Internet censorship

1413:: Among other things, the Facebook Statement of Rights and Responsibilities says: "You will not post content that: is hateful, threatening, or pornographic; incites violence; or contains nudity or graphic or gratuitous violence", "You will not use Facebook to do anything unlawful, misleading, malicious, or discriminatory", "We can remove any content or information you post on Facebook if we believe that it violates this Statement", and "If you are located in a country embargoed by the United States, or are on the U.S. Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals you will not engage in commercial activities on Facebook (such as advertising or payments) or operate a Platform application or website". 4452: 1443:: The YouTube Terms of Service include the statements: "YouTube reserves the right to decide whether Content violates these Terms of Service for reasons other than copyright infringement, such as, but not limited to, pornography, obscenity, or excessive length. YouTube may at any time, without prior notice and in its sole discretion, remove such Content and/or terminate a user's account for submitting such material in violation of these Terms of Service", "YouTube will remove all Content if properly notified that such Content infringes on another's intellectual property rights", and "YouTube reserves the right to remove Content without prior notice". 33: 3017: 1419:: Google's general Terms of Service, which were updated on 1 March 2012, state: "We may suspend or stop providing our Services to you if you do not comply with our terms or policies or if we are investigating suspected misconduct", "We may review content to determine whether it is illegal or violates our policies, and we may remove or refuse to display content that we reasonably believe violates our policies or the law", and "We respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement and terminate accounts of repeat infringers according to the process set out in the U.S. 4438: 426: 3307: 2442: 3594: 3227: 2636:

digital media freedom, as well as the access and openness of other digital means of transmitting information, particularly mobile phones and text messaging services. Results are presented for three areas: Obstacles to Access, Limits on Content, and Violations of User Rights. The results from the three areas are combined into a total score for a country (from 0 for best to 100 for worst) and countries are rated as "Free" (0 to 30), "Partly Free" (31 to 60), or "Not Free" (61 to 100) based on the totals.

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non-existent, and there is relatively little oversight from civil society or other independent groups. Vendors often consider information about what sites and content is blocked valuable intellectual property that is not made available outside the company, sometimes not even to the organizations purchasing the filters. Thus by relying upon out-of-the-box filtering systems, the detailed task of deciding what is or is not acceptable speech may be outsourced to the commercial vendors.

3213: 3157: 3115: 3405: 11986: 3580: 3377: 3321: 3269: 3003: 1248: 3419: 3608: 1484:: Yahoo!'s Terms of Service (TOS) state: "You acknowledge that Yahoo! may or may not pre-screen Content, but that Yahoo! and its designees shall have the right (but not the obligation) in their sole discretion to pre-screen, refuse, or remove any Content that is available via the Yahoo! Services. Without limiting the foregoing, Yahoo! and its designees shall have the right to remove any Content that violates the TOS or is otherwise objectionable." 3391: 3059: 3433: 3129: 3510: 3496: 3447: 3349: 3199: 3101: 2989: 2975: 3283: 401: 3538: 3461: 3475: 1500:

filtering and blocking do not remove content from the Internet, but instead block access to it. Therefore, as long as there is at least one publicly accessible uncensored system, it will often be possible to gain access to the otherwise censored material. However circumvention may not be possible by non-tech-savvy users, so blocking and filtering remain effective means of censoring the Internet access of large numbers of users.

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reform in public policy, public opinion, social practice, economic activities, and relationships), "drugs" (abused drugs, marijuana, prescribed medications, supplements and unregulated compounds), "religion" (non-traditional religions occult and folklore, traditional religions), .... The blocking categories used by the filtering programs may contain errors leading to the unintended blocking of websites. The blocking of

3566: 3363: 3143: 3524: 3073: 11996: 8683: 2960:, started publishing a list of "Enemies of the Internet". The organization classifies a country as an enemy of the internet because "all of these countries mark themselves out not just for their capacity to censor news and information online but also for their almost systematic repression of Internet users." In 2007 a second list of countries "Under Surveillance" (originally "Under Watch") was added. 633:. Blocking and filtering may also vary within a country across different ISPs. Countries may filter sensitive content on an ongoing basis and/or introduce temporary filtering during key time periods such as elections. In some cases the censoring authorities may surreptitiously block content to mislead the public into believing that censorship has not been applied. This is achieved by returning a fake 4179:(media struggle) was extensive. Internet and mobile technologies, particularly social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, played and are playing important new and unique roles in organizing and spreading the protests and making them visible to the rest of the world. An activist in Egypt tweeted, "we use Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world". 992:, may exclude web sites that they would ordinarily include. This renders a site invisible to people who do not know where to find it. When a major portal does this, it has a similar effect to censorship. Sometimes this exclusion is done to satisfy a legal or other requirement, other times it is purely at the discretion of the portal. For example, Google.de and Google.fr remove 1429:: Google's Webmaster Tools help includes the following statement: "Google may temporarily or permanently remove sites from its index and search results if it believes it is obligated to do so by law, if the sites do not meet Google's quality guidelines, or for other reasons, such as if the sites detract from users' ability to locate relevant information." 1209:, due to Secure Computing wrongly categorizing Dailymotion as pornography for its SmartFilter filtering software. It was initially thought that Tunisia had blocked Dailymotion due to satirical videos about human rights violations in Tunisia, but after Secure Computing corrected the mistake access to Dailymotion was gradually restored in Tunisia. 1437:: The Twitter Terms of Service state: "We reserve the right at all times (but will not have an obligation) to remove or refuse to distribute any Content on the Services and to terminate users or reclaim usernames" and "We reserve the right to remove Content alleged to be copyright infringing without prior notice and at our sole discretion". 3730:

online media, and online social cleavages. The data set uses V-Dem's methodology of aggregating surveys of experts from around the world. It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000–2021. These ratings are more similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House than remotely sensed data from Access Now.

4248:. Facebook was noted as being suspended due to an objection to its policy of reviewing news stories for authenticity where they were produced by Russian state-backed media before allowing them to be published on its platform. It was subject to a total ban whereas Twitter was suspended regionally. Reports have identified that 4958: 2140:

their personal history....The Court's decision is a retrograde move that misunderstands the role and responsibility of search engines and the wider internet. It should send chills down the spine of everyone in the European Union who believes in the crucial importance of free expression and freedom of information."

2923:. According to the report, few countries demonstrated any gains in Internet freedom, and the improvements that were recorded reflected less vigorous application of existing controls rather than new steps taken by governments to actively increase Internet freedom. The year's largest improvement was recorded in 4148:, users are frequently sent block pages stating that the website is blocked because of pornography, even when the page contains no pornography. Uzbeki ISPs may also redirect users' request for blocked websites to unrelated websites, or sites similar to the banned websites, but with different information. 1232:

to make changes to their software, to refrain from doing business with repressive governments, and to educate schools who have inadvertently reconfigured their filtering software too strictly. Nevertheless, regulations and accountability related to the use of commercial filters and services are often

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Many filtering programs allow blocking to be configured based on dozens of categories and sub-categories such as these from Websense: "abortion" (pro-life, pro-choice), "adult material" (adult content, lingerie and swimsuit, nudity, sex, sex education), "advocacy groups" (sites that promote change or

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of the censoring state. Internet censorship may also put restrictions on what information can be made internet accessible. Organizations providing internet access – such as schools and libraries – may choose to preclude access to material that they consider undesirable,

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Various contexts influence whether or not an internet user will be resilient to censorship attempts. Users are more resilient to censorship if they are aware that information is being manipulated. This awareness of censorship leads to users finding ways to circumvent it. Awareness of censorship also

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There are several motives or rationales for Internet filtering: politics and power, social norms and morals, and security concerns. Protecting existing economic interests is an additional emergent motive for Internet filtering. In addition, networking tools and applications that allow the sharing of

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in web searches created greater accessibility to most sites originally blocked or heavily monitored. Many social media sites including, Facebook, Google, and Twitter have added an automatic redirection to HTTPS as of 2017. With the added adoption of HTTPS use, "censors" are left with limited options

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The extent of Internet censorship varies on a country-to-country basis. While some countries have moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such as news and suppress and silence discussion among citizens. Internet censorship also occurs in response

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in 2011. In Syria, the Syrian Electronic Army (SEA), an organization that operates with at least tacit support of the government, claims responsibility for defacing or otherwise compromising scores of websites that it contends spread news hostile to the Syrian government. SEA disseminates denial of

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Almost four in five Internet users and non-users around the world felt that access to the Internet was a fundamental right (50% strongly agreed, 29% somewhat agreed, 9% somewhat disagreed, 6% strongly disagreed, and 6% gave no opinion). And while there is strong support for this right in all of the

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Generally, national laws affecting content within a country only apply to services that operate within that country and do not affect international services, but this has not been established clearly by international case law. There are concerns that due to the vast differences in freedom of speech

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Other important factors for censorship resiliency are the demand for the information being concealed, and the ability to pay the costs to circumvent censorship. Entertainment content is more resilient to online censorship than political content, and users with more education, technology access, and

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by any editor as part of the normal process of editing and updating articles. Knowledge's deletion policy outlines the circumstances in which entire articles can be deleted. Any editor who believes a page doesn't belong in the encyclopedia can propose its deletion. Such a page can be deleted by any

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The V-Dem Digital Societies Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns. This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, polarization of

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There are risks to using circumvention software or other methods to bypass Internet censorship. In some countries, individuals that gain access to otherwise restricted content may be violating the law and if caught can be expelled, fired, jailed, or subject to other punishments and loss of access.

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and attacks that deface opposition websites can produce the same result as other blocking techniques, preventing or limiting access to certain websites or other online services, although only for a limited period of time. This technique might be used during the lead up to an election or some other

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or be determined more dynamically based on a real-time examination of the information being exchanged. Blacklists may be produced manually or automatically and are often not available to non-customers of the blocking software. Blocking or filtering can be done at a centralized national level, at a

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for countries worldwide. The countries surveyed represent a sample with a broad range of geographical diversity and levels of economic development, as well as varying levels of political and media freedom. The surveys ask a set of questions designed to measure each country's level of Internet and

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Most major web service operators reserve to themselves broad rights to remove or pre-screen content, and to suspend or terminate user accounts, sometimes without giving a specific list or only a vague general list of the reasons allowing the removal. The phrases "at our sole discretion", "without

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Technical censorship techniques are subject to both over- and under-blocking since it is often impossible to always block exactly the targeted content without blocking other permissible material or allowing some access to targeted material and so providing more or less protection than desired. An

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Many of the challenges associated with Internet censorship are similar to those for offline censorship of more traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, books, music, radio, television, and film. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that

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Through 2010 the OpenNet Initiative had documented Internet filtering by governments in over forty countries worldwide. The level of filtering in 26 countries in 2007 and in 25 countries in 2009 was classified in the political, social, and security areas. Of the 41 separate countries classified,

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was required to globally comply with a takedown request made in relationship to defamatory material that was posted to Facebook by an Austrian that was libelous of another, which had been determined to be illegal under Austrian laws. The case created a problematic precedent that the Internet may

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ruling ... allows individuals to complain to search engines about information they do not like with no legal oversight. This is akin to marching into a library and forcing it to pulp books. Although the ruling is intended for private individuals it opens the door to anyone who wants to whitewash

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information related to these motives are themselves subjected to filtering and blocking. And while there is considerable variation from country to country, the blocking of web sites in a local language is roughly twice that of web sites available only in English or other international languages.

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Access Now maintains an annual list of internet shutdowns, throttling, and blockages as part of the #KeepItOn project. These data track several features of shutdowns including their location, their duration, the particular services impacted, the government's justification for the shutdown, and

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Internet censorship circumvention is one of the processes used by technologically savvy Internet users to bypass the technical aspects of Internet filtering and gain access to the otherwise censored material. Circumvention is an inherent problem for those wishing to censor the Internet because

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Access to search results may be restricted due to government involvement in the censorship of specific search terms, content may be excluded due to terms set with search engines. By allowing search engines to operate in new territory they must agree to abide to censorship standards set by the

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using technologies that guarantee material cannot be removed and prevents the identification of authors. Technologically savvy users can often find ways to access blocked content. Nevertheless, blocking remains an effective means of limiting access to sensitive information for most users when

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As more people in more places begin using the Internet for important activities, there is an increase in online censorship, using increasingly sophisticated techniques. The motives, scope, and effectiveness of Internet censorship vary widely from country to country. The countries engaged in

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allows users to factor this manipulation into their belief systems. Knowledge of censorship also offers some citizens incentive to try to discover information that is being concealed. In contrast, those that lack awareness of censorship cannot easily compensate for information manipulation.

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Another way to circumvent Internet censorship is to physically go to an area where the Internet is not censored. In 2017 a so-called "Internet refugee camp" was established by IT workers in the village of Bonako, just outside an area of Cameroon where the Internet is regularly blocked.

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and circumvention software tools. Solutions have differing ease of use, speed, security, and risks. Most, however, rely on gaining access to an Internet connection that is not subject to filtering, often in a different jurisdiction not subject to the same censorship laws. According to

2433:, this outage is notable in how it differs from past events. Unlike previous efforts at censorship and bandwidth throttling, the internet of Iran is presently experiencing a multi-day wholesale disconnection for much of its population – arguably the largest such event ever for Iran. 4953: 795:

Application service providers (e.g. social media companies), who may be legally required to remove particular content. Foreign providers with business presence in given country may be also coerced into restricting access to specific contents for visitors from the requesting

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When the "Countries under surveillance" list was introduced in 2008, it listed 10 countries. Between 2008 and 2012 the number of countries listed grew to 16 and then fell to 11. The number grew to 12 with the addition of Norway in 2020. The list was last updated in 2020.

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that resolves domain names correctly, but domain name servers are subject to blockage as well, especially IP address blocking. Another workaround is to bypass DNS if the IP address is obtainable from other sources and is not itself blocked. Examples are modifying the

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When the "Enemies of the Internet" list was introduced in 2006, it listed 13 countries. From 2006 to 2012 the number of countries listed fell to 10 and then rose to 12. The list was not updated in 2013. In 2014 the list grew to 19 with an increased emphasis on

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Censorship directed at political opposition to the ruling government is common in authoritarian and repressive regimes. Some countries block web sites related to religion and minority groups, often when these movements represent a threat to the ruling regimes.

2119:—which rejected the claim on the grounds that it was lawful and accurate, but accepted a complaint against Google and asked Google to remove the results. Google sued in Spain and the lawsuit was transferred to the European Court of Justice. The court ruled in 608:

at Harvard University stated that: "We are confident that the tool developers will for the most part keep ahead of the governments' blocking efforts", but also that "...we believe that less than two percent of all filtered Internet users use circumvention

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platforms and other service providers that generally provide a venue for free speech or expression. Banking and financial service providers, among other companies, have also denied services to controversial activists or organizations, a practice known as

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reported that the U.S. is engaged in a "global effort to deploy 'shadow' Internet and mobile phone systems that dissidents can use to undermine repressive governments that seek to silence them by censoring or shutting down telecommunications networks."

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Among the countries that filter or block online content, few openly admit to or fully disclose their filtering and blocking activities. States are frequently opaque and/or deceptive about the blocking of access to political information. For example:

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Individual institutions, which in most cases implement some form of Internet access controls to enforce their own policies, but, especially in case of public or educational institutions, may be requested or coerced to do this on the request from the

978:: A technically simpler method of Internet censorship is to completely cut off all routers, either by software or by hardware (turning off machines, pulling out cables). A circumvention method could be to use a satellite ISP to access Internet. 967:

connection is blocked by the filter, future connection attempts from both sides can also be blocked for some variable amount of time. Depending on the location of the block, other users or websites may also be blocked, if the communication is

2575:), 13 were found to engage in pervasive filtering in one or more areas, and 34 were found to engage in some level of filtering in one or more areas. Of the 10 countries classified in both 2007 and 2009, one reduced its level of filtering ( 1178:(Italy), and Trovicor (Germany). The companies sell products that are liable to be used by governments to violate human rights and freedom of information. RWB said that the list is not exhaustive and will be expanded in the coming months. 1083:

sold by Internet security companies are primarily marketed to businesses and individuals seeking to protect themselves and their employees and families, they are also used by governments to block what they consider sensitive content.

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There are international bodies that oppose internet censorship, for example "Internet censorship is open to challenge at the World Trade Organization (WTO) as it can restrict trade in online services, a forthcoming study argues".

6180: 1079:, explain that companies in the United States, Finland, France, Germany, Britain, Canada, and South Africa are in part responsible for the increasing sophistication of online content filtering worldwide. While the off-the-shelf 4110:(UAE) are among the few states that publish detailed information about their filtering practices and display a notification to the user when attempting to access a blocked website. The websites that are blocked are mostly 6774: 2250:. According to a study in 2014, censorship in China is used to muzzle those outside government who attempt to spur the creation of crowds for any reason—in opposition to, in support of, or unrelated to the government. 6018:

Roberts, H., Zuckerman, E., & Palfrey, J. (2009, March). 2007 Circumvention Landscape Report: Methods, Uses, and Tools (Rep.). Retrieved 18 March 2016, from The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard

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even though they lack physical or legal control over the websites themselves. This in turn requires the use of technical censorship methods that are unique to the Internet, such as site blocking and content filtering.

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countries surveyed, it is surprising that the United States and Canada were among the top five countries where people most strongly disagreed that access to the Internet was a fundamental right of all people (13% in

8271: 6084: 1193:, to censor the Internet and keep tabs on dissidents. Cisco said it had made nothing special for China. Cisco is also accused of aiding the Chinese government in monitoring and apprehending members of the banned 3674:

a list of "State Enemies of the Internet", countries whose governments are involved in active, intrusive surveillance of news providers, resulting in grave violations of freedom of information and human rights;

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In response to the greater freedom of expression brought about by the Arab Spring revolutions in countries that were previously subject to very strict censorship, in March 2011, Reporters Without Borders moved

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have alleged that censorship of child pornography is being used as a pretext by copyright lobby organizations to get politicians to implement similar site blocking legislation against copyright-related piracy.

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from the list entirely. At the same time, there were warnings that Internet censorship might increase in other countries following the events of the Arab Spring. However, in 2013, Libyan communication company

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71% of respondents agreed that "censorship should exist in some form on the Internet". In the same survey 83% agreed that "access to the Internet should be considered a basic human right" and 86% agreed that

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Despite worries about privacy and fraud, people around the world see access to the internet as their fundamental right. They think the web is a force for good, and most don't want governments to regulate

9227: 7397: 2238:, as well as many general Internet sites. The government requires Internet search firms and state media to censor issues deemed officially "sensitive," and blocks access to foreign websites including 6467: 1524:, over 400 million people use virtual private networks to circumvent censorship or for an increased level of privacy. The majority of circumvention techniques are not suitable for day to day use. 1363:. According to Reynolds, in 2018 "the internet giants decided to slam the gates on a number of people and ideas they don't like." On 6 August 2018, for example, several major platforms, including 11512: 5297: 2274:

in September 2019 that ruled that the EU's right to be forgotten only applied to services within the EU, and not globally. But in a contrary decision in October 2019, the same court ruled that

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newspaper about an auction for his foreclosed home, for a debt that he had subsequently paid. He initially attempted to have the article removed by complaining to Spain's data protection agency—

7371: 6552: 1912:(VoIP). These services can reduce the customer base of telecommunications companies, many of which enjoy entrenched monopoly positions and some of which are government sponsored or controlled. 6115: 5726:

Provision of information in this fashion is in keeping with principles of freedom of expression, as long as it is done transparently and does not overwhelm alternative sources of information.

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Local shutdowns are frequently ordered in India during times of unrest and security concerns. Some countries have used localized Internet shutdowns to combat cheating during exams, including

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Individuals may be paid to write articles and comments in support of particular positions or attacking opposition positions, usually without acknowledging the payments to readers and viewers.

6146: 5470: 9313: 4309:– a coalition of credit card issuers and Internet services companies that seeks to eliminate commercial child pornography by taking action on the payment systems that fund these operations 7513: 6952: 5551: 2911:

The 2014 report assessed 65 countries and reported that 36 countries experienced a negative trajectory in Internet freedom since the previous year, with the most significant declines in

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example is blocking an IP-address of a server that hosts multiple websites, which prevents access to all of the websites rather than just those that contain content deemed offensive.

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Do you use "anonymization" services, for example, the "anonymize" feature in your web browser, specialized software like Tor, third - party redirection services like duckduckgo.com?

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that have access to the target websites, but proxies may be jammed or blocked, and some Web sites, such as Knowledge (when editing), also block proxies. Some large websites such as

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and then confirms these instances with reports from civil society, government, in-country volunteers, or ISPs. These methods have been found to be less prone to false positives.

12020: 8231: 2927:, where restrictions to content and access were relaxed from what had been imposed in 2013 to stifle rioting in the northeastern states. Notable improvement was also recorded in 1474:, either informally or formally. An additional means of hiding specific content within Knowledge articles is revision deletion, or RevDel, by which an administrator can perform 9920: 9566: 6778: 5738: 7607: 5445: 5528: 5014: 4912: 370: 9323: 4798:"There May Soon Be Three Internets. America's Won't Necessarily Be the Best. - A breakup of the web grants privacy, security and freedom to some, and not so much to others" 11505: 7289: 6752: 2425:

ordered the disconnection of much of the country's internet connectivity as a response to widespread protests against the government's decision to raise gas prices. While

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Blocking the intermediate tools and applications of the Internet that can be used to assist users in accessing and sharing sensitive material is common in many countries.

9641: 8697:, an anti-censorship site that catalogs past and present censored works, using verifiable sources, and a forum to discuss organizing against and circumventing censorship. 8352: 8260: 6076: 942:

are more likely to be censored. Typical circumvention methods are to use encrypted connections – such as VPN and TLS/SSL – to escape the HTML content, or by reducing the

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Various parties are using different technical methods of preventing public access to undesirable resources, with varying levels of effectiveness, costs and side effects.

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concludes "... the control of information on the Internet and Web is certainly feasible, and technological advances do not therefore guarantee greater freedom of speech."

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a list of "Corporate Enemies of the Internet", companies that sell products that are liable to be used by governments to violate human rights and freedom of information.

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are blocked in many countries throughout the world. In fact, many countries throughout the world, including some democracies with long traditions of strong support for

4674: 9975: 7345: 5254: 2304:(BGP) routes to Egyptian networks were shut down from about 22:10 to 22:35 UTC 27 January. This full block was implemented without cutting off major intercontinental 771:

etc. In addition to facing huge performance challenges due to large bandwidths involved, these do not give censors access to information exchanged within the country.

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Starting in 2009 Freedom House has produced nine editions of the report. There was no report in 2010. The reports generally cover the period from June through May.

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links, with Renesys stating on 27 January, "Critical European-Asian fiber-optic routes through Egypt appear to be unaffected for now." Full blocks also occurred in

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Opinion was evenly split between Internet users who felt that "the internet is a safe place to express my opinions" (48%) and those who disagreed (49%). Users in

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using telephone and in-person interviews between 30 November 2009 and 7 February 2010. GlobeScan Chairman Doug Miller felt, overall, that the poll showed that:

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Views about the feasibility and effectiveness of Internet censorship have evolved in parallel with the development of the Internet and censorship technologies:

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Laws and regulations may prohibit various types of content and/or require that content be removed or blocked either proactively or in response to requests.

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conducted online interviews of more than 10,000 Internet users in 20 countries. Some of the results relevant to Internet censorship are summarized below.

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The protection of existing economic interests is sometimes the motivation for blocking new Internet services such as low-cost telephone services that use

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This successful use of digital media in turn led to increased censorship including the complete loss of Internet access for periods of time in Egypt and

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requests for a varying time, which appears to the user as "time-out" error with no explanation. Tunisia has altered the block page functionality of

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have allocated additional IP addresses to circumvent the block, but later the block was extended to cover the new addresses. Due to challenges with

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become subject to regulation under the strictest national defamation laws, and would limit free speech that may be acceptable in other countries.

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transmissions when a certain number of controversial keywords are detected. This affects all TCP-based protocols such as HTTP, FTP and POP, but

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were disconnected from 3 June to 9 July 2019, in response to a political opposition sit-in seeking civilian rule. A near-complete shutdown in

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Publishers, authors, and ISPs may receive formal and informal requests to remove, alter, slant, or block access to specific sites or content.

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Mechkova, V., Daniel P., Brigitte S.,&Steven W. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project

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laws. It began compliance on 30 May 2014 during which it received 12,000 requests to have personal details removed from its search engine.

652:, total censorship of information is very difficult or impossible to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. 9455: 9383: 9303: 6981: 2560: 10222: 10212: 8738: 8204:

Taye, B. (2020). Targeted, Cut Off, and Left in the DarkThe #KeepItOn Report on internet shutdowns in 2019. Access Now.

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or other means. This affects all IP-based protocols such as HTTP, FTP and POP. A typical circumvention method is to find an alternative

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to or in anticipation of events such as elections, protests, and riots. An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the

10388: 8218: 5463:"BAD TRAFFIC: Sandvine's PacketLogic Devices Used to Deploy Government Spyware in Turkey and Redirect Egyptian Users to Affiliate Ads?" 4366:(formerly Chilling Effects) – a joint project of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and several U.S. university law schools and clinics 6002: 5735: 10434: 10100: 8007: 6240: 5923: 5691:", citing Amnesty International: People's Republic of China: State Control of the Internet in China, ASA, 17/007/2002, November 2002. 5668: 3739:

actual reasons for the shutdown as reported by independent media. Unlike Freedom House or V-Dem, Access Now detects shutdowns using

2564: 1466:

allows for outright deletion of articles that are so clearly in violation of rules of the website that they do not need to undergo a

778: 9689: 7599: 5442: 4381:- is a free software, global observation network created to detect censorship, surveillance and traffic manipulation on the internet 173: 10793: 10453: 9646: 5520: 4698: 4360:– a government-supported charity that manages the blacklist used by UK ISPs to block access to websites hosting child abuse content 3818: 2568: 2180: 605: 10131: 9581: 5009: 4909: 1733:

Social filtering is censorship of topics that are held to be antithetical to accepted societal norms. In particular censorship of

9246: 7659: 1564:

does not inherently prevent the censorship of an entire domain, as the domain name is left unencrypted in the ClientHello of the

10070: 10045: 9925: 9293: 7426: 7281: 7191: 2360: 2340: 820:

providers who tend to aggregate large amounts of content (e.g. images) may be also attractive target for censorship authorities.

717:. Lists are populated from different sources, ranging from private supplier through courts to specialized government agencies ( 10251: 10030: 9839: 8349: 6748: 6638: 4158: 2348: 10095: 9930: 9338: 8880: 7479: 4399:– a U.S.-based website dedicated to "preserving First Amendment rights for Internet users, particularly those younger than 18" 2920: 10463: 10278: 10157: 9969: 9950: 9210: 9047: 8897: 8497: 8389: 6572: 5961: 5584: 5347: 5295:"The Emergence of Open and Organized Pro-Government Cyber Attacks in the Middle East: The Case of the Syrian Electronic Army" 5045: 5021:, Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, and John Palfrey, Beckman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, March 2009 3805:

The aspects of the Internet that cause the most concern include: fraud (32%), violent and explicit content (27%), threats to

2263:

between countries, that the ability for one country to affect speech across the global Internet could have chilling effects.

1475: 10080: 10060: 10040: 10015: 9980: 9288: 6726: 5246: 4773: 1341:

is a form of Internet censorship in which controversial speakers or speech are suspended, banned, or otherwise shut down by

744:

Enforcement of the censor-nominated technologies can be applied at various levels of countries and Internet infrastructure:

12000: 8786: 8687: 7341: 5866: 4387:(OTF) – a U.S. Government funded program created in 2012 at Radio Free Asia to support global Internet freedom technologies 4107: 1852:, and to protect their reputations in the event of their networks being used, for example, to carry out sexual harassment. 9844: 9744: 9495: 8619: 8444: 7535: 7098: 6488: 5792: 1741:

enjoys very widespread public support and such content is subject to censorship and other restrictions in most countries.

9814: 9460: 9283: 8814: 7804: 7780: 6800: 4610: 4585: 4486: 4340:(IFEX) – a global network of non-governmental organizations that promotes and defends the right to freedom of expression 4103: 499:

or even illegal, and regard this as ethical behavior rather than censorship. Individuals and organizations may engage in

178: 9895: 9403: 8404: 7831: 7229: 7040: 10439: 10412: 10405: 10126: 10085: 9824: 9784: 8950: 7732: 7705: 5172: 4738: 4328: 4322: 2592: 1572:

TLS extension expands on HTTPS and encrypts the entire ClientHello but this depends on both client and server support.

1255:

Internet content is also subject to censorship methods similar to those used with more traditional media. For example:

641: 454: 404: 9804: 7630: 6416: 4797: 1569: 11521: 9905: 9864: 9072: 8838: 4543: 4332: 4145: 2596: 2588: 2580: 2039: 1494: 1450: 1011: 552: 10020: 9809: 9511: 8329: 6168:

Zittrain, Jonathan; Faris, Robert; Noman, Helmi; Clark, Justin; Tilton, Casey; Morrison-Westphal, Ryan (June 2017).

11449: 10491: 10458: 10343: 10321: 10150: 10116: 9819: 9749: 9714: 7569: 4688: 4604: 2364: 2293:

Several governments have resorted to shutting down most or all Internet connections in all or part of the country.

1420: 255: 10075: 9388: 8552: 8119: 6610: 5847: 2123:

that search engines are responsible for the content they point to and thus, Google was required to comply with EU

1047:

blocking Facebook in an organization where it has been configured to block a category named "Personals and Dating"

709:

Entities mandating and implementing the censorship usually identify them by one of the following items: keywords,

601:

stated that he sees government control of the Internet failing because the Web is almost entirely privately owned.

11442: 11230: 10266: 9849: 9794: 9764: 9626: 8475: 8423: 8163:

Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement

5756: 5600: 4847: 4713: 4683:(TPP) – a proposed multilateral Free Trade Agreement that includes controversial intellectual property provisions 3826: 3775:

Most Internet users (53%) felt that "the internet should never be regulated by any level of government anywhere".

2576: 935: 188: 9754: 4644: 4079:

To what degree would you accept increased control or monitoring of the Internet if you gained increased safety?

11790: 10207: 10050: 9990: 9965: 9955: 9945: 9910: 9869: 9774: 9485: 9408: 8183: 8097: 6696: 6594: 6448: 6213: 5640: 4667: 4564: 4300: 4208: 4122: 3779: 2916: 2608: 2584: 2552: 2527: 2406: 2309: 2231: 2200: 2162: 1722: 1639: 1225: 1217: 760: 591: 568:

bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. Thus censors must work to prevent

543:

and the right for expansive free speech and access to content without regard to the consequences. According to

9546: 7679:

and because their classifications focus on technical filtering, they do not include other types of censorship.

1371:, executed a coordinated, permanent ban on all accounts and media associated with conservative talk show host 10429: 10400: 10234: 10197: 10090: 10055: 9960: 9915: 9694: 9541: 9398: 8027: 6396: 6270: 5503: 4621: 4221: 3953:

How often do you read the privacy policies of websites or services that you share personal information with?

3830: 3814: 3783: 2953: 2912: 2548: 2196: 1718: 1186: 964: 932: 909:

strings are scanned for target keywords regardless of the domain name specified in the URL. This affects the

782: 260: 238: 8714: 8307: 8077: 7121: 6375: 5387: 4990: 4974: 4955:

Freedom of connection, freedom of expression: the changing legal and regulatory ecology shaping the Internet

4162: 2928: 2172:

state-mandated filtering are clustered in three main regions of the world: east Asia, central Asia, and the

1478:

of specific revisions of an article, thereby hiding certain information from the view of non-administrators.

12051: 11990: 11861: 11541: 10424: 10395: 10383: 10348: 10261: 10256: 10000: 9854: 9834: 9789: 9739: 9719: 9704: 9611: 9333: 9217: 7456: 5362: 5111: 4597: 4558: 4212: 4118: 3795: 3791: 3787: 2924: 2556: 2544: 2321: 1909: 1880: 1845: 756: 539:

should be guaranteed on the Internet". Perception of internet censorship in the US is largely based on the

10296: 9709: 9684: 6934:, Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, eds., MIT Press (Cambridge), 2008 6902:, Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, eds., MIT Press (Cambridge), 2008 6051: 5100:, Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, eds., MIT Press (Cambridge), 2008 4420: 1019: 673:, are able to devote significant resources to building and maintaining a comprehensive censorship system. 629:

decentralized sub-national level, or at an institutional level, for example in libraries, universities or

11253: 10484: 10378: 10360: 9729: 9561: 8870: 8513: 7959: 7909: 6922: 6911: 6890: 6296: 5618: 5088: 5077: 4708: 4533: 2604: 2072: 1553: 972:

through the blocking location. A circumvention method is to ignore the reset packet sent by the firewall.

910: 845: 685: 649: 218: 12023: 9724: 7368:"Ethiopia partially restores internet access days after blackout following reported Amhara coup attempt" 7258: 5416: 4224:

blocked the pornographic websites. It even blocked the family-filtered videos of ordinary websites like

6031: 4591: 2612: 1314:

Access to the Internet may be limited due to a lack of the necessary infrastructure, deliberate or not.

939: 841: 792:

Personal devices, whose manufacturers or vendors may be required by law to install censorship software.

206: 103: 10355: 9551: 9343: 7870: 5882: 5313: 4634: 2943: 2935:, which contains significant provisions governing net neutrality and safeguarding privacy protection. 1299:

Publishers, authors, and their families may be subject to threats, attacks, beatings, and even murder.

1272:

Publishers, authors, and ISPs may be subject to arrest, criminal prosecution, fines, and imprisonment.

11665: 11210: 10571: 10239: 10187: 9149: 9084: 8945: 8728: 7983: 5904: 4718: 4680: 4511: 4425: 4357: 4351: 3663: 2500: 2271: 2111:, a case brought by a Spanish man who requested the removal of a link to a digitized 1998 article in 2098: 1786: 1213: 950: 774: 768: 764: 613: 375: 245: 168: 128: 10173: 5636: 5223: 10749: 10744: 10336: 8955: 8779: 7756: 5285:, Declan McCullagh, CNET News, 23 October 2002, 8:55 pm PDT. Retrieved 22 April 2007 00:40 UTC 4703: 4515: 4497: 4457: 4393:– a joint project to monitor and report on Internet filtering and surveillance practices by nations 4343: 4215:

from its "Internet enemies" list to its list of countries "under surveillance" and in 2012 dropped

4188: 1565: 1455: 1052: 1003: 922: 906: 817: 811: 807: 118: 9238: 7311: 6665: 5275: 5145: 4428:) – a France-based international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press 12030: 11639: 11596: 11490: 11474: 11411: 11122: 11059: 11001: 10943: 10933: 10646: 10631: 10246: 9829: 9679: 9663: 7005:"Reverse-engineering censorship in China: Randomized experimentation and participant observation" 6077:"Reeling from an internet shutdown, startups in Cameroon have created an "internet refugee camp"" 4538: 4470: 4249: 3772:

Nearly four in five (78%) Internet users felt that the Internet had brought them greater freedom.

2301: 2034: 1648: 1508: 1359: 1347: 943: 918: 752: 587: 548: 516: 411: 365: 228: 223: 8650: 8048: 6975: 6620:, Benjamin Edelman, Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, 13 April 2003 6338: 4125:

send users a false error indication. China blocks requests by users for a banned website at the

3751:

A poll of 27,973 adults in 26 countries, including 14,306 Internet users, was conducted for the

1605:

sites, sites with content that offends the dignity of or challenges the authority of a reigning

11581: 11127: 10823: 10311: 10192: 10005: 9144: 9120: 9042: 8295:

For the BBC poll Internet users are those who used the Internet within the previous six months.

4661: 4579: 4507: 4297:

project – a European Union-funded project with the stated aim of suppressing terrorist activity

4049:

Increased government control of the Internet would make the Internet safe for everyone to use.

2297: 1990: 1986: 1416: 849: 447: 98: 6873: 11685: 11591: 11394: 11346: 11326: 11245: 11235: 11019: 10903: 10273: 10229: 9205: 8940: 8892: 8875: 8669: 7161: 7071: 6520: 4519: 4492: 4414: 3644: 2531: 2516: 2448: 2410: 2212: 2166: 2084: 2025: 1980: 1835:

Sites that contain information on social issues or "online protests, petitions and campaigns"

1738: 1467: 1221: 1062: 1007:

sensitive period. It is more frequently used by non-state actors seeking to disrupt services.

799: 569: 536: 133: 1919: 11812: 11586: 11361: 11152: 11102: 10838: 10833: 10803: 10666: 10331: 10316: 10217: 10202: 9536: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9125: 9110: 8982: 8855: 8826: 8721:) provided information about different methods of access filtering and ways to bypass them. 4728: 4384: 4325:(GIFC) – a consortium of organizations that develop and deploy anti-censorship technologies 4004:

Increased government control of the Internet would put limits on the content I can access.

3599: 3232: 2957: 2226:

is among the most stringent in the world. The government blocks Web sites that discuss the

2216: 2060: 1653: 1302:

Publishers, authors, and their families may be threatened with or actually lose their jobs.

1015: 954: 853: 844:, all websites on the same server will be blocked. This affects IP-based protocols such as 681: 330: 148: 138: 8003: 6851: 6834: 6236: 5999: 5920: 5665: 5609: 2219:, are engaged in some amount of online censorship, often with substantial public support. 2135: 2107: 1311:

Access to the Internet may be limited due to restrictive licensing policies or high costs.

490:, for example) but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside the 8: 11556: 11321: 11311: 11268: 11039: 10866: 10724: 10326: 10301: 9115: 8772: 8704: 7195: 4638: 4373: 4237: 3714: 2130: 2124: 1635: 1392: 1070: 724:

As per Hoffmann, different methods are used to block certain websites or pages including

161: 6446:"Collateral Blocking: Filtering by South Korean Government of Pro-North Korean Websites" 5443:"West Censoring East: The Use of Western Technologies by Middle East Censors, 2010–2011" 5144:

Jones, Ben; Feamster, Nick; Hall, Joseph; Adams, Stan; Aaron, Michael (23 August 2019).

4034:

Increased government control of the Internet would improve the content on the Internet.

11769: 11432: 11195: 11094: 11084: 11034: 10953: 10734: 10729: 10621: 10507: 9159: 9137: 8887: 8670:

How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.

8654: 8175: 7672: 7394:"Post-election internet shutdown in Mauritania following widespread mobile disruptions" 7126: 7032: 5967: 4888: 4852: 4803: 4390: 2496: 2418: 1956:

Sites that sell or distribute music, but are not 'approved' by rights holders, such as

1886: 1664:

Sites that comment on political parties that oppose the current government of a country

1308:

Censors may create their own online publications and Web sites to guide online opinion.

1206: 1080: 1066: 507:, political views, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences. 213: 7662:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011 7004: 640:

Unless the censor has total control over all Internet-connected computers, such as in

11644: 11546: 11341: 11278: 11054: 11024: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10881: 10861: 10719: 10704: 10656: 10601: 9874: 9779: 9077: 9012: 8997: 8960: 8865: 8850: 8385: 8179: 7676: 7422: 7024: 5957: 5941: 5637:"This Week in Internet Censorship Egypt Imprisons Alaa, Other Pro-democracy Bloggers" 5580: 5343: 5041: 4693: 4553: 4288: 4278: 3822: 3799: 3752: 3710: 2300:, in what has been widely described as an "unprecedented" internet block. About 3500 2204: 1897: 1856: 1792: 1734: 1693: 1601: 1503:

Different techniques and resources are used to bypass Internet censorship, including

1459: 1167: 803: 748: 440: 345: 315: 233: 143: 63: 6749:"EU court rules Google must tweak search results in test of "right to be forgotten"" 6630: 5971: 4437: 2441: 425: 12056: 11479: 11303: 11283: 11185: 11147: 11132: 10923: 10898: 10772: 10754: 10714: 10611: 10526: 9174: 8845: 8591: 8167: 7036: 7016: 6846: 6573:"Sex, Social Mores, and Keyword Filtering: Microsoft Bing in the "Arabian Countries 5949: 5688: 4480: 4410: 4402: 4019:

Increased government control of the Internet would limit my freedom of expression.

3970:

When you are logged in to a service or application do you use privacy protections?

3923:

Each individual country has the right to govern the Internet the way they see fit.

3843: 3809:(20%), state censorship of content (6%), and the extent of corporate presence (3%). 3806: 2632: 2325: 2192: 2016: 1830: 1403: 1396: 1152: 1092: 914: 503:

of material they publish, for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to

193: 113: 93: 8494: 8074:

Enemies of the Internet 2014: Entities at the heart of censorship and surveillance

5601:"R.I. ACLU releases report on "troubling" internet censorship in public libraries" 2495:

Detailed country by country information on Internet censorship is provided by the

2429:

is no stranger to government-directed interference in its citizens’ access to the

1289:

Publishers and ISPs may be closed or required licenses may be withheld or revoked.

12034: 11851: 11680: 11469: 11454: 11399: 11220: 10996: 10843: 10818: 10783: 10626: 10306: 9105: 9052: 9027: 9017: 9002: 8935: 8925: 8821: 8809: 8718: 8539: 8520: 8501: 8482: 8430: 8424:"Middle East Political Protest And Internet Traffic Report: February 12–20, 2011" 8411: 8379: 8356: 8333: 8314: 8101: 8081: 8057: 8031: 8011: 7991: 7813: 7789: 7765: 7741: 6931: 6918: 6899: 6718: 6617: 6598: 6579: 6556: 6471: 6452: 6403: 6058: 6035: 6006: 5927: 5908: 5889: 5870: 5851: 5742: 5707: 5684: 5672: 5574: 5507: 5449: 5423: 5369: 5337: 5320: 5301: 5282: 5097: 5084: 5035: 5018: 4997: 4962: 4916: 4765: 4571: 4548: 4502: 4443: 4363: 4126: 3893:

The Internet should be governed in some form to protect the community from harm.

2508: 2288: 1768: 1610: 1471: 1463: 582: 527:, and various obscene material claims as a way to deliberately suppress content. 500: 496: 430: 325: 58: 8744: 7075: 5863: 895:

or typing the IP address instead of the domain name as part of a URL given to a

11784: 11571: 11351: 11215: 11200: 11162: 11142: 11079: 10918: 10893: 10798: 10681: 10661: 10616: 10594: 8707:, a London-based organization and magazine that promotes freedom of expression. 8611: 7090: 6484: 4655: 4528: 4475: 4256: 3740: 3246: 2526:. The ratings produced by several of these organizations are summarized in the 2153:

wider, more diverse social networks are more resilient to censorship attempts.

2094: 2056: 1946: 1923: 1915: 1521: 1354: 1075: 1058: 946: 630: 544: 483: 340: 108: 88: 83: 8368:

Note: Responses may not add up to 100% due to rounding in the original report.

5946:

Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration

5247:"The Ingenious Way Iranians Are Using Satellite TV to Beam in Banned Internet" 4252:

use has enabled people to circumvent the restrictions by installing software.

12045: 11953: 11925: 11871: 11846: 11748: 11706: 11459: 11416: 11225: 11205: 11044: 10788: 10636: 10541: 9189: 8860: 8118:

Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021).

6344: 5676: 4733: 4483:– a technical measure intended to restrict access to information or resources 4312: 4259:

would seek to censor Russian media outlets regarded as producing propaganda.

3260: 2628: 2504: 2021: 1819:

content, particularly when directed at a majority or state supported religion

1644: 1619: 1426: 1338: 1333: 1276: 1190: 1182: 1039: 989: 883: 725: 380: 335: 305: 283: 73: 7221: 7020: 6235:

Oku, Kazuho; Wood, Christopher; Rescorla, Eric; Sullivan, Nick (June 2020).

5953: 4303:– an international non-profit digital rights advocacy and legal organization 4187:

service (DoS) software designed to target media websites including those of

3483:: 2020–present (only the metadata on traffic that crosses Norwegian borders) 2571:), while one was found to engage in pervasive filtering in all three areas ( 2183:

state-mandated Internet filtering occurs on some computers in libraries and

2179:

Countries in other regions also practice certain forms of filtering. In the

1162:, Reporters Without Borders named five "Corporate Enemies of the Internet": 11969: 11670: 11634: 11624: 11616: 11561: 11464: 11384: 11379: 11263: 11107: 11049: 11029: 10536: 9067: 9022: 8920: 8915: 8171: 7028: 6493: 5579:. Routledge international handbooks. Taylor and Francis. pp. 323–324. 5342:. Routledge international handbooks. Taylor and Francis. pp. 330–331. 4921: 4839: 4111: 3718: 3218: 3162: 2305: 2184: 2049: 2008: 1942: 1938: 1927: 1504: 1342: 1283: 1175: 887: 869: 857: 688:" colloquially refers to censorship of the Internet, particularly in Asia. 653: 594:, as saying "The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it." 491: 300: 295: 38: 10142: 1903: 1327: 11856: 11729: 11719: 11629: 11356: 11316: 11167: 11074: 11069: 10938: 10928: 10913: 10739: 10709: 10691: 10556: 9132: 9057: 9007: 8977: 8970: 8930: 8326: 5610:

The Rhode Island affiliate, American Civil Liberties Union (April 2005).

4843: 4723: 4225: 4172: 4138: 3786:

agreed the least, followed by users in a highly filtered country such as

3410: 3120: 2414: 2208: 2002: 1749: 1606: 1386: 1380: 1202: 1088: 896: 879: 865: 710: 677: 665: 512: 504: 310: 123: 78: 8436: 8069: 7510:"Iraq shuts down internet to prevent cheating in national science exams" 7222:"Pulling the Plug: A Technical Review of the Internet Shutdown in Burma" 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 5942:"What Knowledge deletes: Characterizing dangerous collaborative content" 4892: 2631:

provide analytical reports and numerical ratings regarding the state of

2296:

This appears to have been the case on 27 and 28 January 2011 during the

829:

Internet content is subject to technical censorship methods, including:

11920: 11890: 11724: 11566: 11437: 11336: 11293: 11258: 11177: 11117: 11011: 10948: 10767: 10651: 10641: 10566: 10551: 10546: 10521: 9154: 9089: 9032: 8795: 8596: 8579: 8226: 4628: 4200: 4130: 3585: 3382: 3326: 3274: 3008: 2512: 2399: 2376: 2344: 2235: 2227: 2044: 2029: 1864: 1860: 1823: 1761: 1714: 1647:, or "50 Cent Army" that worked to sway negative public opinion on the 1615: 1512: 1372: 1242: 1194: 993: 892: 837: 729: 714: 657: 531: 524: 520: 479: 471: 250: 8384:. Routledge international handbooks. Taylor and Francis. p. 331. 8205: 5816:"YouTube, Apple and Facebook Ban Infowars, Which Decries 'Mega Purge'" 5604: 5040:. Routledge international handbooks. Taylor and Francis. p. 332. 4129:

and a connection error is returned, effectively preventing the user's

3705:

The five "Corporate Enemies of the Internet" named in March 2013 are:

2543:

seven were found to show no evidence of filtering in all three areas (

1357:

dubbed 2018 the "Year of Deplatforming", in an August 2018 article in

11946: 11941: 11779: 11753: 11742: 11157: 11137: 11112: 10991: 10963: 10876: 10813: 10699: 10561: 10531: 10476: 8987: 8965: 7146: 5844: 5680: 4406: 4396: 4372:- a global watchdog organization that monitors cybersecurity and the 4369: 4354:(IGF) – a United Nations multi-stakeholder policy dialogue initiative 4196: 3756: 3647:

in addition to censorship. The list has not been updated since 2014.

3613: 3424: 3312: 1816: 1796: 1782: 1778: 1709: 1685: 1677: 1446: 1171: 634: 625: 598: 8580:"Internet Censorship in Arab Countries: Religious and Moral Aspects" 8161: 8094: 7567: 6775:"Removal of Google personal information could become work intensive" 6591: 6445: 6205: 5612:

Reader's block: Internet censorship in Rhode Island public libraries

5173:"How the "Great Firewall of China" Works to Censor China's Internet" 604:

A report of research conducted in 2007 and published in 2009 by the

530:

Support for and opposition to Internet censorship also varies. In a

12019: 11774: 11675: 11288: 11064: 10888: 10871: 10808: 10671: 10589: 10581: 9268: 6924:

Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering

6892:

Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering

6592:"Google Search & Cache Filtering Behind China's Great Firewall" 6424: 5090:

Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering

4523: 4294: 4245: 4240:

in 2022, Russia was reported to have blocked the internet websites

4192: 4093: 4064:

Increased government control of the Internet would have no effect.

3438: 3396: 3134: 3064: 2430: 2387: 2352: 2336: 2275: 2239: 2012: 1957: 1627: 1516: 1410: 1376: 1368: 1229: 1148: 1128: 1044: 645: 637:

error message when an attempt is made to access a blocked website.

475: 24: 11520: 8023: 7342:"Sudan internet shows signs of recovery after month-long shutdown" 7122:"Facebook Can Be Forced to Delete Content, E.U.'s Top Court Rules" 5498: 4346:– a coalition within IFEX that monitors free expression in Tunisia 3682:

The five "State Enemies of the Internet" named in March 2013 are:

2093:

is a concept that has been discussed and put into practice in the

1247: 11900: 11895: 11880: 11796: 11735: 11714: 11404: 11389: 11273: 11190: 10908: 10676: 10606: 9184: 8992: 8644: 7600:"Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests" 6420: 6293:"Far Eastern Economic Review | China's Guerrilla War for the Web" 5873:, Policies & Principles, Google, Inc.. Retrieved 1 April 2012 5452:, Helmi Noman and Jillian C. York, OpenNet Initiative, March 2011 4284: 4241: 3863:

Access to the Internet should be considered a basic human right.

3837: 3699: 3683: 3515: 3501: 3452: 3354: 3288: 3204: 3106: 2994: 2980: 2395: 2247: 2243: 1849: 1800: 1705: 1701: 1689: 1671: 1631: 1440: 1434: 1364: 1293: 1120: 1112: 1100: 969: 661: 556: 320: 42: 8734: 8710: 8445:"Analysis of Country-wide Internet Outages Caused by Censorship" 7448: 5892:, Google Webmaster Tools Help. Retrieved 22 April 2007 00:43 UTC 5757:"Google Ends Internet Censorship, Dares China to Make Next Move" 5203:

Knowledge:Advice to users using Tor to bypass the Great Firewall

3938:

The Internet does more to help society than it does to hurt it.

11818: 11331: 8700: 8694: 8682: 5701:"In Mexico, Social Media Become a Battleground in the Drug War" 5500:

The Enemies of the Internet Special Edition : Surveillance

3746: 3706: 3571: 3543: 3480: 3466: 3368: 3148: 2944:

RWB "Internet enemies" and "countries under surveillance" lists

2372: 2267: 2188: 2102: 1976: 1772: 1757: 1753: 1697: 1681: 1661:

Sites criticizing the government or an authority in the country

1481: 1322: 1163: 1132: 1096: 861: 617: 11983:

indicates that maintenance of the tool has been discontinued.

8476:"Syrian Electronic Army: Disruptive Attacks and Hyped Targets" 3654: 1658:

Sites aimed at religious conversion from Islam to Christianity

11660: 11371: 10971: 9037: 8764: 8758: 7255:"Journalists confined to their hotels, Internet disconnected" 7070:(1). Chicago: American Library Association: 6. January 2010. 5552:"Group Says It Has New Evidence of Cisco's Misdeeds in China" 5011:

2007 Circumvention Landscape Report: Methods, Uses, and Tools

4176: 3695: 3687: 3627: 3557: 3529: 3340: 3190: 3176: 3078: 3050: 3022: 2391: 2368: 2356: 2332: 2223: 1951: 1893: 1879:

Blocking of sites of groups that foment domestic conflict in

1561: 1549: 1266: 1144: 1136: 1124: 1104: 1069:, and, writing in 2011, Evgeny Morzov, a visiting scholar at 1065:

and co-founder and one of the principal investigators of the

882:

are not resolved, or an incorrect IP address is returned via

290: 183: 8533:"Insight: Social media – a political tool for good or evil?" 6912:"Internet Filtering: The Politics and Mechanisms of Control" 6474:, Associated Press in the Washington Post, 12 September 2011 6028: 5745:, Sarah Cook and Maggie Shum, Freedom House, 11 October 2011 3878:

Freedom of expression should be guaranteed on the Internet.

1269:

to include, withdraw, or slant the information they present.

1205:

in early 2007 by Tunisian authorities was, according to the

996:

and other listings in compliance with German and French law.

10853: 8668:

King Gary, Pan, Jennifer, & Robert, Margaret. (2013). "

7816:, Freedom House, 3 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013. 7631:"Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests" 4134: 3999: 3% would like to use them but I am not able to 3691: 3092: 3036: 2426: 2422: 2383: 2355:

after a gasoline price protests triggered police violence,

2317: 2173: 1116: 777:, which involves installation of voluntary (such as in the 278: 8117: 7536:"Internet being restored in Iran after week-long shutdown" 7282:"How did Iran's government pull the plug on the Internet?" 6139:"Medium stands by journalists as Malaysia blocks the site" 5901: 4910:

How Facebook's Tor service could encourage a more open web

4904: 4902: 4675:

Federal law of Russian Federation no. 139-FZ of 2012-07-28

4405:– a political movement that aims to reform laws regarding 1557:

of either completely blocking all content or none of it.

11885: 8076:, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 March 2014. 8006:, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2009, 7568:

Ivana Kottasová and Sara Mazloumsaki (19 November 2019).

7185: 7183: 7094: 6801:"Index blasts EU court ruling on "right to be forgotten"" 6662:"What we can salvage from 'right to be forgotten' ruling" 4167:

Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan Civil War

1147:. The Canadian organization CitizenLab has reported that 1140: 1108: 957:

to reduce the amount of text contained in a given packet.

733: 624:

Blocking and filtering can be based on relatively static

8612:"Ukraine invasion: Russia restricts social media access" 8160:

Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (30 July 2020).

6489:"The Copyright Lobby Absolutely Loves Child Pornography" 4879:

Goldberg, Erica (2016). "Free Speech Consequentialism".

680:" is sometimes used to describe the effects of national 8060:, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2012 8026:

Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 18 March 2010,

6719:"EU court backs 'right to be forgotten' in Google case" 6689:"People have the right to be forgotten, rules EU court" 6417:"Why Malware Filtering Is Necessary in the Web Gateway" 6234: 6167: 6108:"Cameroon internet shutdowns cost Anglophones millions" 5426:, Netsweeper, Inc. web site. Retrieved 1 September 2011 4899: 4489:– a content blocking system in use in the UK and Canada 1904:

Protection of existing economic interests and copyright

1328:

Removal of user accounts based on controversial content

1034: 736:, inspecting filter packets and resetting connections. 12027: 8159: 7986:

Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 July 2006,

7480:"Internet Shutdowns in India: From Kashmir to Haryana" 7180: 6206:"Encrypting SNI: Fixing One of the Core Internet Bugs" 6170:"The Shifting Landscape of Global Internet Censorship" 5814:

Chappell, Bill; Tsioulcas, Anastasia (6 August 2018).

5143: 3997:

43% don't know / not aware of these types of services,

3908:

Censorship should exist in some form on the Internet.

1387:

Official statements regarding site and content removal

1087:

Among the most popular filtering software programs is

8672:" American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. 7423:"Government that have shut down the Internet in 2019" 5883:"Why does Google remove sites from the Google index?" 1402:

prior notice", and "for other reasons" are common in

474:

of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the

7192:"With Wired Internet Locked, Egypt Looks to the Sky" 6601:, OpenNet Initiative: Bulletin 006, 3 September 2004 6009:, Yahoo!, 24 November 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2011 5736:"China's growing army of paid internet commentators" 5603:(Press release). ACLU. 18 April 2005. Archived from 4433: 2599:), and four maintained the same level of filtering ( 1844:

Many organizations implement filtering as part of a

8414:, Philip N. Howard, Miller-McCune, 23 February 2011 6455:, OpenNet Initiative: Bulletin 009, 31 January 2005 5940:West, Andrew Granville; Lee, Insup (October 2011). 5854:, Facebook, 26 April 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 4794: 1896:thought to be related to the internet hacker group 1867:, and terrorists often enjoys wide public support. 913:protocol. Typical circumvention methods are to use 8044: 8042: 8040: 7665: 6973: 6337: 5666:China: Controls tighten as Internet activism grows 5323:, Andrew Orlowski, The Register, 24 September 2003 4991:"Cerf sees government control of Internet failing" 4796: 3724: 2938: 917:in the URL, or to use encrypted protocols such as 876:Domain name system (DNS) filtering and redirection 12024:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license 8523:, Juliette Terzieff, The Future 500, 29 June 2011 7249: 7247: 7091:"Google wins landmark right to be forgotten case" 6052:"U.S. Underwrites Internet Detour Around Censors" 5813: 5722: 5720: 5331: 5329: 1875:Blocking of pro–North Korean sites by South Korea 840:is denied. If the target Web site is hosted in a 612:In contrast, a 2011 report by researchers at the 12043: 8303: 8301: 7660:"2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices" 5930:, YouTube, 9 June 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2011 5911:, Twitter, 1 June 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011 5485: 5029: 5027: 4094:Transparency of filtering or blocking activities 2078: 1292:Publishers, authors, and ISPs may be subject to 1275:Publishers, authors, and ISPs may be subject to 1251:PDF about countries that criminalize free speech 872:is normally implemented via IP address blocking. 9270:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 8542:, Peter Apps, Reuters Canada, 28 September 2011 8063: 8037: 8017: 7997: 7977: 7570:"What makes Iran's internet blackout different" 6465:"Federal authorities take on Anonymous hackers" 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 5635:Sutton, Maira; Timm, Trevor (7 November 2011). 5549: 4616:Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008 4510:– a 2003 article about Internet censorship and 4379:Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) 4163:Internet in Egypt § 2011 Internet shutdown 2436: 2351:. Other country-wide shutdowns in 2019 include 1228:have successfully lobbied some vendors such as 785:) Internet surveillance and blocking equipment. 719:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 8166:. Data for Policy 2020, 15-17 September 2020. 7244: 6582:", Helmi Noman, OpenNet Initiative, March 2010 6550:"China struggles to tame microblogging masses" 6483: 6237:"Encrypted Server Name Indication for TLS 1.3" 5987:Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Knowledge 5717: 5379: 5326: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 3838:Internet Society's Global Internet User Survey 691: 648:that only privileged citizens can access), or 12026:, see the lower right corner of pages at the 11506: 10492: 10158: 9254: 8780: 8298: 7943: 7941: 7904: 7902: 7865: 7863: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7800: 7798: 7776: 7774: 7752: 7750: 7728: 7726: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7477: 6859: 5659: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5216:"Academics break the Great Firewall of China" 5146:"A Survey of Worldwide Censorship Techniques" 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5024: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4307:Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography 2618: 2537: 448: 7478:Krishna Mohan, Vaishnavi (30 January 2021). 6659: 6311: 4838: 4338:International Freedom of Expression Exchange 4315:– a U.S.-based non-profit that produces the 3747:BBC World Service global public opinion poll 2579:), five increased their level of filtering ( 2520:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2409:from 16 to 23 November 2019, in response to 1848:strategy to protect their environments from 1458:if, after seven days, no one objects to the 1323:Censorship of users by web service operators 856:. A typical circumvention method is to find 10172: 8739:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media 7792:, Freedom House, accessed 24 September 2012 7257:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from 7062:"WTO could challenge Internet censorship". 5786: 5784: 5782: 5304:, Helmi Noman, OpenNet Initiative, May 2011 5213: 4823: 4788: 4059: 7% don't know / not applicable 4044: 7% don't know / not applicable 4029: 4% don't know / not applicable 4014: 4% don't know / not applicable 3948: 4% don't know / not applicable 3933: 4% don't know / not applicable 3918: 5% don't know / not applicable 3903: 3% don't know / not applicable 1667:Sites that accuse authorities of corruption 1236: 1119:, as well as the United States and the UK. 597:In November 2007, "Father of the Internet" 11513: 11499: 10499: 10485: 10165: 10151: 9261: 9247: 8787: 8773: 8514:"Censorship fallout from the Arab Spring?" 8327:"Internet access is 'a fundamental right'" 8258: 7938: 7899: 7860: 7819: 7795: 7771: 7747: 7723: 7682: 6828: 6826: 5984: 5978: 5845:"Statement of Rights and Responsibilities" 5634: 5510:, Reporters Without Borders, 12 March 2013 5429: 5372:, Evgeny Morzov, Op-Ed Contributor to the 5054: 5000:, Pedro Fonseca, Reuters, 15 November 2006 4928: 1025: 455: 441: 400: 8595: 8577: 8219:"Shattered Dreams and Lost Opportunities" 7417: 7415: 7119: 6921:, Jonathan Zittrain and John Palfrey, in 6889:, Jonathan Zittrain and John Palfrey, in 6850: 6611:"Empirical Analysis of Google SafeSearch" 5791:Reynolds, Glenn Harlan (18 August 2018). 5385: 2257: 1855:Internet filtering related to threats to 1543: 606:Berkman Center for Internet & Society 8442: 8377: 6767: 6136: 6130: 5790: 5779: 5572: 5335: 5033: 4878: 4699:Political repression of cyber-dissidents 4231: 2440: 1449:: The site's content may be modified or 1246: 1135:commercial filter Netsweeper is used in 1061:, professor of political science at the 1038: 903:Uniform Resource Locator (URL) filtering 515:. Other types of censorship include the 8504:, Reporters Without Borders, March 2011 8381:Routledge handbook of Internet politics 7768:, Freedom House, accessed 15 April 2012 7744:, Freedom House, accessed 16 April 2012 7279: 7003:G. King; et al. (22 August 2014). 7002: 6832: 6823: 5939: 5793:"When Digital Platforms Become Censors" 5754: 5576:Routledge handbook of Internet politics 5525:National Council for the Social Studies 5339:Routledge handbook of Internet politics 5170: 5109: 5087:, Robert Faris and Nart Villeneuve, in 5037:Routledge handbook of Internet politics 4795:The Editorial Board (15 October 2018). 3733: 3668:Special report on Internet Surveillance 3657:Special report on Internet Surveillance 2417:, the director of Internet analysis at 2117:Agencia Española de Protección de Datos 1160:Special report on Internet Surveillance 1155:products are used in Turkey and Egypt. 834:Internet Protocol (IP) address blocking 806:controlled by the government, allowing 696: 12044: 10506: 8308:"BBC Internet Poll: Detailed Findings" 8254: 8252: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8113: 8111: 8109: 7563: 7561: 7412: 7088: 6974:Human Rights Watch (22 January 2012). 6811:from the original on 19 September 2020 6339:"Which Countries Censor the Internet?" 6118:from the original on 22 September 2020 6105: 5593: 5152:from the original on 19 September 2020 4159:Internet censorship in the Arab Spring 2349:2019 Mauritanian presidential election 1809:Sites encouraging or inciting violence 1717:and similar websites, particularly in 1189:build a firewall, known widely as the 1099:in 2008. SmartFilter has been used by 11553:Censorship and blocking technologies 11494: 10480: 10146: 9242: 8768: 8495:"Countries under surveillance: Egypt" 8405:"The Arab Spring's Cascading Effects" 7641:from the original on 26 November 2019 7610:from the original on 25 November 2020 7580:from the original on 21 November 2019 7546:from the original on 28 November 2019 7459:from the original on 16 November 2021 7400:from the original on 19 November 2020 7292:from the original on 27 November 2019 7232:from the original on 15 November 2020 6852:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032837 6729:from the original on 25 November 2020 6686: 6641:from the original on 11 December 2020 6352:from the original on 12 November 2015 6216:from the original on 12 December 2020 6149:from the original on 29 November 2020 6087:from the original on 12 November 2020 6074: 5473:from the original on 10 December 2020 5244: 5164: 5139: 5137: 5078:"Measuring Global Internet Filtering" 4860:from the original on 12 December 2020 3670:. The report includes two new lists: 3300:Current Countries Under Surveillance: 2282: 1584: 1181:In a U.S. lawsuit filed in May 2011, 802:may be required to issue counterfeit 721:of China, Islamic Guidance in Iran). 11995: 8359:, Internet Society, 20 November 2012 8277:from the original on 17 January 2023 8216: 7628: 7516:from the original on 27 October 2020 7490:from the original on 31 January 2021 7429:from the original on 1 November 2020 7374:from the original on 14 October 2020 7348:from the original on 14 October 2020 7280:Skinner, Helena (22 November 2019). 7202:from the original on 30 January 2011 7189: 7168:from the original on 29 January 2011 7101:from the original on 1 December 2020 6755:from the original on 3 December 2019 6695:. Conde Nast Digital. Archived from 6501:from the original on 9 December 2020 6186:from the original on 6 December 2018 6137:Connolly, Amanda (27 January 2016). 5767:from the original on 17 January 2023 5755:Farrell, Michael B (22 March 2010). 5550:Somini Sengupta (2 September 2011). 5398:from the original on 28 January 2013 5388:"The big business of net censorship" 5276:Google excluding controversial sites 5257:from the original on 8 November 2020 5171:Hoffman, Chris (22 September 2016). 4415:transparency of state administration 4267: 2963: 2952:, RSF), a Paris-based international 2948:In 2006, Reporters without Borders ( 2931:, where lawmakers approved the bill 2455: 1889:in some countries in the Middle East 1839: 1670:Sites that comment on minorities or 1035:Use of commercial filtering software 739: 8559:from the original on 11 August 2017 8249: 8206:https://www.accessnow.org/keepiton/ 8146: 8106: 7558: 7134:from the original on 3 October 2019 7043:from the original on 24 August 2020 6161: 6075:Dahir, Abdi Latif (28 March 2017). 5807: 5803:from the original on 30 March 2019. 5647:from the original on 12 August 2020 5183:from the original on 15 August 2018 5122:from the original on 11 August 2011 4611:Copyright law of the European Union 4586:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 2363:, and during or after elections in 2331:Almost all Internet connections in 2156: 1824:defamatory, slanderous, or libelous 1095:in California, which was bought by 1020:Anti-spam techniques#Detecting spam 13: 8662: 8578:Shishkina, Alisa (November 2018). 8553:"LTT Blocks Pornographic Websites" 8485:, OpenNet Initiative, 25 June 2011 8350:"Global Internet User Survey 2012" 7926:from the original on 12 April 2019 7887:from the original on 11 April 2019 7848:from the original on 12 April 2019 7322:from the original on 8 August 2020 7120:Satariano, Adam (3 October 2019). 7064:Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom 6984:from the original on 11 March 2013 6839:Annual Review of Political Science 6531:from the original on 9 August 2020 6397:Russia Bans the Knowledge of Drugs 6295:. 25 February 2009. Archived from 5531:from the original on 29 March 2020 5386:Glanville, Jo (17 November 2008). 5134: 5103: 4739:World Day Against Cyber Censorship 4594:– a US law ruled unconstitutional 4331:(GIFT) – an initiative within the 4329:Global Internet Freedom Task Force 4323:Global Internet Freedom Consortium 4072:56% somewhat or strongly disagree, 4057:35% somewhat or strongly disagree, 4042:44% somewhat or strongly disagree, 4027:23% somewhat or strongly disagree, 4012:18% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3946:13% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3931:29% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3916:24% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3901:15% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3886:11% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3871:14% somewhat or strongly disagree, 3755:by the international polling firm 3488:Past Countries Under Surveillance: 1265:Publishers and authors may accept 1127:have used filtering software from 586:article quotes computer scientist 482:is most often applied to specific 14: 12068: 11522:Internet censorship circumvention 8746:How to Bypass Internet Censorship 8735:"Media Freedom Internet Cookbook" 8727:, We Fight Censorship project of 8676: 8622:from the original on 2 March 2022 8457:from the original on 17 June 2012 8317:, BBC World Service, 8 March 2010 8095:http://digitalsocietyproject.org/ 7159: 7089:Kelion, Leo (24 September 2019). 6955:from the original on 4 March 2016 6835:"Resilience to Online Censorship" 6777:. Europe News.Net. Archived from 6372:"Latest Stories From News.Com.Au" 6243:from the original on 16 July 2020 6106:Ritzen, Yarno (26 January 2018). 5763:. The Christian Science Monitor. 4656:PROTECT Intellectual Property Act 4652:SOPA and PIPA, proposed US laws: 4544:Internet censorship circumvention 3721:(Italy), and Trovicor (Germany). 2646:Freedom on the Net Survey Results 2405:The Iranian government imposed a 2361:2019 Gabonese coup d'état attempt 2341:Amhara Region coup d'état attempt 1812:Sites promoting criminal activity 1575: 1495:Internet censorship circumvention 1012:Internet censorship circumvention 45:through a portion of the Internet 12018: 12012: 11994: 11985: 11984: 8681: 8643: 8604: 8571: 8545: 8526: 8507: 8488: 8469: 8433:, Craig Labovitz, Arbor Networks 8417: 8398: 8371: 8362: 8343: 8320: 8289: 8237:from the original on 2 June 2021 8210: 8198: 8186:from the original on 27 May 2021 8134:from the original on 27 May 2021 8087: 7675:does not check for filtering of 7653: 7622: 7592: 7528: 7190:Kirk, Jeremy (28 January 2011). 6559:, Agence France-Presse (AFP) in 6423:. 26 August 2008. Archived from 6348:. 23 November 2015. p. 36. 6061:, James Glanz and John Markoff, 4848:"The Future of Internet Freedom" 4811:from the original on 9 July 2021 4689:List of content-control software 4605:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 4450: 4436: 4087:23% not very much or not at all 4074:14% don't know / not applicable 3768:Findings from the poll include: 3620: 3606: 3592: 3578: 3564: 3550: 3536: 3522: 3508: 3494: 3473: 3459: 3445: 3431: 3417: 3403: 3389: 3375: 3361: 3347: 3333: 3319: 3305: 3281: 3267: 3253: 3239: 3225: 3211: 3197: 3183: 3169: 3155: 3141: 3127: 3113: 3099: 3085: 3071: 3057: 3043: 3029: 3015: 3001: 2987: 2973: 2447:World map showing the status of 2365:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2234:, the banned spiritual practice 1963: 1488: 1470:. All deletion decisions may be 1421:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1073:and an Op-Ed contributor to the 424: 399: 256:Internet Message Access Protocol 31: 11143:Party platforms (or manifestos) 8121:Digital Society Survey Codebook 7984:List of the 13 Internet enemies 7704:. November 2018. Archived from 7502: 7471: 7441: 7386: 7360: 7334: 7304: 7273: 7214: 7113: 7082: 7055: 6996: 6967: 6937: 6905: 6793: 6741: 6711: 6680: 6653: 6623: 6604: 6585: 6566: 6543: 6521:"YouTube Blocked in...Thailand" 6513: 6477: 6458: 6439: 6409: 6390: 6364: 6285: 6263:"Blog censorship gains support" 6255: 6228: 6198: 6099: 6068: 6045: 6022: 6012: 5993: 5933: 5914: 5895: 5876: 5857: 5838: 5826:from the original on 3 May 2019 5748: 5729: 5694: 5628: 5566: 5543: 5513: 5455: 5410: 5356: 5307: 5288: 5269: 5238: 5207: 5195: 4776:from the original on 1 May 2021 4714:Scientology versus the Internet 4195:, Syrian satellite broadcaster 4117:In contrast, countries such as 4070:31% somewhat or strongly agree, 4055:58% somewhat or strongly agree, 4040:49% somewhat or strongly agree, 4025:74% somewhat or strongly agree, 4010:77% somewhat or strongly agree, 3944:83% somewhat or strongly agree, 3929:67% somewhat or strongly agree, 3914:71% somewhat or strongly agree, 3899:82% somewhat or strongly agree, 3884:86% somewhat or strongly agree, 3869:83% somewhat or strongly agree, 3725:V-Dem Digital Societies Project 2939:Reporters Without Borders (RSF) 2463: Has local YouTube version 1945:(P2P) related websites such as 1728: 761:submarine communications cables 11914:Physical circumvention methods 8794: 8761:Manual, 10 March 2011, 240 pp. 8443:Dainotti; et al. (2011). 8084:. Retrieved 24 June 2014. 7958:. October 2017. Archived from 6945:"Internet Censorship in China" 5641:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5003: 4984: 4968: 4872: 4766:"What is Internet Censorship?" 4758: 4668:Protests against SOPA and PIPA 4565:2019 Internet blackout in Iran 4301:Electronic Frontier Foundation 4152: 2882: 1 (7%) 2528:Internet censorship by country 2163:Internet censorship by country 2040:Censorship circumvention sites 1859:that targets the Web sites of 1226:American Civil Liberties Union 1218:Electronic Frontier Foundation 753:Internet exchange points (IXP) 592:Electronic Frontier Foundation 547:, over 400 million people use 1: 8751:Bypassing Internet Censorship 7449:"Internet Shutdowns in India" 6833:Roberts, Margaret E. (2020). 6687:Solon, Olivia (13 May 2014). 6664:. Wired.co.uk. Archived from 5521:"The Great Firewall of China" 4752: 4622:New Zealand Internet Blackout 4588:(ACTA) – multinational treaty 2954:non-governmental organization 2143: 2079:Information about individuals 1975:Media sharing websites (e.g. 1383:" and "glorifying violence." 824: 755:with international networks ( 590:, one of the founders of the 261:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 239:Transmission Control Protocol 16:Legal control of the internet 11578:Blocks on specific websites 11542:Internet censorship in China 11231:Rally 'round the flag effect 8749:, also known by the titles: 6660:Julia Powles (15 May 2014). 6042:. Retrieved 2 September 2011 5989:. Stanford University Press. 5985:Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). 5712:The Lede, The New York Times 5417:"Internet content filtering" 5314:"India blocks Yahoo! Groups" 4975:"First Nation in Cyberspace" 4598:Black World Wide Web protest 4559:National Information Network 4409:and patents, strengthen the 4081: 4066: 4051: 4036: 4021: 4006: 3989: 3972: 3955: 3940: 3925: 3910: 3895: 3880: 3865: 3842:In July and August 2012 the 2437:Reports, ratings, and trends 2339:lasted for a week after the 1910:Voice over Internet Protocol 1597:Political blogs and websites 704: 532:2012 Internet Society survey 7: 12028:OpenNet Initiative web site 8127:. Digital Society Project. 8024:Web 2.0 versus Control 2.0. 7162:"Egypt Leaves the Internet" 5214:Tom Espiner (4 July 2006). 5110:Lao Wai (21 October 2007). 4709:River crab (Internet slang) 4534:For the children (politics) 4262: 2347:followed disputes over the 2232:Tiananmen Square protesters 1996:Translation sites and tools 1764:, or other forms of bigotry 1552:versus what originally was 1318:government in that country. 988:: Major portals, including 940:Search engine results pages 781:) or mandatory (such as in 692:Content suppression methods 562: 219:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 10: 12073: 8649:This article incorporates 8637: 7671:Due to legal concerns the 5363:"Political Repression 2.0" 4664:(SOPA) – a proposed US law 4658:(PIPA) – a proposed US law 4645:2011 mass blanking protest 4592:Communications Decency Act 4374:governance of the Internet 4273:Organizations and projects 4255:It been reported that the 4156: 3888: 2% don't know 3873: 3% don't know 2619:Freedom on the Net reports 2538:OpenNet Initiative reports 2343:. A week-long shutdown in 2286: 2160: 2082: 1892:Blocking of sites such as 1739:inappropriate for children 1492: 1390: 1331: 1240: 1212:Organizations such as the 1185:is accused of helping the 1050: 1016:Internet forum#Word censor 775:Internet Service Providers 669:censors, such as those in 207:Information infrastructure 12033:25 September 2018 at the 11978: 11962: 11934: 11913: 11870: 11839: 11832: 11805: 11762: 11705: 11698: 11666:IPv6 transition mechanism 11653: 11614: 11607: 11529: 11425: 11370: 11302: 11244: 11176: 11093: 11010: 10962: 10852: 10763: 10690: 10580: 10572:Manipulation (psychology) 10514: 10371: 10289: 10188:Chinese censorship abroad 10180: 10109: 9883: 9672: 9504: 9276: 9198: 9098: 8908: 8802: 8729:Reporters Without Borders 8378:Chadwick, Andrew (2009). 7949:"Freedom on the Net 2017" 7910:"Freedom on the Net 2016" 7871:"Freedom on the Net 2015" 7832:"Freedom on the Net 2014" 7695:"Freedom on the Net 2018" 7312:"Sudan's Internet Outage" 6917:19 September 2020 at the 6751:. CBS News. 13 May 2014. 6000:"Yahoo! Terms of Service" 5864:"Google Terms of Service" 5671:25 September 2020 at the 5573:Chadwick, Andrew (2009). 5448:18 September 2018 at the 5336:Chadwick, Andrew (2009). 5319:17 September 2018 at the 5112:"I've Been Rivercrabbed!" 5034:Chadwick, Andrew (2009). 4961:28 September 2011 at the 4925:. Friday 5 December 2014. 4719:Sociology of the Internet 4681:Trans-Pacific Partnership 4641:– a proposed Italian law 4512:digital rights management 4426:Reporters Without Borders 4421:Reporters sans frontières 4358:Internet Watch Foundation 4352:Internet Governance Forum 4114:or considered un-Islamic. 3851: 3664:Reporters Without Borders 3427:: 2008–2009, 2011–present 3399:: 2008–2009, 2011–present 3357:: 2008–2009, 2011–present 2950:Reporters sans frontières 2501:Reporters Without Borders 2272:European Court of Justice 2099:European Court of Justice 1885:Blocking of sites of the 1214:Global Network Initiative 1004:Denial-of-service attacks 878:: Connections to blocked 765:satellite Internet access 614:Oxford Internet Institute 246:Internet service provider 11699:Anti-censorship software 10750:Criticism of advertising 9314:Central African Republic 8956:Content-control software 8711:Internet censorship wiki 8429:25 February 2011 at the 8410:27 February 2011 at the 6977:World Report 2012: China 6930:26 February 2009 at the 6898:26 February 2009 at the 6578:13 December 2020 at the 6402:11 November 2020 at the 6057:11 November 2020 at the 6040:Internet censorship wiki 6034:8 September 2011 at the 5926:26 December 2016 at the 5907:15 December 2020 at the 5869:15 December 2020 at the 5850:26 December 2018 at the 5617:(Report). Archived from 5422:17 December 2013 at the 5368:12 November 2020 at the 5281:23 November 2020 at the 5096:26 February 2009 at the 5017:11 November 2011 at the 4981:, 6 December 1993, No.49 4704:Right to Internet access 4576:Laws and proposed laws: 4498:Content-control software 4458:Freedom of speech portal 4344:Tunisia Monitoring Group 4333:U.S. Department of State 3854: 2968:Enemies of the Internet: 2483: Previously blocked 2230:, the 1989 crackdown on 2174:Middle East/North Africa 1799:related sites (see also 1767:Sites seen as promoting 1509:virtual private networks 1468:full deletion discussion 1237:Non-technical censorship 1053:Content-control software 1000:Computer network attacks 818:Content Delivery Network 549:virtual private networks 119:Right to Internet access 11572:Great Firewall of China 11412:Promotional merchandise 11123:Character assassination 11060:Narcotizing dysfunction 10934:Photograph manipulation 10647:Guerrilla communication 10174:Censorship and websites 9800:Palestinian territories 9211:Chinese issues overseas 8538:6 November 2011 at the 8519:26 January 2012 at the 7806:Freedom on the Net 2013 7782:Freedom on the Net 2012 7758:Freedom on the Net 2011 7734:Freedom on the Net 2009 7021:10.1126/science.1251722 6631:"China blocking Google" 6555:4 November 2017 at the 6470:9 December 2020 at the 6451:9 December 2020 at the 5954:10.1145/2038558.2038563 5797:The Wall Street Journal 5741:13 October 2011 at the 5706:11 October 2012 at the 4996:3 November 2020 at the 4977:, Philip Elmer-Dewitt, 4539:Great Firewall of China 4471:Accountability software 2933:Marco Civil da Internet 2407:total internet shutdown 2302:Border Gateway Protocol 2222:Internet censorship in 1680:symbols and imagery in 1649:Chinese Communist Party 1375:and his media platform 1360:The Wall Street Journal 1348:financial deplatforming 1026:Over and under blocking 800:Certificate authorities 366:History of the Internet 229:Internet protocol suite 224:Internet exchange point 11935:Relevant organizations 11654:Without a proxy server 11395:Product demonstrations 10824:Historical negationism 9970:YouTube video blocking 9921:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9185:Suppression of dissent 8332:7 January 2012 at the 8172:10.5281/zenodo.3967398 5506:31 August 2013 at the 5116:An American in Beijing 4662:Stop Online Piracy Act 4580:List of copyright acts 4508:The Digital Imprimatur 4319:reports, among others. 4085:61% a lot or somewhat, 2997:: 2006–2008, 2012–2014 2492: 2491: 2298:2011 Egyptian protests 2270:had won a case at the 2258:International concerns 1634:faith, and indigenous 1570:Encrypted Client Hello 1544:Increased use of HTTPS 1476:sanitization/redaction 1252: 1158:On 12 March 2013 in a 1048: 836:: Access to a certain 814:encrypted connections. 767:points, international 555:or for increased user 472:control or suppression 99:Freedom of information 11686:Refraction networking 11327:Reputation management 11246:Psychological warfare 11095:Political campaigning 10904:Firehose of falsehood 10418:North Korean websites 8951:Conspiracy of silence 8941:Collateral censorship 8866:Speech and expression 8725:"Online Survival Kit" 8701:"Index on Censorship" 8690:at Wikimedia Commons 8555:. 13 September 2013. 8355:14 March 2013 at the 8217:Taye, Berhan (2021). 8080:12 March 2014 at the 8030:14 March 2010 at the 8010:16 March 2009 at the 7812:22 April 2018 at the 7788:12 April 2019 at the 7740:26 March 2018 at the 6805:indexoncensorship.org 6597:8 August 2020 at the 6212:. 24 September 2018. 5083:9 August 2020 at the 4520:computer-aided design 4493:Computer surveillance 4232:Russian–Ukrainian War 3982: 9% never 3978:36% most of the time, 3961:31% most of the time, 3802:agreed more strongly. 2532:Censorship by country 2517:U.S. State Department 2453: 2444: 2213:freedom of expression 2187:. Content related to 2167:Censorship by country 2091:right to be forgotten 2085:Right to be forgotten 2050:Proxy avoidance sites 1250: 1222:Amnesty International 1063:University of Toronto 1042: 986:search result removal 976:Network disconnection 842:shared hosting server 728:, blocking access to 570:access to information 553:circumvent censorship 537:freedom of expression 11763:Proprietary software 11362:Corporate propaganda 10223:in the United States 9860:United Arab Emirates 9228:Muhammad controversy 9165:Naturalistic fallacy 9073:computer and network 8618:. 26 February 2022. 8500:4 March 2016 at the 8481:20 July 2018 at the 7764:16 June 2018 at the 7606:. 17 November 2019. 7542:. 23 November 2019. 7453:internetshutdowns.in 6951:. 28 December 2012. 6637:. 2 September 2002. 6616:4 March 2013 at the 6005:18 July 2014 at the 5710:, J. David Goodman, 5624:on 6 September 2005. 5562:on 12 November 2020. 5201:For an example, see 4965:, Dutton, March 2003 4915:10 June 2016 at the 4518:, co-founder of the 4385:Open Technology Fund 4133:from making further 4108:United Arab Emirates 3734:Access Now #KeepItOn 3600:United Arab Emirates 3504:: 2008–2009 and 2011 3233:United Arab Emirates 2958:freedom of the press 2524:Human Rights Reports 2217:freedom of the press 1785:, prostitution, and 1654:Russian web brigades 697:Technical censorship 149:Virtual volunteering 12052:Internet censorship 11562:DNS cache poisoning 11557:IP address blocking 11537:Internet censorship 11450:Media concentration 11322:Non-apology apology 11312:Cult of personality 11040:Emotive conjugation 10794:Burying of scholars 10372:Websites blocked in 9642:Trinidad and Tobago 9223:Internet censorship 8755:Circumvention Tools 8705:Index on Censorship 8688:Internet censorship 8313:1 June 2013 at the 8259:Access Now (2021). 8100:19 May 2021 at the 7990:22 May 2010 at the 6378:on 11 December 2008 6299:on 25 February 2009 6210:The Cloudflare Blog 5714:, 15 September 2011 5607:on 5 December 2008. 5300:14 May 2020 at the 4881:Columbia Law Review 4647:– Italian Knowledge 4639:DDL intercettazioni 4413:, and increase the 4238:Russo-Ukrainian War 3833:strongly disagree). 3715:Gamma International 2888: 7 (15%) 2885: 8 (22%) 2850: 9 (60%) 2818: 5 (33%) 2783: 4 (27%) 2751: 7 (47%) 2722: 8 (22%) 2719: 4 (27%) 2648: 2131:Index on Censorship 2097:. In May 2014, the 1829:Sites that include 1822:Sites that contain 1815:Sites that contain 1748:Sites that include 1737:and content deemed 1393:Twitter suspensions 1071:Stanford University 769:optical fibre links 468:Internet censorship 431:Internet portal 371:Oldest domain names 11840:Anonymous software 11806:Browser extensions 11433:Influence-for-hire 11226:National mythology 11196:Crowd manipulation 11085:Tabloid journalism 10954:Video manipulation 10899:Fictitious entries 10622:Civil disobedience 10508:Media manipulation 10344:Microsoft in China 10198:File sharing sites 9567:Dominican Republic 9160:Moralistic fallacy 8898:banned video games 8881:banned televisions 8717:2017-06-07 at the 8655:OpenNet Initiative 8597:10.3390/rel9110358 8261:"STOP Methodology" 8070:"Internet Enemies" 8056:2012-03-23 at the 8004:"Internet enemies" 7711:on 1 November 2018 7673:OpenNet Initiative 7629:Mihalcik, Carrie. 7127:The New York Times 6949:The New York Times 6781:on 21 October 2014 6563:, 8 September 2011 6427:on 18 October 2017 6406:The Fix 2013-02-28 6063:The New York Times 5948:. pp. 25–28. 5921:"Terms of Service" 5902:"Terms of Service" 5888:6 May 2007 at the 5761:link.galegroup.com 5556:The New York Times 5376:, 1 September 2011 4853:The New York Times 4804:The New York Times 4770:www.iplocation.net 4391:OpenNet Initiative 4317:Freedom on the Net 4199:, and Dubai-based 3717:(UK and Germany), 3662:On 12 March 2013, 2644: 2625:Freedom on the Net 2497:OpenNet Initiative 2493: 2283:Internet shutdowns 2067:– particularly in 1971:Examples include: 1934:Examples include: 1920:Christian Engström 1887:Muslim Brotherhood 1870:Examples include: 1744:Examples include: 1593:Examples include: 1585:Politics and power 1253: 1207:OpenNet Initiative 1187:Chinese Government 1174:(UK and Germany), 1081:filtering software 1067:OpenNet Initiative 1049: 915:escaped characters 804:X.509 certificates 757:Autonomous Systems 214:Domain Name System 104:Internet phenomena 12008: 12007: 11909: 11908: 11828: 11827: 11694: 11693: 11547:National intranet 11488: 11487: 11254:Airborne leaflets 11133:Election promises 10987:Product placement 10862:Alternative facts 10602:Alternative media 10474: 10473: 10140: 10139: 9236: 9235: 9218:Freedom of speech 9063:Strategic lawsuit 9013:National intranet 8961:Damnatio memoriae 8686:Media related to 8651:licensed material 8391:978-0-415-42914-6 7677:child pornography 6527:. 11 March 2007. 5963:978-1-4503-0909-7 5586:978-0-415-42914-6 5349:978-0-415-42914-6 5245:Greenberg, Andy. 5226:on 8 October 2009 5177:www.howtogeek.com 5047:978-0-415-42914-6 4846:(11 March 2014). 4749: 4748: 4694:Parental controls 4607:(DMCA) – a US law 4554:Internet activism 4522:software company 4289:child pornography 4091: 4090: 3976:27% all the time, 3959:16% all the time, 3855:No. of Responses 3790:, while users in 3753:BBC World Service 3711:Blue Coat Systems 3639: 3638: 2907: 2906: 2489: 2488: 2411:the fuel protests 2205:Child pornography 1857:national security 1840:Security concerns 1793:Child pornography 1735:child pornography 1531:In June 2011 the 1460:proposed deletion 1286:and/or destroyed. 1282:Equipment may be 1168:Blue Coat Systems 982:Portal censorship 808:man-in-the-middle 749:Internet backbone 740:Points of control 517:use of copyrights 497:age-inappropriate 465: 464: 316:Instant messaging 234:Internet Protocol 144:Virtual community 41:visualization of 12064: 12037: 12022: 12016: 11998: 11997: 11988: 11987: 11837: 11836: 11703: 11702: 11612: 11611: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11480:Media proprietor 11304:Public relations 11284:Public diplomacy 11269:Information (IT) 11148:Name recognition 10773:Media regulation 10755:Annoyance factor 10612:Call-out culture 10527:Crowd psychology 10501: 10494: 10487: 10478: 10477: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10132:Papua New Guinea 9416: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9240: 9239: 9175:Propaganda model 8803:Media regulation 8789: 8782: 8775: 8766: 8765: 8695:Censorship Wikia 8685: 8647: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8530: 8524: 8511: 8505: 8492: 8486: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8440: 8434: 8421: 8415: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8375: 8369: 8366: 8360: 8347: 8341: 8324: 8318: 8305: 8296: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8276: 8265: 8256: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8223: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8157: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8115: 8104: 8091: 8085: 8067: 8061: 8050:Internet Enemies 8046: 8035: 8021: 8015: 8001: 7995: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7965:on 12 April 2019 7964: 7953: 7945: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7919:. October 2016. 7914: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7886: 7880:. October 2015. 7875: 7867: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7836: 7828: 7817: 7802: 7793: 7778: 7769: 7754: 7745: 7730: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7699: 7691: 7680: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7565: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7512:. 26 June 2019. 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7484:Global Views 360 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7425:. 26 June 2019. 7419: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7396:. 25 June 2019. 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7370:. 27 June 2019. 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7157: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6941: 6935: 6909: 6903: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6872:. Archived from 6871: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6830: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6627: 6621: 6608: 6602: 6589: 6583: 6570: 6564: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6481: 6475: 6462: 6456: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6413: 6407: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6374:. Archived from 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6341: 6334: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6269:. Archived from 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6177:Dash.Harvard.Edu 6174: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6072: 6066: 6049: 6043: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6010: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5937: 5931: 5918: 5912: 5899: 5893: 5880: 5874: 5861: 5855: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5788: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5752: 5746: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5715: 5698: 5692: 5689:Sun Microsystems 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5558:. Archived from 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5469:. 9 March 2018. 5459: 5453: 5440: 5427: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5383: 5377: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5333: 5324: 5311: 5305: 5292: 5286: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5222:. Archived from 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5075: 5052: 5051: 5031: 5022: 5007: 5001: 4988: 4982: 4972: 4966: 4951: 4926: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4840:Schmidt, Eric E. 4836: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4800: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4762: 4481:Block (Internet) 4460: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4411:right to privacy 4403:The Pirate Party 4268: 3849: 3848: 3844:Internet Society 3626: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2964: 2649: 2643: 2633:Internet freedom 2482: 2476: 2469: Accessible 2468: 2462: 2456: 2449:YouTube blocking 2326:Syrian civil war 2193:Holocaust denial 2157:Around the world 1999:E-mail providers 1846:defense in depth 1831:political satire 1769:illegal drug use 1404:Terms of Service 1397:Terms of Service 1103:, Saudi Arabia, 1093:Secure Computing 1057:Writing in 2009 963:: If a previous 961:Connection reset 929:Packet filtering 810:surveillance of 759:), operators of 732:, analyzing and 644:(who employs an 484:internet domains 457: 450: 443: 429: 428: 403: 402: 35: 21: 20: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12035:Wayback Machine 12017: 12013: 12009: 12004: 11974: 11958: 11930: 11905: 11866: 11824: 11801: 11758: 11690: 11681:Domain fronting 11649: 11603: 11525: 11519: 11489: 11484: 11475:Media influence 11470:Media franchise 11455:Media democracy 11421: 11366: 11298: 11240: 11221:Loaded language 11172: 11089: 11006: 10958: 10848: 10777: 10759: 10686: 10627:Culture jamming 10576: 10510: 10505: 10475: 10470: 10367: 10285: 10176: 10171: 10141: 10136: 10105: 10036:North Macedonia 9879: 9668: 9500: 9412: 9272: 9267: 9237: 9232: 9194: 9094: 9053:Self-censorship 9028:Prior restraint 9018:Newspaper theft 9003:Internet police 8936:Chilling effect 8926:Broadcast delay 8904: 8798: 8793: 8741:, Vienna, 2004. 8719:Wayback Machine 8679: 8665: 8663:Further reading 8640: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8540:Wayback Machine 8531: 8527: 8521:Wayback Machine 8512: 8508: 8502:Wayback Machine 8493: 8489: 8483:Wayback Machine 8474: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8431:Wayback Machine 8422: 8418: 8412:Wayback Machine 8403: 8399: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8357:Wayback Machine 8348: 8344: 8334:Wayback Machine 8325: 8321: 8315:Wayback Machine 8306: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8263: 8257: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8158: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8116: 8107: 8102:Wayback Machine 8092: 8088: 8082:Wayback Machine 8068: 8064: 8058:Wayback Machine 8047: 8038: 8032:Wayback Machine 8022: 8018: 8012:Wayback Machine 8002: 7998: 7992:Wayback Machine 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7820: 7814:Wayback Machine 7803: 7796: 7790:Wayback Machine 7779: 7772: 7766:Wayback Machine 7755: 7748: 7742:Wayback Machine 7731: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7683: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7627: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7566: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7344:. 9 July 2019. 7340: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7261:on 4 March 2016 7253: 7252: 7245: 7235: 7233: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7188: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7158: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6932:Wayback Machine 6919:Wayback Machine 6910: 6906: 6900:Wayback Machine 6882: 6880: 6879:on 29 June 2012 6876: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6831: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6807:. 13 May 2014. 6799: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6725:. 13 May 2014. 6717: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6618:Wayback Machine 6609: 6605: 6599:Wayback Machine 6590: 6586: 6580:Wayback Machine 6571: 6567: 6561:The Independent 6557:Wayback Machine 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6487:(9 July 2011). 6482: 6478: 6472:Wayback Machine 6463: 6459: 6453:Wayback Machine 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6404:Wayback Machine 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6336: 6335: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6073: 6069: 6059:Wayback Machine 6050: 6046: 6036:Wayback Machine 6027: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6007:Wayback Machine 5998: 5994: 5983: 5979: 5964: 5938: 5934: 5928:Wayback Machine 5919: 5915: 5909:Wayback Machine 5900: 5896: 5890:Wayback Machine 5881: 5877: 5871:Wayback Machine 5862: 5858: 5852:Wayback Machine 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5789: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5743:Wayback Machine 5734: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5708:Wayback Machine 5699: 5695: 5687:, Websense and 5685:Nortel Networks 5673:Wayback Machine 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5614: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5571: 5567: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5527:. 27 May 2016. 5519: 5518: 5514: 5508:Wayback Machine 5497: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5467:The Citizen Lab 5461: 5460: 5456: 5450:Wayback Machine 5441: 5430: 5424:Wayback Machine 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5370:Wayback Machine 5361: 5357: 5350: 5334: 5327: 5321:Wayback Machine 5312: 5308: 5302:Wayback Machine 5293: 5289: 5283:Wayback Machine 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5179:. How to geek. 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5142: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5108: 5104: 5098:Wayback Machine 5085:Wayback Machine 5076: 5055: 5048: 5032: 5025: 5019:Wayback Machine 5008: 5004: 4998:Wayback Machine 4989: 4985: 4973: 4969: 4963:Wayback Machine 4952: 4929: 4917:Wayback Machine 4908:Marcello Mari. 4907: 4900: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4837: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4729:Takedown notice 4677:– a Russian law 4572:Internet safety 4549:Internet police 4503:Cyber-dissident 4456: 4451: 4449: 4444:Internet portal 4442: 4435: 4265: 4234: 4175:of 2011, media 4169: 4155: 4096: 4086: 4073: 4071: 4058: 4056: 4043: 4041: 4028: 4026: 4013: 4011: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3947: 3945: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3900: 3887: 3885: 3872: 3870: 3840: 3749: 3736: 3727: 3660: 3640: 3621: 3619: 3607: 3605: 3593: 3591: 3579: 3577: 3565: 3563: 3560:: 2008 and 2011 3551: 3549: 3537: 3535: 3523: 3521: 3509: 3507: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3472: 3460: 3458: 3446: 3444: 3432: 3430: 3418: 3416: 3404: 3402: 3390: 3388: 3376: 3374: 3362: 3360: 3348: 3346: 3334: 3332: 3320: 3318: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3282: 3280: 3268: 3266: 3254: 3252: 3240: 3238: 3226: 3224: 3212: 3210: 3198: 3196: 3184: 3182: 3170: 3168: 3156: 3154: 3142: 3140: 3128: 3126: 3114: 3112: 3100: 3098: 3086: 3084: 3072: 3070: 3058: 3056: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3028: 3016: 3014: 3002: 3000: 2988: 2986: 2974: 2972: 2956:that advocates 2946: 2941: 2621: 2540: 2509:V-Dem Institute 2490: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2439: 2291: 2289:Internet outage 2285: 2260: 2169: 2161:Main articles: 2159: 2146: 2087: 2081: 1987:Social networks 1966: 1906: 1842: 1731: 1622:group sites in 1587: 1578: 1568:handshake. The 1546: 1497: 1491: 1464:Speedy deletion 1399: 1389: 1336: 1330: 1325: 1245: 1239: 1055: 1037: 1028: 827: 742: 707: 699: 694: 565: 541:First Amendment 501:self-censorship 461: 423: 418: 417: 394: 386: 385: 361: 353: 352: 274: 266: 265: 209: 199: 198: 164: 154: 153: 54: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12070: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12039: 12038: 12010: 12006: 12005: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11938: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11923: 11917: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11877: 11875: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11852:JAP (JonDonym) 11849: 11843: 11841: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11815: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11787: 11785:Hotspot Shield 11782: 11777: 11772: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11711: 11709: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11544: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11518: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11435: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11376: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11352:Understatement 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11308: 11306: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11250: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11216:Indoctrination 11213: 11208: 11203: 11201:Disinformation 11198: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11163:Smear campaign 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11099: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11080:Sensationalism 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11020:Agenda-setting 11016: 11014: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10968: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10894:False document 10891: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10799:Catch and kill 10796: 10791: 10786: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10696: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10632:Demonstrations 10629: 10624: 10619: 10617:Cancel culture 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10586: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10504: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10481: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10435:United Kingdom 10432: 10427: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10398: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10384:Mainland China 10381: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10349:Skype in China 10341: 10340: 10339: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10307:Cisco in China 10304: 10299: 10293: 10291: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10215: 10213:The Pirate Bay 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10170: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10101:United Kingdom 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9941:Czech Republic 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9414:Western Sahara 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9266: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9243: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9090:Word filtering 9087: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8998:Heckler's veto 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8742: 8732: 8722: 8708: 8698: 8678: 8677:External links 8675: 8674: 8673: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8603: 8570: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8487: 8468: 8435: 8416: 8397: 8390: 8370: 8361: 8342: 8340:, 8 March 2010 8319: 8297: 8288: 8248: 8209: 8197: 8145: 8105: 8086: 8062: 8036: 8016: 7996: 7976: 7937: 7898: 7859: 7818: 7794: 7770: 7746: 7722: 7681: 7664: 7652: 7621: 7591: 7557: 7527: 7501: 7470: 7440: 7411: 7385: 7359: 7333: 7303: 7272: 7243: 7213: 7179: 7160:Cowie, James. 7145: 7112: 7081: 7054: 6995: 6966: 6936: 6904: 6867:"Introduction" 6858: 6822: 6792: 6766: 6740: 6710: 6699:on 14 May 2014 6679: 6668:on 16 May 2014 6652: 6622: 6603: 6584: 6565: 6542: 6512: 6485:Rick Falkvinge 6476: 6457: 6438: 6408: 6389: 6363: 6310: 6284: 6273:on 29 May 2012 6254: 6227: 6197: 6160: 6129: 6098: 6067: 6065:, 12 June 2011 6044: 6021: 6011: 5992: 5977: 5962: 5932: 5913: 5894: 5875: 5856: 5837: 5806: 5778: 5747: 5728: 5716: 5693: 5658: 5627: 5592: 5585: 5565: 5542: 5512: 5484: 5454: 5428: 5409: 5378: 5374:New York Times 5355: 5348: 5325: 5306: 5287: 5268: 5237: 5206: 5194: 5163: 5133: 5102: 5053: 5046: 5023: 5002: 4983: 4967: 4927: 4898: 4887:(3): 687–694. 4871: 4822: 4787: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4632: 4631:– a French law 4626: 4625: 4624: 4618:– New Zealand 4613: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4589: 4583: 4574: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4529:Digital rights 4526: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4476:Anti-copyright 4473: 4462: 4461: 4447: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4417: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4335: 4326: 4320: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4282: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4257:European Union 4233: 4230: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4115: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3980:29% sometimes, 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3963:41% sometimes, 3957: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3810: 3803: 3776: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3748: 3745: 3741:remote sensing 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3617: 3603: 3589: 3575: 3561: 3547: 3533: 3519: 3505: 3485: 3484: 3470: 3469:: 2010–present 3456: 3455:: 2011–present 3442: 3441:: 2008–present 3428: 3414: 3413:: 2009–present 3400: 3386: 3385:: 2008–present 3372: 3371:: 2011–present 3358: 3344: 3343:: 2011–present 3330: 3329:: 2009-present 3316: 3315:: 2009–present 3297: 3293: 3292: 3278: 3264: 3250: 3247:United Kingdom 3236: 3222: 3208: 3194: 3180: 3166: 3152: 3138: 3124: 3110: 3096: 3082: 3068: 3054: 3040: 3026: 3012: 2998: 2984: 2962: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2620: 2617: 2565:United Kingdom 2539: 2536: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2454: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2284: 2281: 2259: 2256: 2195:is blocked in 2158: 2155: 2145: 2142: 2133:claimed that " 2101:ruled against 2095:European Union 2083:Main article: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2069:Mainland China 2057:Search engines 2054: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2037: 2032: 2024:sites such as 2019: 2011:sites such as 2006: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1993:and Instagram) 1984: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1947:The Pirate Bay 1924:Rick Falkvinge 1916:Anti-copyright 1905: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806:Gambling sites 1804: 1790: 1779:Sex and erotic 1776: 1765: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1712: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1642: 1613: 1598: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1576:Common targets 1574: 1545: 1542: 1533:New York Times 1522:GlobalWebIndex 1505:proxy websites 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1414: 1388: 1385: 1355:Glenn Reynolds 1353:Law professor 1332:Main article: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1280: 1277:civil lawsuits 1273: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1076:New York Times 1059:Ronald Deibert 1051:Main article: 1043:Screenshot of 1036: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1008: 997: 990:search engines 979: 973: 958: 926: 900: 873: 826: 823: 822: 821: 815: 797: 793: 790: 786: 772: 741: 738: 734:filtering URLs 706: 703: 698: 695: 693: 690: 631:Internet cafes 622: 621: 610: 602: 595: 564: 561: 545:GlobalWebIndex 505:societal norms 463: 462: 460: 459: 452: 445: 437: 434: 433: 420: 419: 416: 415: 408: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 349: 348: 341:World Wide Web 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 287: 286: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 242: 241: 236: 226: 221: 216: 210: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 165: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 109:Net neutrality 106: 101: 96: 91: 89:Digital rights 86: 84:Digital divide 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12069: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12015: 12011: 12003: 12002: 11993: 11992: 11982: 11977: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11954:Turkey Blocks 11952: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11926:USB dead drop 11924: 11922: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11912: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872:Anonymous P2P 11869: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11831: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11804: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11707:Free software 11704: 11701: 11697: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11652: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11523: 11516: 11511: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11460:Media ecology 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11444: 11443:United States 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11417:Telemarketing 11415: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206:Fearmongering 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11045:False balance 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11002:Word of mouth 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10851: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10789:Broadcast law 10787: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10637:Deplatforming 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10542:False balance 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10502: 10497: 10495: 10490: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10454:United States 10452: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290:Censorship by 10288: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181:Censorship of 10179: 10175: 10168: 10163: 10161: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9971: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9647:United States 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9364:Guinea-Bissau 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9259: 9257: 9252: 9250: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9191: 9190:Systemic bias 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8871:Student media 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8839:circumvention 8837: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703:, website of 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8684: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8529: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8472: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8401: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8374: 8365: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8346: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8323: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8304: 8302: 8292: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8253: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8130: 8123: 8122: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7961: 7957: 7956:Freedom House 7950: 7944: 7942: 7922: 7918: 7917:Freedom House 7911: 7905: 7903: 7883: 7879: 7878:Freedom House 7872: 7866: 7864: 7844: 7840: 7839:Freedom House 7833: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7707: 7703: 7702:Freedom House 7696: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7562: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7184: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7015:(6199): 891. 7014: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6827: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6345:Time Magazine 6340: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6086: 6082: 6081:Quartz Africa 6078: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5677:Cisco Systems 5674: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4745: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Web filtering 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4313:Freedom House 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3829:, and 10% in 3828: 3824: 3820: 3817:, 11% in the 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3615: 3604: 3601: 3590: 3587: 3576: 3573: 3562: 3559: 3548: 3545: 3534: 3531: 3520: 3517: 3506: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3471: 3468: 3457: 3454: 3443: 3440: 3429: 3426: 3415: 3412: 3401: 3398: 3387: 3384: 3373: 3370: 3359: 3356: 3345: 3342: 3331: 3328: 3317: 3314: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3279: 3276: 3265: 3262: 3261:United States 3251: 3248: 3237: 3234: 3223: 3220: 3209: 3206: 3195: 3192: 3181: 3178: 3167: 3164: 3153: 3150: 3139: 3136: 3125: 3122: 3111: 3108: 3097: 3094: 3083: 3080: 3069: 3066: 3055: 3052: 3041: 3038: 3027: 3024: 3013: 3010: 2999: 2996: 2985: 2982: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629:Freedom House 2627:reports from 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:United States 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:Freedom House 2502: 2498: 2477: Blocked 2472: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320:in 2019, and 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:Myanmar/Burma 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266:For example, 2264: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:United States 2177: 2175: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113:La Vanguardia 2110: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:Microblogging 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1964:Network tools 1959: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1645:50 Cent Party 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:Tibetan exile 1617: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1489:Circumvention 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:administrator 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1427:Google Search 1425: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1339:Deplatforming 1335: 1334:Deplatforming 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1191:Golden Shield 1188: 1184: 1183:Cisco Systems 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Canadian-made 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1046: 1041: 1032: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 966: 962: 959: 956: 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 934: 930: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 901: 898: 894: 889: 885: 884:DNS hijacking 881: 877: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 832: 831: 830: 819: 816: 813: 809: 805: 801: 798: 794: 791: 787: 784: 780: 776: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 746: 745: 737: 735: 731: 727: 726:DNS poisoning 722: 720: 716: 712: 702: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 627: 619: 616:published by 615: 611: 607: 603: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 584: 583:Time Magazine 579: 578: 577: 574: 571: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 508: 506: 502: 498: 493: 489: 488:Knowledge.org 485: 481: 477: 473: 470:is the legal 469: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 438: 436: 435: 432: 427: 422: 421: 414: 413: 409: 407: 406: 397: 396: 390: 389: 382: 381:Protocol Wars 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 357: 356: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 337: 336:Voice over IP 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:File transfer 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 285: 284:Microblogging 282: 281: 280: 277: 276: 270: 269: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 208: 203: 202: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 74:Data activism 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 44: 43:routing paths 40: 34: 30: 29: 26: 23: 22: 19: 12014: 11999: 11989: 11980: 11970:Great Cannon 11817: 11789: 11741: 11734: 11617:proxy server 11536: 11524:technologies 11465:Media ethics 11385:Door-to-door 11380:Cold calling 11357:Weasel words 11264:Fifth column 11158:Push polling 11108:Astroturfing 11070:Pseudo-event 11050:Infotainment 11025:Broadcasting 10944:Urban legend 10867:April Fools' 10828: 10740:Testimonials 10710:Infomercials 10537:Dumbing down 10440:Web blocking 10267:in Venezuela 10208:iTunes Store 9855:Turkmenistan 9815:Saudi Arabia 9461:South Africa 9451:Sierra Leone 9299:Burkina Faso 9085:Whitewashing 9068:Surveillance 9048:Sanitization 9023:Pixelization 8921:Book burning 8833: 8827:banned films 8815:books banned 8754: 8750: 8745: 8680: 8648: 8624:. Retrieved 8615: 8606: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8561:. Retrieved 8547: 8528: 8509: 8490: 8471: 8459:. Retrieved 8438: 8419: 8400: 8380: 8373: 8364: 8345: 8337: 8322: 8291: 8279:. Retrieved 8267: 8239:. Retrieved 8225: 8212: 8200: 8188:. Retrieved 8162: 8136:. Retrieved 8120: 8089: 8073: 8065: 8049: 8019: 7999: 7979: 7967:. Retrieved 7960:the original 7955: 7928:. Retrieved 7916: 7889:. Retrieved 7877: 7850:. Retrieved 7838: 7805: 7781: 7757: 7733: 7713:. Retrieved 7706:the original 7701: 7667: 7655: 7643:. Retrieved 7634: 7624: 7612:. Retrieved 7603: 7594: 7582:. Retrieved 7573: 7548:. Retrieved 7539: 7530: 7518:. Retrieved 7504: 7492:. Retrieved 7483: 7473: 7461:. Retrieved 7452: 7443: 7431:. Retrieved 7402:. Retrieved 7388: 7376:. Retrieved 7362: 7350:. Retrieved 7336: 7324:. Retrieved 7315: 7306: 7294:. Retrieved 7285: 7275: 7263:. Retrieved 7259:the original 7234:. Retrieved 7225: 7216: 7204:. Retrieved 7170:. Retrieved 7136:. Retrieved 7125: 7115: 7103:. 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The verb " 675: 654:Pseudonymity 639: 623: 588:John Gilmore 581: 575: 566: 529: 509: 492:jurisdiction 487: 467: 466: 410: 398: 301:File sharing 68: 39:Opte Project 18: 11857:Flash proxy 11730:Outline VPN 11720:Shadowsocks 11630:Web proxies 11337:Sound bites 11317:Doublespeak 11168:Wedge issue 11128:Dog whistle 11103:Advertising 10929:Lying press 10914:Gaslighting 10692:Advertising 10667:Occupations 10557:Obfuscation 10547:Half-truths 10413:South Korea 10322:Twitter (X) 10230:Twitter (X) 10127:New Zealand 10086:Switzerland 10031:Netherlands 9825:South Korea 9805:Philippines 9785:North Korea 9680:Afghanistan 9652:Puerto Rico 9577:El Salvador 9369:Ivory Coast 9150:LGBT issues 9145:Ideological 9133:Hate speech 9058:Speech code 9043:Revisionism 9008:Memory hole 8978:Expurgation 8971:Minced oath 8931:Censor bars 8893:Video games 8876:Televisions 8626:26 February 8590:(11): 358. 7891:27 December 7852:14 December 7550:10 December 7226:opennet.net 7194:. IDG News/ 7164:. 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London. 5261:25 January 4815:16 October 4753:References 4629:HADOPI law 4582:by country 4201:Al Arabiya 4189:Al Jazeera 4157:See also: 4146:Uzbekistan 4131:IP address 3965:12% never 3858:Responses 3709:(France), 3586:Tajikistan 3383:Kazakhstan 3327:Bangladesh 3275:Uzbekistan 3009:Bangladesh 2613:Tajikistan 2597:Uzbekistan 2589:Kazakhstan 2581:Azerbaijan 2534:articles. 2513:Access Now 2400:Uzbekistan 2377:Kazakhstan 2345:Mauritania 2287:See also: 2236:Falun Gong 2228:Dalai Lama 2144:Resilience 1918:activists 1865:extremists 1861:insurgents 1762:homophobia 1616:Falun Gong 1391:See also: 1379:, citing " 1373:Alex Jones 1243:Censorship 1224:, and the 1195:Falun Gong 1166:(France), 1111:, Kuwait, 1010:See also: 893:Hosts file 838:IP address 825:Approaches 676:The term " 664:) protect 626:blacklists 525:harassment 521:defamation 480:Censorship 331:Television 251:IP address 162:Governance 69:Censorship 11963:Reference 11947:FreeWeibo 11942:GreatFire 11862:Mixmaster 11833:Anonymity 11813:Snowflake 11780:Ultrasurf 11754:WireGuard 11743:PirateBox 11597:Knowledge 11400:Promotion 11279:Political 11186:Bandwagon 11113:Attack ad 10992:Publicity 10964:Marketing 10877:Fake news 10839:Religious 10834:Political 10814:Euphemism 10809:Cover-ups 10804:Corporate 10672:Petitions 10562:Orwellian 10532:Deception 10459:Singapore 10262:in Turkey 10257:in Russia 10247:Knowledge 10235:in Brazil 10117:Australia 10016:Lithuania 9830:Sri Lanka 9820:Singapore 9725:Indonesia 9715:Hong Kong 9664:Venezuela 9617:Nicaragua 9587:Guatemala 9582:Greenland 9512:Argentina 9471:Swaziland 9180:Religious 9111:Corporate 8988:Gag order 8966:Euphemism 8946:Concision 8657:web site. 8653:from the 8584:Religions 8563:10 August 8180:244992072 7540:NetBlocks 7138:3 October 7105:3 October 7076:217137198 6247:22 August 6220:22 August 5681:Microsoft 5187:15 August 4487:Cleanfeed 4407:copyright 4397:Peacefire 4370:NetBlocks 4279:Anonymous 4197:Orient TV 3852:Question 3825:, 11% in 3821:, 11% in 3757:GlobeScan 3614:Venezuela 3532:: 2008–13 3425:Sri Lanka 3313:Australia 2903:20 (31%) 2876:No change 2871:26 (40%) 2839:19 (29%) 2807:20 (31%) 2775:30 (46%) 2743:15 (23%) 2684:Countries 2316:in 2011, 2312:in 2007, 2035:Knowledge 1898:Anonymous 1797:pedophile 1783:fetishism 1771:(such as 1752:inciting 1710:Indonesia 1686:Lithuania 1678:Communist 1638:sites in 1607:sovereign 1447:Knowledge 705:Blacklist 686:rivercrab 682:firewalls 660:(such as 599:Vint Cerf 486:(such as 129:Sociology 79:Democracy 12031:Archived 11991:Category 11775:Freegate 11749:VPN Gate 11676:DNSCrypt 11582:Facebook 11347:Transfer 11289:Sedition 11153:Negative 11065:Newspeak 11055:Managing 10997:Research 10972:Branding 10924:Literary 10889:Fakelore 10882:websites 10872:Deepfake 10829:Internet 10720:Modeling 10677:Protests 10657:Internet 10590:Advocacy 10582:Activism 10361:in China 10312:Facebook 10252:in China 10193:Facebook 10071:Slovenia 10066:Slovakia 10046:Portugal 9926:Bulgaria 9850:Thailand 9795:Pakistan 9770:Mongolia 9765:Malaysia 9700:Cambodia 9637:Suriname 9627:Paraguay 9602:Honduras 9552:Colombia 9522:Barbados 9505:Americas 9496:Zimbabwe 9476:Tanzania 9344:Ethiopia 9329:Congo RO 9324:Congo DR 9309:Cameroon 9294:Botswana 9170:Politics 9121:Facebook 9106:Criminal 9099:Contexts 8993:Heckling 8916:Bleeping 8834:Internet 8715:Archived 8620:Archived 8616:BBC News 8557:Archived 8536:Archived 8517:Archived 8498:Archived 8479:Archived 8461:14 April 8452:Archived 8427:Archived 8408:Archived 8353:Archived 8338:BBC News 8330:Archived 8311:Archived 8272:Archived 8232:Archived 8184:Archived 8129:Archived 8098:Archived 8078:Archived 8054:Archived 8028:Archived 8008:Archived 7988:Archived 7969:25 March 7930:25 March 7921:Archived 7882:Archived 7843:Archived 7810:Archived 7786:Archived 7762:Archived 7738:Archived 7639:Archived 7608:Archived 7578:Archived 7544:Archived 7514:Archived 7488:Archived 7457:Archived 7427:Archived 7398:Archived 7372:Archived 7346:Archived 7320:Archived 7290:Archived 7286:euronews 7265:21 March 7230:Archived 7200:Archived 7196:PC World 7166:Archived 7132:Archived 7099:Archived 7072:ProQuest 7041:Archived 7029:25146296 6982:Archived 6953:Archived 6928:Archived 6915:Archived 6896:Archived 6809:Archived 6753:Archived 6727:Archived 6723:BBC News 6639:Archived 6635:BBC News 6614:Archived 6595:Archived 6576:Archived 6553:Archived 6529:Archived 6525:Mashable 6499:Archived 6468:Archived 6449:Archived 6431:14 April 6400:Archived 6356:5 August 6350:Archived 6303:25 April 6241:Archived 6239:. 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