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015

1089:

Privacy in Australian law § Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015

992: 858: 1037: 313:

In the political sphere, philosophers hold differing views on the right of private judgment. German philosopher

8669: 8566: 8322: 8122: 8102: 8056: 8019: 7925: 7880: 6278:"Explaining the privacy paradox: A systematic review of literature investigating privacy attitude and behavior" 5822: 4876:"Explaining Trust in Large Biometric Infrastructures: A Critical Realist Case Study of India's Aadhaar Project" 4295: 3372: 2586: 2245: 2074:

Encroaching someone's personality rights, and using their likeness to advance interests which are not their own

2071:

Promoting access to information about a person which could lead the public to have incorrect beliefs about them

1847: 1492: 1252:), and confidentiality requirements that already applied to banking, legal and patient / doctor relationships. 675: 405: 375: 6456: 4155: 3862: 3519: 2971:

Information Privacy, Official Reference for the Certified Information privacy Professional (CIPP), Swire, 2007

2698: 2068:

Public disclosure of personal information about a person which could be embarrassing for them to have revealed

468:

shifted the debate regarding privacy from a physical sense, how the government controls a person's body (i.e.

8864: 8029: 7860: 7835: 3392: 1060: 671: 539: 314: 158:, and many countries have passed acts that further protect digital privacy from public and private entities. 6556:

Barth, Susanne; de Jong, Menno D. T.; Junger, Marianne; Hartel, Pieter H.; Roppelt, Janina C. (2019-08-01).

6106:"The role of international human rights law in the protection of online privacy in the age of surveillance." 290:, associated with domestic life. Privacy is valued along with other basic necessities of life in the Jewish 9320: 8606: 7890: 7258: 1146: 522: 6247:"Online Privacy Concerns and Privacy Management: A Meta-Analytical Review: Privacy Concerns Meta-Analysis" 5907: 5422: 2129:, which includes when an organization is supposed to be responsible for protecting data instead suffers a 1353: 1162: 274:

Privacy has historical roots in ancient Greek philosophical discussions. The most well-known of these was

9279: 8700: 8432: 8342: 7910: 6756: 5605: 2616: 329:, pertaining to one’s rights and obligations as defined by an existing corporate order. On the contrary, 306: 223: 4266:"EFF technologist cites Google "breach of trust" on FLoC; key ad-tech change agent departs IAB Tech Lab" 2425:

Lack of privacy in public spaces, caused by overcrowding, increases health issues in animals, including

1330: 434:

and limited freedom of speech and thought. George Orwell provides commentary on the negative effects of

8309: 6946: 6942: 3234: 2569: 2058: 1955: 1944: 1713: 1608:

Alan Westin defined four states—or experiences—of privacy: solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve.

1570:

Various theorists have imagined privacy as a system for limiting access to one's personal information.

1420: 1045: 952: 574: 460:

was a popular book on privacy from that era and led US discourse on privacy at that time. In addition,

5497:

Hughes, Kirsty (2012). "A Behavioural Understanding of Privacy and Its Implications for Privacy Law".

5187: 3948:

de Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre; César A. Hidalgo; Michel Verleysen; Vincent D. Blondel (March 25, 2013).

2310:. Encryption and other privacy-based security measures are also used in some cryptocurrencies such as 2231:

moments" captured on the companies' smart speakers in order to improve the quality of their automated

1958:

regularly place price tags on this form of data as it is shared between corporations and governments.

8950: 8654: 8596: 8142: 8086: 8066: 7791: 7751: 6788:"Information Privacy Concerns, Procedural Fairness, and Impersonal Trust: An Empirical Investigation" 4183: 3836: 2573: 1238: 824: 544: 6600:

Frik, Alisa; Gaudeul, Alexia (2020-03-27). "A measure of the implicit value of privacy under risk".

4217:"Privacy by default, abuse by design: EU competition concerns about Apple's new app tracking policy" 271:

The concept of privacy has been explored and discussed by numerous philosophers throughout history.

8611: 8576: 8521: 8407: 7546: 7210:"Dark web finds bitcoin increasingly more of a problem than a help, tries other digital currencies" 4592:"Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act" 4290: 1386: 1292: 924:

to record and store users' locations in unencrypted files. Apple claimed this was an unintentional

586: 34: 7286: 827:. When someone's physical location or other sensitive information is leaked over the Internet via 254: 9310: 9160: 9109: 8970: 8965: 8317: 8137: 8132: 8004: 7786: 6277: 6215: 2511: 2345: 2303: 2216: 1951: 1940: 1483:

has limited the effects of lawsuits for breach of privacy. Privacy is regulated in the US by the

1447: 1129: 1116: 948: 631: 477:

New technologies can also create new ways to gather private information. In 2001, the legal case

7437: 6672:; Wagner, David (2013), "Choice Architecture and Smartphone Privacy: There's a Price for That", 5658: 5652: 5247:

Oulasvirta, Antti; Suomalainen, Tiia; Hamari, Juho; Lampinen, Airi; Karvonen, Kristiina (2014).

3720:"Do Online Privacy Concerns Predict Selfie Behavior among Adolescents, Young Adults and Adults?" 3675:

Giroux, Henry A. (2015-05-04). "Selfie Culture in the Age of Corporate and State Surveillance".

3289: 1995:

and David J. Krieger that the privacy paradox should not be considered a paradox, but more of a

8821: 8693: 8347: 8332: 8178: 7776: 7771: 7718: 4427: 2674: 2299: 2281: 2186: 1795: 1709: 1372: 1142: 1078: 1025: 875: 820: 734: 479: 291: 7659: 6787: 4993: 2025: 333:(1748-1832), an English philosopher, interpreted law as an invasion of privacy. His theory of 9315: 9170: 8659: 8467: 8457: 8422: 8157: 7728: 7683: 7502: 7336:"Your Technology Is Tracking You. Take These Steps For Better Online Privacy : Life Kit" 6951: 5219: 4591: 3947: 3892: 1571: 1341: 1178:

Beyond national privacy laws, there are international privacy agreements. The United Nations

1133: 1120: 900:

There have been scandals regarding location privacy. One instance was the scandal concerning

650: 635: 147:

enshrined in the privacy laws of many countries and, in some instances, their constitutions.

4551: 608: 9325: 9119: 8586: 8546: 8427: 7976: 7761: 7663: 7558: 7369: 7054:"The business of personal data: Google, Facebook, and privacy issues in the EU and the USA" 6669: 6316: 4777: 4323: 3961: 3604: 1977:

describes how to provide users with sufficient context to make privacy-informed decisions.

1842:, whose social value is an essential component in the functioning of democratic societies. 1523: 1517: 1314: 1296: 1282: 1154: 885: 417: 20: 6246: 6156: 5853: 5724:

Benn, Stanley. "Privacy, freedom, and respect for persons". In Schoeman, Ferdinand (ed.).

4790: 4765: 4137:. The Superior Court of the State of Arizona In and For the County of Maricopa. 2021-06-03 1167:

Many countries have broad privacy laws outside their constitutions, including Australia's

8: 9254: 8940: 8854: 8636: 8357: 8352: 8327: 8193: 8061: 8046: 7996: 7733: 7395: 5908:"Fixing the Fourth Amendment with trade secret law: A response to Kyllo v. United States" 4740: 4677: 3888:

Empirical analysis of online anonymity and user behaviors: the impact of real name policy

2491: 2453: 2441: 2295: 2277: 1791: 1484: 1205: 726: 616: 561: 543:(565 U.S. 400), in the case of Antoine Jones who was arrested of drug possession using a 28: 9066: 5033: 4781: 4327: 3965: 3608: 3567:

Hugl, Ulrike (2011), "Reviewing Person's Value of Privacy of Online Social Networking,"

2981: 2061:

created the following list of activities which can be remedied with privacy protection:

1145:, which says "the privacy, private life, honor and image of people are inviolable"; the 744:

Intrusions of social media privacy are known to affect employment in the United States.

9233: 9175: 9099: 9011: 9001: 8924: 8838: 8816: 8730: 8674: 8551: 8477: 8372: 8233: 7034: 6968: 6903: 6874:

Krasnova, Hanna; Spiekermann, Sarah; Koroleva, Ksenia; Hildebrand, Thomas (June 2010).

6815: 6772: 6738: 6695: 6625: 6538: 6434: 6352: 6297: 5951: 5877: 5831: 5514: 5450: 5306: 4795: 4346: 4311: 4246: 3982: 3949: 3754: 3719: 3700: 3627: 3592: 3294: 2929: 2879: 2845: 2798: 2751: 2403: 2232: 1667: 942: 804: 798: 738: 518: 4312:"Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior" 3927: 3593:"Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior" 1992: 1445:

that implicitly grant a right to privacy against government intrusion, for example in

585:, who released multiple operations related to the mass surveillance operations of the 9213: 9031: 9006: 8919: 8826: 8806: 8770: 8750: 8735: 8581: 8541: 8494: 8442: 8367: 8203: 7986: 7606: 7598: 7588: 7507: 7479: 7475: 7415: 7038: 7026: 6895: 6875: 6856: 6807: 6742: 6728: 6685: 6629: 6617: 6579: 6500: 6390: 6344: 6336: 6108:

In 2017 9th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon), pp. 1–14. IEEE, 2017.

6041: 5929: 5884: 5787:

The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding

5662: 5592: 5533: 5518: 5510: 5442: 5397: 5377: 5369: 5332: 5268: 5248: 5150: 4799: 4407: 4351: 4191: 3987: 3759: 3741: 3704: 3692: 3632: 3470: 3416: 3347: 3320: 3246: 2921: 2869: 2837: 2790: 2743: 2655: 2591: 2549: 2411: 2115: 1747: 1548: 1476: 884:. This creates user privacy problems. A user's location and preferences constitute 866:

that "Has the effect of substantially disrupting the orderly operation of a school."

843: 784: 699: 612: 456: 6907: 6819: 6699: 6438: 6301: 6120:

Swartz, J., "'Opting In': A Privacy Paradox", The Washington Post, 03 Sep 2000, H.1.

5454: 3718:

Dhir, Amandeep; Torsheim, Torbjørn; Pallesen, Ståle; Andreassen, Cecilie S. (2017).

3211: 9300: 9259: 9228: 9181: 9124: 9089: 9061: 9036: 8980: 8914: 8760: 8745: 8571: 8487: 8452: 8251: 8117: 8076: 8014: 7966: 7723: 7676: 7632: 7580: 7442: 7407: 7065: 7016: 6960: 6887: 6846: 6799: 6768: 6720: 6677: 6609: 6569: 6530: 6490: 6426: 6356: 6328: 6289: 6258: 6227: 6214:

Nemec Zlatolas, Lili; Welzer, Tatjana; Heričko, Marjan; Hölbl, Marko (April 2015).

6194: 5584: 5506: 5434: 5298: 5260: 5228: 5009: 4887: 4785: 4341: 4331: 4017:"AccuWeather caught sending user location data – even when location sharing is off" 3977: 3969: 3749: 3731: 3684: 3622: 3612: 3387: 3238: 2913: 2829: 2782: 2735: 2647: 2521: 2486: 2353: 2224: 2137: 2119: 2108: 1904: 1895: 1527: 1424: 1204:

Approaches to privacy can, broadly, be divided into two categories: free market or

1168: 1106: 754: 646: 598: 492: 341: 155: 140: 112: 106: 71: 8874: 6757:"Privacy as a Concept and a Social Issue: A Multidimensional Developmental Theory" 6542: 5249:"Transparency of Intentions Decreases Privacy Concerns in Ubiquitous Surveillance" 4499: 4482:

Privacy policies as decision-making tools: an evaluation of online privacy notices

4450:

Data Protection Principles for the 21st Century. Revising the 1980 OECD Guidelines

3688: 380: 19:"Private information" redirects here. For personally identifying information, see 9269: 9134: 9104: 9056: 8833: 8649: 8601: 8561: 8462: 8412: 7981: 7971: 7572: 7566: 6681: 6462: 6040:(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 428–442. 5849: 4979: 4517: 3867: 3579: 2481: 2332: 2157: 1775: 1771: 1724: 1636: 1589: 1468: 980: 604: 484: 435: 359: 219: 151: 65: 4537: 4375:. The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from 1798:, or a corporation might attempt to protect valuable proprietary information as 1629:

described as “behaviors falling at specific locations on these two dimensions”.

1267:

Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015

1095:

Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015

9094: 9076: 9041: 8996: 8975: 8859: 8591: 8516: 8472: 8218: 8198: 8071: 7584: 7576: 7469: 6724: 6574: 6557: 6534: 6495: 6478: 6293: 5648: 5438: 5090: 3267:"The Little-Known Data Broker Industry Is Spending Big Bucks Lobbying Congress" 2516: 2471:

have been shown to cover their heads less as the density of visitors decreased.

2307: 1826: 1819: 1696: 1440: 1221: 984: 851: 582: 461: 409: 397: 334: 330: 294: 40: 7624: 7541: 6231: 3906: 3437:"Fighting Identity Theft with the Red Flags Rule: A How-To Guide for Business" 2802: 2770: 2286:

Individuals can encrypt e-mails via enabling either two encryption protocols,

9294: 9165: 9144: 8740: 8716: 8621: 8556: 8437: 8188: 8183: 8081: 8041: 8036: 7648: 7610: 7562: 7419: 7030: 7021: 7004: 6899: 6860: 6851: 6834: 6811: 6621: 6613: 6583: 6504: 6430: 6340: 6332: 5817: 5588: 5446: 4195: 4109: 4084: 3745: 3736: 3696: 3650: 3474: 3059: 3007:"As Orwell's 1984 Turns 70 It Predicted Much Of Today's Surveillance Society" 2925: 2841: 2794: 2747: 2659: 2541: 2426: 2340: 2259: 2152:

Count not him among your friends who will retail your privacies to the world.

2126: 2088: 1751: 1719: 1593: 1171:, Argentina's Law for the Protection of Personal Data of 2000, Canada's 2000 703: 451: 423: 7360:"David Attenborough: zoos should use peepholes to respect gorillas' privacy" 6129:

Bedrick, B., Lerner, B., Whitehead, B. "The privacy paradox: Introduction",

5767:

Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates

5264: 4956: 4376: 4336: 3617: 384:

Advertisement for dial telephone service available to delegates to the 1912

340:

Hegel’s notions were modified by prominent 19th century English philosopher

9274: 9264: 9046: 8955: 8945: 8811: 8785: 8531: 8526: 8417: 8294: 8262: 8228: 8009: 7433: 7364: 6348: 5286: 5272: 4355: 3991: 3763: 3636: 2430: 1839: 1799: 1625: 925: 808: 790: 662: 431: 325: 7069: 6803: 6719:, Digitale Gesellschaft, vol. 20, transcript Verlag, pp. 45–76, 6078: 4678:"Consolidated federal laws of Canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982" 3242: 3114: 2883: 2863: 2639: 2611: 2065:

Intrusion into a person's private space, own affairs, or wish for solitude

1575:

approach similar to the one presented by Ruth Gavison Nine years earlier,

1040:, providing code snippets used by website owners to track their users via 9139: 8960: 8897: 8869: 8790: 8397: 8223: 7743: 5365: 5324: 3412: 3162: 3138: 2771:"Public, Private, and the Household in Early Seventeenth-Century England" 2651: 2581: 2577: 2506: 2291: 2130: 1576: 1453: 1112: 1041: 901: 881: 470: 190: 7005:"Contour-as-Face Framework: A Method to Preserve Privacy and Perception" 4875: 3231:

Industry Unbound: The Inside Story of Privacy, Data, and Corporate Power

2933: 2901: 2356:

will not share a user's history, clicks, and will obstruct ad blockers.

2111:, which is connecting many related but unconnected pieces of information 2012: 1838:

There have been attempts to establish privacy as one of the fundamental

1190:

is a privacy protection agreement for the members of that organization.

1044:. This tracking data is also sold to other third parties as part of the 9218: 9051: 8902: 8775: 8755: 8402: 8208: 7411: 7396:"Glass Panels and Peepholes: Nonhuman Animals and the Right to Privacy" 6972: 6891: 6262: 6199: 6182: 5835: 5147:

Privacy in Context Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life

5131: 4892: 4635:"Policy Proposals for PIPEDA Reform to Address Artificial Intelligence" 2849: 2817: 2755: 2723: 2447: 2419: 2271: 2220: 2173: 1288: 1287:

Canada is a federal state whose provinces and territories abide by the

1056: 913: 909: 816: 812: 488: 439: 355: 346: 301: 162: 6715:

Belliger, Andréa; Krieger, David J. (2018), "2. The Privacy Paradox",

5657:(5. print ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 5310: 4998:(Spring 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 4766:"E-Commerce Consumer Privacy Protection Based on Differential Privacy" 3973: 3891:. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (45th ed.). 2418:"value their privacy" while discussing a brief escape by a gorilla in 9198: 8907: 8780: 8765: 8382: 8173: 6873: 6315:

Kaiser, Florian G.; Byrka, Katarzyna; Hartig, Terry (November 2010).

4880:

The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries

3367: 2917: 2681:(Spring 2015 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2501: 2468: 2457: 2407: 2327: 1555: 745: 702:, instituting controls on corporations that handle communications or 666: 278:'s distinction between two spheres of life: the public sphere of the 275: 166: 6964: 6091:

Shade, L.R. (2008). "Reconsidering the right to privacy in Canada".

4485: 3779:"In wake of Amanda Todd suicide, MPs to debate anti-bullying motion" 2833: 2739: 9114: 8644: 8482: 7159: 6216:"Privacy antecedents for SNS self-disclosure: The case of Facebook" 5331:(Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 10–11. 5302: 5246: 4960: 4126: 4124: 3828: 2982:"Nineteen Eighty-four | Summary, Characters, Analysis, & Facts" 2786: 2365: 1787: 1743: 1609: 1597: 1072: 1029: 836: 832: 725:

is significantly smaller with 316 million registered users, the US

694: 657:

to store and search through massive amounts of data as well as the

639: 528: 401: 319: 259: 178: 136: 7602: 6142:

J. Sweat "Privacy paradox: Customers want control – and coupons",

5538:

Man-environment Interactions: Evaluations and Applications: Part 2

5110:

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6501 et seq.

4828:"French Official Campaigns to Make 'Right to be Forgotten' Global" 4701:

Penney, Steven; Rondinelli, Vincenzo; James, Stribopoulos (2013).

9129: 9084: 8392: 8377: 8362: 7638: 7628: 7135:"How to Encrypt Email (Gmail, Outlook, iOS, Yahoo, Android, AOL)" 6062:

Legislating privacy: Technology, social values, and public policy

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Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace,

6245:

Baruh, Lemi; Secinti, Ekin; Cemalcilar, Zeynep (February 2017).

6213: 4309: 4121: 3590: 284:, associated with political life, and the private sphere of the 3400: 2311: 2287: 2169: 1723:

the core of the concept of sexual privacy, which law professor

1033: 514: 44: 6386:

The Privacy Fallacy: Harm and Power in the Information Economy

5879:

Managing Privacy: Information Technology and Corporate America

3717: 3343:

The Privacy Fallacy: Harm and Power in the Information Economy

3316:

The Privacy Fallacy: Harm and Power in the Information Economy

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Gerber, Nina; Gerber, Paul; Volkamer, Melanie (August 2018).

6133:, Washington, DC, Volume 22, Issue 2, Spring 1998, pp. P1–P3. 5750:

Kufer, Joseph (1987). "Privacy, Autonomy, and Self-Concept".

5702:

Reiman, Jeffrey (1976). "Privacy, Intimacy, and Personhood".

4066:"Government officials want answers to secret iPhone tracking" 3259: 2638:

Alibeigi, Ali; Munir, Abu Bakar; Karim, Md. Ershadul (2019).

2461: 2315: 1767: 921: 850:, or by enabling law enforcement to invade privacy without a 741:, such as samples of text, browsing logs, or Facebook Likes. 630:. Indeed, many entities such as corporations involved in the 286: 280: 210:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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Proceedings of the 3rd int. conference on e-democracy, 2009.

4663: 3463:"How Europe's New Privacy Law Will Change the Web, and More" 1304:

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

1173:

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

8152: 5680: 5678: 5583:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–118. 5170: 5168: 5166: 4909:"Indian Supreme Court Declares Privacy A Fundamental Right" 4080:"Apple faces questions from Congress about iPhone tracking" 3950:"Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility" 3651:"Self-portraits and social media: The rise of the 'selfie'" 3277: 3090:"Silicon Valley is Listening to Your Most Intimate Moments" 3077: 2371: 1980: 1763: 1378: 1213: 766: 124: 89: 52: 7668: 7235:"Coinbase considers adding five new coins to its platform" 6710: 6708: 5329:

Secrets : on the ethics of concealment and revelation

4814:

A Study on the Lack of Enforcement of Data Protection Acts

4538:

Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012

4184:"The Battle for Digital Privacy Is Reshaping the Internet" 4105:"Apple denies tracking iPhone users, but promises changes" 4042:"McShame: McDonald's API Leaks Data for 2.2 Million Users" 3879: 1124: 831:, harassment may escalate to direct physical harm such as 7076: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 5617: 5560: 4934:"India's top court upholds validity of biometric ID card" 4448:

Cate, Fred H.; Collen, Peter; Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor.

3409:

Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future

2336: 1911: 1866: 1291:

save the province of Quebec whose legal tradition is the

1153:

says "the privacy of no citizen shall be infringed." The

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argues should be protected as a unique form of privacy.

1431:

may be implicitly granted by the Constitution under the

1428: 1175:, and Japan's 2003 Personal Information Protection Law. 323:, which refers to an individual’s private judgment, and 6786:

Culnan, Mary J.; Armstrong, Pamela K. (February 1999).

6705: 4850:"What Happens When a Billion Identities Are Digitized?" 4447: 3855: 3584: 3380: 3204: 1833: 1354:

Aadhaar § Lack of legislation and privacy concerns

1344:

concept in support of its adoption by other countries.

6979: 6914: 6835:"A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Privacy Calculus" 6244: 6075:"United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 6064:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 5548: 3060:"Alan Westin is the father of modern data privacy law" 1399:

Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003

1184:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

869: 7185:"Edward Snowden Explains How To Reclaim Your Privacy" 6516: 6514: 5793: 5629: 5345: 5193: 4700: 4310:

Kosinski, Michal; Stillwell, D.; Graepel, T. (2013).

4242:"Google Facing Fresh E.U. Inquiry Over Ad Technology" 3920: 3591:

Kosinski, Michal; Stillwell, D.; Graepel, T. (2013).

3495:"Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule ("COPPA")" 3187:"17 disturbing things Snowden has taught us (so far)" 3023: 1193: 1149:

says that "everyone has a right to privacy"; and the

92: 6317:"Reviving Campbell's Paradigm for Attitude Research" 6275: 5581:

Morality in a Technological World: Knowledge as Duty

5089:. US Department of State. 2015-05-22. Archived from 4992:

DeCew, Judith (2015-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).

1934: 1685: 1295:. Privacy in Canada was first addressed through the 991:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 892:

and the risks of breaching an individual's privacy.

121: 118: 86: 80: 77: 7259:"Anonymizers vs. VPNs: Everything You Need to Know" 7003:Zhou, Yinghui; Lu, Shasha; Ding, Min (2020-05-04). 6477:Barth, Susanne; de Jong, Menno D. T. (2017-11-01). 6472: 6470: 6116: 6114: 6014: 4383: 3212:"Privacy vs Security: A pointless false dichotomy?" 2865:

Central Works of Philosophy: The Nineteenth Century

2640:"Right to Privacy, A Complicated Concept to Review" 2209: 1497:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

1224:are above the reading level of the average person. 115: 74: 8655:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 8148:International Association of Privacy Professionals 7389: 7387: 6511: 5990:Posner, R. A. (1981). "The economics of privacy". 5902: 5900: 5876: 5120:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 4552:"Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Privacy Act" 3770: 3360: 2699:"oremus Bible Browser : Ecclesiasticus 29:21" 2637: 1921: 1511: 371: 6674:The Economics of Information Security and Privacy 6667: 6314: 5726:Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology 5364: 4401: 3229:Ari Ezra Waldman (2021). "One Book in One Page". 2251: 1590:consensually formed an interpersonal relationship 266: 177:The word privacy is derived from the Latin word " 9292: 8113:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 6676:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 211–236, 6467: 6111: 5928:. Privacyrights. 11 January 2012. Archived from 5253:Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 4270:Information Trust Exchange Governing Association 3776: 3228: 2306:. Signal has received praise from whistleblower 2239: 2227:reported being forced to continue listening to " 1987:Privacy concerns with social networking services 716:Privacy concerns with social networking services 559:In 2014, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in 499:moments and faithfully transcribe the contents. 7384: 6785: 6714: 5926:"Security Recommendations For Stalking Victims" 5897: 4662:Jones v. Tsige, 2012 ONCA 32 (CanLII), online: 4316:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3803: 3597:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3407:Ben Tarnoff (2022). "Preface: Among the Eels". 2398: 2048: 1805: 6755:Laufer, Robert S.; Wolfe, Maxine (July 1977). 6409: 5034:"DOBBS v. JACKSON WOMEN'S HEALTH ORGANIZATION" 3863:"Real-Name Online Registration to Be Scrapped" 3797: 2724:"Privacy and the Law: A Philosophical Prelude" 2290:, which is built into companies like Apple or 1620: 1600:, control over information is under pressure. 1271:controversy over its human rights implications 135:The domain of privacy partially overlaps with 8701: 8278: 7684: 6093:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 5874: 5240: 4812:Burghardt, Buchmann, Böhm, Kühling, Sivridis 2818:"Philosophical Views on the Value of Privacy" 2677:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 2590:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2372:§ Privacy paradox and economic valuation 846:, by removing the expectation of privacy via 767:§ Privacy paradox and economic valuation 208:The examples and perspective in this section 23:. For information transmitted privately, see 8292: 7468:Lessig, Lawrence (2006). "ELEVEN: Privacy". 7426: 6476: 6146:, Manhasset Iss, 781, April 10, 2000, p. 52. 5952:"FindLaw's Writ – Amar: Executive Privilege" 3837:"Carol Todd's Testimony regarding Bill C-13" 2146: 2114:identification, which can mean breaking the 1460:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 1125:§ Legal discussions of Internet privacy 690:to restrict corporate and government power. 426:, was published. A classic dystopian novel, 8323:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 6754: 6599: 5820:(Summer 1975). "Why Privacy is Important". 5789:. Monterey: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 5149:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4676:Branch, Legislative Services (2020-08-07). 4590:Branch, Legislative Services (2019-06-21). 4550:Branch, Legislative Services (2023-09-01). 4132:"Complaint for Injunctive and Other Relief" 3834: 3406: 2054: 1582: 1199: 896:Ethical controversies over location privacy 698:citizens' privacy is largely restricted to 642:to minimize those regulatory requirements. 508: 154:is considered an extension of the original 8708: 8694: 8285: 8271: 7691: 7677: 7002: 6645:"The privacy paradox is a privacy dilemma" 6187:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 5144: 4825: 2768: 2450:become more aggressive towards each other. 2380: 2098: 1857:United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 1660: 1395:Environmental Information Regulations 2004 1216:put into law later in the European Union. 317:(1770-1831) makes the distinction between 226:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 7556: 7020: 6876:"Online Social Networks: Why We Disclose" 6850: 6573: 6520: 6494: 6198: 6180: 6036:(2009). Beauchamp; Bowie; Arnold (eds.). 5572: 5420: 5289:(1980). "Privacy and the Limits of Law". 5180: 4891: 4789: 4705:. LexisNexis Canada Inc. pp. 143–77. 4622:. LexisNexis Canada Inc. pp. HAP-81. 4579:. LexisNexis Canada Inc. pp. HAP-51. 4345: 4335: 4014: 3981: 3928:"Florida Anti-Bullying Laws and Policies" 3753: 3735: 3626: 3616: 2868:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. 2133:which harms the people whose data it held 2118:of items of data by putting it through a 2082: 2002: 1506: 1163:Human rights in Japan § Other issues 1100: 1053:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 1011:Learn how and when to remove this message 483:(533 U.S. 27) determined that the use of 242:Learn how and when to remove this message 6595: 6593: 6389:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6373:(pp. 36–58). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 6321:Personality and Social Psychology Review 5954:. Writ.corporate.findlaw.com. 2004-04-16 5525: 5138: 4906: 4741:"- Charter of human rights and freedoms" 4214: 3346:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3319:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2587:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 1981:Inherent necessity for privacy violation 1961: 1879:Susan B. Barnes similarly used the term 1533: 1489:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act 1128: 1036:have instead encouraged the practice of 880:Increasingly, mobile devices facilitate 626:on the Internet is often conflated with 502: 379: 253: 39: 8537:Right to an adequate standard of living 7432: 6941: 6032: 5816: 5764: 5728:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5623: 5611: 5578: 5566: 5554: 5531: 5285: 5132:"Visit to the United States of America" 4873: 3843:from the original on September 18, 2016 2721: 2679:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2604: 1310:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 258:Advertisement with a highlighted quote 9293: 8338:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 7643:The 2007 International Privacy Ranking 7499: 7467: 7393: 7309: 7281: 7279: 7121: 7051: 6990: 6929: 6382: 6020: 6008: 5989: 5848: 5804: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5647: 5635: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5351: 5218: 5206: 5174: 4675: 4647: 4632: 4613: 4611: 4589: 4549: 4479: 4473: 4389: 4102: 4077: 3674: 3339: 3312: 3046: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2815: 1917: 1912:Research on irrational decision making 1867:Privacy paradox and economic valuation 1814: 972:contains content that is written like 8689: 8266: 8128:Electronic Privacy Information Center 7672: 7639:International Privacy Index world map 7312:"How to Protect Your Digital Privacy" 7207: 6642: 6590: 5749: 4991: 4982:Information Commissioner's Office, UK 4770:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 4763: 4637:. Office of the Privacy Commissioner. 4617: 4574: 4395: 4177: 4175: 3816:from the original on October 28, 2016 3785:from the original on October 29, 2013 3777:CTVNews.ca Staff (October 14, 2012). 3290:"The Web Means the End of Forgetting" 2906:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2672: 2568: 2540: 1974: 1967: 1794:or declare certain information to be 1439:has found that other guarantees have 1331:Information privacy law § Europe 1180:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1151:Constitution of the Republic of Korea 7625:Glenn Greenwald: Why privacy matters 5421:Mantelero, Alessandro (2014-12-01). 4181: 4068:. MSNBC, "Technolog", April 21, 2011 4039: 3096:. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2019-12-11 2006: 1922:§ Advertising on Mobile Devices 1834:A collective value and a human right 1603: 1319:Charter of human rights and freedoms 956: 778: 709: 686:as well as societal efforts such as 442:. Parallels have been drawn between 372:§ Techniques to improve privacy 194: 8108:Center for Democracy and Technology 7654:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7310:Gordon, Whitson (25 January 2019). 7303: 7276: 7232: 7182: 5773: 5732: 5710: 5690: 5483: 5461: 5323: 4957:Does Beckham judgment change rules? 4931: 4608: 3004: 2890: 2497:Identity theft in the United States 2359: 2255: 1730: 1712:with other humans. Because part of 930:Center for Democracy and Technology 870:Privacy and location-based services 307:Second Treatise of Civil Government 13: 7568:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 7521: 7438:"Animals Need Digital Privacy Too" 6773:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01880.x 6181:Taddicken, Monika (January 2014). 5427:Computer Law & Security Review 5376:. London: Bodley Head. p. 7. 5363:The quotation is from Alan Westin. 4985: 4291:"Google's FLoC Is a Terrible Idea" 4172: 3804:Boutilier, Alex (April 13, 2014). 3545:"Facebook: active users worldwide" 2954:. Groups.csail.mit.edu. 1996-05-18 2079:space to get private information. 1437:Supreme Court of the United States 1194:Free market vs consumer protection 687: 14: 9337: 8715: 8458:Right to refuse medical treatment 7645:, Privacy International (London). 7618: 6880:Journal of Information Technology 5056: 5038:LII / Legal Information Institute 5014:LII / Legal Information Institute 4620:Access to Information and Privacy 4577:Access to Information and Privacy 4156:"Global Digital Ad Spending 2019" 2185:Invasion of privacy, a subset of 1935:The economic valuation of privacy 1884: 1781: 1686:Self-identity and personal growth 1562: 1411:Privacy laws of the United States 1383:Information Commissioner's Office 1366: 1324: 1188:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 760: 613:Security § Computer security 16:Seclusion from unwanted attention 9204:Concentration of media ownership 8247: 8246: 7714:Right of access to personal data 7352: 7328: 7251: 7226: 7201: 7176: 7160:"Signal Messenger: Speak Freely" 7152: 7127: 7045: 6996: 6935: 6867: 6826: 6779: 6748: 6661: 6636: 6549: 6445: 6403: 6376: 6363: 6308: 6269: 6238: 6207: 6174: 6149: 6136: 6123: 6098: 6085: 6067: 6054: 6026: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5944: 5918: 5868: 5842: 5810: 5758: 5752:American Philosophical Quarterly 5723: 5641: 5511:10.1111/j.1468-2230.2012.00925.x 5414: 5390: 5357: 5317: 5279: 5212: 5124: 4254:from the original on 2023-04-15. 4117:from the original on 2023-03-29. 4092:from the original on 2019-07-20. 4015:Whittaker, Zack (Aug 22, 2017). 3875:from the original on 2023-04-23. 3460: 3302:from the original on 2019-03-10. 3273:from the original on 2023-04-22. 3218:from the original on 2023-01-31. 2546:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2389: 2210:Examples of invasions of privacy 2011: 1423:does not explicitly include the 1404: 961: 609:Computer network § Security 495:required employees to listen to 260:"my face got redder and redder!" 199: 111: 70: 51:graffiti, adjacent to an actual 7400:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 7394:Pepper, Angie (December 2020). 7263:Privacy & VPN Blog – Orchid 5823:Philosophy & Public Affairs 5704:Philosophy & Public Affairs 5190:(1890) 4 Harvard Law Review 193 5113: 5104: 5075: 5050: 5026: 5002: 4966: 4950: 4925: 4900: 4867: 4842: 4819: 4806: 4791:10.1088/1742-6596/1168/3/032084 4757: 4733: 4709: 4694: 4669: 4656: 4641: 4626: 4583: 4568: 4543: 4531: 4510: 4492: 4441: 4420: 4362: 4303: 4283: 4258: 4234: 4208: 4148: 4096: 4071: 4058: 4040:Kirk, Jeremy (March 20, 2017). 4033: 4008: 3998: 3941: 3907:"Law, Policies and Regulations" 3711: 3668: 3643: 3561: 3537: 3512: 3487: 3454: 3429: 3333: 3306: 3179: 3155: 3131: 3107: 3052: 2998: 2974: 2965: 2940: 2856: 2104:privacy include the following: 1512:Privacy as contextual integrity 1391:Freedom of Information Act 2000 862:forced to use their real name. 859:Korea Communications Commission 679: 8670:Sexual and reproductive health 8567:Right to a healthy environment 8123:Electronic Frontier Foundation 8103:American Civil Liberties Union 8057:Privacy-enhancing technologies 7461: 7058:International Data Privacy Law 6371:Privacy enhancing technologies 4973:"Personal Information Toolkit" 4907:McCarthy, Julie (2017-08-24). 4874:Masiero, Silvia (2018-09-24). 4826:Mark Scott (3 December 2014). 4404:Ethics for the Information Age 4296:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3373:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2809: 2762: 2715: 2691: 2666: 2631: 2562: 2534: 2460:more in direct proportions to 2246:Privacy-enhancing technologies 1898:, attitudes and behaviors are 1358:Since the introduction of the 936: 847: 683: 676:Electronic Frontier Foundation 438:, particularly on privacy and 376:Privacy-enhancing technologies 267:Philosophical views on privacy 1: 8587:Right to public participation 7478: ed.). Lawrence Lessig. 7009:Journal of Marketing Research 6602:Journal of Consumer Marketing 5534:"Privacy as Personal Control" 4182:Chen, Brian X. (2021-09-16). 3689:10.1080/09528822.2015.1082339 3393:Cyber Civil Rights Initiative 2822:Law and Contemporary Problems 2728:Law and Contemporary Problems 2527: 2335:or anonymizing networks like 2265: 2258:, they may be referred to as 2240:Techniques to improve privacy 2228: 1855:privacy has precedent in the 1695:engage in self-discovery and 1467:, with Supreme Court Justice 1227: 1200:§ Conceptions of Privacy 1028:, digital ad brokers such as 928:, but Justin Brookman of the 672:Cyber Civil Rights Initiative 605:Internet § Social impact 509:§ Legal right to privacy 496: 365: 315:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 8607:Right to science and culture 7635:. Published 10 October 2014. 7547:Resources in other libraries 7506:. Harvard University Press. 7208:Cheng, Evelyn (2017-08-29). 6682:10.1007/978-3-642-39498-0_10 5992:The American Economic Review 5224:"Libel and its Legal Remedy" 4703:Criminal Procedure in Canada 4650:Class Actions in Privacy Law 4103:Keizer, Gregg (2011-04-27). 4078:Keizer, Gregg (2011-04-21). 3835:Todd, Carol (May 14, 2014). 3163:"Carpenter v. United States" 2399:Privacy in non-human animals 2321: 2252:actions which reduce privacy 2192: 2125:insecurity, such as lack of 2049:Actions which reduce privacy 1806:Privacy self-synchronization 1232: 1147:Constitution of South Africa 523:PRISM (surveillance program) 172: 7: 8433:Right to keep and bear arms 8343:Freedom from discrimination 7848:Data protection authorities 7698: 7557:Singleton, Solveig (2008). 6220:Computers in Human Behavior 6038:Ethical theory and business 3520:"Fair Credit Reporting Act" 2722:Konvitz, Milton R. (1966). 2475: 2180: 1702: 1621:Privacy as personal control 1538:In 1890, the United States 1250:Telecommunications Act 1997 1066: 819:harassment, such as in the 592: 222:, discuss the issue on the 10: 9342: 9306:Civil rights and liberties 8052:Social networking services 7660:Knowledge's privacy policy 7585:10.4135/9781412965811.n242 7500:Solove, Daniel J. (2010). 7233:Ell, Kellie (2018-07-13). 7139:Panda Security Mediacenter 6725:10.14361/9783839442135-003 6717:Network Publicy Governance 6575:10.1016/j.tele.2019.03.003 6562:Telematics and Informatics 6535:10.1016/j.cose.2015.07.002 6496:10.1016/j.tele.2017.04.013 6483:Telematics and Informatics 6294:10.1016/j.cose.2018.04.002 5439:10.1016/j.clsr.2014.09.004 5145:Nissenbaum, Helen (2009). 5087:Freedom of Information Act 4963:(retrieved 27 April 2005). 4745:www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca 4721:www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca 4406:. Pearson Addison Wesley. 4402:Quinn, Michael J. (2009). 4370:"The Italian Constitution" 3235:Cambridge University Press 2900:Solove, Daniel J. (2006). 2775:Journal of British Studies 2769:Longfellow, Erica (2006). 2369: 2363: 2325: 2275: 2269: 2243: 1984: 1965: 1956:mass surveillance industry 1945:Mass surveillance industry 1938: 1915: 1647: 1515: 1408: 1370: 1351: 1328: 1317:as well as by s. 5 of the 1280: 1258: 1236: 1197: 1160: 1110: 1104: 1086: 1076: 1070: 1046:mass surveillance industry 953:Mass surveillance industry 946: 940: 873: 788: 782: 764: 713: 602: 596: 575:Carpenter v. United States 526: 512: 506: 369: 188: 184: 18: 9247: 9191: 9153: 9075: 9024: 8989: 8933: 8890: 8883: 8847: 8799: 8723: 8630: 8597:Right to rest and leisure 8503: 8308: 8301: 8242: 8166: 8143:Global Network Initiative 8095: 8087:Virtual assistant privacy 8067:Privacy-invasive software 7995: 7959: 7846: 7742: 7706: 7542:Resources in your library 7183:Lee, Micah (2015-11-12). 7052:Esteve, Asunción (2017). 6232:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.012 5532:Johnson, Carl A. (1974). 4664:https://canlii.ca/t/fpnld 4520:. Alrc.gov.au. 2008-08-12 3839:. www.openparliament.ca. 2548:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2294:and thus most common, or 2147:Information dissemination 1276: 1239:Privacy in Australian law 933:their location settings. 825:suicide of Tyler Clementi 653:is motivated by both the 638:, while at the same time 27:. For the 1952 film, see 9280:Society of the Spectacle 8612:Right to social security 8577:Right to Internet access 8522:Equal pay for equal work 8408:Presumption of innocence 7022:10.1177/0022243720920256 6852:10.1177/2056305116688035 6761:Journal of Social Issues 6614:10.1108/JCM-06-2019-3286 6523:Computers & Security 6431:10.1177/1461444808089415 6383:Cofone, Ignacio (2023). 6333:10.1177/1088868310366452 6282:Computers & Security 6251:Journal of Communication 5765:Goffman, Erving (1968). 5654:The economics of justice 5589:10.1017/CBO9780511498657 5402:openaccess.leidenuniv.nl 4717:"- Civil Code of Québec" 4648:Cofone, Ignacio (2021). 4633:Cofone, Ignacio (2020). 4455:(Report). Archived from 3737:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00815 3524:Federal Trade Commission 3499:Federal Trade Commission 3441:Federal Trade Commission 3340:Cofone, Ignacio (2023). 3313:Cofone, Ignacio (2023). 3115:"United States v. Jones" 2354:anonymous search engines 1918:§ Social networking 1583:Control over information 1427:, individual as well as 1387:Data Protection Act 1998 1347: 916:, noting the ability of 912:wrote an open letter to 587:National Security Agency 556:became a landmark case. 35:Privacy (disambiguation) 9161:Influence of mass media 8966:Narcotizing dysfunction 8488:right to be a candidate 8318:Equality before the law 8138:Future of Privacy Forum 8133:European Digital Rights 6419:New Media & Society 6410:S. Livingstone (2008). 5265:10.1089/cyber.2013.0585 4764:Zhong, Guorong (2019). 4682:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 4618:Power, Michael (2020). 4596:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 4575:Power, Michael (2020). 4556:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 4480:Jensen, Carlos (2004). 4337:10.1073/pnas.1218772110 4215:Hausfeld (2024-05-16). 3724:Frontiers in Psychology 3618:10.1073/pnas.1218772110 2986:Encyclopedia Britannica 2902:"A Taxonomy of Privacy" 2644:SSRN Electronic Journal 2381:Other security measures 2346:Virtual Private Network 2304:perfect forward secrecy 2203:Decisional interference 2099:Aggregating information 1968:§ User empowerment 1952:surveillance capitalism 1941:Surveillance capitalism 1661:Personhood and autonomy 1448:Griswold v. Connecticut 1273:and the role of media. 1117:Information privacy law 949:Surveillance capitalism 550:Griswold v. Connecticut 8822:Freedom of information 8348:Freedom of information 8333:Freedom of association 8179:Cellphone surveillance 8096:Advocacy organizations 7719:Expectation of privacy 6845:(1): 205630511668803. 6839:Social Media + Society 6131:News Media and the Law 6077:. 1948. Archived from 5912:Georgetown Law Journal 5875:H. Jeff Smith (1994). 5785:Altman, Irwin (1975). 5769:. New York: Doubleday. 5188:"The Right To Privacy" 4518:"For Your Information" 2816:Negley, Glenn (1966). 2673:DeCew, Judith (2015), 2282:Signal (messaging app) 2187:expectation of privacy 2162: 2083:Collecting information 2055:conceptions of privacy 2003:Privacy calculus model 1710:intimate relationships 1507:Conceptions of privacy 1493:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act 1417:privacy law in America 1373:Privacy in English law 1143:Constitution of Brazil 1138: 1101:Legal right to privacy 1079:Data re-identification 1038:behavioral advertising 1026:contextual advertising 876:Location-based service 821:suicide of Amanda Todd 659:subverted expectations 554:United States v. Jones 540:United States v. Jones 480:Kyllo v. United States 393: 263: 56: 33:. For other uses, see 9209:Exploitation of women 8660:Intersex human rights 8468:Right of self-defense 8423:Right to a fair trial 8158:Privacy International 7729:Right to be forgotten 7571:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 7503:Understanding Privacy 6952:California Law Review 6804:10.1287/orsc.10.1.104 6670:Felt, Adrienne Porter 6157:"Volume 11, Number 9" 6060:Regan, P. M. (1995). 5499:The Modern Law Review 5479:. New York: Atheneum. 5475:Westin, Alan (1967). 5186:Warren and Brandeis, 3893:IEEE Computer Society 3243:10.1017/9781108591386 3139:"Riley v. California" 2364:Further information: 2276:Further information: 2150: 1985:Further information: 1962:Information asymmetry 1916:Further information: 1896:attitude-behavior gap 1572:Edwin Lawrence Godkin 1534:Right to be let alone 1352:Further information: 1342:Right to be Forgotten 1329:Further information: 1161:Further information: 1134:Privacy International 1132: 1121:Right to be forgotten 1077:Further information: 993:neutral point of view 947:Further information: 789:Further information: 765:Further information: 655:computational ability 651:right to be forgotten 649:. In particular, the 636:regulatory compliance 537:ruled unanimously in 513:Further information: 503:Police and government 383: 370:Further information: 257: 189:Further information: 49:One Nation Under CCTV 43: 8547:Right to development 8428:Right to family life 8378:Freedom from torture 8363:Freedom from slavery 7664:Wikimedia Foundation 7579:. pp. 390–392. 7370:Agence France-Presse 6792:Organization Science 4428:"Privacy Guidelines" 4160:Insider Intelligence 4064:Popkin, Helen A.S., 3388:"Legislative Reform" 2652:10.2139/ssrn.3537968 2617:Etymology Dictionary 2454:Lion-tailed macaques 2256:organizational level 1524:contextual integrity 1518:Contextual integrity 1315:Civil Code of Quebec 1283:Canadian privacy law 1269:was passed, to some 1155:Italian Constitution 886:personal information 632:surveillance economy 300:English philosopher 220:improve this section 21:Personal information 9321:Identity management 9255:Advanced capitalism 8941:Cult of personality 8855:Advanced capitalism 8358:Freedom of religion 8353:Freedom of movement 8328:Freedom of assembly 8310:Civil and political 8194:Global surveillance 8062:Privacy engineering 8047:Personal identifier 7997:Information privacy 7734:Post-mortem privacy 7436:(31 January 2020). 7070:10.1093/idpl/ipw026 5883:. UNC Press Books. 5477:Privacy and Freedom 5374:Privacy and freedom 4782:2019JPhCS1168c2084Z 4328:2013PNAS..110.5802K 3966:2013NatSR...3E1376D 3930:. 24 September 2019 3909:. 24 September 2019 3609:2013PNAS..110.5802K 3571:, 21(4), in press, 2620:, November 17, 2020 2492:Global surveillance 2442:Cotton-top tamarins 2431:high blood pressure 2333:Anonymizing proxies 2278:Pretty Good Privacy 1991:It is suggested by 1815:An individual right 1792:executive privilege 1770:, privacy screens, 1748:intimate behaviours 1714:human relationships 1485:Privacy Act of 1974 1206:consumer protection 985:promotional content 727:Library of Congress 617:Information privacy 567:Riley v. California 562:Riley v. California 466:Privacy and Freedom 30:Private Information 9176:Semiotic democracy 9100:Civil disobedience 9012:Media manipulation 9002:Crowd manipulation 8925:Tabloid journalism 8839:Media transparency 8817:Media independence 8731:24-hour news cycle 8675:Right to sexuality 8552:Right to education 8478:Security of person 8373:Freedom of thought 8234:Personality rights 7412:10.1111/papq.12329 7316:The New York Times 7124:, pp. 104–05. 6892:10.1057/jit.2010.6 6461:2016-04-13 at the 6263:10.1111/jcom.12276 6200:10.1111/jcc4.12052 6163:. 4 September 2006 5932:on 11 January 2012 5649:Posner, Richard A. 5370:Blom-Cooper, Louis 5010:"Fourth Amendment" 4978:2009-01-03 at the 4893:10.1002/isd2.12053 4247:The New York Times 4188:The New York Times 3954:Scientific Reports 3578:2014-03-28 at the 3295:The New York Times 3191:The World from PRX 2950:Harvard Law Review 2404:David Attenborough 2233:speech recognition 1668:self-determination 1429:locational privacy 1139: 1093:In Australia, the 987:and inappropriate 943:Online advertising 805:content moderation 799:Content moderation 739:digital footprints 519:Police body camera 394: 264: 57: 9288: 9287: 9214:Freedom of speech 9032:Theodor W. Adorno 9020: 9019: 9007:Managing the news 8827:Freedom of speech 8807:Media development 8771:News broadcasting 8751:Independent media 8736:Alternative media 8683: 8682: 8582:Right to property 8542:Right to clothing 8527:Fair remuneration 8495:Right to homeland 8443:Right to petition 8368:Freedom of speech 8260: 8259: 8204:Mass surveillance 7528:Library resources 7485:978-0-465-03914-2 7372:. 18 October 2016 6734:978-3-8394-4213-5 6691:978-3-642-39497-3 6047:978-0-13-612602-7 5687:, pp. 22–23. 5668:978-0-674-23526-7 5626:, pp. 90–92. 5569:, pp. 85–89. 5383:978-0-370-01325-1 5338:978-0-679-72473-5 5222:(December 1880). 5177:, pp. 15–17. 5083:"The Privacy Act" 4938:www.aljazeera.com 4932:Saberin, Zeenat. 4500:"The Privacy Act" 4413:978-0-321-53685-3 4322:(15): 5802–5805. 3974:10.1038/srep01376 3603:(15): 5802–5805. 3569:Internet Research 3422:978-1-83976-202-4 3252:978-1-108-49242-3 2875:978-0-7735-3052-2 2597:978-0-521-15255-6 2555:978-1-4058-8118-0 2412:natural historian 2116:de-identification 2042: 2041: 1604:States of privacy 1549:yellow journalism 1477:freedom of speech 1021: 1020: 1013: 882:location tracking 844:freedom of speech 785:Online harassment 779:Online harassment 710:Social networking 700:industrial policy 688:legal regulations 457:The Naked Society 292:deutero-canonical 252: 251: 244: 9333: 9260:Culture industry 9229:Social influence 9182:The Lonely Crowd 9125:Political satire 9090:Call-out culture 9067:Jacques Rancière 9062:Marshall McLuhan 9037:Jean Baudrillard 8981:Viral phenomenon 8915:Public relations 8888: 8887: 8761:Mainstream media 8746:Electronic media 8710: 8703: 8696: 8687: 8686: 8572:Right to housing 8506:Economic, social 8453:Right to protest 8448:Right to privacy 8287: 8280: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8250: 8249: 8118:Data Privacy Lab 8077:Privacy software 7724:Right to privacy 7693: 7686: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7614: 7517: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7391: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7291:Stay Safe Online 7283: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7164:Signal Messenger 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7074: 7073: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7024: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6977: 6976: 6943:Prosser, William 6939: 6933: 6927: 6912: 6911: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6668:Egelman, Serge; 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6649:Internet Citizen 6643:Burkhardt, Kai. 6640: 6634: 6633: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6489:(7): 1038–1058. 6474: 6465: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6416: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6153: 6147: 6144:Information Week 6140: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6109: 6102: 6096: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6034:Johnson, Deborah 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5858:Yale Law Journal 5854:"Sexual Privacy" 5850:Citron, Danielle 5846: 5840: 5839: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5708: 5707: 5699: 5688: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5494: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5459: 5458: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5291:Yale Law Journal 5283: 5277: 5276: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5229:Atlantic Monthly 5216: 5210: 5204: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5161: 5160: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5063:Business Insider 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4970: 4964: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4506:. 10 March 2023. 4496: 4490: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4339: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4075: 4069: 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2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2918:10.2307/40041279 2897: 2888: 2887: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2703:bible.oremus.org 2695: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2538: 2522:Privacy software 2487:Digital identity 2414:, affirmed that 2360:User empowerment 2217:contract workers 2160: 2138:informed consent 2120:de-anonymization 2109:data aggregation 2037: 2034: 2015: 2007: 1975:user empowerment 1905:default settings 1776:window coverings 1737:Fourth Amendment 1731:Physical privacy 1528:Helen Nissenbaum 1463:later overruled 1425:right to privacy 1245:Privacy Act 1988 1222:privacy policies 1212:concepts of the 1169:Privacy Act 1988 1107:Right to privacy 1016: 1009: 1005: 1002: 996: 974:an advertisement 965: 964: 957: 755:privacy settings 599:Internet privacy 342:John Stuart Mill 247: 240: 236: 233: 227: 203: 202: 195: 156:right to privacy 141:bodily integrity 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 110: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 76: 69: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9270:Media franchise 9243: 9187: 9149: 9105:Culture jamming 9071: 9057:Walter Lippmann 9016: 8985: 8929: 8879: 8843: 8834:Media pluralism 8795: 8719: 8714: 8684: 8679: 8650:Family planning 8635: 8626: 8602:Right of return 8562:Right to health 8510: 8507: 8499: 8463:Right to resist 8413:Right of asylum 8304: 8297: 8291: 8261: 8256: 8238: 8162: 8091: 7991: 7955: 7842: 7836:amended in 2020 7738: 7702: 7697: 7621: 7595: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7522:Further reading 7514: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7464: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7431: 7427: 7392: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7344: 7342: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7320: 7318: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7293: 7285: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7243: 7241: 7231: 7227: 7218: 7216: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7191: 7181: 7177: 7168: 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5495: 5484: 5473: 5462: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5366:Westin, Alan F. 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5322: 5318: 5284: 5280: 5259:(10): 633–638. 5245: 5241: 5236:(278): 729–739. 5217: 5213: 5205: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5164: 5157: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5057:Frias, Lauren. 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4990: 4986: 4980:Wayback Machine 4971: 4967: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4872: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4856:. 27 March 2020 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4762: 4758: 4749: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4684: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4646: 4642: 4631: 4627: 4616: 4609: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4584: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4421: 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3185: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3049:, pp. 3–4. 3045: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2898: 2891: 2876: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2834:10.2307/1190674 2814: 2810: 2767: 2763: 2740:10.2307/1190671 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2482:Civil liberties 2478: 2458:bite themselves 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2330: 2324: 2284: 2274: 2268: 2248: 2242: 2212: 2195: 2183: 2161: 2158:Publilius Syrus 2156: 2149: 2101: 2085: 2059:William Prosser 2051: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2022:needs expansion 2016: 2005: 1997:privacy dilemma 1993:Andréa Belliger 1989: 1983: 1970: 1964: 1947: 1937: 1924: 1914: 1881:privacy paradox 1873:privacy paradox 1869: 1836: 1817: 1808: 1784: 1772:cathedral glass 1733: 1725:Danielle Citron 1705: 1688: 1663: 1650: 1637:Lorenzo Magnani 1623: 1606: 1585: 1565: 1536: 1526:, developed by 1520: 1514: 1509: 1495:(GLB), and the 1481:First Amendment 1479:granted in the 1471:characterizing 1469:Clarence Thomas 1421:US Constitution 1419:. Although the 1413: 1407: 1375: 1369: 1356: 1350: 1333: 1327: 1285: 1279: 1263: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1202: 1196: 1165: 1127: 1109: 1103: 1091: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1017: 1006: 1000: 997: 978: 966: 962: 955: 945: 939: 898: 878: 872: 801: 787: 781: 769: 763: 735:deanonymization 718: 712: 619: 601: 595: 531: 525: 511: 505: 485:thermal imaging 436:totalitarianism 378: 368: 360:Michel Foucault 344:. Mill’s essay 269: 248: 237: 231: 228: 217: 204: 200: 193: 187: 175: 152:digital privacy 114: 105: 104: 73: 64: 63: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9339: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9311:Digital rights 9308: 9303: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9095:Cancel culture 9092: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9077:Counterculture 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042:Edward Bernays 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8997:Catch and kill 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8976:Sensationalism 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8900: 8894: 8892: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8865:Bipartisanship 8862: 8860:American Dream 8857: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8814: 8809: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8713: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8690: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8617:Right to water 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8592:Right of reply 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8517:Digital rights 8513: 8511: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8480: 8475: 8473:Right to truth 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8290: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8219:Search warrant 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8199:Identity theft 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8072:Privacy policy 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7951:United Kingdom 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7866:European Union 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7824: 7822:United Kingdom 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7782:European Union 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7657: 7646: 7636: 7631:, provided by 7620: 7619:External links 7617: 7616: 7615: 7594:978-1412965804 7593: 7577:Cato Institute 7563:Hamowy, Ronald 7550: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513:978-0674035072 7512: 7497: 7484: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7425: 7406:(4): 628–650. 7383: 7351: 7327: 7302: 7275: 7250: 7225: 7200: 7175: 7151: 7126: 7075: 7044: 7015:(4): 617–639. 6995: 6993:, p. 103. 6978: 6934: 6932:, p. 101. 6913: 6886:(2): 109–125. 6866: 6825: 6798:(1): 104–115. 6778: 6747: 6733: 6704: 6690: 6660: 6635: 6608:(4): 457–472. 6589: 6548: 6510: 6466: 6444: 6425:(3): 393–411. 6402: 6395: 6375: 6362: 6327:(4): 351–367. 6307: 6268: 6237: 6206: 6193:(2): 248–273. 6173: 6148: 6135: 6122: 6110: 6097: 6084: 6081:on 2014-12-08. 6066: 6053: 6046: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5943: 5917: 5896: 5890:978-0807821473 5889: 5867: 5841: 5830:(4): 323–333. 5818:Rachels, James 5809: 5792: 5772: 5757: 5731: 5709: 5689: 5674: 5667: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5612:Magnani (2007) 5604: 5597: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5524: 5505:(5): 806–836. 5482: 5460: 5433:(6): 643–660. 5413: 5389: 5382: 5356: 5344: 5337: 5316: 5303:10.2307/795891 5297:(3): 421–471. 5278: 5239: 5211: 5192: 5179: 5162: 5156:978-0804772891 5155: 5137: 5123: 5112: 5103: 5074: 5049: 5025: 5001: 4984: 4965: 4949: 4924: 4899: 4866: 4841: 4818: 4805: 4756: 4732: 4708: 4693: 4668: 4655: 4640: 4625: 4607: 4582: 4567: 4542: 4530: 4509: 4491: 4472: 4440: 4419: 4412: 4394: 4382: 4379:on 2016-11-27. 4361: 4302: 4282: 4257: 4250:. 2021-06-22. 4233: 4207: 4171: 4147: 4120: 4095: 4070: 4057: 4032: 4007: 3997: 3940: 3919: 3898: 3878: 3854: 3827: 3796: 3769: 3710: 3683:(3): 155–164. 3667: 3642: 3583: 3560: 3536: 3526:. 19 July 2013 3511: 3486: 3453: 3428: 3421: 3399: 3379: 3359: 3352: 3332: 3325: 3305: 3298:. 2010-07-25. 3276: 3269:. April 2021. 3258: 3251: 3221: 3203: 3193:. 30 July 2016 3178: 3154: 3130: 3106: 3076: 3051: 3022: 2997: 2973: 2964: 2939: 2912:(3): 477–564. 2889: 2874: 2855: 2828:(2): 319–325. 2808: 2803:10.1086/499790 2787:10.1086/499790 2781:(2): 313–334. 2761: 2734:(2): 272–280. 2714: 2690: 2665: 2630: 2612:"privacy (n.)" 2603: 2596: 2561: 2554: 2542:Wells, John C. 2532: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2517:Visual privacy 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2361: 2358: 2326:Main article: 2323: 2320: 2308:Edward Snowden 2270:Main article: 2267: 2264: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2211: 2208: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2179: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2123: 2112: 2100: 2097: 2084: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2053:As with other 2050: 2047: 2040: 2039: 2019: 2017: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1982: 1979: 1963: 1960: 1936: 1933: 1913: 1910: 1868: 1865: 1835: 1832: 1827:Richard Posner 1820:David Flaherty 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1783: 1782:Organizational 1780: 1752:intimate parts 1732: 1729: 1704: 1701: 1697:self-criticism 1687: 1684: 1662: 1659: 1649: 1646: 1622: 1619: 1605: 1602: 1584: 1581: 1564: 1563:Limited access 1561: 1545:natural rights 1535: 1532: 1522:The theory of 1516:Main article: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1371:Main article: 1368: 1367:United Kingdom 1365: 1349: 1346: 1326: 1325:European Union 1323: 1281:Main article: 1278: 1275: 1259:Main article: 1237:Main article: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1105:Main article: 1102: 1099: 1087:Main article: 1071:Main article: 1068: 1065: 1019: 1018: 989:external links 969: 967: 960: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 897: 894: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 852:search warrant 783:Main article: 780: 777: 762: 761:Selfie culture 759: 714:Main article: 711: 708: 597:Main article: 594: 591: 583:Edward Snowden 507:Main article: 504: 501: 410:Louis Brandeis 398:printing press 388:convention in 367: 364: 335:utilitarianism 331:Jeremy Bentham 295:Book of Sirach 268: 265: 250: 249: 214:of the subject 212:worldwide view 207: 205: 198: 186: 183: 174: 171: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9338: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171:Mediatization 9169: 9167: 9166:Media studies 9164: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9145:Strike action 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9110:Demonstration 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8875:Pensée unique 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8741:Digital media 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8717:Media culture 8711: 8706: 8704: 8699: 8697: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8622:Right to work 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8557:Right to food 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8438:Right to life 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8283: 8281: 8276: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8253: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8189:Eavesdropping 8187: 8185: 8184:Data security 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8082:Secret ballot 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8042:Personal data 8040: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7827:United States 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7651:entry in the 7650: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7515: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7498: 7487: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7434:Eveleth, Rose 7429: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7388: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7190: 7189:The Intercept 7186: 7179: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6396:9781108995443 6392: 6388: 6387: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6104:Watt, Eliza. 6101: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6021:Lessig (2006) 6017: 6010: 6009:Lessig (2006) 6005: 5998:(2): 405–409. 5997: 5993: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5953: 5947: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5871: 5864:: 1877, 1880. 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5807:, p. 35. 5806: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5638:, p. 21. 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5600: 5598:9780511498657 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5557:, p. 90. 5556: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5354:, p. 24. 5353: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287:Gavison, Ruth 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5209:, p. 19. 5208: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5116: 5107: 5093:on 2015-08-10 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4889: 4886:(6): e12053. 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4855: 4854:Yale Insights 4851: 4845: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776:(3): 032084. 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4571: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4462:on 2018-12-31 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2645: 2641: 2634: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:Jones, Daniel 2565: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2427:heart disease 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2390:Legal methods 2387: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2260:cybersecurity 2257: 2253: 2250:Similarly to 2247: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127:data security 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2089:interrogation 2080: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2020:This section 2018: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1800:trade secrets 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758:reasons, are 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1720:James Rachels 1717: 1715: 1711: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1658: 1654: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1594:Charles Fried 1591: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1491:(COPPA), the 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1433:4th Amendment 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1405:United States 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265:In 2015, the 1262: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1225: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1015: 1012: 1004: 994: 990: 986: 982: 976: 975: 970:This section 968: 959: 958: 954: 950: 944: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 905: 903: 893: 889: 887: 883: 877: 867: 863: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 800: 796: 792: 786: 776: 773: 768: 758: 756: 752: 747: 742: 740: 736: 730: 728: 724: 717: 707: 705: 704:personal data 701: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 618: 614: 610: 606: 600: 590: 588: 584: 579: 577: 576: 570: 568: 564: 563: 557: 555: 551: 546: 542: 541: 536: 535:Supreme Court 530: 524: 520: 516: 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Retrieved 2702: 2693: 2683:, retrieved 2678: 2668: 2643: 2633: 2624:November 18, 2622:, retrieved 2615: 2606: 2585: 2582:Esling, John 2578:Setter, Jane 2574:Roach, Peter 2564: 2545: 2536: 2512:Transparency 2467:In one zoo, 2435: 2424: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2350: 2331: 2285: 2249: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2184: 2166: 2163: 2151: 2102: 2093: 2086: 2077: 2052: 2043: 2030: 2026:adding to it 2021: 1996: 1990: 1971: 1948: 1929: 1925: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1885:social media 1880: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1840:human rights 1837: 1825: 1818: 1809: 1785: 1741: 1734: 1718: 1706: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1626:Psychologist 1624: 1615: 1607: 1586: 1569: 1566: 1553: 1537: 1521: 1501: 1472: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1414: 1376: 1357: 1338: 1334: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1286: 1264: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1177: 1166: 1140: 1092: 1082: 1050: 1042:HTTP cookies 1022: 1007: 998: 983:by removing 979:Please help 971: 926:software bug 906: 899: 890: 879: 864: 856: 841: 811:may lead to 809:Revenge porn 802: 791:Revenge porn 770: 743: 731: 719: 692: 663:revenge porn 658: 654: 644: 627: 623: 620: 580: 573: 571: 566: 560: 558: 553: 549: 538: 532: 478: 476: 469: 465: 455: 449: 443: 432:surveillance 427: 416: 414: 395: 352: 345: 339: 326:sittlichkeit 324: 318: 312: 305: 299: 285: 279: 273: 270: 238: 229: 209: 176: 160: 149: 145: 134: 59: 58: 48: 29: 9326:Privacy law 9154:In academia 9140:Review bomb 8961:Media event 8898:Advertising 8870:Consumerism 8791:State media 8665:LGBT rights 8398:Nationality 8388:LGBT rights 8224:Wiretapping 7936:Switzerland 7921:South Korea 7911:Philippines 7901:Netherlands 7896:Isle of Man 7817:Switzerland 7797:New Zealand 7627:. Video on 7462:Works cited 7122:Solove 2010 6991:Solove 2010 6930:Solove 2010 6529:: 122–134. 6455:article 1. 6288:: 226–261. 6226:: 158–167. 5805:Solove 2010 5685:Solove 2010 5636:Solove 2010 5352:Solove 2010 5207:Solove 2010 5175:Solove 2010 4390:Solove 2010 4223:(in German) 3789:October 17, 3413:Verso Books 3047:Solove 2010 2952:193 (1890)" 2507:Open access 2448:Chimpanzees 2131:data breach 1577:Sissela Bok 1465:Roe v. Wade 1454:Roe v. Wade 1298:Privacy Act 1113:Privacy law 937:Advertising 902:AccuWeather 471:Roe v. Wade 462:Alan Westin 422:written by 191:Privacy law 9295:Categories 9219:Media bias 9120:Occupation 9052:Guy Debord 8934:Techniques 8903:Propaganda 8800:Principles 8776:News media 8756:Mass media 8403:Personhood 8209:Panopticon 7832:California 7707:Principles 7603:2008009151 7345:2021-11-22 7321:2021-11-22 7296:2021-11-22 7269:2022-01-22 7244:2024-01-29 7219:2024-01-29 7194:2024-01-29 7169:2021-11-22 7145:2021-11-22 6654:2020-01-10 6167:2019-11-25 5958:2012-01-01 5936:2 February 5407:2017-07-19 5097:2015-11-19 5068:2022-06-25 5043:2022-06-25 5019:2021-03-20 4943:2021-11-22 4918:2021-11-22 4860:2021-11-22 4750:2024-03-22 4726:2024-03-22 4687:2024-03-22 4601:2024-03-21 4561:2024-03-21 4524:2019-08-22 4466:2019-02-01 4434:2019-08-22 4227:2024-06-28 4201:2021-11-22 4165:2023-09-30 4141:2021-06-03 4051:2021-11-22 4026:2021-11-22 3934:2023-06-19 3913:2023-06-19 3677:Third Text 3661:2021-03-17 3554:2020-10-11 3530:2023-06-18 3505:2021-09-28 3480:2021-10-26 3447:2021-09-28 3197:2021-09-28 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