619:(MITM). Communications can also be delivered to recipients unbeknown to the sender due to false assumptions made regarding the platform or medium that was used to send information. For example, the failure to read a company's privacy policy regarding communications on their platform could lead one to assume that their communication is protected when it is in fact not. Additionally, companies frequently have been known to lack transparency in how they use information, which can be both intentional and unintentional. Discussion of communication privacy necessarily requires consideration of technological methods of protecting information/communication in digital mediums, the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of such methods/systems, and the development/advancement of new and current technologies.
862:
individual-B, they could first target a platform or group that has individual-B's information already, such as a credit agency, or they could likewise target a group that individual-B has previously relinquished/provided their data to, like a social media network or a cloud based data service. Through targeting one of those groups, individual-A could effectively obtain individual-B's information by first hacking all data the group has, including the data of other individuals. Once obtained, the hacker could simply identify individual-B's information within the data and disregard the rest. Digital tools are available online to help thwart personal data theft.
28:
421:
899:. The target person can be directed to the site through a link in a "fake" email that is designed to look like it came from the website they commonly use. The user then clicks on the URL, proceeds to sign in, or provide other personal information, and as opposed to the information being submitted to the website that the user thought they were on, it is actually sent directly to the hacker. Phishing attacks commonly obtain bank and financial data as well as social networking website information.
3555:
2513:
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508:, the more privacy is lost. All of the information and data one shares is connected to clusters of similar information. As the user continues to share their productive expression, it gets matched with the respective cluster, and their speech and expression are no longer only in the possession of them or of their social circle. This can be seen as a consequence of building
821:(2015), individual data can be seen as having two types of value: a commercial value and a private value. The fact that data is collected can have both positive and negative effects, and can cause a violation of privacy and a monetary cost. As per Acquisti, Taylor, and Wagman, there are further concerns about the progress of collecting data as
632:
breach of individual privacy would be an internet user receiving unwanted ads and emails/spam, or a computer virus that forces the user to take actions, which otherwise they would not. In such cases, the individual does not exist digitally without interruption from unwanted information; thus their individual privacy has been infringed upon.
838:, and many more are being put in place; however, the IT industry is always evolving and requires the users to be empowered and focus on self-management of the online privacy. As such, it is very important for the lawmakers to continue focusing on the right balance between the use of the internet and the economics of privacy.
755:, handling, and encapsulating traffic at different levels to ensure communication security. VPN is also effective in securing data and privacy over the cloud and data-center environments because it is capable of protecting IPs from exposure to different kinds of attacks. This technology can be categorized into
631:
In the context of digital privacy, individual privacy is the notion that individuals have a right to exist freely on the internet, in that they can choose what type of information they are exposed to, and more importantly, that unwanted information should not interrupt them. An example of a digital
592:
One such example of privacy policies being called into question would be on the social media app TikTok. While collecting user data normally requires permission from the user, the app is known to be quite insistent on the user sharing the data, at least in comparison to other apps such as
Facebook.
743:
can frequently be traced back to a specific physical location, and likewise can identify someone as well, changing one's IP address can help users remain anonymous by providing access to a multitude of servers in various geographic locations around the world, allowing them to appear as if they are
588:
It is a common practice in some countries to oblige companies and websites to provide users with notice and ask for the consent to collect their data and/or track activity. However, the specifics of this procedure usually are not properly regulated, which allows websites to manipulate users into
850:, though that term refers to the general practice and does not address specific hacking methods and implementation. Various hacking methods as it pertains to the invasion of one's digital privacy are outlined below. As it pertains to intent, within hacking, there are two categories of invasion:
861:
With the latter category, however, a hacker could effectively obtain a specified/particular individual's information through first targeting a larger group. An example of this possibility could be as follows: if a hacker, named individual-A, wishes to obtain a particular person's information,
680:
server by creating a pathway of onion routers. Once a pathway has been established, all information that is sent through it is anonymously delivered. When the user has finished utilizing the pathway it was essentially deleted which freed the resources to be used for a new pathway within onion
607:
is the notion that individuals should have the freedom, or right, to communicate information digitally with the expectation that their communications are secure—meaning that messages and communications will only be accessible to the sender's original intended recipient.
527:. Laws are based on consumers' consent and assume that the consumers are already empowered to know their own best interests. Therefore, for the past few years, people have been focusing on self-management of digital privacy through rational and educated decision-making.
744:
physically located in a selected area, even when they are not. This is an example of a method/service that works to allow for information and communication anonymity. IP-address changers are one such service, which an internet user typically pays a fee to use.
763:
VPN, which are methods of data communication from a user device to a VPN gateway using a secure tunnel. There is also the case of the VHSP mechanism, which protects the exposure of an IP address by assigning a temporal IP for the VPN gateway and its services.
702:
While the previously mentioned information anonymity system can also potentially protect the contents of communications between two people, there are other systems that directly function to guarantee that communication remains between its intended recipients.
589:
obtaining consent by reducing the visibility of the notice, the frequency of requests for consent, etc. This affects the power dynamics between companies and consumers, perceived risks, and jeopardizes the right to privacy in the collection of personal data.
693:
and free software. Unlike its predecessor, Tor is able to protect both the anonymity of individuals as well as web providers. This allows people to set up anonymous web servers that in effect provide a censorship-resistant publishing service.
500:
shows that, over the years, people have wanted to keep more information private. Observing the seven-year span, Facebook gained a profit of $ 100 billion through the collection and sharing of their users' data with third-party advertisers.
622:
Many scholars have used communication privacy management (CPM) theory as a way to define control over private information. By sharing information with others through social media, the ownership of that information becomes collective.
565:(IT). The rise of networking and computing led to the dramatic change in the ways of information exchange. The baseline for this concept was put forward in the late 1940s, and the third era of privacy development began in the 1990s.
997:
Current research suggests that information privacy is rarely studied as a multi-level concept, which limits our knowledge and understanding of the topic. In addition, most research has focused on student or samples based in the
808:
branded in 1890 as "the right to be left alone." Today's "privacy incidents" do not exclusively concern celebrities and politicians, as most people are connected and share data: people are not online to be left alone.
1058:
640:
Some internet users proactively work to ensure information can not be collected, this is the practice of attempting to remain anonymous. There are many ways for a user to stay anonymous on the internet, including
728:(TLS) are measures to secure payments online. While these systems are not immune from breaches or failure, many users benefit greatly from their use as every major browser program has built-in support for it.
789:, private references must be respected: one can do whatever they want as long as others do not suffer from the consequences of it. In one's private space, alone, a person is free to do whatever they desire.
584:
is argued by some to be less developed in this regard. By example, some legislation, or lack thereof, allow companies to self-regulate their collection and dissemination practices of consumer information.
512:. As people create new and diverse ties on social networks, data becomes linked. This decrease in privacy continues until bundling appears (when the ties become strong and the network more homogeneous).
966:, as viewed from within these services. Even after 2013, scandals related to social-media privacy issues have continued to attract public attention. The most notable of these is the coverage of the
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that dictate how information may be collected and used by companies. Some of those laws are written to give agency to the preferences of individuals/consumers in how their data is used. The
3182:
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or delivered to other recipients without the sender's knowledge, in a multitude of ways. Communications can be intercepted directly through various hacking methods, such as the
1757:
Edman, M. and Yener, B. 2009. On anonymity in an electronic society: A survey of anonymous communication systems. ACM Comput. Surv. 42, 1, Article 5 (December 2009), 35 pages.
887:), developing a website that looks similar to other major websites that a target person commonly uses. The phishing website may look identical to the legitimate site, but its
593:
Since TikTok is capable of running without the user's personal data being gathered, this has raised suspicions about the app being used for data harvesting by the government.
496:", as one pays for "free" e-services through the loss of their privacy. For example, between 2005 and 2011, the change in levels of disclosure for different profile items on
771:(NAT) allows users to hide connections passing through a gateway behind the gateway through the use of a sensible hiding IP address that is routable to the issuing gateway.
365:
902:
Online tools can help users protect their information from phishing attacks, including Web browser extensions, which are capable of flagging suspicious websites and links.
3177:
1497:
1440:
1070:
2216:
3227:
1144:
Hung, Humphry; Wong, Y.H. (2009-05-22). "Information transparency and digital privacy protection: are they mutually exclusive in the provision of e-services?".
3242:
3123:
934:. While digital privacy is concerned with the privacy of digital information in general, in many contexts it specifically refers to information concerning
710:(PGP), has existed in various forms for many years. It functions to protect email messages by encrypting and decrypting them. It originally existed as a
3454:
2308:
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3419:
3358:
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963:
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now offer built-in PGP support. Users can also install PGP-compatible software and manually configure it to encrypt emails on nearly any platform.
505:
1669:
649:
services, probabilistic anonymity, and deterministic anonymity. Some companies are trying to create an all-in-one solution, In an interview with
2407:
1392:"Privacy Law in the United States, the EU and Canada: The Allure of the Middle Ground 2 University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal 2005"
3113:
967:
1725:
Reed, Michael G.; Syverson, Paul F.; Goldschlag, David M. (1998). "Anonymous connections and onion routing - IEEE Journals & Magazine".
27:
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and is typically used in opposition to the business practices of many e-marketers, businesses, and companies to collect and use such
846:
Methods can be purposely crafted to obtain one's personal information illegally. These directed attacks are commonly referred to as
168:
3202:
3118:
3108:
665:
For a user to keep their information anonymous when accessing the web, onion routing can be used to ensure the protection of their
477:. Digital privacy, a crucial aspect of modern online interactions and services, can be defined under three sub-related categories:
1391:
1842:
Future
Network Systems and Security: Second International Conference, FNSS 2016, Paris, France, November 23-25, 2016, Proceedings
603:
482:
523:." In a similar case in 2010, the users sued Facebook once again for sharing personal user information with advertisers through
1059:"Data Is Different, So Policymakers Should Pay Close Attention to Its Governance", by Susan Ariel Aaronson, Mira Burri. Editor
3434:
2928:
1624:
1277:
1203:
943:
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is a technology that provides users secured connection over a non-secure public network such as the
Internet through several
1302:
3257:
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3414:
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3212:
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666:
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173:
1699:
653:, co-founder of NordVPN he mentioned they're currently exploring a technology that will block trackers, cookies, detect
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183:
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3187:
1574:"Fuzzy Facebook privacy boundaries: Exploring mediated lurking, vague-booking, and Facebook privacy management"
3336:
3167:
3142:
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2393:
255:
233:
3197:
1260:
Tubaro, Paola; Casilli, Antonio A; Sarabi, Yasaman (2014). "Against the
Hypothesis of the End of Privacy".
959:
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2667:
910:
Digital privacy is a trending social concern. For example, over the past decade, the usage of the phrase
768:
213:
1498:"94% of Australians do not read all privacy policies that apply to them – and that's rational behaviour"
1344:
736:
There are additional methods that work to provide anonymity and, by extension, protect the user's data.
2923:
2881:
2537:
1698:
Acquisti, Alessandro; Gritzalis, Stefanos; Lambrinoudakis, Costos; Vimercati, Sabrina di (2007-12-22).
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201:
98:
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240:
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123:
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Simonis, Drew; Pincock, Corey; Kligerman, Daniel; Maxwell, Doug; Amon, Cherie; Keele, Allen (2002).
1809:
1735:
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Digital privacy has increasingly become a topic of interest as information and data shared over the
2769:
2647:
2542:
947:
becomes widely disclosed, digital privacy is increasingly recognized as an issue in the context of
725:
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113:
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have continued to become more and more commodified; social media users are now considered unpaid "
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3311:
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686:
673:
646:
406:
360:
223:
218:
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Acquisti, Alessandro; Gritzalis, Stefano; Lambrinoudakis, Costos; di
Vimercati, Sabrina (2007).
3485:
3083:
3078:
3025:
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974:
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program, but it has evolved in recent years to have its own full interface, and a multitude of
711:
562:
519:
was lodged on behalf of all
Facebook users that led Facebook to close its advertising system, "
442:
93:
2076:
1902:
1895:
3464:
3035:
2990:
2898:
2632:
2334:"Privacy in the Digital Age: A Review of Information Privacy Research in Information Systems"
1796:
1523:"Reconciling Contradictions of Open Data Regarding Transparency, Privacy, Security and Trust"
128:
561:
The concept of information privacy has evolved in parallel to the evolution of the field of
515:
Some laws allow filing a case against a breach of digital privacy. In 2007, for instance, a
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325:
143:
133:
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1973:
Acquisti, Alessandro; Taylor, Curtis R.; Wagman, Liad (2015). "The
Economics of Privacy".
8:
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2702:
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801:
707:
551:
541:
478:
156:
63:
1318:"Exploring Motivations for Online Privacy Protection Behavior: Insights From Panel Data"
1316:
Boerman, Sophie C.; Kruikemeier, Sanne; Zuiderveen
Borgesius, Frederik J. (2018-10-05).
989:, a movement intending to protect individuals from mass surveillance by the government.
3540:
2886:
2814:
2719:
2371:
2104:
1994:
1955:
1441:"TikTok has been accused of 'aggressive' data harvesting. Is your information at risk?"
962:
program were revealed in 2013, the public debate on digital privacy mainly centered on
752:
208:
1783:"Survey and taxonomy of IP address lookup algorithms - IEEE Journals & Magazine".
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3293:
2934:
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435:
340:
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58:
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1829:. Technology Analysis Branch of the Office Privacy Commissioner of Canada. May 2013.
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1998:
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1329:
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1153:
1029:"Privacy and Information Technology" (Summer 2020 edition), Edward N. Zalta, Editor
1011:
986:
915:
797:
786:
466:
188:
108:
88:
1773:
Zimmermann, Philip R. (1999). "Why I Wrote PGP". Essays on PGP. Philip
Zimmermann.
1670:"Meet NordSec: The company behind NordVPN wants to be your one-stop privacy suite"
985:
while sending and receiving information over computer networks is associated with
3288:
2794:
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2672:
2497:
2487:
2168:
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53:
883:. This generally consists of an individual (often referred in this context as a
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83:
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2835:
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2799:
2652:
2642:
2612:
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2100:
2077:"A survey of phishing attacks: Their types, vectors and technical approaches"
1990:
1951:
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927:
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375:
330:
300:
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68:
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796:, the invasion of celebrities' private lives arose along with the notion of
676:
and was intended to anonymize web traffic. The system created a path to any
550:
is the idea that individuals should have the freedom to determine how their
465:
is often used in contexts that promote advocacy on behalf of individual and
3535:
3316:
2908:
2764:
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2190:
1549:
931:
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295:
290:
33:
2285:"Google and Microsoft's plea on NSA requests moves slowly in secret court"
1237:
1220:
580:(GDPR) is an example of this. In other places, like in the United States,
3530:
3050:
2848:
2682:
2657:
2622:
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1982:
1071:"Data is disruptive: How data sovereignty is challenging data governance"
978:
919:
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305:
118:
73:
2375:
2333:
2258:
2075:
Chiew, Kang Leng; Yong, Kelvin Sheng Chek; Tan, Choon Lin (2018-09-15).
2014:
Hacking analysis and protection: Hacking analysis and protection methods
1697:
3515:
2913:
2729:
2677:
2560:
2440:
2385:
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1959:
1927:
1221:"Silent Listeners: The Evolution of Privacy and Disclosure on Facebook"
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982:
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1065:. Cambridge University Press, July 9, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
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According to
Alessandro Acquisti, Curtis Taylor and Liad Wagman in
497:
19:
2309:"Zuckerberg's apology tour has not done much to regain user trust"
970:
in 2018, which led to a 66% decrease in public trust of Facebook.
3006:
2759:
2734:
2697:
1303:"Privacy Law and the Internet using Facebook.com as a Case Study"
1219:
Stutzman, Fred; Gross, Ralph; Acquisti, Alessandro (2013-03-01).
891:
could have a variation in spelling or a different domain such as
654:
315:
37:
2617:
2532:
1527:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research
1076:, Hinrich Foundation August 3, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
884:
847:
677:
1892:
3520:
2127:
Digital Privacy and Security Using Windows: A Practical Guide
760:
285:
178:
3459:
1368:"Information Privacy Research: An Interdisciplinary Review"
896:
892:
273:
2975:
2150:
Lacey, David; Salmon, Paul; Glancy, Patrick (2015-01-01).
914:
has increased by more than fivefold in published books. A
2152:"Taking the Bait: A Systems Analysis of Phishing Attacks"
1002:, which restricts the generalizability of the findings.
956:
888:
554:
is collected and used. This is particularly relevant for
1651:
InSITE 2014: Informing Science + IT Education Conference
1521:
Meijer, Ronald; Conradie, Peter; Choenni, Sunil (2014).
1097:
Privacy in the Digital Age | Nicholas Martino | TEDxFSCJ
1039:, October 30, 2019 (version). Retrieved October 6, 2022.
1035:; Martijn Blaauw; Wolter Pieters; and Martijn Warnier,
1724:
1613:"Ultimate guide: how to delete your digital footprint"
1118:"Digital privacy: A conceptual framework for business"
2195:. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. p. 14.
1520:
1218:
1195:
Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory
2193:
Digital Privacy: Theory, Technologies, and Practices
1972:
1701:
Digital Privacy: Theory, Technologies, and Practices
1572:
Child, Jeffrey T.; Starcher, Shawn C. (2016-01-01).
2236:Gourley, Eric Berlow and Sean (18 September 2013),
1259:
1046:
Digital Data Collection and Information Privacy Law
841:
3455:International Association of Privacy Professionals
1897:Checkpoint Next Generation Security Administration
1894:
1840:Doss, Robin; Piramuthu, Selwyn; Zhou, Wei (2016).
854:Directed attacks against someone individually, and
2149:
1839:
3571:
3420:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
2331:
1727:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
964:privacy concerns with social-networking services
2065:, September 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
2016:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1063:Global Perspectives on Digital Trade Governance
657:before it lands on the user's device and more.
2332:BĂ©langer, France; Crossler, Robert E. (2011).
1926:Warren, Samuel D.; Brandeis, Louis D. (1890).
1925:
1645:Grahn, Kaj J.; Forss, Thomas; Pulkkis, Göran.
1139:
1137:
1135:
905:
672:Onion routing was originally developed by the
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2401:
1644:
1571:
812:
443:
2124:
2074:
2036:
1345:11245.1/756542cc-4c48-4895-8eef-856daac43803
1116:Rice, James C.; Sussan, Fiona (2016-10-01).
1132:
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2984:
2408:
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1122:Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems
1115:
1093:
879:is a common method of obtaining someone's
774:
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450:
436:
395:
2952:Security information and event management
2357:
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2012:Koumourou, Xenophon (10 September 2012).
2011:
1824:"What an IP Address Can Reveal About You"
1734:
1647:"Anonymous Communication on the Internet"
1548:
1538:
1343:
1333:
1300:
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968:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
955:disclosures concerning the extent of the
2415:
2037:Dubovitskaya, Maria (12 February 2018),
1143:
835:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
660:
596:
2282:
2235:
2040:Take back control of your personal data
1610:
1037:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
635:
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1225:Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality
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685:developed into what is today known as
535:
3435:Electronic Privacy Information Center
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2929:Host-based intrusion detection system
2389:
2120:
2118:
2059:"How to Protect Your Digital Privacy"
1863:
1861:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1473:"What is a man-in-the-middle attack?"
1438:
944:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
825:becomes increasingly more efficient.
626:
2125:Hassan, Nihad; Hijazi, Rami (2017).
1870:Information Science and Applications
1187:
1185:
3415:Center for Democracy and Technology
2960:Runtime application self-protection
1901:. Rockland, MA: Elsevier. pp.
1867:
1667:
667:personally identifiable information
601:In the context of digital privacy,
556:personally identifiable information
546:In the context of digital privacy,
530:
13:
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1872:. Berlin: Springer. p. 1053.
1858:
1686:
1022:
992:
926:cast a shadow over the privacy of
924:2013 mass surveillance disclosures
578:General Data Protection Regulation
14:
3591:
2892:Security-focused operating system
1182:
40:through a portion of the Internet
3554:
3553:
3021:Right of access to personal data
2688:Insecure direct object reference
2321:from the original on 2023-06-14.
2129:. New York: Apress. p. 69.
2081:Expert Systems with Applications
1611:Shelest, Dimitriy (2023-12-18),
1495:
1262:SpringerBriefs in Digital Spaces
857:Directed attacks against groups.
842:Privacy and information breaches
419:
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251:Internet Message Access Protocol
26:
2942:Information security management
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2052:
2030:
2005:
1966:
1919:
1886:
1833:
1816:
1776:
1767:
1751:
1718:
1661:
1638:
1604:
1565:
1540:10.4067/S0718-18762014000300004
1514:
1489:
1465:
1432:
1416:"Lexis® - Sign In | LexisNexis"
1408:
1384:
941:As the secrecy of the American
922:and Sean Gourley following the
611:However, communications can be
3430:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3410:American Civil Liberties Union
3364:Privacy-enhancing technologies
2263:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1360:
1309:
1301:D. Grubbs, Amelia (May 2011).
1294:
1253:
1212:
1109:
1087:
1:
2239:Mapping ideas worth spreading
1844:. Cham: Springer. p. 3.
1192:Scholz, Trebor (2012-10-12).
1146:Journal of Services Marketing
1080:
938:shared over public networks.
749:Virtual Private Network (VPN)
256:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
234:Transmission Control Protocol
2283:Roberts, Jeff (2013-08-22).
2169:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.185
830:EU Data Protection Directive
7:
3155:Data protection authorities
3005:
2947:Information risk management
2868:Multi-factor authentication
2424:Related security categories
1578:Computers in Human Behavior
1439:Touma, Rafqa (2022-07-19).
1005:
906:Development and controversy
865:
769:network address translation
214:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
10:
3596:
3359:Social networking services
2924:Intrusion detection system
2882:Computer security software
2538:Advanced persistent threat
2093:10.1016/j.eswa.2018.03.050
1051:Cambridge University Press
869:
813:The economic value of data
539:
485:, and individual privacy.
202:Information infrastructure
3549:
3473:
3450:Global Network Initiative
3402:
3394:Virtual assistant privacy
3374:Privacy-invasive software
3302:
3266:
3153:
3049:
3013:
2823:
2523:
2509:
2503:Digital rights management
2423:
1975:SSRN Working Paper Series
1590:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.035
1270:10.1007/978-3-319-02456-1
1158:10.1108/08876040910955161
1094:TEDx Talks (2016-01-21),
241:Internet service provider
2648:Denial-of-service attack
2543:Arbitrary code execution
1335:10.1177/0093650218800915
828:Regulations such as the
819:The Economics of Privacy
726:Transport Layer Security
617:man-in-the-middle attack
525:their gaming application
114:Right to Internet access
3445:Future of Privacy Forum
3440:European Digital Rights
2858:Computer access control
2810:Rogue security software
2473:Electromagnetic warfare
1763:10.1145/1592451.1592456
775:The (no) harm principle
698:Communication anonymity
674:U.S. Naval Research Lab
504:The more a user shares
361:History of the Internet
224:Internet protocol suite
219:Internet exchange point
3486:Cellphone surveillance
3403:Advocacy organizations
3026:Expectation of privacy
2904:Obfuscation (software)
2633:Browser Helper Objects
2517:
2156:Procedia Manufacturing
1928:"The Right to Privacy"
1804:Cite journal requires
1322:Communication Research
975:cryptographic software
706:One of these systems,
563:Information Technology
94:Freedom of information
3465:Privacy International
3036:Right to be forgotten
2899:Data-centric security
2780:Remote access trojans
2515:
2217:"Google Ngram Viewer"
1420:signin.lexisnexis.com
1238:10.29012/jpc.v4i2.620
683:Onion Routing Project
661:Information anonymity
604:communication privacy
597:Communication privacy
483:communication privacy
2831:Application security
2725:Privilege escalation
2593:Cross-site scripting
2446:Cybersex trafficking
2417:Information security
1983:10.2139/ssrn.2580411
1868:Kim, Kuinam (2015).
1074:Susan Ariel Aaronson
1033:Jeroen van den Hoven
722:Secure Sockets Layer
517:class-action lawsuit
475:information and data
144:Virtual volunteering
3501:Global surveillance
3369:Privacy engineering
3354:Personal identifier
3304:Information privacy
3041:Post-mortem privacy
2478:Information warfare
2436:Automotive security
2061:Throrin Klosowski,
881:private information
802:Samuel D. Warren II
792:With the advent of
782:(no) harm principle
753:tunneling protocols
732:Additional services
708:Pretty Good Privacy
552:digital information
548:information privacy
542:Information privacy
536:Information privacy
479:information privacy
426:Internet portal
366:Oldest domain names
3541:Personality rights
2887:Antivirus software
2755:Social engineering
2720:Polymorphic engine
2673:Fraudulent dialers
2578:Hardware backdoors
2518:
2063:The New York Times
1932:Harvard Law Review
1619:, pp. 31–46,
636:Individual privacy
627:Individual privacy
506:on social networks
209:Domain Name System
99:Internet phenomena
3567:
3566:
3511:Mass surveillance
2973:
2972:
2935:Anomaly detection
2840:Secure by default
2693:Keystroke loggers
2628:Drive-by download
2516:vectorial version
2483:Internet security
2431:Computer security
2317:. 18 April 2018.
1789:10.1109/65.912716
1745:10.1109/49.668972
1626:978-1-003-28664-6
1496:Kemp, Katharine.
1279:978-3-319-02455-4
1205:978-1-136-50669-7
949:mass surveillance
936:personal identity
712:command-line-only
460:
459:
311:Instant messaging
229:Internet Protocol
139:Virtual community
36:visualization of
3587:
3557:
3556:
3425:Data Privacy Lab
3384:Privacy software
3031:Right to privacy
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2844:Secure by design
2775:Hardware Trojans
2608:History sniffing
2598:Cross-site leaks
2493:Network security
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2350:10.2307/41409971
2344:(4): 1017–1041.
2329:
2323:
2322:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1900:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1668:Gewirtz, David.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1502:The Conversation
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1049:by Mark Burdon,
1012:Internet privacy
987:crypto-anarchism
798:right-to-privacy
787:John Stuart Mill
531:Types of privacy
467:consumer privacy
452:
445:
438:
424:
423:
398:
397:
30:
16:
15:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3545:
3469:
3398:
3298:
3262:
3149:
3143:amended in 2020
3045:
3009:
3004:
2974:
2969:
2819:
2519:
2507:
2498:Copy protection
2488:Mobile security
2419:
2414:
2384:
2383:
2330:
2326:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2123:
2116:
2073:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2010:
2006:
1971:
1967:
1944:10.2307/1321160
1924:
1920:
1913:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1736:10.1.1.728.3577
1723:
1719:
1712:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1609:
1605:
1570:
1566:
1550:1854/LU-5671907
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1280:
1258:
1254:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1183:
1142:
1133:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1025:
1023:Further reading
1008:
995:
993:Future Research
951:. Prior to the
912:digital privacy
908:
874:
868:
844:
815:
794:photojournalism
777:
734:
716:email providers
700:
689:, a completely
663:
638:
629:
599:
544:
538:
533:
463:Digital privacy
456:
418:
413:
412:
389:
381:
380:
356:
348:
347:
269:
261:
260:
204:
194:
193:
159:
149:
148:
49:
41:
12:
11:
5:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Search warrant
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Identity theft
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Privacy policy
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3258:United Kingdom
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:European Union
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3129:United Kingdom
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:European Union
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2965:Site isolation
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2863:Authentication
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Email spoofing
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:DOM clobbering
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Code injection
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Cyberterrorism
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:Computer fraud
2448:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2324:
2300:
2275:
2250:
2228:
2208:
2201:
2183:
2142:
2135:
2114:
2067:
2051:
2029:
2023:978-1463764944
2022:
2004:
1965:
1938:(5): 193–220.
1918:
1912:978-1928994749
1911:
1885:
1878:
1857:
1850:
1832:
1815:
1806:|journal=
1775:
1766:
1750:
1717:
1710:
1685:
1660:
1637:
1625:
1603:
1564:
1513:
1488:
1464:
1431:
1407:
1396:heinonline.org
1383:
1359:
1328:(7): 953–977.
1308:
1293:
1278:
1252:
1211:
1204:
1181:
1152:(3): 154–164.
1131:
1108:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1004:
994:
991:
953:Edward Snowden
907:
904:
870:Main article:
867:
864:
859:
858:
855:
843:
840:
814:
811:
806:Louis Brandeis
779:Following the
776:
773:
733:
730:
699:
696:
662:
659:
637:
634:
628:
625:
598:
595:
570:European Union
540:Main article:
537:
534:
532:
529:
510:social capital
494:digital labors
458:
457:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
429:
428:
415:
414:
411:
410:
403:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
336:World Wide Web
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
237:
236:
231:
221:
216:
211:
205:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
104:Net neutrality
101:
96:
91:
86:
84:Digital rights
81:
79:Digital divide
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3592:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Eavesdropping
3494:
3492:
3491:Data security
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Secret ballot
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Personal data
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:United States
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:Authorization
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Secure coding
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:SQL injection
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
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2785:Vulnerability
2783:
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2770:Trojan horses
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2765:Software bugs
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2653:Eavesdropping
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2643:Data scraping
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2639:
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2613:Cryptojacking
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2162:: 1109–1116.
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1879:9783662465776
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1851:9783319480206
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1711:9781420052183
1707:
1704:. CRC Press.
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1198:. Routledge.
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1128:(3): 260–266.
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1017:Tor (network)
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839:
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823:data analysis
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723:
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695:
692:
688:
684:
681:routing. The
679:
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652:
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644:
643:onion routing
633:
624:
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392:
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385:
384:
377:
376:Protocol Wars
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
352:
351:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
332:
331:Voice over IP
329:
327:
324:
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319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:File transfer
299:
297:
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279:Microblogging
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70:
69:Data activism
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
45:
44:
39:
38:routing paths
35:
29:
25:
24:
21:
18:
17:
3536:Human rights
3278:
3051:Privacy laws
2909:Data masking
2468:Cyberwarfare
2341:
2337:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2265:(in Spanish)
2262:
2253:
2243:, retrieved
2238:
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2211:
2192:
2186:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2126:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2044:, retrieved
2039:
2032:
2013:
2007:
1974:
1968:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1896:
1888:
1869:
1841:
1835:
1818:
1797:cite journal
1778:
1769:
1753:
1726:
1720:
1700:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1630:, retrieved
1616:
1606:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1533:(3): 32–44.
1530:
1526:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1445:The Guardian
1444:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1372:ResearchGate
1371:
1362:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1296:
1261:
1255:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1194:
1149:
1145:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1101:, retrieved
1096:
1089:
1062:
1045:
1036:
996:
972:
942:
940:
932:social media
911:
909:
901:
875:
860:
845:
833:
827:
818:
816:
791:
781:
778:
766:
746:
741:IP addresses
738:
735:
720:
705:
701:
691:open-sourced
671:
664:
645:, anonymous
639:
630:
621:
610:
602:
600:
591:
587:
574:privacy laws
572:has various
567:
560:
547:
545:
514:
503:
487:
462:
461:
405:
393:
296:File sharing
34:Opte Project
3531:Wiretapping
3243:Switzerland
3228:South Korea
3218:Philippines
3208:Netherlands
3203:Isle of Man
3124:Switzerland
3104:New Zealand
2849:Misuse case
2683:Infostealer
2658:Email fraud
2623:Data breach
2458:Cybergeddon
2359:10919/81984
1729:: 482–494.
1584:: 483–490.
1167:10397/20138
1061:, Part IV -
979:prosecution
973:The use of
920:Eric Berlow
895:instead of
832:, the U.S.
767:The use of
613:intercepted
582:privacy law
134:Vigilantism
119:Slacktivism
3516:Panopticon
3139:California
3014:Principles
2914:Encryption
2790:Web shells
2730:Ransomware
2678:Hacktivism
2441:Cybercrime
2294:2018-11-27
2289:gigaom.com
2269:2018-11-27
2245:2018-11-27
2222:2022-08-19
2046:2018-12-12
1679:2021-08-02
1657:: 103–120.
1632:2024-04-23
1507:2018-11-28
1482:2020-10-10
1458:2023-07-12
1425:2023-05-02
1401:2018-11-28
1377:2020-12-01
1103:2018-11-28
1081:References
983:harassment
724:(SSL) and
490:social web
471:e-services
469:rights in
326:Television
246:IP address
157:Governance
64:Censorship
3481:Anonymity
3317:Financial
3294:Workplace
3284:Education
3193:Indonesia
3163:Australia
3119:Sri Lanka
3114:Singapore
3059:Australia
2745:Shellcode
2740:Scareware
2588:Crimeware
2548:Backdoors
2368:0276-7783
2259:"Privacy"
2178:2351-9789
2101:0957-4174
1991:1556-5068
1952:0017-811X
1731:CiteSeerX
1598:0747-5632
1559:0718-1876
1453:0261-3077
1354:0093-6502
1288:2193-5890
1247:2575-8527
1176:0887-6045
977:to evade
800:—or what
651:Tom Okman
124:Sociology
74:Democracy
3574:Category
3559:Category
3474:See also
3327:Facebook
3322:Internet
3274:Consumer
3248:Thailand
2919:Firewall
2824:Defenses
2750:Spamming
2735:Rootkits
2708:Phishing
2668:Exploits
2376:41409971
2319:Archived
2314:NBC News
2109:46919702
2087:: 1–20.
1006:See also
916:TED talk
877:Phishing
872:Phishing
866:Phishing
759:VPN and
498:Facebook
371:Pioneers
321:Shopping
316:Podcasts
268:Services
59:Activism
20:Internet
3580:Privacy
3337:Twitter
3289:Medical
3279:Digital
3198:Ireland
3183:Germany
3168:Denmark
3094:Germany
3084:England
3079:Denmark
3007:Privacy
2760:Spyware
2703:Payload
2698:Malware
2638:Viruses
2618:Botnets
2525:Threats
1999:7745229
1960:1321160
1053:, 2020.
848:hacking
655:malware
407:Outline
355:History
109:Privacy
89:Freedom
48:General
3332:Google
3253:Turkey
3238:Sweden
3223:Poland
3213:Norway
3178:France
3109:Russia
3069:Canada
3064:Brazil
2954:(SIEM)
2931:(HIDS)
2815:Zombie
2552:Bombs
2533:Adware
2374:
2366:
2199:
2176:
2133:
2107:
2099:
2020:
1997:
1989:
1958:
1950:
1909:
1876:
1848:
1733:
1708:
1623:
1617:onerep
1596:
1557:
1451:
1352:
1286:
1276:
1245:
1202:
1174:
885:hacker
678:TCP/IP
521:Beacon
388:Guides
341:search
54:Access
3521:PRISM
3344:Email
3267:Areas
3233:Spain
3188:India
3099:Ghana
3074:China
2800:Worms
2795:Wiper
2713:Voice
2561:Logic
2372:JSTOR
2105:S2CID
1995:S2CID
1956:JSTOR
1827:(PDF)
1674:ZDNet
1231:(2).
960:PRISM
761:IPSec
400:Index
306:Games
286:Email
274:Blogs
179:ICANN
129:Usage
3460:NOYB
2566:Time
2556:Fork
2364:ISSN
2197:ISBN
2174:ISSN
2131:ISBN
2097:ISSN
2018:ISBN
1987:ISSN
1948:ISSN
1907:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1810:help
1706:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1594:ISSN
1555:ISSN
1449:ISSN
1350:ISSN
1284:ISSN
1274:ISBN
1243:ISSN
1200:ISBN
1172:ISSN
981:and
930:and
897:.com
893:.org
804:and
747:The
568:The
189:ISOC
184:IETF
174:IANA
3312:Law
2571:Zip
2354:hdl
2346:doi
2164:doi
2089:doi
2085:106
1979:doi
1940:doi
1903:498
1785:doi
1759:doi
1741:doi
1586:doi
1545:hdl
1535:doi
1340:hdl
1330:doi
1266:doi
1233:doi
1162:hdl
1154:doi
1031:by
957:NSA
918:by
889:URL
785:of
757:SSL
739:As
687:Tor
647:VPN
291:Fax
169:NRO
164:IGF
32:An
3576::
3141:,
2370:.
2362:.
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2340:.
2336:.
2311:.
2287:.
2261:.
2172:.
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1930:.
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1170:.
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