4195:
envisages a system in which citizens can participate in legislative, executive, and judiciary roles via a wiki-system. Every citizen would have free access to this wiki and a personal ID to make policy reforms continuously until the end of
December, when all votes would be tallied. Perceived benefits of wikidemocracy include a cost-free system that eliminates elections and the need for parliament or representatives, as citizens would directly represent themselves, and the ease of expressing one's opinion. However, there are several potential obstacles and disagreements. The digital divide and educational inequality could hinder the full potential of a wikidemocracy. Similarly, differing rates of technological adoption mean that some people might readily accept new methods, while others reject or are slow to adapt. Security is also a concern; we would need to trust that the system administrators would ensure a high level of integrity to safeguard votes in the public domain. Peter Levine concurs that wikidemocracy could increase discussion on political and moral issues but disagrees with Feliz-Teixeira, arguing that representatives and formal governmental structures would still be needed.
3128:, Canada, in December 2012. Qadri called for a "million-men" march in Islamabad to protest government corruption. The march commenced on 14 January 2013, with thousands pledging to participate in a sit-in until their demands were met. The march began in Lahore with about 25,000 participants. During a rally in front of the parliament, Qadri critiqued the legislators saying, "There is no Parliament; there is a group of looters, thieves and dacoits ... Our lawmakers are the lawbreakers.". After four days of sit-in, Qadri and the government reached an agreement—termed the Islamabad Long March Declaration—which pledged electoral reforms and enhanced political transparency. Despite Qadri's call for a "million-men" march, the government estimated the sit-in participants in Islamabad to number around 50,000.
3777:, a model that underscores dialogue, open discussion, and access to diverse perspectives in decision-making. It provides an interactive platform and functions as a vital instrument for research within the deliberative process. The Internet facilitates the exchange of ideas through a myriad of platforms such as websites, blogs, and social networking sites like Twitter, all of which champion freedom of expression. It allows for easily accessible and cost-effective information, paving the way for change. One of the intrinsic attributes of the Internet is its unregulated nature, offering a platform for all viewpoints, regardless of their accuracy. The autonomy granted by the Internet can foster and advocate change, a critical factor in e-democracy.
2612:, E-Democracy could potentially foster a more informed citizenry. However, the development of such a system poses significant challenges. These include designing sophisticated platforms to achieve these aims, navigating the dynamics of populism while acknowledging that not everyone has the time or resources for full-time policy analysis and debate, promoting inclusive participation, and addressing cybersecurity and privacy concerns. Despite these hurdles, some envision e-democracy as a potential facilitator of more participatory governance, a countermeasure to excessive partisan dogmatism, a problem-solving tool, a means for evaluating the validity of pro/con arguments, and a method for balancing power distribution within society.
2816:
be complex. This gap can often be exacerbated by the rapid pace of digital dialogue, which may outpace the slower, more deliberative processes of policy-making. The rise of digital media has created new opportunities for citizens to participate in politics and to hold governments accountable. However, it has also created new challenges, such as the potential for echo chambers, and the need for governments to be responsive to citizen concerns. The challenge for e-democracy, therefore, is to ensure that the digital discourse contributes constructively to the functioning of the government and the decision-making processes, rather than becoming an echo chamber of opinions with little practical impact.
3861:
the
Netherlands in 2017 to count election votes manually. Furthermore, 'Direct Recording Electronic' (DRE) systems, used in numerous US states, are quickly becoming outdated and prone to faults. A study by USENIX discovered that certain DREs in New Jersey inaccurately counted votes, potentially casting votes for unintended candidates without voters' knowledge. The study found these inconsistencies to be widespread with that specific machine. Despite the potential of electronic voting to increase voter turnout, the absence of a paper trail in DREs can lead to untraceable errors, which could undermine its application in digital democracy.
1274:
3247:, delves into the expansive reach of e-democracy and its interaction with traditional governmental structures. She offers a comprehensive model to understand how pre-existing norms, procedures, and rules within bureaucracies impact the adoption of new technological forms. Fountain suggests that this form of e-government, in its most radical manifestation, would necessitate a significant overhaul of the modern administrative state, with routine electronic consultations involving elected politicians, civil servants, pressure groups, and other stakeholders becoming standard practice at all stages of policy formulation.
3719:, there exist several obstacles to participation in these forums, including logistical challenges of physical meetings. Klein's study of a civic association in the northeastern US revealed that electronic communication significantly boosted the organization's capacity to achieve its objectives. Given the relatively low cost of exchanging information over the Internet and its potential for wide reach, the medium has become an attractive venue for disseminating political information, especially among interest groups and parties operating on smaller budgets.'"
1667:
3300:
voices to be heard and articulated. It also facilitates a structure of social inclusivity through a broad array of websites, groups, and social networks, each representing diverse viewpoints and ideas. Individual needs are met by enabling the public and rapid expression of personal opinions. Furthermore, the
Internet offers an exceptionally flexible environment for engagement; it is cost-effective and widely accessible. Through these attributes, e-democracy and the deployment of the Internet can play a pivotal role in societal change.
3390:
3049:(IAC) movement was an influential anti-corruption crusade in India, garnering substantial attention during the anti-corruption protests of 2011 and 2012. Its primary focus was the contention surrounding the proposed Jan Lokpal bill. IAC sought to galvanize the populace in their pursuit of a less corrupt Indian society. However, internal divisions within the IAC's central committee led to the movement's split. Arvind Kejriwal left to establish the Aam Aadmi Party, while Anna Hazare created the Jantantra Morcha.
3834:
direct communication between the public and the patent examiner but also creates a structured environment that prompts participants to provide relevant information to aid in decision-making. By allowing experts and the general public to collaborate in finding solutions, the project aims to enhance the efficacy of the decision-making process. It offers a platform for citizens to participate and express their ideas beyond merely checking boxes that limit their opinions to predefined options.
2578:
global level. E-democracy leverages both traditional broadcast technologies such as television and radio, as well as newer interactive internet-enabled devices and applications, including polling systems. These emerging technologies have become popular means of public participation, allowing a broad range of stakeholders to access information and contribute directly via the internet. Moreover, large groups can offer real-time input at public meetings using electronic polling devices.
3457:
2487:
1221:
584:
3609:(OECD) identifies three key aspects regarding the role of ICTs in fostering civic engagement. The first aspect is timing, with most civic engagement activities occurring during the agenda-setting phase of a cycle. The second factor is adaptation, which refers to how ICTs evolve to facilitate increased civic participation. The final aspect is integration, representing how emerging ICTs blend new and traditional methods to maximize civic engagement.
4076:
forthcoming. The selection of committees, local town and city decisions, and other people-centric decisions could be more readily facilitated through this approach. This doesn't indicate a shift in the principles of democracy but rather an adaptation in the tools utilized to uphold them. E-democracy would not serve as a means to enact direct democracy, but rather as a tool to enable a more participatory form of democracy as it exists currently.
3275:"cybersecurity threats to the integrity of both electoral mechanisms and government institutions are, quite uncomfortably, more intangible." While traditional paper ballots are often considered the most secure method for conducting elections, digital voting provides the convenience of electronic participation. However, the successful implementation of this system necessitates continual innovations and contributions from third parties.
1642:
3209:, the pandemic-induced limitations on traditional democratic spaces such as public meetings have led Filipinos, among others, to resort to social media, digital media, and collaborative platforms for engaging in public affairs and practising "active citizenship" in the virtual domain. This shift has enabled active participation in social, written, or visual interaction and the rectification of misinformation in a virtual setting.
2616:
of society, including governmental operations. This ongoing technological advancement brings new opportunities for public participation and policy-making while presenting challenges such as cybersecurity threats, issues related to the digital divide, and privacy concerns. Society is actively grappling with these complexities, striving to balance leveraging technology for democratic enhancement and managing its associated risks.
3063:
3028:, the leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in Central Africa. The video's mission was to raise global awareness about Kony's activities, with Jason Russell, a founder of Invisible Children, emphasizing the necessity of public support to urge the government's continued search for Kony. The organization leveraged the extensive reach of social media and contemporary technology to spotlight Kony's crimes.
2960:. Initially, pro-democracy movements harnessed digital media to challenge authoritarian regimes. These regimes, however, adapted and integrated social media into their counter-insurgency strategies over time. Digital media served as a critical tool in transforming localized and individual dissent into structured movements with a shared awareness of common grievances and opportunities for collective action.
2647:
representation, conceivable if the public had the capacity to debate and analyze issues full-time. Given the design of electronic forums that can accommodate extensive debate, e-democracy has the potential to mimic aspects of representation on a much larger scale. These structures could involve public education initiatives or systems that permit citizens to contribute based on their interests or expertise.
4824:
4291:
neutral referee selects the more convincing side. This fictional portrayal of an internet-like system for public discourse echoes real-world aspirations for e-democracy, underscoring thorough issue analysis, technological enablement, and transparency. The book's dedication, "To those who never stop seeking the third alternatives," epitomizes this emphasis on comprehensive issue scrutiny.
3595:
the potential to influence their local governance. E-democracy aligns with local communities and provides an opportunity for any willing citizen to make a contribution. The essence of an effective e-democracy lies not just in citizen contribution to government activities, but in promoting mutual communication and collaboration among citizens for the improvement of their own communities.
2788:
processes by politicians, thereby fostering a more efficient society. Gathering citizen feedback and perspectives is essential to a politician's role. The
Internet functions as a conduit for effective engagement with a larger audience. Consequently, this enhanced communication with the public strengthens the capability and effectiveness of the American government as a democracy.
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significant example. Governments in Libya, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Iran, and Yemen have all implemented total internet censorship in response to the numerous pro-democracy demonstrations within their respective nations. These lockdowns were primarily instituted to prevent the dissemination of cell phone videos that featured images of government violence against protesters.
2567:. Proponents argue that by promoting transparency in decision-making processes, e-democracy can empower all citizens to observe and understand the proceedings. Also, if they possess overlooked data, perspectives, or opinions, they can contribute meaningfully. This contribution extends beyond mere informal disconnected debate; it facilitates citizen engagement in the
3602:(ICT) to bolster the democratic processes of decision-making. These technologies play a pivotal role in informing and organizing citizens in different avenues of civic participation. Moreover, ICTs enhance the active engagement of citizens, and foster collaboration among stakeholders for policy formation within political processes across all stages of governance.
4005:
by intimidating opponents, monitoring private conversations, and even jailing those who voice undesirable opinions. Secondly, by flooding online spaces with pro-regime messages, thereby diverting and occupying these platforms. Thirdly, by disrupting signal access to hinder the flow of information. Lastly, by banning globalized platforms and websites.
2671:
e-democracy argue that technology can enable citizens to perform these tasks as effectively, if not more so, than traditional political parties within representative democracies. By harnessing technological advancements, e-democracy has the potential to foster more informed decision-making and enhance citizen involvement in the democratic process.
3651:, typically encompassing those aged 35 and below as of the mid-2000s, have been noted for their relative disengagement from political activities. The implementation of electronic democracy has been proposed as a potential solution to foster increased voter turnout, democratic participation, and political literacy among these younger demographics.
3348:. The complexity of electronic voting systems surpasses other digital transaction mechanisms, necessitating authentication measures that can counter ballot manipulation or its potential threat. These measures may encompass the use of smart cards, which authenticate a voter's identity while maintaining the confidentiality of the cast vote.
2796:
approachable and relatable as ordinary individuals. Through resources such as Google, the
Internet enables every citizen to readily research political topics. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram encourage political engagement, allowing users to share their political views and connect with like-minded individuals.
2784:
increased citizen engagement in political research and discourse. Social networks, for instance, offer platforms where individuals can voice their opinions on governmental issues without fear of judgement. The vast scale and decentralized structure of the internet enable anyone to create viral content and influence a wide audience.
2986:, high unemployment, governmental corruption, poverty, and societal oppression. The 18-day revolution gained momentum not through initial acts of violence or protests, but via a single Facebook page, which quickly attracted the attention of thousands and eventually millions of Egyptians, evolving into a global phenomenon.
3591:
citizens to participate more easily in the government's policy-making process, leading to a surge in public engagement. Social media platforms foster networks of individuals whose online activities can shape the political process, including prompting politicians to intensify public appeal efforts in their campaigns.
4186:; for instance, if citizen A appoints citizen B, and B appoints citizen C, and only C votes on a proposed bill, C's vote will represent all three of them. Citizens could also rank their proxies by preference, meaning that if their primary proxy does not vote, their vote could be cast by their second-choice proxy.
4126:, where it has been applied within student organizations. Many other software development projects are currently underway, along with numerous supportive and related projects. Several of these projects are now collaborating on a cross-platform architecture within the framework of the Meta-government project.
3318:, which separates those actively engaged in electronic communities from those who do not participate. Proponents of e-democracy often recommend governmental actions to bridge this digital gap. The divergence in e-governance and e-democracy between the developed and the developing world is largely due to the
2768:, emphasizing user-generated content, interoperability, and collaboration. This period witnessed the rise of social media platforms, blogs, and other collaborative tools, further amplifying the potential for e-democracy through increasing opportunities for public participation and interaction. Concepts like
2800:
address some of these concerns by offering a counter to the insularity, power concentration, and post-election accountability deficit often associated with traditional democratic processes organized primarily around political parties. Tom Watson, the Deputy Leader of the U.K. Labour Party, once stated:
4194:
One form of e-democracy that has been proposed is "wikidemocracy", where the codex of laws in a government legislature could be editable via a wiki, similar to
Knowledge. In 2012, J Manuel Feliz-Teixeira suggested that the resources necessary for implementing wikidemocracy were already accessible. He
3856:
One significant challenge in implementing e-democracy is ensuring the security of internet-voting systems. The potential interference from viruses and malware, which could alter or inhibit citizens' votes on critical issues, hinders the widespread adoption of e-democracy as long as such cybersecurity
3833:
project allows public participation in the patent review process by providing research and 'prior art' publications for patent examiners to assess the novelty of an invention. In this process, the community nominates ten pieces of prior art to be reviewed by the patent examiner. This not only enables
3009:
Moreover, the
Internet served as a medium for building international connections, amplifying the impact of the revolt. The rapid transmission of information via Twitter hashtags, for example, made the uprising globally known. In particular, over three million tweets contained popular hashtags such as
2877:
Practical issues pertaining to e-democracy include managing the agenda while encouraging meaningful participation and fostering enlightened understanding. Furthermore, efforts are evaluated based on their ability to ensure voting equality and promote inclusivity. The success or failure of e-democracy
2804:
It feels like the Labour frontbench is further away from our members than at any point in our history, and the digital revolution can help bring the party closer together … I'm going to ask our NEC to see whether we can have digital branches and digital delegates to the conference. Not replacing what
2700:
and the
Internet during the 1990s led to the initiation of electronic government initiatives. Digital platforms, such as forums, chat rooms, and email lists, were pivotal in fostering public discourse, thereby encouraging informal civic engagement online. These platforms provided an accessible medium
2670:
A key indicator of the effectiveness of a democratic system is the successful implementation of policy. To facilitate this, voters must comprehend the implications of each policy approach, evaluate its costs and benefits, and consider historical precedents for policy effectiveness. Some proponents of
4238:
Drawing from this
Ancient Greek concept, Egora aims to foster a new, rational, efficient, and incorruptible form of democratic organization. It allows users to form their own political philosophies from diverse ideas, ascertain the most popular ideas among the public, organize meetings to scrutinize
4198:
The term "wikidemocracy" is also used to refer to more specific instances of e-democracy. For example, in August 2011 in
Argentina, the voting records from the presidential election were made available to the public in an online format for scrutiny. More broadly, the term can refer to the democratic
4004:
Joshua A. Tucker and his colleagues critique e-democracy, pointing out that the adaptability and openness of social media may allow political entities to manipulate it for their own ends. They suggest that authorities could use social media to spread authoritarian practices in several ways. Firstly,
3921:
The internet has increased government accessibility to news, policies, and contacts in the 21st century. In 2000, only two percent of government sites offered three or more services online; in 2007, that figure was 58 percent. Also, in 2007, 89 percent of government sites allowed the public to email
3860:
E-voting presents several practical challenges that can affect its legitimacy in elections. For instance, electronic voting machines can be vulnerable to physical interference, as they are often left unattended prior to elections, making them susceptible to tampering. This issue led to a decision by
3738:
Innovative tools are increasingly being developed to empower bloggers, webmasters, and social media owners. These aim to transition from the Internet's strictly informational use to its application as a medium for social organization, independent of top-down initiatives. For instance, the concept of
3624:
In the 2000 United States presidential race, candidates frequently utilized their websites to not only encourage their supporters to vote but to motivate their friends to vote as well. This dual-process approach—urging an individual to vote and then to prompt their friends to vote—was just beginning
3594:
E-democracy offers a digital platform for public dialogue, enhancing the interaction between government and its residents. This form of online engagement enables the government to concentrate on key issues the community wishes to address. The underpinning philosophy is that every citizen should have
3590:
As articulated by Matt Leighninger, the internet bolsters government by enhancing individual empowerment and reinforcing group agency. The internet avails vital information to citizens, empowering them to influence public policy more effectively. The utilization of online tools for organizing allows
3586:
The vast informational capacity of the Internet empowers citizens to gain a deeper understanding of governmental and political affairs, while its interactive nature fosters new forms of communication with elected officials and public servants. By providing access to contact information, legislation,
3368:
To encourage citizens to engage in online consultations and discussions, the government needs to be responsive and clearly demonstrate that public engagement influences policy outcomes. It's crucial for citizens to have the opportunity to contribute at a time and place that suits them and when their
2815:
Despite the benefits of the digital shift, one of the challenges of e-democracy is the potential disconnect between politics and actual government implementation. While the internet provides a platform for robust political discourse, translating these discussions into effective government action can
2795:
is an example of social media integration in political campaigns, where both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton actively utilized Twitter as a communication tool. These platforms allow candidates to shape public perceptions while also humanizing their personas, suggesting that political figures are as
4075:
A radical shift from a representative government to an internet-mediated direct democracy is not considered likely. Nonetheless, proponents suggest that a "hybrid model" which leverages the internet for enhanced governmental transparency and greater community involvement in decision-making could be
3754:
The Internet serves multifaceted roles for these organizations. It functions as a platform for lobbying elected officials, public representatives, and policy elites; networking with affiliated associations and groups; mobilizing organizers, activists, and members through action alerts, newsletters,
3722:
For example, environmental or social interest groups might leverage the Internet as a cost-effective mechanism to raise awareness around their causes. Unlike traditional media outlets, like television or newspapers, which often necessitate substantial financial investments, the Internet provides an
3692:
This body, consisting of approximately 100 elected members, represents youth voices. Elections occur biennially and candidates are chosen directly from schools and youth forums. The Highland Youth Voice website serves as a pivotal platform where members can discuss issues pertinent to them, partake
3578:
Research has indicated that people are more likely to visit websites that challenge their viewpoints rather than those that align with their own beliefs. Around 16 percent of the population has participated in online political activities such as joining campaigns, volunteering time, donating money,
3230:
E-democracy promotes more rapid and efficient dissemination of political information, encourages public debate, and boosts participation in decision-making processes. Social media platforms have emerged as tools of empowerment, particularly among younger individuals, stimulating their participation
3222:
E-democracy has the potential to inspire greater community involvement in political processes and policy decisions, interlacing its growth with complex internal aspects such as political norms and public pressure. The manner in which it is implemented is also closely connected to the specific model
3005:
These elements significantly impacted change through the Internet, providing an alternative, unregulated sphere for idea formation and protests. For instance, the "6 April Youth Movement" in Egypt established their political group on Facebook and called for a national strike. Despite the subsequent
3001:
The Egyptian Revolution has been interpreted by some as a paradigm shift from a group-controlled system to one characterized by "networked individualism". This transformation is tied to the post-"triple revolution" of technology, consisting of three key developments. First, the shift towards social
2615:
Throughout history, social movements have adapted to use the prevailing technologies as part of their civic engagement and social change efforts. This trend persists in the digital era, illustrating how technology shapes democratic processes. As technology evolves, it inevitably impacts all aspects
2592:
As a concept that encompasses various applications within differing democratic structures, e-democracy has substantial impacts on political norms and public engagement. It emerges from theoretical explorations of democracy and practical initiatives to address societal challenges through technology.
2577:
incorporates a diverse range of tools that use both existing and emerging information sources. These tools provide a platform for the public to express their concerns, interests, and perspectives, and to contribute evidence that may influence decision-making processes at the community, national, or
3612:
ICT fosters the possibility of a government that is both more democratic and better informed by facilitating open online collaborations between professionals and the public. The responsibility of collecting information and making decisions is shared between those possessing technological expertise
3574:
Numerous studies indicate an increased use of the internet for obtaining political information. From 1996 to 2002, the percentage of adults claiming that the internet played a significant role in their political choices rose from around 14 to 20 percent. In 2002, almost a quarter of the population
3541:
This approach seeks to balance distributed knowledge and self-organized memories with critical control, responsibility, and decision-making in electronic democracy. Social networking serves as an entry point within the citizens' environment, engaging them on their terms. Proponents of e-government
3287:
Specifically, the COVID-19 pandemic saw a surge in online political participation among the youth, demonstrated by the signing of online petitions and participation in digital protests. Even as youth participation in traditional politics dwindles, young people show significant support for pressure
2941:
political project and an organising community, "Metadecidim". Decidim participants refer to the software, political and organising components of the project as "technical", "political" and "technopolitical" levels, respectively. By 2023, Decidim estimated that 400 city and regional governments and
2799:
Generation X's disillusionment with political processes, epitomized by large-scale public protests such as the U.K. miners' strike of 1984-1985 that appeared to fail, predated the widespread availability of information technology to individual citizens. There is a perception that e-democracy could
2783:
This trend is especially noticeable among younger voters, who often regard the internet as their primary source of information due to its convenience and ability to streamline their information-gathering process. The user-friendly nature of search engines like Google and social networks encourages
2779:
As the digital age progressed, so too did the interaction between governments and citizens. The advent and rapid adoption of the internet globally catalyzed this transformation. With high internet penetration in many regions, politics have increasingly relied on the internet as a primary source of
3826:(OPEN Act), presented as an alternative to SOPA and PIPA, garners the support of major companies like Google and Facebook. Its website, Keep The Web Open, not only provides full access to the bill but also incorporates public input—over 150 modifications have been made through user contributions.
3667:
This discord manifests as two perspectives on democracy: one that sees democracy as an established and reasonably just system, where young people should be motivated to participate, and another that views democracy as a political and cultural goal best achieved through networks where young people
3372:
Considering the role that intermediaries and representative organizations might play could be beneficial to ensure issues are debated in a manner that is democratic, inclusive, tolerant, and productive. To amplify the efficacy of existing legal rights allowing public access to information held by
3239:
primarily used Twitter to communicate policy initiatives and goals. Similar practices have been observed among various global leaders, such as Justin Trudeau, Jair Bolsonaro, and Hassan Rouhani, who maintain active Twitter accounts. Some observers argue that the government's online publication of
3204:
led countries worldwide to implement safety measures as recommended by public health officials. This abrupt societal shift constrained social movements, causing a temporary halt to certain political issues. Despite these limitations, individuals leveraged digital platforms to express their views,
2787:
The Internet facilitates citizens in accessing and disseminating information about politicians while simultaneously providing politicians with insights from a broader citizen base. This collaborative approach to decision-making and problem-solving empowers citizens. It accelerates decision-making
2740:
The concept involves endorsing individuals or policies committed to leveraging internet technologies to amplify public engagement without modifying or substituting existing constitutions. The approach includes data collection, analysis of advantages and disadvantages, evaluation of interests, and
7921:
Questionnaire surveys are a familiar fact of life in the developed world. This very familiarity has in turn led some people to develop their own responsive strategies, such as a polite but quick refusal to participate - perhaps a reflexive response of 'survey fatigue' to the intrusive nature of
3664:
adulthood, and hence not yet fully equipped to engage in political discourse without proper guidance. Another significant concern is the role of the Internet, with advocates of managed e-citizenship arguing that young people may be especially susceptible to misinformation or manipulation online.
3299:
E-Democracy is facilitated by its significance in fostering participation, promoting social inclusivity, displaying sensitivity to individual perspectives, and offering flexible means of engagement. The Internet endows a sense of relevance to participation by giving everyone a platform for their
2834:
The history of e-democracy exhibits significant progress, but it is also characterized by ongoing debates and challenges, such as the digital divide, data privacy, cybersecurity, and the impact of misinformation. As this journey continues, the emphasis remains on leveraging technology to enhance
2736:
Steven Clift, a notable proponent of e-democracy, suggests that the Internet should be utilized to enhance democratic processes and provide increased opportunities for interaction between individuals, communities, and the government. He emphasizes the importance of structuring citizen-to-citizen
4290:
presents e-democracy as a strategy leveraged by a team of hackers to construct a computer-controlled smart weapon. They utilize an online debate platform, the Information Decision Duel, where two parties delve deeply into the intricacies of their arguments, dissecting the pros and cons before a
4013:
A study that interviewed elected officials in Austria's parliament revealed a broad and strong opposition to e-democracy. These officials held the view that citizens, generally uninformed, should limit their political engagement to voting. The task of sharing opinions and ideas, they contended,
3989:
In countries with severe government censorship, the full potential of e-democracy might not be realized. Internet clampdowns often occur during extensive political protests. For instance, the series of internet blackouts in the Middle East in 2011, termed as the "Arab Net Crackdown", provides a
3734:
is typically used to refer to formal organizations focused on specific social groups, economic sectors like trade unions, business and professional associations, or specific issues such as abortion, gun control, or the environment. Many of these traditional interest groups have well-established
3283:
To foster a robust digital democracy, it's imperative to promote digital inclusion that ensures all citizens, regardless of income, education, gender, religion, ethnicity, language, physical and mental health, have equal opportunities to participate in public policy formulation. During the 2020
3258:
This digital democracy model broadens the number and diversity of individuals who exercise their democratic rights by conveying their thoughts to decision-making bodies about various proposals and issues. Moreover, it cultivates a virtual public space, fostering interaction, discussion, and the
3153:
Within this platform, M5S users are able to discuss, approve, or reject legislative proposals. These proposals are then presented in Parliament by the M5S group. For instance, the M5S's electoral law and the selection of its presidential candidate were determined via online voting. Notably, the
2756:
One of the first instances of such an initiative was the establishment of the Government Information Locator Service (GILS) by the United States government in 1994. GILS was a searchable database of government information accessible to citizens and businesses, and it served as a tool to improve
4308:
also explores e-democracy, with the internet portrayed as a powerful platform for political discourse and social change. Two of the characters, siblings Valentine and Peter, use this platform to anonymously share their political views, gaining considerable influence. Their activities lead to a
3663:
Autonomous e-citizens argue that despite their relative inexperience, young people should have the right to voice their perspectives on issues that they personally consider important. Conversely, proponents of managed e-citizenship view youth as nascent citizens transitioning from childhood to
3620:
Ordinary citizens have the opportunity to become creators of political content and commentary, for instance, by establishing individual blogs and websites. Collaborative efforts in the online political sphere, similar to ABC News' Campaign Watchdog initiative, allow citizens to report any rule
3582:
A survey conducted by Philip N. Howard revealed that nearly two-thirds of the adult population in the United States has interacted with online political news, information, or other content over the past four election cycles. People tend to reference the websites of special interest groups more
3416:
revolution has demonstrated the possibility of achieving both large group sizes and depth of will expression. However, expressions of will in social media are unstructured, making their interpretation challenging and often subjective (see Table). Novel information processing methods, including
3676:
The Highland Youth Voice, an initiative in Scotland, is an exemplar of efforts to bolster democratic participation, particularly through digital means. Despite an increasing emphasis on the youth demographic in UK governmental policy and issues, their engagement and interest have been waning.
3274:
While e-democracy platforms, also known as digital democracy platforms, offer enhanced opportunities for exercising voting rights, they are also susceptible to disruption. Digital voting platforms, for example, have faced attacks aimed at influencing election outcomes. As Dobrygowski states,
3226:
In the current age, where the internet and social networking dominate daily life, individuals are increasingly advocating for their public representatives to adopt practices similar to those in other states or countries concerning the online dissemination of government information. By making
3031:
In response to the campaign, on 21 March 2012, a resolution was introduced by 33 Senators denouncing "the crimes against humanity" perpetrated by Kony and the LRA. This resolution supported the US government's ongoing efforts to boost the capabilities of regional military forces for civilian
3917:
Bureau of Motor Vehicles simplified the process of certifying driver records for admission in county court proceedings. Indiana became the first state to allow government records to be digitally signed, legally certified and delivered electronically using Electronic Postmark technology.
3254:
E-democracy provides numerous benefits, contributing to a more engaged public sphere. It encourages increased public participation by offering platforms for citizens to express their opinions through websites, emails, and other electronic communication channels, influencing planning and
2646:
E-democracy, in its unstructured form, emphasizes direct participation and has the potential to redistribute political power from elected officials to individuals or groups. However, reforms aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing costs might require structures that mimic a form of
3693:
in online policy debates, and experience a model of e-democracy through simplified online voting. Thus, the website encompasses three key features, forming an online forum that enables youth self-education, participation in policy discourse, and engagement in the e-democracy process.
3684:
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasizes the importance of educating young individuals as citizens of their respective nations. It advocates for the promotion of active political participation, which they can shape through robust debate and communication.
3735:
organizational structures and formal membership rules, primarily oriented towards influencing government and policy-making processes. Transnational advocacy networks assemble loose coalitions of these organizations under common umbrella organizations that cross national borders.
3659:
Youth e-citizenship presents a dichotomy between two predominant approaches: management and autonomy. The strategy of "targeting" younger individuals, prompting them to "play their part," can be interpreted as either an incentive for youth activism or a mechanism to regulate it.
3625:
to emerge during that time. Today, political participation through various social media platforms is typical, and civic involvement via online forums is common. Through the use of ICTs, individuals interested in politics have the ability to become more engaged.
3397:
E-democracy presents an opportunity to reconcile the conventional trade-off between the size of the group involved in democratic processes and the depth of will expression (refer to the Figure). Historically, broad group participation was facilitated via simple
3146:(M5S), a prominent political party in Italy, has been utilizing online voting since 2012 to select its candidates for Italian and European elections. These votes are conducted through a web-based application called Rousseau, accessible to registered members of
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The Internet became a tool of empowerment for the protestors, facilitating participation in their government's democratization process. Protestors effectively utilized digital platforms to communicate, organize, and collaborate, generating real-time impact.
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States where legislatures are controlled by the Republican Party, as well as those characterized by a high degree of legislative professionalization and active professional networks, have shown a greater propensity to embrace e-government and e-democracy.
4039:, in the United States House of Representatives, was perceived by many internet users as an attack on internet democracy. A contributor to the Huffington Post argued that defeating SOPA was crucial for the preservation of democracy and freedom of speech.
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During the 2001 elections to the Westminster Parliament in the UK, voter turnout among 18- to 24-year-olds was estimated to be a mere 40%. This contrasts starkly with the fact that over 80% of 16- to 24-year-olds have accessed the internet at some point.
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The Highland Youth Voice strives to boost youth participation by understanding their governmental needs, perspectives, experiences, and aspirations. It provides young Scots, aged 14 to 18, an opportunity to influence decision-makers in the Highlands.
4799:
4182:, enables citizens to appoint a proxy for voting on their behalf, while retaining the ability to cast their own vote on legislation. This voting and proxy assignment could be conducted electronically. Extending this concept, proxies could establish
3568:), trust in the political system (political trust), and involvement in governmental decision-making processes (political participation). The internet enhances civic engagement by creating a new medium for interaction with government institutions.
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The examination of e-democracy encompasses its various stages including "information provision, deliberation, and participation in decision-making." This assessment also takes into account the different hierarchical levels of governance such as
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also exemplifies eDemocracy. This non-profit Australian project facilitates high-level policy discussions, drawing participants such as politicians, senior public servants, academics, business professionals, and other influential stakeholders.
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The system promotes interactive communication, encouraging dialogue between authorities and citizens. It also serves as an effective platform for disseminating large amounts of information, maintaining clarity and minimizing distortion.
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In response to the regime's failed attempt to disrupt political online discussions by severing all internet access, Google and Twitter collaborated to create a system that allowed information to reach the public without internet access.
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suggested pre-screening content for offensive material before its publication on the internet, with no clear mechanism for appeal. Subsequent reports, however, quote Sibal as stating that there would be no restrictions on internet use.
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can be utilized for both democratic and anti-democratic purposes. For instance, digital technology can be used to promote both coercive control and active participation. The vision of anti-democratic use of technology is exemplified in
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affordable and extensive platform for information dissemination. As such, the Internet could potentially supplant certain traditional modes of political communication, such as telephone, television, newspapers, and radio. Consequently,
4153:, an Australian political party established in 2007, proposes to institute an EDD system so that Australians can decide which way the senators vote on each and every bill. A similar initiative was formed 2002 in Sweden where the party
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From this standpoint, e-democracy appears less concerned with what the public believes to be true and more focused on the evidence the public can demonstrate as true. This view reveals a tension within e-democratic reforms between
8934:- Academic research centre on electronic democracy. Directed by Alexander H. Trechsel, e-DC is a joint-venture between the University of Geneva's c2d, the European University Institute in Florence and the Oxford University's OII.
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significant political shift, even though they are just children posing as adults. This highlights the issue of true identity within online participation and raises questions about the potential for manipulation in e-democracy.
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feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging services and blogs, government and its agencies can disseminate information to citizens who share common interests and concerns. For instance, many government representatives, including
2683:
and the evolution of democratic structures. It encompasses initiatives from governments to interact with citizens through digital means and grassroots activities using electronic platforms to influence governmental practices.
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The current inability to protect internet traffic from interference and manipulation has significantly limited the potential of e-democracy for decision-making. As a result, most experts express opposition to the use of the
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noted the significant impact of public attention driven by social media, stating that the YouTube sensation would "help the Congress be more aggressive and will do more to lead to his demise than all other action combined".
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largely depends on its capability to accurately delineate each issue's relevant costs and benefits, identify their likelihood and significance, and align votes with this analysis. In addition, all internet forums, including
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exemplifies a successful approach to addressing the privacy-identity dilemma inherent in internet voting systems. However, the ultimate goal should be to match the security and privacy standards of existing manual systems.
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information for numerous people. This digital shift has been supported by the rise in online advertising among political candidates and groups actively trying to sway public opinion or directly influence legislators.
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Along with the rise of e-government services, government websites started to spring up, aiming to improve communication with citizens, increase transparency, and make administrative tasks easier to accomplish online.
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explored the concept of wikidemocracy by creating an online "shadow government program". This initiative was essentially a compilation of the political views and goals of various Finnish groups, assembled on a wiki.
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notably predicted forms of the internet before it actually came into existence. These early conceptualizations of the internet, and their implications for democracy, served as major plot drivers in these stories.
3910:, have developed cross-jurisdiction, customer-focused applications that extract information from thousands of governmental organizations into a unified system, making it easier for citizens to access information.
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The interactive nature of media during this revolution enhanced civic participation and played a significant role in shaping the political outcome of the revolution and the democratization of the entire nation.
5965:
3804:. The application features a brief opinion poll on six pertinent issues, after which participants are invited to join an online "café". In this space, they are grouped with users sharing similar views through
2632:. In representative democracies, which characterize most modern systems, responsibilities such as law-making, policy formation, and regulation enforcement are entrusted to elected officials. This differs from
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and the traditionally recognized decision-makers. This broadened public involvement in the exchange of ideas and policies results in more democratic decision-making. Furthermore, ICT enhances the notion of
7365:
Owen, D. (2006). The Internet and youth civic engagement in the United States. In S. Oates, D. Owen & R. K. Gibson (Eds.), The Internet and politics: Citizens, voters and activists. London: Routledge.
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In the late 20th century and early into the 21st century, e-democracy started to become more structured as governments worldwide started to explore its potential. One major development was the rise of
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Clift, S. (2004). E-Democracy Resource Links from Steven Clift - E-Government, E-Politics, E-Voting Links and more. Retrieved 10 July 2009, from Publicus.Ne-t Public Strategies for the Online World:
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For instance, the Black Lives Matter movement gained widespread recognition on social media, enabling many young people to participate in meaningful ways, including online interactions and protests.
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for individuals to discuss ideas and issues, and they were utilized by both governments and citizens to promote dialogue, advocate for change, and involve the public in decision-making processes.
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suggest that greater public engagement contributes to the aggregation of knowledge and intelligence. This active participation, proponents argue, enables democracies to better discern the truth.
2933:, that self-describes as a "technopolitical network for participatory democracy", with the aim of implementing the hopes of participatory democracy raised by the movement. The project combines a
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is a novel approach that enables webmasters to inspire their audience into action without the need for explicit leadership. This trend is global, with countries like India cultivating an active
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E-democracy also promotes convenience, allowing citizens to participate at their own pace and comfort. Its digital nature enables it to reach vast audiences with relative ease and minimal cost.
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Another notable development is the combination of open social networking communication with structured communication from closed expert and/or policy-maker panels, such as through the modified
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of democracy employed. Consequently, e-democracy is profoundly influenced by a country's internal dynamics as well as the external drivers defined by standard innovation and diffusion theory.
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The extent and manner of its implementation often depend on the specific form of democracy adopted by a society, thus shaped by both internal dynamics and external technological developments.
8642:"Feliz-Teixeira, J Manuel. The Perfect Time for the Perfect Democracy? Some thoughts on wiki-law, wiki-government, online platforms in the direction of a true democracy. Porto, 11 March 2012"
4129:
EDD as a system is not fully implemented in a political government anywhere in the world, although several initiatives are currently forming. In the United States, businessman and politician
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3785:
2874:. As the Internet represents a vast digital network supporting open standards, achieving widespread, cost-effective access to a diverse range of communication media and models is feasible.
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Digital Democracy UK - launched to elected local councillors across the UK in 2013 to enable them to work alongside local residents in the democratic determination of community priorities
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Motivations for e-democracy reforms are diverse and reflect the desired outcomes of its advocates. Some aim to align government actions more closely with the public's interest, akin to
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protection and the pursuit of LRA commanders. It also advocated for cross-border initiatives to augment civilian protection and aid populations affected by the LRA. Co-sponsor Senator
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3501:. Therefore, e-democracy's evolution is influenced by such broad changes as increased interdependency, technological multimediation, partnership governance, and individualism.
4376:: The novel imagines societal changes due to technological advancements, including more participatory democracy through continuous public polling and consensus-building tools.
3344:
The government has a responsibility to ensure that online communications are both secure and respectful of individuals' privacy. This aspect gains prominence when considering
3523:, are increasingly significant in democratic dialogues. The role of social media in e-democracy is an emerging field of study, along with technological developments such as
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believe this helps the government act more in tune with its public. Examples of state usage include The Official Commonwealth of Virginia Homepage, where citizens can find
7763:
7732:
3405:, but the depth of will expression was confined to predefined options (those on the ballot). Depth of will expression was obtained by limiting participant numbers through
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Coleman, Stephen. "Doing IT for Themselves: Management versus Autonomy in Youth E-Citizenship." Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth. Edited by
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Advocates of e-democracy propose that it can facilitate more active government engagement and inspire citizens to actively influence decisions that directly affect them.
2831:. These technologies promise to expand citizen participation further, enhance transparency, and boost the overall efficiency and responsiveness of democratic governance.
4161:, offered its members the power to decide the actions of the party over all or some areas of decision, or to use a proxy with immediate recall for one or several areas.
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public information enhances its transparency, enabling more extensive public scrutiny, and consequently promoting a more equitable distribution of power within society.
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we do but providing an alternative platform. It's a way of organizing for a different generation of people who do their politics differently, get their news differently.
3425:, suggest potential ways to exploit these capabilities for future e-democracy implementations. Currently, e-democracy processes are facilitated by technologies such as
3024:
The Kony 2012 video, released on 5 March 2012 by the non-profit organization Invisible Children, launched an online grassroots campaign aimed at locating and arresting
3808:, and are encouraged to participate in the deliberative process by suggesting new political issues and rating the suggestions of other participants. The design of the
7146:
Leighninger, Matt (Summer 2011). "Citizenship and governance in a wild, wired world: how should citizens and public managers use online tools to improve democracy?".
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government data easily accessible and providing straightforward channels to communicate with government officials, e-democracy addresses the needs of modern society.
8593:
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Jensen, M.; Danziger, J.; Venkatesh, A. (2007). "Jan). Civil society and cyber society: The role of the Internet in community associations and democratic politics".
5621:
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Matt Leighninger (2 May 2012). "Citizenship And Governance in a Wild, Wired World: How Should Citizens And Public Managers Use Online Tools To Improve Democracy?".
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Significantly, SOPA was indefinitely postponed following widespread protests, which included a site blackout by popular websites like Knowledge on 18 January 2012.
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Some researchers argue that many initiatives have been driven by technology rather than by the core values of government, which has resulted in weakened democracy.
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discussions online within existing power structures and maintaining significant reach within the community for these discussions to hold agenda-setting potential.
8743:
6867:"Foresight tools for participative policy-making in inter-governmental processes in developing countries: Lessons learned from the eLAC Policy Priorities Delphi"
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create visibility for social movements, and strive to instigate change and raise awareness through democracy in social media. As reported by news analysis firm
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interact. What might initially appear as mere differences in communication styles ultimately reveals divergent strategies for accessing and influencing power.
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Martin Hilbert (April 2009). "The Maturing Concept of E-Democracy: From E-Voting and Online Consultations to Democratic Value Out of Jumbled Online Chatter".
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processes. The term is credited to digital activist Steven Clift. By using 21st-century ICT, e-democracy seeks to enhance democracy, including aspects like
6789:
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Lee, Chung-pin; Chang, Kaiju; Berry, Frances Stokes (2011). "Testing the Development and Diffusion of E-Government and E-Democracy: A Global Perspective".
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associated with investments in e-democracy innovations. There also exists a degree of skepticism regarding the potential impact of online participation.
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Diminished participation in democracy may stem from the proliferation of polls and surveys, potentially leading to a condition known as survey fatigue.
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4098:, facilitated by technology, viewing this transition as an ultimate goal of e-democracy. In an electronic direct democracy (EDD) – also referred to as
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Loubser, Minka (2020). "E-democracy and Citizen Engagement: The Deliberative Ecosystem and the Role of the Public Sphere in Developing Democracies".
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agendas, and policies, governments can enhance transparency, thereby potentially facilitating more informed participation both online and offline.
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4342:: A sentient computer assists Lunar colonists in their rebellion against Earth, with significant decisions made through public electronic voting.
8121:
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Foot, Kirsten A.; Schneider, Steven M. (June 2002). "Online action in Campaign 2000: an exploratory analysis of the U.S. political web sphere".
3231:
in electoral processes. These platforms also afford politicians opportunities for direct engagement with constituents. A notable example is the
2643:, diminish the influence of media, political parties, and lobbyists, or use public input to assess potential costs and benefits of each policy.
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3154:
decision to abolish a law against immigrants was made by online voting among M5S members, in opposition to the views of Grillo and Casaleggio.
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frequently than those of specific elected leaders, political candidates, political parties, nonpartisan groups, and local community groups.
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E-democracy has led to a simplified process and access to government information for public-sector agencies and citizens. For example, the
1202:
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3711:, acting as platforms for citizens to gain knowledge about public affairs and as sources of power beyond the state's reach. According to
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4352:: The novel explores potential perils of e-democracy in a future United States heavily influenced by the internet and electronic voting.
7821:
7428:. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008. 189–206.
6253:
5880:"Direct Parliamentarianism: An Analysis of the Political Values Embedded in Rousseau, the 'Operating System' of the Five Star Movement"
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612:
6398:
Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko (2003). "Building strong e-democracy: the role of technology in developing democracy for the information age".
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8276:
Mahrer, Harold; Krimmer (January 2005). "Towards the enhancement of e-democracy: identifying the notion of the 'middleman paradox'".
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Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko (2003). "Building Strong E-Democracy—The Role of Technology in Developing Democracy for the Information Age".
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1946:
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Howard, Philip N. (January 2005). "Deep democracy, thin citizenship: the impact of digital media in political campaign strategy".
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and emails; raising funds and recruiting support; and conveying their messages to the public via traditional news media channels.
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was also determined by online voting, albeit with limited options for the choice of European Parliament group for M5S. These were
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6284:
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Critiques associated with direct democracy are also considered applicable to e-democracy. This includes the potential for direct
2508:
8773:
7771:
7740:
4809:
2571:. In this way, e-democracy has the potential to incorporate crowdsourced analysis more directly into the policy-making process.
8344:
Smith, Congressman Lamar. "H.R. 3261." Ed. Representatives, House of. Washington, DC: 112th Congress, 1st Session, 2011. Print.
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2721:, has been observed to align with principles often associated with democracy. These democratic principles have their roots in
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4388:: The narrative centers on a future society where an artificial intelligence, the Prefect, administers a democratic system.
4235:). The ancient agora was the hub of public life, facilitating social interactions, business transactions, and discussions.
8601:
6124:
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7173:
Saglie, Jo; Vabo, Signy Irene (December 2009). "Size and e-democracy: online participation in Norwegian local politics".
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viewpoints will make a difference. The government should put structures in place to accommodate increased participation.
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bolsters political self-determination. It collects social, economic, and cultural data to enhance democratic engagement.
1419:
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8538:
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4364:: The future society in this work practices digital direct democracy with a reputation-based currency called "Whuffie".
4219:", is a free software application developed for political opinion formation and decision-making. It is filed under the
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1695:
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7284:. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Reference and Strategic Analysis Division, Parliamentary Information and Research Service.
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networks, second, the widespread propagation of the instantaneous internet, and third, the ubiquity of mobile phones.
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Macintosh, Ann; Robson, Edmund; Smith, Ella; Whyte, Angus (February 2003). "Electronic Democracy and Young People".
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suppression of this event, the Facebook group persisted, encouraging other activist groups to utilize online media.
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Appel, Andrew; Ginsburg, Maia; Hursti, Harri; Kernighan, Brian; Richards, Christopher; Tan, Gang; Venetis, Penny.
3477:, and the global stage. Further, the scope of involvement is also considered, which includes the participation of
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Kattamuri, et al. "Supporting debates over citizen initiatives", Digital Government Conference, pp 279-280, 2005
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A comparable event occurred in India towards the end of 2011, when the country's Communication and IT Minister
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475:
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101:
8674:"Robinson, Les. A summary of Diffusion of Innovations. Fully revised and rewritten Jan. 2009. Enabling Change"
8407:
8254:
6466:
5343:
4954:(9 May 2011). "Testing the Development and Diffusion of E-Government and E-Democracy: A Global Perspective".
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public authorities, citizens ought to be granted the right to productive public deliberation and moderation.
2934:
2019:
1501:
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1014:
490:
8355:
7679:
5064:"Tom Watson Interview: On Jeremy Corbyn, Tony Blair, Leveson, Digital Democracy; And How He Sleeps at Night"
3284:
elections, digital communications were utilized by various communities to cultivate a sense of inclusivity.
3124:
is a socio-political movement in Pakistan initiated by Qadri after returning from a seven-year residence in
2819:
As of the 2020s, e-democracy's landscape continues to evolve alongside advancements in technologies such as
8925:
4981:
Behçet Oral (2008). "The evaluation of the student teachers' attitudes toward the Internet and democracy".
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and debate these ideas, and employ a simple algorithm to identify true representatives of the public will.
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5399:"Informative architectures and citizen participation: a comparative study between the digital platforms"
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8154:
7536:
Klein, Hans (January 1999). "Tocqueville in Cyberspace: Using the Internet for Citizens Associations".
6146:
van Dijk, Jan A.G.M.; Hacker, Kenneth L. (30 May 2018). Van Dijk, Jan A.G.M; Hacker, Kenneth L (eds.).
4448:
4368:
3740:
3360:, that the risks of an e-government are related to data loss, privacy and security, and user adoption.
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and M5S was endorsed after over 100,000 members voted online, with 79.3% supporting the new coalition.
2034:
1447:
1344:
1235:
76:
47:
8382:"IT News Online > - Kapil Sibal: Internet an indispensable tool for governance in a free democracy"
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5231:
6435:"Understand the complexity of electronic government: Implications from the digital divide literature"
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4402:
4103:
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8423:"Building strong e-democracy—The role of technology in developing democracy for the information age"
8002:
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5286:
3707:
Civil society organizations have a pivotal role in democracies, as highlighted by theorists such as
3010:#Egypt and #sidibouzid, further facilitating the spread of knowledge and fostering change in Egypt.
8942:
8641:
7934:
7374:
Canadian Parties in Transition, 3rd Edition. Gagnon and Tanguay (eds). Chapter 20 - Essay by Milner
6977:
Bakardjieva, Maria (March 2009). "Subactivism: lifeworld and politics in the age of the internet".
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When designed to present both supporting and opposing evidence and arguments for each issue, apply
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5336:"Democratic disruption or continuity? Analysis of the Decidim Platform in Catalan municipalities"
4913:
OMB Bulletin No. 95-01: Establishment of Government Information Locator Service, December 7, 1994
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These works provide varied perspectives on the potential benefits and challenges of e-democracy.
4146:
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Technology to support electronic direct democracy (EDD) has been researched and developed at the
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2009:
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Sendag, Serkan (2010). "Pre-service teachers' perceptions about e-democracy: A case in Turkey".
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ENGAGE: creating e-government that supports commerce, collaboration, community and Commonwealth
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E-democracy promotes wider access to information, and its inherent decentralization challenges
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2024:
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8096:"An Uber Millionaire Wants You to Vote on the Internet — Despite the Inherent Vulnerabilities"
8069:
7676:"CITRIS - Ken Goldberg appointed Faculty Director of the CITRIS Data and Democracy Initiative"
5287:
Xabier E. Barandiaran; Antonio Calleja LĂłpez; Arnau Monterde; Carol Romero (19 January 2024),
4688:"Liz talks to Steven Clift from e-democracy.org at the Personal Democracy Forum Conference 09"
2956:
During the Arab Spring, uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East were spearheaded by
7972:
6496:
Komito, L. (2007). "Community and inclusion: The impact of new communications technologies".
5198:"The 'Occupy' Movement: Emerging Protest Forms and Contested Urban Spaces | The Urban Fringe"
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group was discussed but not available at the time due to the group's prior rejection of M5S.
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4149:, already partially governed by direct democracy, is making progress towards such a system.
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gained traction, advocating for broader and more direct public involvement in policymaking.
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a public official directly rather than merely emailing the webmaster (West, 2007)"(Issuu).
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A notable development in the application of e-democracy in the deliberative process is the
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on legislation, propose new legislation, and recall representatives, if any are retained.
2858:'s commercial use prohibition. The internet's capacity for mass communication, evident in
8:
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Aline Suter; Lars Kaiser; Martin Dušek; Florin Hasler; Simone Tappert (16 January 2024).
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81:
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Whittaker, Jason (2004), "Cyberspace and the public sphere", in Whittaker, Jason (ed.),
5450:"Digital Rights to the City: Local Practices and Negotiations of Urban Space on Decidim"
4621:
8970:
Platform for digital democracy which enables creation of proposals, debates and voting.
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2014:
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5418:
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5172:
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4330:: Machines manage the economy for common welfare and make all key societal decisions.
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234:
96:
91:
52:
25:
16:
Use of information and communication technology in political and governance processes
8446:
8297:
8217:
Tucker, Joshua A.; Theocharis, Yannis; Roberts, Margaret E.; Barberá, Pablo (2017).
7496:
7000:
6738:
6623:
6419:
1666:
8928:- Including the work of the Ad Hoc Committee on e-Democracy IWG established in 2006
8481:
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8285:
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7584:
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7484:
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1354:
1334:
1124:
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1069:
896:
784:
745:
735:
715:
510:
266:
120:
8796:"Santa's Little Helpers: Wikidemocracy in Finland - Ominvoimin – ihmisten tekemää"
8705:
8485:
7733:"The OPEN Act as an experiment in digital democracy – What's Next - CNN.com Blogs"
7599:
Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide.
5334:
Rosa Borge Bravo; Joan Balcells Padullés; Albert Padró-Solanet Grau (4 May 2022).
5282:
5280:
4994:
3575:
stated that they had visited a website to research specific public policy issues.
2925:) in Spain. In 2016 and 2017, citizens involved in the movement together with the
8580:
8561:
8554:
8542:
7892:
7354:
7334:
7224:
7129:
6954:
Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide
6793:
6705:
6052:
6027:"Alleanze Europarlamento, M5S esclude i Verdi dalle consultazioni: "Troppi veti""
5512:
4490:
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4304:
4263:
4248:
4179:
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3474:
3466:
3438:
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has underscored the importance and impact of e-democracy. In 2020, the advent of
3181:
2917:
Originating in Spain and subsequently spreading to other European countries, the
2902:
2867:
2851:
2718:
2491:
2464:
2320:
2310:
2107:
2004:
1671:
1566:
1299:
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1049:
1009:
794:
588:
570:
395:
380:
8573:
8535:
7853:"The New Jersey Voting-machine Lawsuit and the AVC Advantage DRE Voting Machine"
6641:
Pautz, H. (2010). "The Internet, Political Participation and Election Turnout".
4865:
4747:
2709:
The structure of the Internet, which currently embodies characteristics such as
7641:
6669:"E-Democracy, E-Governance, and Public Net-Work by Steven Clift - Publicus.Net"
6558:
6509:
6359:"Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter"
6216:
5447:
5277:
4775:"The Impact of ICT on Reinforcing Citizens' Role in Government Decision Making"
4582:
4349:
3830:
3634:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3033:
2843:
2656:
2469:
2400:
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2138:
2052:
1581:
1349:
1329:
1324:
1154:
1044:
814:
466:
385:
339:
281:
8868:
Asimov, Isaac. "The Evitable Conflict". I, Robot. New York: Gnome Press, 1950.
7625:
7576:
7401:
6992:
6615:
6116:
5856:
5414:
5352:
5305:
3564:
Civic engagement encompasses three key aspects: understanding public affairs (
8987:
8895:
Doctorow, Cory. Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom. New York: Tor Books, 2003.
8499:
8242:
8133:
7611:
7488:
7289:
7278:
Social media: 4. Political uses and implications for representative democracy
7098:
6787:
https://www.science.org/content/article/facebook-keeping-you-political-bubble
6566:
6375:
6358:
5966:"Grillo, gli iscritti del M5S dicono no al reato di immigrazione clandestina"
5475:
5422:
5368:
4828:
4773:
Hosein Jafarkarimi; Alex Sim; Robab Saadatdoost; Jee Mei Hee (January 2014).
4511:
4361:
4287:
4258:
4228:
3940:
3748:
3724:
3702:
3535:
3357:
2983:
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1984:
1621:
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368:
343:
173:
7549:
6808:
6654:
5996:
5483:
5430:
5376:
5313:
5169:"Democracy Online: The Prospects for Political Renewal Through the Internet"
4949:
4924:
Tapscott, Don (2007). "Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation".
3812:
is intended to minimize the influence of private agendas on the discussion.
3800:
is a web application optimized for mobile use, aimed at facilitating online
3456:
2842:
practices. It embodies elements of the internet's origins, including strong
651:
5255:"Former Swiss Bank Employee Advising Spanish Political Party in Tax Battle"
4867:
4639:
4433:
4373:
4327:
4134:
3892:
3793:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3528:
3524:
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3170:
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2979:
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democratic processes and ensure all citizens' voices are heard and valued.
2750:
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2198:
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1541:
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1279:
153:
8438:
8234:
8122:"US government plans to urge states to resist 'high-risk' internet voting"
6730:
6411:
6155:
5129:
Democracy Online: The Prospects for Political Renewal Through the Internet
4877:
3550:
forums, considered significant steps towards the maturity of e-democracy.
8877:
Heinlein, Robert A. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. New York: Putnam, 1966.
7128:. Folsom, California: Center for Digital Government. 2008. Archived from
5396:
4780:. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering.
4572:
4552:
4531:
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4380:
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4046:
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1551:
1364:
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457:
422:
325:
313:
178:
8026:"In 2020, Some Americans Will Vote On Their Phones. Is That The Future?"
6331:
6238:
5647:
5360:
2486:
1220:
583:
8504:
Beasts and gods: How democracy changed its meaning and lost its purpose
7888:
7702:"Keeping the internet open & delivering open government technology"
6518:
5390:
5095:
The hybrid media system: Politics and power in the age of digital media
4866:
Prins, Corien; MĂ´nica Rosina; Colette Cuijpers; Peter Lindseth (2017).
4464:
4130:
3951:
3712:
3498:
3486:
3174:
2870:
like newspapers or radio, as well as personal media such as letters or
2859:
2839:
2824:
2722:
2556:
2415:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2347:
2188:
1979:
1861:
1856:
1720:
1491:
1109:
1039:
906:
547:
537:
532:
271:
133:
8184:
7159:
5021:
5466:
5144:
The 21st Century Media (R)evolution: Emergent Communication Practices
4839:
4837:
4562:
3786:
Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society
3516:
3356:
Despite these advancements, recent research has indicated, through a
3019:
2879:
2536:
2218:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2082:
2077:
2067:
1941:
1902:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1841:
1809:
1753:
1748:
1134:
1089:
949:
636:
432:
330:
213:
168:
148:
6315:
5879:
5500:"The Role of Digital Media", Philip N. Howard, Muzammil M. Hussain.
4630:
4603:
4117:
3784:. This tool was created by the Data and Democracy Initiative of the
4479:
4223:
licensing system. The name "Egora" is a blend of "electronic" and "
4220:
3955:
3520:
3508:
3418:
3201:
2929:
developed a combined online and offline e-democracy project called
2828:
2693:
2652:
2640:
2552:
2290:
1851:
1821:
1764:
1265:
1129:
1099:
1064:
886:
555:
515:
198:
183:
163:
32:
8388:. 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017
8218:
6543:"Electronic government: Towards e-democracy or democracy at risk?"
5504:, Volume 22, Number 3, July 2011.pp. 35-48 10.1353/jod.2011.0041 (
5171:. Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law.
4834:
4660:. 2004 International Conference on System Sciences. Archived from
3730:
Civic society encompasses various types of associations. The term
8962:
5441:
4827:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4484:
4412:
4203:
3914:
3907:
3906:
Several non-governmental websites, like transparent.gov.com, and
3900:
3512:
3478:
3413:
3125:
2930:
2922:
2765:
2730:
2092:
1929:
1919:
1561:
1283:
470:
128:
6316:"Rebooting Democracy: Youth Participation in Politics in the UK"
5581:"Google, Twitter Team up for Egyptians to Send Tweets via Phone"
8619:
7078:
7076:
5327:
4418:
3543:
3402:
3399:
2256:
1149:
520:
462:
360:
8216:
7263:
ICTs can enable greater citizen engagement in policy-making...
7086:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
5914:"Ecco la legge elettorale del M5S preannunciata da Casaleggio"
5290:
Decidim, a Technopolitical Network for Participatory Democracy
3621:
violations committed by any political party during elections.
2692:
The inception of e-democracy corresponds with the rise of the
2569:
proposal, development, and actual creation of a country's laws
8886:
Sterling, Bruce. Distraction. New York: Bantam Spectra, 1998.
7942:
7709:
7626:"Deliberative democracy, the public sphere, and the internet"
5397:
Eli Borges Junior; Bruno Madureira Ferreira (November 2022).
4232:
4224:
4133:
was a prominent supporter of EDD, advocating for "electronic
3617:
within a democracy, introducing fresh issues and viewpoints.
3482:
3326:
that separates those with access from those without, and the
1531:
1424:
7073:
5997:"EUobserver / Greens reject Beppe Grillo's offer to team up"
5554:"Power of Twitter, Facebook in Egypt Crucial, Says U.N. Rep"
4090:
Supporters of e-democracy often foresee a transition from a
2753:
initiatives, which aimed to provide public services online.
8978:
8045:"Some states have embraced online voting. It's a huge risk"
5227:
3450:
3446:
2942:
civil society institutions were running Decidim instances.
2905:, which proposed various demonstrations in response to the
2885:
1519:
8948:
ICEGOV - International Conference on Electronic Governance
7935:"Making Government User-friendly - Government Information"
6922:
5604:
5602:
2744:
8829:
7994:
7474:
7445:
7026:
6432:
5037:"The politics of disillusionment: can democracy survive?"
4415:, a "technopolitical network for participatory democracy"
3887:
3727:
has been increasingly integrating into the online realm.
2882:, must address cybersecurity and protect sensitive data.
8947:
8913:
Reynolds, Alastair. The Prefect. London: Gollancz, 2007.
8219:"From Liberation to Turmoil: Social Media And Democracy"
7850:
7420:
7418:
6433:
Helbig, Natalie; Ramon J. Gil-Garcia (3 December 2008).
6254:"Governance through the digital disruption of democracy"
3867:
8904:
Vinge, Vernor. Rainbows End. New York: Tor Books, 2006.
7562:
5599:
3040:
2978:
began on 25 January 2011, prompted by mass protests in
7822:"Fearful of Hacking, Dutch Will Count Ballots by Hand"
7234:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
6467:"The Impact of The Global Digital Divide on The World"
5823:"Qadri's picketing ends with 'Long March Declaration'"
3824:
Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act
3607:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
8356:"SOPA and PIPA postponed indefinitely after protests"
7415:
6440:. Government Information Quarterly. pp. 89–97 .
4812:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 18 March 2014
7965:"USA.gov: The U.S. Government's Official Web Portal"
7764:"The OPEN Act as an experiment in digital democracy"
6841:
The Millennium Project. Futures Research Methodology
6839:
Glenn, Jerome C.; Gordon, Theodore J., eds. (2009).
5855:. Sistemaoperativom5s.beppegrillo.it. Archived from
4247:
The theme of e-democracy has frequently appeared in
2741:
facilitating discussions around potential outcomes.
2636:, where citizens undertake these duties themselves.
2581:
Utilizing information and communication technology (
7468:
6285:"Our sense of community restored by Covid pandemic"
3393:
3D e-democracy roadmap: transcending the trade-offs
2866:, surpasses traditional boundaries associated with
8269:
8185:"SaveTheInternet.com - Egypt's Internet Crackdown"
7964:
7792:
6956:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
6053:"Italian vote backs new government under PM Conte"
5916:. Europaquotidiano.it. 19 May 2014. Archived from
5792:"Internal Forces Besiege Pakistan Ahead of Voting"
5086:
4810:"Public Participation Guide: Electronic Democracy"
4231:denoting the central public space in city-states (
8938:Institute for Politics Democracy and the Internet
8859:Card, Orson Scott. Ender's Game. Tor Books, 1985.
8353:
6843:. New York: Amer Council for the United Nations.
6837:. A summary of Democrazia elettronica is also in
5735:"Long march: Walking in the name of 'revolution'"
5551:
4655:"Characterizing E-Participation in Policy-Making"
4118:Technology supporting electronic direct democracy
3314:The progression of e-democracy is impeded by the
8985:
8850:Stiegler, Marc. David's Sling. Baen Books, 1988.
7059:, London New York: Routledge, pp. 257–275,
6864:
5583:. The Washington Post- Post Tech. Archived from
5007:
2757:agency electronic records management practices.
7897:(reprint ed.). London: Sage. p. 130.
6785:Is Facebook keeping you in a political bubble?
6111:
6109:
6107:
5884:Jedem Journal of Edemocracy and Open Government
5252:
3379:
3212:
7446:"Highland Youth Parliament - Official Website"
6757:"Is Internet Democracy under Threat in India?"
6603:Journal of Information Technology and Politics
6599:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6145:
5092:
4199:values and environments facilitated by wikis.
4079:
2681:information and communication technology (ICT)
2679:E-democracy traces back to the development of
8275:
7320:
6810:Democrazia elettronica (Electronic Democracy)
6148:Internet and Democracy in the Network Society
5608:
4652:
4053:
3278:
3131:
2509:
1689:
1243:
606:
7323:Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media
6754:
6691:
6188:"How the internet is transforming democracy"
6104:
6082:"Social Media And E-Democracy In A Pandemic"
5820:
5789:
5705:"Pakistani city prepares for cleric's march"
5578:
5527:"Wael Ghonim and Egypt's New Age Revolution"
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4014:belonged solely to elected representatives.
3993:
3925:
3751:to express their perspectives and opinions.
3639:In previous years, individuals belonging to
3363:
7610:The road to e-democracy. (2008, February).
7145:
6976:
6874:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
6838:
6584:
5753:
5524:
4980:
4064:
3936:Information and communications technologies
2696:in the late 20th century. The diffusion of
8766:"GetWiki - The Messiness of WikiDemocracy"
8506:. United Kingdom: Zed Books. p. 371.
8420:
7438:
7172:
6716:
6710:
6397:
5940:"Quirinarie di M5s, per RodotĂ 4.677 voti"
5679:"Joseph Kony captures Congress' attention"
5676:
5645:
5034:
3600:information and communication technologies
3138:Five Star Movement § Direct democracy
2624:E-democracy incorporates elements of both
2516:
2502:
1696:
1682:
1641:
1250:
1236:
613:
599:
8421:Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko (September 2003).
8313:
8155:"Corporations and the Arab Net Crackdown"
7054:
6806:
6517:
6374:
6117:"Digital Processes and Democratic Theory"
5783:
5761:"Pakistanis protest 'corrupt' government"
5465:
5141:
4936:
4766:
4629:
4487:, a Canadian-based online voting platform
4024:
3758:
3303:
3233:2016 United States presidential elections
3109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2921:gave rise to proposals by the Partido X (
1733:List of countries by system of government
7724:
7023:www-01.ibm.com/industries/government/ieg
7016:"E-democracy: putting down global roots"
6628:Free access to the article can be found
6540:
5877:
4923:
4110:function through electronic means. They
4106:– citizens are directly involved in the
4000:Social media and political communication
3553:
3455:
3388:
3052:
2937:(FOSS) software package together with a
2909:, extensively utilized social networks.
2886:Digital mobilization in social movements
2549:information and communication technology
8926:Council of Europe's work on e-Democracy
8354:Julianna Pepitone (24 September 2012).
8309:
8307:
7623:
7316:
7314:
7201:Kubicek, H., & Westholm, H. (2007).
7027:IBM Institute for Electronic Government
6251:
6029:. ilfattoquotidiano.it/. 12 June 2014.
5994:
5988:
5107:
4869:Digital Democracy in a Globalized World
4317:E-democracy has also been depicted in:
3954:to cause the polarization of opinions,
3696:
3333:
3288:groups mobilized through social media.
3184:collapsed, a new coalition between the
3074:not related to the topic of the article
2745:Late 20th century to early 21st century
2704:
8986:
8746:from the original on 25 September 2015
8736:""Wiki" Democracy Begins in Argentina"
8545:involved in the Metagovernment project
8498:
8471:
8212:
8210:
8165:from the original on 22 September 2012
8119:
8093:
8042:
8005:from the original on 19 September 2012
7761:
7730:
7383:
7274:
7082:
7013:
6951:
6750:
6748:
6495:
6076:
6074:
5609:Zhuo, X.; Wellman, B.; Yu, J. (2011).
5552:Helen A.S. Popkin (16 February 2011).
5097:. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
4718:"Challenge and promise of e-democracy"
4601:
4178:, or direct democracy incorporating a
3978:
2982:, against the long reign of President
2963:
8453:from the original on 27 December 2021
8362:from the original on 27 December 2014
8023:
7887:
7656:from the original on 15 December 2011
7535:
6640:
6477:from the original on 14 February 2017
6356:
6313:
6198:from the original on 8 September 2019
6127:from the original on 20 February 2018
6059:from the original on 4 September 2019
5894:from the original on 27 December 2021
5814:
5166:
5126:
5074:from the original on 23 December 2015
5061:
4894:from the original on 27 December 2021
4846:"Publicus.Net: E-Democracy Resources"
4685:
3903:as an easy medium for communication.
3868:Government openness and accessibility
3837:
3792:, in collaboration with Lt. Governor
3773:The Internet holds a pivotal role in
3167:European Conservatives and Reformists
2687:
8776:from the original on 9 December 2014
8326:from the original on 27 October 2014
8304:
8257:from the original on 24 October 2020
7975:from the original on 19 January 2017
7869:from the original on 10 October 2021
7832:from the original on 28 January 2021
7819:
7311:
7253:from the original on 30 January 2012
7219:
7213:
6903:from the original on 8 December 2015
6865:See; Hilbert, Miles; Othmer (2009).
6827:from the original on 18 January 2011
6447:from the original on 5 November 2013
6338:from the original on 17 January 2023
6295:from the original on 11 January 2023
6264:from the original on 10 October 2020
6092:from the original on 12 October 2020
6033:from the original on 7 February 2016
5833:from the original on 20 January 2013
5802:from the original on 15 January 2013
5741:from the original on 16 January 2013
5658:from the original on 4 December 2014
5533:from the original on 8 December 2014
5265:from the original on 12 October 2013
5093:Chadwick, A.; Howard, P. N. (2009).
5043:from the original on 1 November 2013
4728:from the original on 25 January 2021
4698:from the original on 25 October 2020
4008:
3715:, a public policy researcher at the
3628:
3384:
3217:
3191:
3056:
3041:India Against Corruption (2011–2012)
2764:The mid-2000s ushered in the era of
8207:
8094:Mestel, Spenser (4 November 2022).
7797:. Democracy Journal. Archived from
7731:Sutter, John D. (18 January 2012).
7226:Promise and Problems of E-Democracy
6745:
6071:
5648:"Kony 2012: History in the making?"
5611:"Egypt: The first internet revolt?"
4312:
4242:
4164:
4035:The introduction of H.R. 3261, the
4017:Contrary to this view, theories of
13:
8654:from the original on 5 August 2020
8594:"Electronic Voting in Switzerland"
8195:from the original on 12 April 2015
7911:from the original on 1 August 2020
7762:Sutter, John D (18 January 2012).
7511:"Launch of Young Person's Website"
7299:from the original on 11 April 2013
6679:from the original on 1 August 2015
6282:
5685:from the original on 24 March 2012
5627:from the original on 28 March 2012
5556:. MSNBC Technology. Archived from
5490:from the original on 11 June 2024.
5437:from the original on 22 July 2024.
5386:from the original on 29 June 2024.
5253:Doreen Carvajal (8 October 2013).
5167:Shane, Peter M. (30 August 2004).
4787:from the original on 17 April 2016
4604:"Five hacks for digital democracy"
4470:Index of Internet-related articles
3790:University of California, Berkeley
3460:Forms of democracy trade-off table
3259:exchange of ideas among citizens.
3173:). The possibility of joining the
2896:
14:
9015:
8919:
8686:from the original on 9 March 2020
7630:Philosophy & Social Criticism
7456:from the original on 26 June 2015
6755:Madhavan, N. (25 December 2011).
6541:Sundberg, Leif (1 October 2019).
5976:from the original on 20 June 2014
5767:. 15 January 2013. Archived from
5711:. 14 January 2013. Archived from
5323:from the original on 13 June 2024
5234:from the original on 18 June 2020
4843:
4357:Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom
3322:. Practical concerns include the
2619:
2604:techniques, and actively address
1286:through a portion of the Internet
481:Biology and political orientation
8907:
8898:
8889:
8880:
8871:
8862:
8853:
8844:
8818:
8788:
8758:
8728:
8698:
8666:
8634:
8608:
8586:
8567:
8548:
8529:
8520:
8492:
8465:
8414:
8374:
8347:
8338:
8290:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2005.00184.x
8177:
8147:
8113:
8087:
8070:"The Dangers of Internet Voting"
8062:
8036:
8024:Parks, Miles (7 November 2019).
8017:
7987:
7957:
7927:
7881:
7844:
7820:Chan, Sewell (1 February 2017).
7813:
7786:
7755:
7694:
7189:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2009.00235.x
6933:from the original on 17 May 2008
6231:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02228.x
6007:from the original on 3 July 2014
5995:Nielsen, Nikolaj (5 June 2014).
5946:from the original on 21 May 2014
5878:Deseriis, Marco (January 2017).
5821:Anita Joshua (17 January 2013).
5790:Declan Walsh (15 January 2013).
5579:Cecilia Kang (31 January 2011).
5525:Harry Smith (13 February 2011).
4968:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02228.x
4926:Journal of Interactive Marketing
4822:
4754:from the original on 17 May 2021
4275:
4189:
3965:
3796:. Launched in January 2014, the
3654:
3243:Jane Fountain, in her 2001 work
3061:
2912:
2485:
1665:
1640:
1497:Internet Message Access Protocol
1272:
1219:
582:
8716:from the original on 2 May 2015
8564:from the Metagovernment project
8316:"Protecting Internet Democracy"
7668:
7617:
7604:
7591:
7556:
7529:
7503:
7377:
7368:
7359:
7268:
7204:
7195:
7166:
7139:
7113:
7048:
7007:
6970:
6945:
6915:
6858:
6800:
6779:
6661:
6634:
6573:
6534:
6489:
6459:
6426:
6391:
6350:
6307:
6276:
6245:
6210:
6180:
6139:
6045:
6019:
5958:
5932:
5906:
5871:
5845:
5727:
5697:
5670:
5639:
5572:
5545:
5518:
5494:
5298:Springer Science+Business Media
5246:
5220:
5190:
5160:
5135:
5120:
5101:
5055:
5028:
5001:
4974:
4917:
4906:
4294:
4124:Florida Institute of Technology
3717:Georgia Institute of Technology
3294:
3169:(ECR), and "Stay independent" (
3163:Europe of Freedom and Democracy
2793:2016 U.S. presidential election
1203:Latin America and the Caribbean
8583:of the Metagovernment project.
7477:Social Science Computer Review
7434:10.1162/dmal.9780262524827.189
7176:Scandinavian Political Studies
6886:10.1016/j.techfore.2009.01.001
4859:
4740:
4710:
4679:
4646:
4595:
4539:, a political party in Hungary
3973:internet for widespread voting
3671:
3077: and should be moved to
2945:
2194:Intergovernmental organisation
2149:Separation of church and state
476:Theories of political behavior
102:Political history of the world
1:
8486:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.012
8314:Brian Fox (30 January 2012).
7386:"Cybernetics and E-Democracy"
6643:German Politics & Society
6314:Sloam, James (October 2006).
5344:American Behavioral Scientist
4995:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.07.006
4589:
4508:, a political party in Canada
4451:, a political party in Turkey
4444:Electronic civil disobedience
4424:Democratization of technology
4037:Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)
3930:
3269:
3089:or discuss this issue on the
2935:free and open-source software
1502:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1480:Transmission Control Protocol
1015:Democracy and economic growth
491:Critique of political economy
8974:The Blueprint of E-Democracy
8043:Geller, Eric (8 June 2020).
7335:10.1207/s15506878jobem4602_4
6807:Bolognini, Maurizio (2001).
6219:Public Administration Review
5677:Scott Wong (22 March 2012).
5062:Waugh, Paul (30 July 2015).
5035:John Keane (27 March 2012).
4956:Public Administration Review
4950:Chung-pin Lee; Kaiju Chang;
4686:Azyan, Liz (3 August 2009).
4602:Noveck, Beth Simone (2017).
4335:The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
3806:Principal Component Analysis
3380:Participation and engagement
3350:Electronic voting in Estonia
3213:Opportunities and challenges
3013:
1991:(socio-political ideologies)
1208:Middle East and North Africa
1075:Peaceful transition of power
72:Outline of political science
7:
8278:Information Systems Journal
7793:Beth Simone Noveck (2008).
7601:Cambridge: University Press
5646:Hazel Shaw (7 March 2012).
4537:Party of Internet Democracy
4395:
4080:Electronic direct democracy
3579:or participating in polls.
3437:, and apps like GovernEye,
3255:decision-making processes.
2970:Egyptian Revolution of 2011
2907:financial crisis of 2007–08
2856:National Science Foundation
2059:(socio-economic ideologies)
1729:List of forms of government
1460:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
1105:Proportional representation
10:
9020:
8120:Zetter, Kim (8 May 2020).
7894:Practising Human Geography
7642:10.1177/019145370102700402
6580:Waller Livesey Edin (2001)
6559:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.04.030
6510:10.1177/079160350701600205
6498:Irish Journal of Sociology
5942:. Ansa.it. 20 April 2013.
4449:Electronic Democracy Party
4168:
4083:
4068:
4057:
4054:Suitable government models
4028:
3997:
3982:
3871:
3841:
3762:
3700:
3632:
3557:
3409:(refer to the Table). The
3337:
3307:
3279:Ensuring digital inclusion
3245:Building the Virtual State
3135:
3132:Five Star Movement (Italy)
3017:
2967:
2949:
2889:
2674:
1448:Information infrastructure
77:Index of politics articles
8474:Computers & Education
8427:Communications of the ACM
8406:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7577:10.1080/01972240601057528
7402:10.1108/03684920810884414
6993:10.1080/01972240802701627
6719:Communications of the ACM
6616:10.1080/19331680802715242
5415:10.18617/LIINC.V18I2.6058
5353:10.1177/00027642221092798
5306:10.1007/978-3-031-50784-7
4983:Computers & Education
4527:Parliamentary informatics
4403:Collaborative e-democracy
4104:collaborative e-democracy
3994:Social media manipulation
3926:Controversies and concern
3848:Voting advice application
3364:Government responsiveness
2927:City Council of Barcelona
2729:values like openness and
2180:(geo-cultural ideologies)
1487:Internet service provider
8555:List of related projects
7489:10.1177/0894439302238970
7384:Andrew, Alex M. (2008).
7099:10.1177/0002716204270139
6792:1 September 2022 at the
6376:10.1177/2056305118807911
5529:. CBS News- 60 Minutes.
5127:Shane, Peter M. (2004).
4408:Collaborative governance
4210:
4145:presidential campaigns.
4092:representative democracy
4071:Representative democracy
4065:Representative democracy
3899:, have begun to utilize
3427:electronic mailing lists
3407:representative democracy
3310:Right to Internet access
3157:M5S's alliance with the
3047:India Against Corruption
1360:Right to Internet access
1160:Wars between democracies
1140:Territorial peace theory
985:Democratic confederalism
8999:Politics and technology
8574:Standardization project
8536:List of active projects
8159:Foreign Policy in Focus
8074:The Heritage Foundation
7768:whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com
7550:10.1080/019722499128376
7538:The Information Society
7275:Clarke, Amanda (2010).
7057:The cyberspace handbook
6980:The Information Society
6704:6 February 2005 at the
6655:10.3167/gps.2010.280309
5511:9 February 2016 at the
4522:Outline of the Internet
3874:Transparency (behavior)
3769:Participatory democracy
3495:political organizations
3449:, internet forums, and
2821:artificial intelligence
2443:Administrative division
2387:International relations
1607:History of the Internet
1470:Internet protocol suite
1465:Internet exchange point
1145:Tyranny of the majority
1080:Political demonstration
990:Democratic peace theory
965:Deliberative referendum
486:Political organisations
249:International relations
87:Politics by subdivision
8963:Transparent Government
7828:. The New York Times.
7014:Caldow, Janet (2003).
6952:Norris, Pippa (2001).
6363:Social Media + Society
6357:Mundt, Marcia (2018).
5853:"M5S Operating System"
4653:Ann Macintosh (2004).
4578:Technology and society
4517:Open source governance
4506:Online Party of Canada
4215:Egora, also known as "
4100:open source governance
4060:Varieties of democracy
4031:Stop Online Piracy Act
4025:Stop Online Piracy Act
3810:California Report Card
3802:deliberative democracy
3798:California Report Card
3782:California Report Card
3775:deliberative democracy
3765:Deliberative democracy
3759:Deliberative democracy
3461:
3435:collaborative software
3394:
3304:Internet accessibility
2813:
2774:open-source governance
2531:(a blend of the terms
1340:Freedom of information
970:Democratic backsliding
960:Criticism of democracy
8439:10.1145/903893.903926
8235:10.1353/jod.2017.0064
7770:. CNN. Archived from
7210:Macintoch, Ann (2006)
7148:National Civic Review
6923:"Virginia.gov - Home"
6731:10.1145/903893.903926
6412:10.1145/903893.903926
6320:Parliamentary Affairs
6252:Dobrygowski, Daniel.
6156:10.4324/9781351110716
5228:"X Party / Partido X"
5142:Macnamara, J (2012).
5010:National Civic Review
4878:10.4337/9781785363962
4323:The Evitable Conflict
4217:intelligent democracy
3709:Alexis de Tocqueville
3598:E-democracy utilizes
3554:Community involvement
3459:
3392:
3159:UK Independence Party
3080:Long March (Pakistan)
3072:may contain material
3053:Long March (Pakistan)
2802:
2659:approach akin to the
2602:Cost–benefit analysis
2453:Democratic transition
2316:Self-governing colony
1913:Military dictatorship
1025:Electoral competition
1005:Democratic transition
980:Democratic centralism
975:Democratic capitalism
566:Political campaigning
306:Public administration
139:Collective leadership
8706:"Democracy's Moment"
8560:28 June 2015 at the
8541:28 June 2015 at the
8223:Journal of Democracy
7743:on 11 September 2013
7712:on 17 September 2012
7515:The Highland Council
7353:24 June 2010 at the
6369:(4). Sage journals.
6194:. 12 December 2012.
6088:. 29 December 2016.
6055:. 3 September 2019.
5652:The University Times
5502:Journal of Democracy
5039:. The Conversation.
4952:Frances Stokes Berry
4548:Platform cooperative
4419:Democracy experiment
4202:In 2011, a group in
3945:Nineteen Eighty-Four
3886:Through Listserv's,
3882:Radical transparency
3697:Civil society's role
3334:Security and privacy
3087:improve this section
2705:Concept and approach
2575:Electronic democracy
1390:Virtual volunteering
1000:Democratic socialism
416:Separation of powers
287:Political psychology
262:Comparative politics
240:political scientists
227:Academic disciplines
107:Political philosophy
8579:7 July 2015 at the
7922:surveys in society.
7801:on 29 December 2010
7624:Gimmler, A (2001).
7597:Norris, P. (2001).
7565:Information Society
5972:. 13 January 2014.
5970:Corriere della Sera
5737:. 15 January 2013.
5208:on 14 February 2017
5068:The Huffington Post
4622:2017Natur.544..287N
4568:Spatial Citizenship
4501:Online deliberation
4496:Online consultation
4112:vote electronically
4019:epistemic democracy
3985:Internet censorship
3979:Internet censorship
3566:political knowledge
2976:Egyptian Revolution
2964:Egyptian Revolution
2872:landline telephones
2598:conflict resolution
2492:Politics portal
2377:Supranational union
2286:Dependent territory
2199:National government
1672:Internet portal
1612:Oldest domain names
1226:Politics portal
1020:Democracy promotion
995:Democratic republic
589:Politics portal
438:Election commission
409:Government branches
292:Political sociology
144:Confessional system
82:Politics by country
9004:Types of democracy
8742:. 24 August 2011.
7826:The New York Times
7774:on 22 January 2012
7706:keepthewebopen.com
5796:The New York Times
5771:on 2 December 2013
5715:on 30 January 2013
5587:on 4 February 2011
5259:The New York Times
5110:Information Polity
4455:Emergent democracy
4340:Robert A. Heinlein
4157:, running for the
4155:Direktdemokraterna
3838:Voting and polling
3507:platforms such as
3462:
3421:analytics and the
3395:
3144:Five Star Movement
2862:, chat rooms, and
2731:individual liberty
2698:personal computers
2688:Early developments
2634:direct democracies
2545:Internet democracy
1455:Domain Name System
1345:Internet phenomena
1165:Waves of democracy
1125:Right to candidacy
1095:Popular referendum
1085:Political equality
955:Citizens' assembly
272:Political analysis
204:Semi-parliamentary
8806:on 7 January 2016
8616:"Senator On-Line"
8161:. 25 March 2011.
7795:"Wiki-Government"
7160:10.1002/ncr.20056
7135:on 26 March 2010.
7036:on 13 August 2011
6820:978-88-430-2035-5
6813:. Rome: Carocci.
6473:. 9 August 2012.
6332:10.1093/pa/gsm035
6121:MartinHilbert.net
5620:. pp. 6–10.
5560:on 4 January 2012
5022:10.1002/ncr.20056
4667:on 19 August 2019
4616:(7650): 287–289.
4558:Second Superpower
4475:Internet activism
4429:E2D International
4386:Alastair Reynolds
4009:Populism concerns
3857:threats persist.
3844:Electronic voting
3629:Youth involvement
3491:elected officials
3467:local communities
3385:Interaction modes
3346:electronic voting
3340:Internet security
3218:Potential impacts
3198:COVID-19 pandemic
3192:COVID-19 pandemic
3119:
3118:
3111:
2892:Internet activism
2848:freedom of speech
2661:scientific method
2606:confirmation bias
2541:digital democracy
2539:), also known as
2526:
2525:
2477:
2476:
2448:Democracy indices
2423:
2422:
2226:
2225:
2035:Semi-presidential
1960:
1959:
1706:
1705:
1557:Instant messaging
1475:Internet Protocol
1385:Virtual community
1282:visualization of
1260:
1259:
1115:Right to petition
623:
622:
571:Political parties
511:Electoral systems
235:Political science
209:Semi-presidential
121:Political systems
97:Political history
92:Political economy
9011:
8914:
8911:
8905:
8902:
8896:
8893:
8887:
8884:
8878:
8875:
8869:
8866:
8860:
8857:
8851:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8828:. Archived from
8822:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8802:. Archived from
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8685:
8678:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8653:
8646:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8618:. Archived from
8612:
8606:
8605:
8604:on 7 April 2005.
8600:. Archived from
8590:
8584:
8571:
8565:
8552:
8546:
8533:
8527:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8480:(4): 1684–1693.
8469:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8405:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8386:itnewsonline.com
8378:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8311:
8302:
8301:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8214:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8181:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7941:. Archived from
7931:
7925:
7924:
7918:
7916:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7868:
7857:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7739:. Archived from
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7708:. Archived from
7698:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7678:. Archived from
7672:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7621:
7615:
7614:, 386(8567), 15.
7608:
7602:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7442:
7436:
7426:W. Lance Bennett
7422:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7396:(7): 1066–1068.
7381:
7375:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7357:
7346:
7318:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7298:
7283:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7252:
7231:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7202:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7127:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7080:
7071:
7070:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7035:
7029:. Archived from
7020:
7011:
7005:
7004:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6902:
6871:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6804:
6798:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6767:on 15 April 2012
6763:. Archived from
6752:
6743:
6742:
6714:
6708:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6638:
6632:
6627:
6597:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6521:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6439:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6283:Wright, Oliver.
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6113:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6078:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5936:
5930:
5929:
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5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
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5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5787:
5781:
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5778:
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5751:
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5731:
5725:
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5695:
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5597:
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5576:
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5567:
5565:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5522:
5516:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5469:
5467:10.17645/UP.7065
5445:
5439:
5438:
5403:Liinc em Revista
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5340:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5295:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5204:. Archived from
5202:ced.berkeley.edu
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5105:
5099:
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5090:
5084:
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5079:
5059:
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5005:
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4978:
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4915:
4910:
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4863:
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4779:
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4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4599:
4313:Other portrayals
4300:Orson Scott Card
4269:Orson Scott Card
4251:. Works such as
4243:In popular media
4176:Liquid democracy
4171:Liquid democracy
4165:Liquid democracy
4096:direct democracy
4086:Direct democracy
3895:State Treasurer
3852:Open access poll
3816:Openforum.com.au
3747:that encourages
3560:Civic engagement
3328:opportunity cost
3186:Democratic Party
3126:Toronto, Ontario
3114:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3065:
3064:
3057:
2958:online activists
2811:
2717:, and universal
2711:decentralization
2630:direct democracy
2610:cognitive biases
2561:civic technology
2518:
2511:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2437:
2436:
2281:Associated state
2239:
2238:
2214:Internationalism
2204:World government
2181:
2060:
1992:
1973:
1972:
1947:Free association
1934:
1895:
1814:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1669:
1644:
1643:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1120:Right to protest
1070:Nomination rules
625:
624:
615:
608:
601:
587:
586:
377:
322:
277:Political theory
267:Election science
257:
243:
21:
20:
9019:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9008:
8984:
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8922:
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8899:
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8849:
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8833:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8809:
8807:
8794:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8777:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8740:Huffington Post
8734:
8733:
8729:
8719:
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8704:
8703:
8699:
8689:
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8640:
8639:
8635:
8625:
8623:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8592:
8591:
8587:
8581:Wayback Machine
8572:
8568:
8562:Wayback Machine
8553:
8549:
8543:Wayback Machine
8534:
8530:
8525:
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8514:
8497:
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8380:
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8352:
8348:
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8339:
8329:
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8320:Huffington Post
8312:
8305:
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8215:
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7378:
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7355:Wayback Machine
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6904:
6900:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6851:
6830:
6828:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6794:Wayback Machine
6784:
6780:
6770:
6768:
6761:Hindustan Times
6753:
6746:
6715:
6711:
6706:Wayback Machine
6696:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6639:
6635:
6598:
6585:
6578:
6574:
6539:
6535:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6396:
6392:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6312:
6308:
6298:
6296:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6250:
6246:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6192:The Independent
6186:
6185:
6181:
6166:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6115:
6114:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6008:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5920:on 19 June 2014
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5859:on 24 June 2014
5851:
5850:
5846:
5836:
5834:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5523:
5519:
5513:Wayback Machine
5499:
5495:
5446:
5442:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5140:
5136:
5125:
5121:
5106:
5102:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5029:
5006:
5002:
4979:
4975:
4948:
4937:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4888:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4844:Clift, Steven.
4842:
4835:
4823:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4722:Griffith Review
4716:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4631:10.1038/544287a
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4491:Media democracy
4439:E-participation
4398:
4315:
4297:
4278:
4249:science fiction
4245:
4227:", a term from
4213:
4192:
4180:delegable proxy
4173:
4167:
4151:Senator On-Line
4120:
4088:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4033:
4027:
4011:
4002:
3996:
3987:
3981:
3968:
3933:
3928:
3897:Frank T. Caprio
3884:
3878:Open government
3870:
3854:
3840:
3771:
3763:Main articles:
3761:
3741:Calls to action
3705:
3699:
3674:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3562:
3556:
3538:(HyperDelphi).
3387:
3382:
3366:
3342:
3336:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3281:
3272:
3220:
3215:
3194:
3182:Conte I Cabinet
3140:
3134:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3084:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3043:
3022:
3016:
2972:
2966:
2954:
2948:
2915:
2903:Occupy movement
2899:
2897:Occupy movement
2894:
2888:
2868:broadcast media
2852:sharing culture
2812:
2809:
2747:
2707:
2690:
2677:
2622:
2522:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2465:Democratisation
2458:Autocratization
2434:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2381:
2342:
2321:Tributary state
2311:Satellite state
2266:
2236:
2235:Power structure
2228:
2227:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2131:
2117:
2108:Totalitarianism
2058:
2057:
2039:
1990:
1989:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1932:
1924:
1889:
1881:
1812:
1804:
1751:
1742:
1741:Source of power
1719:Basic forms of
1713:Politics series
1702:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1295:
1287:
1256:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1050:Majoritarianism
1010:Democratization
945:
937:
936:
671:
661:
630:Politics series
619:
581:
576:
575:
506:
505:
496:
495:
453:
452:
443:
442:
411:
410:
401:
400:
396:Public interest
381:Domestic policy
371:
364:
363:
352:
351:
316:
309:
308:
297:
296:
258:
251:
244:
237:
229:
228:
219:
218:
124:
123:
112:
111:
67:
66:
57:
26:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
9017:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8929:
8921:
8920:External links
8918:
8916:
8915:
8906:
8897:
8888:
8879:
8870:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8832:on 9 July 2021
8817:
8800:ominvoimin.com
8787:
8757:
8727:
8710:peterlevine.ws
8697:
8665:
8633:
8622:on 7 June 2008
8607:
8598:swissworld.org
8585:
8566:
8547:
8528:
8519:
8512:
8500:Fuller, Roslyn
8491:
8464:
8433:(9): 121–128.
8413:
8373:
8346:
8337:
8303:
8268:
8206:
8176:
8146:
8112:
8086:
8061:
8035:
8016:
7986:
7956:
7945:on 3 June 2014
7926:
7903:
7891:, ed. (2004).
7889:Cloke, Paul J.
7880:
7843:
7812:
7785:
7754:
7723:
7693:
7682:on 9 June 2012
7667:
7616:
7603:
7590:
7555:
7544:(4): 213–220.
7528:
7517:. 12 June 2009
7502:
7467:
7437:
7414:
7376:
7367:
7358:
7329:(2): 222–244.
7310:
7267:
7242:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7183:(4): 382–401.
7165:
7138:
7112:
7093:(1): 153–170.
7072:
7066:978-0415168366
7065:
7047:
7006:
6969:
6962:
6944:
6914:
6880:(7): 880–896.
6857:
6850:978-0981894119
6849:
6819:
6799:
6778:
6744:
6725:(9): 121–128.
6709:
6690:
6660:
6649:(3): 156–175.
6633:
6583:
6572:
6547:Safety Science
6533:
6488:
6471:Korea IT Times
6458:
6425:
6406:(9): 121–128.
6390:
6349:
6326:(4): 548–567.
6306:
6275:
6244:
6225:(3): 444–454.
6209:
6179:
6164:
6138:
6103:
6086:The ASEAN Post
6070:
6044:
6018:
5987:
5957:
5931:
5905:
5870:
5844:
5813:
5782:
5752:
5726:
5696:
5669:
5638:
5618:Peace Magazine
5598:
5571:
5544:
5517:
5493:
5454:Urban Planning
5440:
5389:
5326:
5276:
5245:
5219:
5189:
5159:
5153:978-1433109362
5152:
5146:. Peter Lang.
5134:
5119:
5100:
5085:
5054:
5027:
5000:
4989:(1): 437–445.
4973:
4962:(3): 444–454.
4935:
4916:
4905:
4886:
4858:
4833:
4798:
4765:
4739:
4709:
4678:
4645:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4583:TheyWorkForYou
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4350:Bruce Sterling
4343:
4331:
4314:
4311:
4296:
4293:
4277:
4274:
4244:
4241:
4212:
4209:
4191:
4188:
4169:Main article:
4166:
4163:
4119:
4116:
4081:
4078:
4069:Main article:
4066:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4029:Main article:
4026:
4023:
4010:
4007:
3998:Main article:
3995:
3992:
3983:Main article:
3980:
3977:
3967:
3964:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3869:
3866:
3839:
3836:
3831:peer-to-patent
3760:
3757:
3749:internet users
3732:interest group
3701:Main article:
3698:
3695:
3673:
3670:
3656:
3653:
3635:Youth activism
3633:Main article:
3630:
3627:
3558:Main article:
3555:
3552:
3471:states/regions
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3362:
3338:Main article:
3335:
3332:
3324:digital divide
3320:digital divide
3316:digital divide
3308:Main article:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:The ASEAN Post
3193:
3190:
3136:Main article:
3133:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3034:Lindsey Graham
3018:Main article:
3015:
3012:
2968:Main article:
2965:
2962:
2950:Main article:
2947:
2944:
2914:
2911:
2898:
2895:
2890:Main article:
2887:
2884:
2807:
2746:
2743:
2715:open standards
2706:
2703:
2689:
2686:
2676:
2673:
2657:evidence-based
2626:representative
2621:
2620:Considerations
2618:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:Hybrid regimes
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Regional power
2398:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Puppet monarch
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2139:State religion
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:Constitutional
2007:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1969:Power ideology
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1933:(rule by none)
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Representative
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1582:World Wide Web
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Net neutrality
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:Digital rights
1327:
1325:Digital divide
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:War referendum
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Libertarianism
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:Related topics
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
847:
845:Representative
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
672:
667:
666:
663:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
643:
640:
639:
633:
632:
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
535:
530:
525:
524:
523:
513:
507:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
460:
454:
451:Related topics
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
419:
418:
412:
408:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
386:Foreign policy
383:
378:
365:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:
333:
328:
323:
310:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
282:Policy studies
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
247:
245:
233:
230:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
125:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
65:Primary topics
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:
35:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9016:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8953:NYTimes Op-Ed
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8932:Edc.unigue.ch
8930:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8910:
8901:
8892:
8883:
8874:
8865:
8856:
8847:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8682:
8675:
8669:
8650:
8643:
8637:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8570:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8551:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8532:
8523:
8515:
8513:9781783605422
8509:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8417:
8409:
8403:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8361:
8358:. CNN Money.
8357:
8350:
8341:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8310:
8308:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8272:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8211:
8194:
8190:
8189:freepress.net
8186:
8180:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8101:
8100:The Intercept
8097:
8090:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8050:
8046:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8020:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7923:
7910:
7906:
7904:9780761973003
7900:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7865:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7816:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7612:The Economist
7607:
7600:
7594:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7380:
7371:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7317:
7315:
7295:
7292:. 2010-10-E.
7291:
7287:
7280:
7279:
7271:
7264:
7249:
7245:
7243:9789264019485
7239:
7235:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7207:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7169:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7131:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7079:
7077:
7068:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6987:(2): 91–104.
6986:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6963:9780521002233
6959:
6955:
6948:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6852:
6846:
6842:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6782:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6694:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6610:(2): 87–110.
6609:
6605:
6604:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6165:9781351110716
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5603:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5330:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5281:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5089:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4914:
4909:
4893:
4889:
4887:9781785363962
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4862:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4830:
4829:public domain
4811:
4805:
4803:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Participation
4541:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Open politics
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:Cory Doctorow
4359:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4292:
4289:
4288:Marc Stiegler
4285:
4284:
4283:David's Sling
4276:David's Sling
4273:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:Marc Stiegler
4256:
4255:
4254:David's Sling
4250:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:Ancient Greek
4226:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4190:Wikidemocracy
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:" during his
4136:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3966:Cybersecurity
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:George Orwell
3937:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3725:civil society
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3703:Civil society
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:E-citizenship
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3536:Delphi method
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:argument maps
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3391:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3358:SWOT analysis
3354:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3301:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3176:
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3155:
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3149:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3110:
3102:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3070:This section
3068:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:Hosni Mubarak
2981:
2977:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2939:participatory
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:15-M Movement
2913:15-M Movement
2910:
2908:
2904:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:, widespread
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:crowdsourcing
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:Enlightenment
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:Enlightenment
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
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2570:
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2519:
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2507:
2505:
2500:
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2471:
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2388:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Confederation
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:
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2319:
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2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
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2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Unitary state
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:State atheism
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:Secular state
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Authoritarian
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Parliamentary
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1813:(rule by few)
1811:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
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1755:
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1663:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1622:Protocol Wars
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Voice over IP
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:File transfer
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:Microblogging
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
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1452:
1449:
1444:
1443:
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1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1391:
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1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Data activism
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:routing paths
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Right to vote
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Majority rule
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
940:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:Supermajority
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:Participatory
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Hybrid regime
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
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673:
670:
665:
664:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
627:
626:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
590:
585:
580:
579:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
500:
499:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
468:
464:
461:
459:
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455:
447:
446:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
413:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
391:Civil society
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
375:
370:
369:Public policy
367:
366:
362:
356:
355:
345:
341:
337:
336:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
320:
315:
312:
311:
307:
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300:
293:
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255:
250:
246:
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232:
231:
223:
222:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
189:Parliamentary
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Hybrid regime
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
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127:
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108:
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100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
61:
60:
54:
51:
49:
46:
44:
41:
40:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
27:
23:
22:
19:
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8900:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8864:
8855:
8846:
8834:. Retrieved
8830:the original
8820:
8808:. Retrieved
8804:the original
8799:
8790:
8778:. Retrieved
8769:
8760:
8748:. Retrieved
8739:
8730:
8718:. Retrieved
8709:
8700:
8688:. Retrieved
8668:
8656:. Retrieved
8636:
8624:. Retrieved
8620:the original
8610:
8602:the original
8597:
8588:
8569:
8550:
8531:
8522:
8503:
8494:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8455:. Retrieved
8430:
8426:
8416:
8390:. Retrieved
8385:
8376:
8364:. Retrieved
8349:
8340:
8328:. Retrieved
8319:
8284:(1): 27–42.
8281:
8277:
8271:
8259:. Retrieved
8229:(4): 46–59.
8226:
8222:
8197:. Retrieved
8188:
8179:
8167:. Retrieved
8158:
8149:
8137:. Retrieved
8126:The Guardian
8125:
8115:
8103:. Retrieved
8099:
8089:
8077:. Retrieved
8073:
8064:
8052:. Retrieved
8048:
8038:
8029:
8019:
8007:. Retrieved
7998:
7995:"BMV: myBMV"
7989:
7977:. Retrieved
7968:
7959:
7947:. Retrieved
7943:the original
7938:
7929:
7920:
7913:. Retrieved
7893:
7883:
7871:. Retrieved
7859:
7846:
7834:. Retrieved
7825:
7815:
7803:. Retrieved
7799:the original
7788:
7776:. Retrieved
7772:the original
7767:
7757:
7745:. Retrieved
7741:the original
7736:
7726:
7714:. Retrieved
7710:the original
7705:
7696:
7684:. Retrieved
7680:the original
7670:
7658:. Retrieved
7636:(4): 21–39.
7633:
7629:
7619:
7606:
7598:
7593:
7571:(1): 39–50.
7568:
7564:
7558:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7519:. Retrieved
7514:
7505:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7458:. Retrieved
7449:
7440:
7405:. Retrieved
7393:
7389:
7379:
7370:
7361:
7326:
7322:
7301:. Retrieved
7277:
7270:
7262:
7255:. Retrieved
7225:
7215:
7206:
7197:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7154:(2): 20–29.
7151:
7147:
7141:
7130:the original
7121:
7115:
7090:
7084:
7056:
7050:
7038:. Retrieved
7031:the original
7022:
7009:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6953:
6947:
6935:. Retrieved
6927:virginia.gov
6926:
6917:
6907:20 September
6905:. Retrieved
6877:
6873:
6860:
6840:
6829:. Retrieved
6809:
6802:
6781:
6769:. Retrieved
6765:the original
6760:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6699:Publicus.net
6693:
6681:. Retrieved
6673:publicus.net
6672:
6663:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6607:
6601:
6575:
6550:
6546:
6536:
6504:(2): 77–96.
6501:
6497:
6491:
6479:. Retrieved
6470:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6428:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6323:
6319:
6309:
6297:. Retrieved
6288:
6278:
6266:. Retrieved
6257:
6247:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6200:. Retrieved
6191:
6182:
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6141:
6129:. Retrieved
6120:
6094:. Retrieved
6085:
6061:. Retrieved
6047:
6035:. Retrieved
6021:
6009:. Retrieved
6000:
5990:
5978:. Retrieved
5969:
5960:
5948:. Retrieved
5934:
5922:. Retrieved
5918:the original
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5887:
5883:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5857:the original
5847:
5835:. Retrieved
5826:
5816:
5804:. Retrieved
5795:
5785:
5773:. Retrieved
5769:the original
5764:
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5729:
5717:. Retrieved
5713:the original
5708:
5699:
5687:. Retrieved
5681:. Politico.
5672:
5660:. Retrieved
5651:
5641:
5629:. Retrieved
5617:
5589:. Retrieved
5585:the original
5574:
5562:. Retrieved
5558:the original
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5520:
5501:
5496:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5361:10609/144286
5342:
5329:
5289:
5267:. Retrieved
5258:
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5222:
5210:. Retrieved
5206:the original
5201:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5162:
5143:
5137:
5131:. Routledge.
5128:
5122:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5094:
5088:
5076:. Retrieved
5067:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5030:
5016:(2): 20–29.
5013:
5009:
5003:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4959:
4955:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4908:
4896:. Retrieved
4868:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4814:. Retrieved
4789:. Retrieved
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4721:
4712:
4700:. Retrieved
4691:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4662:the original
4648:
4613:
4607:
4597:
4434:E-Government
4391:
4379:
4374:Vernor Vinge
4369:Rainbows End
4367:
4355:
4345:
4333:
4328:Isaac Asimov
4321:
4316:
4305:Ender's Game
4303:
4298:
4295:Ender's Game
4281:
4279:
4264:Ender's Game
4262:
4252:
4246:
4237:
4216:
4214:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4184:proxy chains
4174:
4128:
4121:
4089:
4074:
4044:
4041:
4034:
4016:
4012:
4003:
3988:
3969:
3949:
3934:
3920:
3912:
3905:
3893:Rhode Island
3885:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3794:Gavin Newsom
3779:
3772:
3753:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3706:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3649:Generation Z
3645:Generation Y
3641:Generation X
3638:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3563:
3540:
3533:
3529:semantic web
3505:Social media
3503:
3463:
3431:peer-to-peer
3423:semantic web
3411:social media
3396:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3313:
3298:
3295:Requirements
3290:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:Donald Trump
3229:
3225:
3221:
3206:
3195:
3179:
3171:Non-Inscrits
3156:
3152:
3148:Beppe Grillo
3141:
3120:
3105:
3096:
3085:Please help
3078:
3071:
3044:
3030:
3023:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2980:Cairo, Egypt
2973:
2955:
2916:
2900:
2876:
2846:support for
2837:
2833:
2818:
2814:
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1727:
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8366:15 December
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4758:21 November
4732:21 November
4702:20 November
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6096:7 October
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2068:Anarchism
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1952:Stateless
1942:Anarchism
1903:Despotism
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1877:Theocracy
1842:Kritarchy
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