Internet activism - Knowledge

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employed. Supporters of online activism claim new information and communications technologies help increase the political power of activist groups that would otherwise have less resources. Proponents along this line of thinking claim the most effective use of online activism is its use in conjunction with more traditional or historical activism activities. Conversely, critics worry about facts and beliefs becoming indistinct in online campaigns and about "sectors of online activism more self-interested than socially interested." These critics warn against the manipulation commonplace to online activism for private or personal interests such as exploiting charities for monetary gain, influencing voters in the political arena and inflating self-importance or effectiveness. In this sense, the ethical implication is that activism becomes descriptive rather than transformative of society. One of these reviewers suggests seven pitfalls to beware of in internet activism: "self-promotion at the expense of the movement... unsolicited bulk

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and changed over time. The model suggests that online activism helped organize collective actions and amplify the conditions for revolutionary movements to form. Yet, it provoked elites' reactions such as Internet filtering and surveillance, which do not only promote self-censorship and generate digital divide, but contribute to the ultimate decline of activism over time. The process model suggests a complex interplay among stakeholders' interests, opportunities for activism, costs, and outcomes that are neither foreseen nor entirely predictable. The authors challenge universal access to the Internet as a convenient and cost-free forum for practicing social activism by organizational stakeholders (customers, employees, outside parties). In fact, the technology enablers of social activism also enable its filtering and repression, and thus, more extreme states of information asymmetry may result in which powerful elites preserve their status and impose a greater digital divide.

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for those who lack the time or motivation to engage otherwise. Those concerned that the Internet will decrease activism argue that the Internet occupies free time that can no longer be spent getting involved in activist groups, or that Internet activism will replace more substantial, effortful forms of in-person activism. The Pew Research Center has found that platforms create distraction resulting in consumers and online activists believe they are making a difference while their sharing their post is only furthering the echo chamber of media. The Pew Research Center has also found that about 79% of adults believe that "slacktivism" distracts consumers from issues that are truly important and that the majority of adults found that social media resulted in some of form of negative result.

855:. It would from there on not be long until it stretched and attached on various online platforms, and in no more than a day after Milano's tweet, the #MeToo hashtag had been reused over 500,000 times on that same media, as well as 4.7 million times on Facebook. The phrase was first used to demonstrate the amount of sexual assault that happens to young actresses and actors in Hollywood, and it was largely due to the early involvement of several well known individuals from the entertainment industry, who used the hashtag in their own posts, that the movement achieved the spread that it did. It soon expanded to apply to all forms of sexual assault, especially in the work place, and with time it also came to move from concerning mainly white 929:

alliances and lobby for rights within their respective countries; they can give each other tips and share up-to-date information. This information becomes "hyper textual", available in downloadable formats with easy access for all. The UN organizations also use "hyper textual" formats. They can post information about upcoming summits, they can post newsletters on what occurred at these meetings, and links to videos can be shared; all of this information can be downloaded at the click of a button. The UN and many other actors are presenting this information in an attempt to get a certain message out in the cyber sphere and consequently steer public perception on an issue.

509:'s platform has been increasingly used for raising up social issues through creative short videos, especially after an allegedly make-up tutorial turned into a call to action on China's treatment of Muslim Uighurs. The tutorial was banned for 50 minutes on November 26, 2019. Eric Han, the heads of TikTok's US content-moderation team, claimed the banning was due to a “human moderation error”. The Chinese owners declared the app does not remove content based on sensitivities to China. TikTok also partnered up with UN Women in a campaign fighting women violence in India which kicked off on November 25, 2019. The campaign can be found under the hashtag 723:

the point where it is no longer just a means amongst others to achieve a certain objective, but more often than not, it is where the main part of a movement takes place. Activities such as the conveyance of perceivably extreme, bureaucratic ideas, or even the outlining of strategic acts of violence or destruction, are ones nowadays likely to occur online. In other words, this type of "online extremism" could, though difficult to precisely define, be described as the subcategory of Internet activism that is brought forward by, or connected with, individuals or groups that possess what are generally viewed to be extreme opinions.

779:, published by Peachpit Press in 1992. Rittner, an environmental activist from upstate New York, spent more than 20 years researching and saving the Albany Pine Barrens. He was a beta tester for America Online and ran their Environmental Forum for the company from 1988 to when it launched in 1990. He took his early environmental knowledge and computer savvy and wrote what was called the bible of the online environmental community. It showed new Net users how to get online, find environmental information, connect to environmentalists around the world, and how to use those resources to save the planet. 1179: 4509:

and gives them the impression of being part of a much larger network than is necessarily the case." The impersonal nature of communication by computer, Epstein suggests, may have a more insidious effect, undermining important human contact that always has been crucial to social movements. During the Vietnam War, "a large sector of a generation got drawn in, in a very personal way. They went to a protest because their roommate was going. The movement became the center of social life. It became the most exciting place on campus."

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often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance, and share information on the internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in collective study via email, on-line chat rooms and web-based message boards."

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probability for non-White citizens to consume political information was shown to be higher than that of Whites. These two outcomes go in the face of normal predictors of political activity. Despite these surprising findings older generations, men and whites showed the highest levels of political mobilization. Acts of political mobilization, such as fundraising, volunteering, protesting require the most continued interest, resources and knowledge (Nam, 2010).

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MoveOn hosted a competition that requested submissions from ordinary citizens with the criteria the digital ads were positive towards Obama. The contest drew 1,000 entries of 30-second ads for Obama that streamed on YouTube. This endorsement by a grassroots organization, and the ensuing contest, is an example of agenda setting that scholars have been studying ever since social media and digital content began influencing presidential politics.

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refers to gathering people and information together for online or offline activism. Awareness/advocacy refers to sharing information to make others aware of an issue or advocating for issues and campaigns. There are other ways of classifying Internet activism, such as by the degree of reliance on the Internet versus offline mobilization. Thus, Internet sleuthing or hacking could be viewed as purely online forms of activism, whereas the

891:" summarizes the act of somehow utilizing hacking capabilities as a means to achieve some type of political goal, and the expression is occasionally also referred to as a variation of "cyberterrorism". The varieties of different routes groups of hacktivists choose to approach the organization, website or forum that they are taking on, can be categorized into different tactics. Some examples of those tactics or strategies are " 933:

quickly forget about it once they have seen it flash across our computer screens. Viral campaigns are great for sparking initial interest and conversation, but they are not as effective in the long term—people begin to think that clicking "like" on something is enough of a contribution, or that posting information about a current hot topic on their Facebook page or Twitter feed means that they have made a difference.

1061: 1147:. The purpose of this online protest was to amplify Black voices on social media. However, many criticized this protest, arguing that the protest had the opposite effect as the squares flooded the important #BlackLivesMatter hashtag. People started to accuse those who participated in Blackout Tuesday, but did not do anything else in regards to the Black Lives Matter movement, of being performative activists. 5115: 565:, said of the candidates which benefited from use of the Internet to attract supporters: "They are all charismatic, outspoken mavericks and insurgents. Given that the Internet is interactive and requires an affirmative action on the part of the users, as opposed to a passive response from TV users, it is not surprising that the candidate has to be someone people want to touch and interact with." 925:

dangerous. For example, people can read up on the latest news events relatively easily and quickly; however, there is danger in the fact that apathy or fatigue can quickly arise when people are inundated with so many messages, or that the loudest voice on a subject can often be the most extreme one, distorting public perception on the issue.

1143:, this term started to become widely used as many took to social media to participate in the Black Lives Matter movement. The intentions of a lot of new activists and allies were questioned. On June 2, 2021, the social media platform, Instagram, was flooded with millions of the same image. These images were black squares under the hashtag, 388:, pressured hospitals were in need of supplies in form of menstrual protection and related products. Supplies which they, despite the fact that the vast majority of the medical workers is made up of females, were not given access to. Amongst others, hashtags such as #RefusePeriodShame, circulated in protest to the ongoing situation and the 397:

the societal denial of women's biological functions and needs. #JiangshanjiaoDoYouGetYourPeriod, while, like the previous hashtag mentioned, being censored and taken down by the government, had time to spread and catch a lot more attention than what #RefusePeriodShame did, and up until 15 March 2020, it accumulated over 89,200,000 views.

306:, and its decentralized, scattered architecture make it difficult for big, establishment candidates, companies and media to gain control of it. And the establishment loathes what it can't control. This independence is by design, and the Internet community values above almost anything the distance it has from the slow, 151:–based computer professional, posted a message that was widely reposted on newsgroups and via e-mail: "It will contain a LOT of personal information about YOU, which anyone in the country can access by just buying the discs. It seems to me (and to a lot of other people, too) that this will be a little too much like 763:. They provide search results that confirm one's beliefs and biases and, further, connect one to communities of like-minded people. This works in favor of white nationalists; for example, search engines' autocomplete features suggest racist notions, and make White supremacist sites readily accessible to users. 604:

literacy become a concept taught in school, with educators incorporating blogging, commenting, and creating content as part of their curriculum, has been bandied about among social and political scientists in an effort to turn online enthusiasm from young people into demonstrable results at the ballot box.

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The Internet connects an ideologically broad anti-war constituency, from the leftists of A.N.S.W.E.R. to the pressed-for-time "soccer moms" who might prefer MoveOn, and conservative activists as well. And for its part, MoveOn is itself part of an anti-war coalition that includes the NAACP, the Sierra

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refers to the action of acting as if one is an advocate or activist – often on social media – for personal gain. This term is used as a negative term towards those who seem to be untruthful or exaggerating their activism work. Performative activism became frequently used

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technology vastly changing existing and introducing new mechanisms by which to attain, share and employ information, internet activism raises ethical issues for consideration. Proponents contend internet activism serves as an outlet for social progress but only if personal and professional ethics are

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With all this information so readily available, there is a rising trend of "slacktivism" or "clicktivism". While it is positive that information can be distributed so quickly and efficiently all around the world, there is negativity in the fact that people often take this information for granted, or

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The Internet is widely accessible by everyone. Thus, it has, since its beginning, increasingly become a place where various opinions are expressed, and not seldom are those opinions ones from some very far end of the spectrum. Extremists of different sorts have come to heavily rely on the Internet to

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Studies delving into the 2008 presidential campaign examined inequality online of various ideologies deriving from various socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Scholars concluded the 2008 race, and the influence of online politicking, did not see an empowerment of new voices. The idea that digital

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Two-thirds of Internet users under the age of 30 have an SNS, and during the 2008 election, half of them used an SNS site for candidate information (Hirzalla, 2010). MoveOn.org endorsed then-Senator Barack Obama in 2008, and used this endorsement as an opportunity to encourage grassroots advertising.

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Professor Burdett Loomis from the University of Kansas spoke at @america via DVC on Tuesday, September 25, in front of a crowd of university students majoring in communications and connected to five American Corners via Webchat. Professor Loomis traced the evolution of the use of media as a political

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like Freedom News Group or BurmaNet assist in spreading news that would otherwise be inaccessible in these countries. Internet activists also organize petitions to be sent to the government as well as interest groups and organizations to protest or argue for change. Many non-profits and charities use

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argues that activism through social media and the internet cannot be successful because they promote a 'lazy' way of activism that doesn't require people to put in meaningful effort. For example 'liking' a protest related post on social media, people feel like they have contributed to a cause, which

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Scholars are divided about whether the Internet will increase or decrease political participation, including slacktivism. Those who suggest political participation will increase believe the Internet can be used to recruit and communicate with more users, and offers lower-costs modes of participation

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student shared a "letter to her attacker" in her college paper. The letter described how she was sexually assaulted and how she chose to respond and build from that point in her life. At the end of the letter she urged readers to send a letter back describing their own sexual assault experience with

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Exploring the dynamics of online activism for expressing resistance to a powerful organization, a study developed a critical mass approach to online activism. The results were integrated in a four-year longitudinal process model that explains how online activism started, generated societal outcomes,

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All the Internet traffic may represent an "echo chamber" of virtual activism rather than meaningful protest, warns Barbara Epstein, a University of California-Santa Cruz professor of the history of consciousness. The Internet, she says, "allows people who agree with each other to talk to each other

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professor Zeynep Tufekci has argued that the need to put in significant organizing time in the pre-Internet era is what gave street protests their strength. Max Halupka, of the Canberra School of Politics, Economics and Society, likens slacktivism to "an impulsive and non-committal online political

1087:, visit a website, or comment on a blog, but fail to engage in political activism beyond the Internet, such as volunteering or canvassing. This critique has been criticized as Western-centric, however, because it discounts the impact this can have in authoritarian or repressive contexts. Journalist 1024:

professor Barbara Epstein, is that the Internet "allows people who agree with each other to talk to each other and gives them the impression of being part of a much larger network than is necessarily the case." She warns that the impersonal nature of communication by computer may actually undermine

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of the Chinese Communist Youth Party League (CYL), known as Jiangshanjiao, an avatar displayed as a youthful female, gave rise to #JiangshanjiaoDoYouGetYourPeriod. The hashtag initially sparked from a post on Weibo where a user sarcastically wrote that exact question, to point out the absurdness in

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Within online activism Sandor Vegh distinguished three principal categories: active/reactive, organization/mobilization, and awareness/advocacy based. Active/reactive refers to either being proactive in efforts to bring about change or reacting to issues after they happen. Organization/mobilization

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These social networks which occupy ICTs are simply modern forms of political instruments which pre-date the technological era. People can now go to online forums or Twitter instead of town hall meetings. People can essentially mobilize worldwide through the Internet. Women can create transnational

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Information communication technologies (ICTs) make communication and information readily available and efficient. There are millions of Facebook accounts, Twitter users and websites, and one can educate oneself on nearly any subject. While this is for the most part a positive thing, it can also be

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According to some observers, the Internet may have considerable potential to reach and engage opinion leaders who influence the thinking and behavior of others. According to the Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet, what they call "Online Political Citizens" (OPCs) are "seven times

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to spread their message. Then, a century later, with the rise of digital technologies, the KKK adapted to the changing media landscape to become a digital movement. They not only adapted to the digital age, but also found vulnerabilities through which they could most quickly and efficiently insert

451:. Garza ended her letter with the statement "Black lives matter", which her friend turned into a hashtag below. From here, #BlackLivesMatter or simply "BLM" became the movement against police brutality and killings of unarmed African Americans, as well as hate crimes and racially motivated crimes. 372:

One example of the powerful rise of hashtag activism can be seen in the black feminist movement's use of hashtags to convey their cause. The famous hashtag "IamJada" was an internet backlash to the mocking "#Jadapose" that went viral, ensuing after sixteen-year-old girl Jada Smith was photographed

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database product that was to contain name, address, demographic, and spending habit information on 120 million individual U.S. citizens. While much of the same data was already available elsewhere, privacy advocates worried about the availability of this data collected within one easily searchable

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is a new organizational form which involves: "highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts, and

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The 2016 presidential election changed the digital landscape again. Digital media scholars note that the hopes of developing digital literacy post 2008 turned into a fomenting distrust of traditional news media. People of all ages and political inclinations gravitated towards social media sources

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A more decentralized approach to campaigning arose, in contrast to a top-down, message-focused approach usually conducted in the mainstream. "The mantra has always been, 'Keep your message consistent. Keep your message consistent,'" said John Hlinko, who has participated in Internet campaigns for

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A study looked at the impact of Social Networking Sites (SNS) on various demographics and their political activity. Not surprisingly college students used SNS for political activity the most but this was followed by a more unlikely group, those that had not completed high school. In addition the

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was born. Students came together to create this hashtag to fight for gun control in the U.S. This hashtag turned into an entire movement of over 800 protests across the United States with the main protest taking place in Washington, D.C. There was an estimated 200,000 people in attendance at the

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In one study, a discussion of a developmental model of political mobilization is discussed. By citizens joining groups and creating discussion, they are beginning their first stage of involvement. Progressively, it is hoped that they will begin signing petitions online and graduating to offline

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With cases such as the Black Lives Matter and #MeToo movements, it shows how internet activism can become more than slacktivism. Scholars have found that internet activist communities and offline activist communities work closely together, rather than being two separate entities. With internet

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Internet activism has had the effect of causing increased collective action among people, as found by Postmes and Brunsting (2002), who discovered a tendency among internet users to rely on internalized group memberships and social identities in order to achieve social involvement online. The

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These movements were intended to create an outlet for men and women to share their experiences with those with similar views without blame or guilt. They brought widespread attention to sexual assault and caused much controversy about changes that should be made accordingly. Criticism around

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petition calling for an investigation and prosecution of George Zimmerman. Social media users, including many celebrities retweeted, shared, and created new petitions, eventually raising over 2.1 million signatures combined by March 26, 2012. By April 11, 2012, Zimmerman was charged with the

957:. The telethon and its broadcast became an effective vehicle to present a plea for support and to collect contributions quickly, facilitating a relationship between entertainment and humanitarian fundraising that has developed in response to historical and economic market conditions. 228:. Dorothy Kidd quotes Sheri Herndon in a July 2001 telephone interview about the role of the Internet in the anti-WTO protests: "The timing was right, there was a space, the platform was created, the Internet was being used, we could bypass the corporate media, we were using 1119:

Whether this is due to physical, mental, or financial constraints, internet activism may be the most accessible and comfortable for disabled people. If able to attend a physical protest, the inaccessibility of public spaces is often too large of a roadblock to participation.

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ads in the 1980s – they were masterpieces of nostalgia promising a return to America's past glory and prosperity. The Internet, on the other hand, is a forward-thinking and forward-moving medium, embracing change and pushing the envelope of technology and

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The issue of the mass media's centrality has been highly contested, with some people arguing that it promoted the voices of marginalized groups while others believe it sends forth the messages of the majority alone, leaving minority groups to have their voices robbed.

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The Internet has also made it easier for small donors to play a meaningful role in financing political campaigns. Previously, small-donor fundraising was prohibitively expensive, as costs of printing and postage ate up most of the money raised. Groups like

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to engage meaningfully online; these include ethnic and racial minorities, those of lower socioeconomic status, those with lower levels of education, and the elderly. Issues like racism and sexism are issues that internet activists reportedly deal with.

1167:. The most well known example of internet censorship in China is the Covid-19 virus when China suppressed any information regarding the virus. Information was able to get out though because of Dr. Li Wenliang, but was considered to be falsified. 454:#BlackLivesMatter's impact does not end online. The formation of Black Lives Matter allowed for activists across the United States to organize in-person protests and rallies together, no matter where they may be located. U.S. politicians—such as 1003:. Some say it gives disproportionate representation to those with greater access or technological ability. Groups that may be disadvantaged by the move to activist activity online are those that have limited access to technologies, or lack the 3599:

Winter, Charlie 1; Neumann, Peter 1; Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander 2; Ranstorp, Magnus 3; Vidino, Lorenzo 2; Fürst, Johanna1 International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King's College London 2 Program on Extremism (2020).

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Activism against sexual assault is often led on the internet, where individuals may feel comfortable talking about uncomfortable topics. One such movements is the #NotGuilty movement. This movement began in April 2015 when Ione Wells, an

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to communicate with individuals in an inexpensive and timely manner. Indeed, many non-profit and advocacy organizations rely on the internet to launch campaigns with socially conscious messages to maintain a constant stream of revenue.

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activism, activists can organize without the constraints of physical location. The Pew Research Center has found that eight-in-ten Americans have been proven effecting in spreading information and awareness for varying public issues.

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more likely than average citizens to serve as opinion leaders among their friends, relatives and colleagues… Normally, 10% of Americans qualify as Influentials. Our study found that 69% of Online Political Citizens are Influentials."

5236:," CNN.com, March 17, 2004, suggests that blogs may be "Democrats' answer to talk radio," citing a study by George Washington University showing that "online political citizens" outnumber Republicans almost 2 to 1 (49% to 27%). 4730: 806:" (FFF). Through having children miss classes on Fridays to participate in the strike, it has from the moment it started until today, reached and affected leading governments of the world by raising environmental awareness. 581:

structure that's really doctrinaire and that's really opposed to grassroots. Or you can say, 'Go forth. Do what you're going to do.' As long as we're running in the same direction, it's much better to give some freedom."

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Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It's Complicated: Facebook Users' Political Participation in the 2008 Election. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(3),

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showed the adverse side of the activism where witness detention in one of the high-profile rape cases highlighted the prioritisation of traditional social morality by the government over women's rights in the country.

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This exploitation of technological innovations is not a novel concept for this group. In the early 20th century, with the emergence of film technology, the KKK created their own film companies and produced films like

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Online, companies launch sites with the intent to positively influence their own public image, to provide negative pressure on competitors, to influence opinion within select groups, and to push for policy changes.

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movements such as these centers on concerns about whether or not participants are being dishonest for their own gain or are misinterpreting acts of kindness. However, the same Me Too movement, which also reached

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Other notable instances in which marginalized groups have used hashtags as organizing tools for social justice include responses to racial violence and police profiling, as in the case of #BlackLivesMatter and

903:", all of which are slightly different ways of reaching an often similar end goal. For additional understanding and explanation, as well as for more specific examples of these types of subversive actions, see 850:

gave birth to the usage of the saying that would lead to the eventual spread of it, after using it in a post on Twitter, in which she acknowledged several accusations of sexual assault against film producer

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the hashtag #notguilty. She received so many letters from locals that she decided to create a website called "notGuiltyCampaign.co.uk". This caused global attention and inspired many to share their stories.

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Nam, T. (2011). Whose e-democracy? The democratic divide in American electoral campaigns. Information Polity: The International Journal of Government & Democracy in the Information Age, 16(2), 131-150.

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stream of American commerce and culture. Progressive candidates and companies with forward-looking vision have an advantage on the Internet, too. Television is, by its nature, a nostalgic medium. Look at

3188: 1159:, author Evgeny Morozov argues against cyberutopianism. He describes how the Internet is successfully used against activists and for the sake of state repression. China presents a good example of this. 4653: 2896: 4993: 5295: 2983:

Hirzalla, F., van Zoonen, L., & de Ridder, J. (2011). Internet Use and Political Participation: Reflections on the Mobilization/Normalization Controversy. Information Society, 27(1), 1-15.

982:... nagging... violating privacy... and being scary." Many of the ethical criticisms against the prevalence of online activism are further discussed in the criticisms section of this article. 4462: 3237: 755:

Today, white nationalists' efforts to push their principles on the Web combined with tech companies' belief in the Internet as "raceless" motivate white nationalists to continue to exploit

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The Internet also allows ordinary people to contribute materially to Humanitarian relief projects designed to intervene in situations of global disaster or tragedy, as in the case of the "

3884: 3305: 2024: 2148: 4949: 436:, an African American teenage boy. The movement started as a hashtag and now it has been at the forefront of the fight against police brutality and racial profiling across the world. 4722: 2867: 2808: 1451: 3397: 1901: 2047: 3696: 4552: 691:.org which organized the "Taxpayer March on Washington" on September 12, 2009, and the Coalition to Protect Patients' Rights, which opposes universal health care in the U.S. 3267: 739:

wrote on his website, “I believe that the internet will begin a chain reaction of racial enlightenment that will shake the world by the speed of its intellectual conquest.”

1844: 4755: 2741: 2117: 4055: 2447: 1354:"Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action" 3328: 2829: 802:), a movement that would eventually spread, largely through attention in media, across the globe and develop into something that came to be internationally named " 4785: 4385:"Rethinking political participation: Experiments in internet activism in Australia and Britain." Curtin University of Technology, July, 2002. Retrieved 2017-3-18. 3464: 1474: 1807: 3180: 2237: 1879: 4617: 3760: 4649: 2645: 1612:

Gurak, L.J. (1997). Persuasion and Privacy in Cyberspace: The Online Protests over Lotus MarketPlace and the Clipper Chip. New Haven: Yale University Press.

2888: 1499: 155:, and it seems like a good idea to get out while there is still time." Over 30,000 people contacted Lotus and asked for their names to be removed from the 3943: 2201: 554: 357:

outlets. The term "hashtag activism" first started circulating within journalism in 2011. Since then, its use has been associated with movements such as

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Greijdanus, Hedy; De Matos Fernandes, Carlos A.; Turner-Zwinkels, Felicity; Honari, Ali; Roos, Carla A.; Rosenbusch, Hannes; Postmes, Tom (2020-10-01).

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these methods, emailing petitions to those on their email list and asking people to pass them on. The Internet also enables organizations such as

3650: 2224:"Towards cyberactivism 2.0? Understanding the use of social media and other information technologies for political activism and social movements" 1687: 687:", as opposed to "grassroots activism", due to the funding for such movements being largely private. More recent examples include the right-wing 3876: 3541: 2703: 2615: 2014: 3072: 2140: 1712: 2084: 4941: 4665:

The ease with which current social movements form often fails to signal an organizing capacity powerful enough to threaten those in authority

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talks about slacktivism, claiming that the Internet has devalued certain currencies of activism. Citizens may "like" an activist group on

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and influence digital spaces such as Twitter. As algorithms work in a self-reinforcing manner, they worsen the psychological effects of

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Corporations are also using Internet activist techniques to increase support for their causes. According to Christopher Palmeri with

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Patricia M. Thornton, "The New Cybersects: Resistance and Repression in the Reform era. " In Elizabeth Perry and Mark Selden, eds.,

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After the killing of Martin on February 26, 2012, several people wanted justice. The hashtag started to grow in popularity, with a

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that acted as echo chambers, and online personalities and organizations were held in higher esteem than traditional news sources.

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E-Activism Connects Protest Groups. Web Makes It Easy To Organize Rallies Quickly, But Sheer Volume Of E-Mail Can Hinder Cause

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The Internet is a key resource for independent activists, particularly those whose message may run counter to the mainstream.

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Yet another instance of where this type of activism was utilized for the matter of feminism and women's right, occurred in

1962: 887:(mass e-mailings) are also examples of Internet activism. While the concept is difficult to exactly pinpoint, the phrase " 252:

globally known the hopes of having him arrested by the campaign's scheduled expiration at the end of 2012 The film spread

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via blog, online advertising, links to news stories and educational materials. Protest groups have responded by posting

248:, a short film released on March 5, 2012, was intended to promote the charity's "Stop Kony" movement to Ugandan militant 143:

In response, a mass e-mail and E-bulletin-board campaign was started, which included information on contacting Lotus and

1875: 5119: 4394:

Tom Head, "A Short Guide to the Ethics and Etiquette of Online Activism." Pearson, August 4, 2010. Retrieved 2017-3-18.

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The most recent display of how the Black Lives Matter movement has been used as a platform for offline activism is the

152: 1784: 528:. Though such activism led to a significant increase in public awareness of the case, it was criticized for spreading 384:. While the rule of the country put efforts into trying to hide and downplay the start of what would develop into the 5313: 5258: 5205: 5176: 2548: 2441: 1445: 743:

quickly saw the potential of the Internet as a platform to effectively disseminate their message to a mass audience.

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contact as long as the organization provides the citizen with escalating steps of involvement (Vitak et al., 2011).

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In August 2018, a movement of environmental activism was initiated in Sweden, by now widely known climate activist

458:

and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez—have endorsed Black Lives Matter, aligning themselves with a push for racial justice.

4624: 3752: 1513:

Ghobadi, S., Clegg, S. (2015). "'these days will never be forgotten': Critical Mass Approach to Online Activism".

6285: 6073: 4292: 3829:"Doctor Stockmann and Greta Thunberg: Some Implications of Intellectual Resistance, Eco-activism and Unschooling" 2637: 550: 4838:"The psychology of online activism and social movements: relations between online and offline collective action" 3514: 2492:"When positive energy meets satirical feminist backfire: Hashtag activism during the COVID-19 outbreak in China" 1112:

makes them less likely to take more costly, and some would argue more effective, action like joining a protest.

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created the phrase back in 2006 to "empower women through empathy", but first over a decade later, the actress

817:

campaign, which encouraged people to share the first signs of Spring with one another, in particular images of

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hospital authorities, who were considered responsible for it. Soon to follow on the same thread, one of the

5200:

Joss Hands, "@ is for Activism: Dissent Resistance and Rebellion in a Digital Culture", Pluto Press, 2011.

4573: 4315:"Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake" 4265:"Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake" 1160: 1096: 640:

cyberactivist group, among others, launched a boycott campaign against controversial, conservative webpage

558: 447:

After George Zimmerman was acquitted on July 13, 2013, a "letter to Black folks" was posted to Facebook by

4723:"23% of users in U.S. say social media led them to change views on an issue; some cite Black Lives Matter" 4353: 2967: 373:

following her gang rape In this instance, a hashtag was employed to convey a powerful anti-rape message.

6096: 5327: 1564:"Apparently They Don't Like Succinct and Articulate': Journalists, Activists, and the Battle over News". 260:

in the days following the video's release. It was included among the top international events of 2012 by

237: 95: 4214: 3418: 2391: 6358: 2724:

Burch, Audra D. S.; Cai, Weiyi; Gianordoli, Gabriel; McCarthy, Morrigan; Patel, Jugal K. (2020-06-13).

2668:"#BlackLivesMatter: black celebrity hashtag activism and the discursive formation of a social movement" 1622: 790:, giving her opinion on the ongoing climate change, by displaying a large sign in front of the Swedish 3390:"Anonymous Twitter accounts in Brazil are pressuring advertisers to drop conservative media campaigns" 1683: 1395:"Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada" 1034:

noted that "the Internet connects an ideologically broad anti-war constituency, from the leftists of

6353: 6053: 5414: 4678: 3538: 2667: 2579: 803: 795: 433: 402: 225: 577:. "That was all well and good in the past. Now it's a recipe for disaster. You can choose to have a 45:, the delivery of particular information to large and specific audiences, as well as coordination. 5592: 5587: 2080: 1708: 880: 876: 633:, online news paper Freedom News Group has leaked some government corruption and fuel to protests. 210: 78: 752:

their ideologies. Examples of this included strategic domain names and hidden propaganda content.

6317: 6254: 5965: 5902: 5844: 5786: 5776: 5489: 5474: 5013:

Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New York: Public Affairs.

4595: 4159: 2998:"Intermedia Agenda-Setting and Political Activism: MoveOn.org and the 2008 Presidential Election" 1164: 66: 3602:"Online Extremism: Research Trends in Internet Activism, Radicalization, and Counter-Strategies" 1071:

has stated that "the Internet doesn't do a very good job of motivating action", citing that the

859:

women, to eventually being used by both men and women with different sexualities and ethnicity.

5970: 5666: 2361: 1493: 1197: 1072: 1004: 474: 5287: 5251:

The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the Overthrow of Everything

4076: 2918: 1420: 1379: 629:

as those involved have increasingly relied on social media to organize and stay connected. In

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Network actions - new media and political confrontation in the Internet age (Chinese Edition)

4526: 4500: 3665: 3644: 3621: 2170: 2079:

Rainie, Lee; Hitlin, Paul; Jurkowitz, Mark; Dimock, Michael; Neidorf, Shawn (15 March 2012).

1534: 1274: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1030: 1000: 954: 517: 513:

and features short videos with positive and negative examples of men interacting with women.

462: 206: 179: 132: 4793: 3364:"Coalition Gather More Than One Million Petition Signatures Urging Amazon To Drop Breitbart" 2257:"Classifying Forms of Online Activism: The Case of Cyberprotests Against the World Bank" in 1758: 1665: 1647: 6204: 5995: 5945: 5681: 5676: 5646: 5509: 4592:"Cyberactivism and the Arab Revolt: Battles Waged Online and Lessons Learned (Part 1 of 9)" 2763: 1192: 786:. It all started with Greta, 15 years of age at the time and influenced by the creation of 5024: 3363: 1834:

1584: 8: 6164: 6154: 6111: 5882: 5709: 5671: 5567: 4354:"Ethics in Online Activism: False Senses of Social Action or Effective Source of Change?" 2971: 2860:"TikTok apologises for deleting Feroza Aziz's video on plight of Muslim Uyghurs in China" 2830:"TikTok 'makeup tutorial' goes viral with call to action on China's treatment of Uighurs" 900: 896: 892: 787: 494: 2889:"TikTok teams up with UN Women to raise awareness about violence against women in India" 6275: 6038: 5937: 5927: 5877: 5796: 5577: 5572: 5464: 5350: 5088: 5055: 4922: 4411: 4284: 3997: 3469: 3122: 3025: 2956:

Hanstad, Chelsie Salisbury, Bill Pioneer Press, St. Paul, MO accessed February 12, 2008

2695: 2607: 2558: 2521: 2343: 1803: 1088: 995:

Critics argue that Internet activism faces the same challenges as other aspects of the

950: 669: 622: 481:. Protests took place in all 50 states, as well as in many countries around the world. 425: 362: 202: 58: 4756:"Americans think social media can help build movements, but can also be a distraction" 2432: 1475:"Kalle Lasn and Micah White, the Creators of Occupy Wall Street : The New Yorker" 6184: 6121: 5897: 5867: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5724: 5704: 5562: 5547: 5444: 5309: 5276: 5254: 5201: 5172: 5093: 5075: 4986:"Blackout Tuesday: the black square is a symbol of online activism for non-activists" 4964: 4912: 4867: 4859: 4698: 4618:"Unveiling the Revolutionaries: Cyberactivism and Women's Role in the Arab Uprisings" 4288: 4243: 4110: 4002: 3989: 3843: 3787: 3338: 3297: 3161: 3142:"Time and Meaning-Making in the "Hybrid" Media: Evidence From the 2016 U.S. Election" 3126: 3114: 3064: 3029: 3017: 2733: 2699: 2687: 2611: 2599: 2544: 2525: 2513: 2437: 2347: 2335: 2282: 2223: 1966: 1526: 1441: 1416: 1375: 831: 760: 740: 699: 533: 385: 124: 77:." Research has started to address specifically how activist/advocacy groups in the 4893:. CHI '18. Montreal QC, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–13. 4429: 4326: 3230:"Activists Are Pushing Back Against Tech Platforms That Quietly Empower Hate Groups" 1178: 1095:

youth because it is a form of free speech, and can spark mainstream media coverage.

1091:

argued that even this low level of engagement was an important form of activism for

6322: 6146: 6126: 6028: 5990: 5975: 5766: 5741: 5615: 5597: 5557: 5454: 5369: 5139: 5083: 5067: 4926: 4902: 4894: 4849: 4690: 4276: 3979: 3731: 3613: 3209: 3153: 3106: 3056: 3009: 2919:"Why Britney Spears' Recent TikToks Have Left Many People Concerned For Her Health" 2771: 2679: 2591: 2503: 2427: 2327: 2262: 1931: 1905: 1799: 1522: 1406: 1365: 1144: 1108: 852: 661: 562: 466: 429: 393: 344: 236:

platforms. So those hadn't been available, and then there was the beginning of the

189:

Another well-known example of early Internet activism took place in 1998, when the

5233: 4694: 2997: 2801:"How many people attended March for Our Lives? Crowd in D.C. estimated at 200,000" 2683: 2595: 1785:"Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements" 1370: 1353: 220:

Later, a worldwide network of Internet activist sites, under the umbrella name of

6312: 6297: 6242: 6063: 5839: 5686: 5661: 5626: 5469: 4854: 4837: 4835: 4382: 3967: 3625: 3545: 3501: 3442: 3425: 3216: 3013: 2276: 2052: 1991: 1737: 1184: 1080: 856: 839: 637: 358: 266: 229: 198: 42: 3210:

The Role of the Internet in Democratic Transition: Case Study of the Arab Spring

3094: 1411: 1394: 6194: 6058: 6043: 6005: 5985: 5922: 5761: 5736: 5641: 5524: 5504: 5459: 5437: 5195:'these days will never be forgotten': Critical Mass Approach to Online Activism 5194: 5169:

Advocacy, Activism, and the Internet: Community Organization and Social Policy

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Club, the National Organization for Women and the National Council of Churches.

3984: 3539:

Anderson, Walter T. "Astroturf – The Big Business of Fake Grassroots Politics."

3110: 2946: 996: 810: 783: 641: 529: 521: 303: 128: 5291:, Harvard Human Rights Journal / Vol. 22, 2009, p. 205–244. (PDF, 225 kb) 5071: 5056:"Digital activism and collective mourning by Chinese netizens during COVID-19" 4591: 3601: 3494: 2508: 2491: 6337: 6302: 6259: 6068: 6048: 5887: 5631: 5479: 5384: 5079: 4863: 4702: 4280: 3993: 3847: 3736: 3719: 3342: 3301: 3165: 3118: 3068: 3021: 2953: 2737: 2691: 2603: 2517: 2339: 2331: 2015:"Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success" 1323: 847: 595:

tool during elections and questioned the actual influence of media on voters.

478: 74: 4898: 4891:

Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

256:. A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard about 6307: 6227: 6222: 6106: 5950: 5892: 5872: 5379: 5128:"Online Political Campaigning during the 2014 Regional Elections in Poland" 5097: 4887:"Slacktivists or Activists?: Identity Work in the Virtual Disability March" 4871: 3333: 2315: 2112: 1076: 843: 814: 732: 688: 684: 574: 448: 417: 354: 23: 5144: 5127: 4886: 3157: 3045:"Whose e-democracy? The democratic divide in American electoral campaigns" 3044: 2468:"Digital Defense: Black Feminists Resist Violence With Hashtag Activism". 2171:"Memorable World Moments of 2012 | PBS NewsHour | Dec. 24, 2012" 2048:"Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict" 159:. On January 23, 1991, Lotus announced that it had cancelled MarketPlace. 73:

claims on a target authority, in which civic initiators or supporters use

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New Media and Internet Activism: From the 'Battle of Seattle' to Blogging

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is a similar movement that started in Hollywood. Initially, the activist

772: 665: 626: 406: 307: 296: 253: 249: 148: 144: 54: 4108: 3905: 3558: 1300:"Movements, Organising and Transformational Politics in the Digital Age" 197:

used decentralized communications, such as cell phones, to network with

6280: 6179: 6136: 6101: 6020: 5960: 5854: 5791: 5610: 5494: 5484: 5409: 5394: 5389: 5364: 5246: 4942:"Instagram users flood the app with millions of Blackout Tuesday posts" 3598: 2775: 2420:

Jackson, Sarah J.; Bailey, Moya; Foucault Welles, Brooke (2020-03-10).

1043: 975: 943: 904: 888: 736: 570: 455: 440: 366: 280: 233: 175: 167: 123:

One early instance of online activism was opposition to the release of

70: 4907: 4817:

Joseph, S. (2012). "Social Media, Political Change and Human Rights".

4264: 3617: 6000: 5980: 5955: 5834: 5806: 5719: 5656: 5542: 5404: 5374: 5319: 3518: 3428:, BusinessWeek Online, January 12, 2004. retrieved October 31, 2007. 2638:"How Black Lives Matter went from a hashtag to a global rallying cry" 1848: 979: 756: 717: 590: 578: 244: 221: 69:. A digital-activism campaign is "an organized public effort, making 3586:(second edition) (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 149-50. 1025:

the human contact that always has been crucial to social movements.

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has often been used as a way to achieve political stability of the

1084: 966: 644:, getting more than 2,000 organizations to remove it from ad buys. 470: 381: 326: 279:

Internet is "tailor-made for a populist, insurgent movement," says

156: 62: 50: 46: 35: 31: 2539:

Jackson, Sarah, J.; Bailey, Moya; Welles, Brooke Foucault (2020).

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Mobilisation Lab; Collinson, Rachel; Frauzel, Tracy (2021-01-29).

1623:"Bongo Doit Partir | Pour la Construction d'un Gabon nouveau" 22:

involves the use of electronic-communication technologies such as

6247: 6232: 6116: 6033: 5751: 5519: 5449: 5301: 4885:

Li, Hanlin; Bora, Disha; Salvi, Sagar; Brady, Erin (2018-04-21).

3689:"How the Ku Klux Klan seized cinema to become a force in America" 818: 791: 677: 673: 630: 350: 299: 39: 2389: 2275:

Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020).

1060: 777:

Ecolinking: Everyone's Guide to Online Environmental Information

405:, along with misogyny and gendered violence, such as #MeToo and 174:(Bongo Must Go) to encourage a revolution against the regime of 6174: 5114: 4577: 4077:"Witness detentions cast shadow over Egyptian 'MeToo' movement" 2543:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 1–10, 123–133. 506: 214: 190: 137: 82: 27: 3290:"How to Destroy the Business Model of Breitbart and Fake News" 6214: 5814: 4523:"Scott Duke Harris: Anti-war Movement Marshals Forces Online" 4497:"Scott Duke Harris: Anti-war Movement Marshals Forces Online" 4430:"Digital Divide: The Three Stages (Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox)" 971: 864: 516:

In July 2020, the TikTok platform played a major role in the

389: 377: 163: 4213:

Mulligan, Emily; Tu, Katherine; Maitland, Tom (2019-12-17).

3877:"Blossom watch day: National Trust urges UK to share blooms" 3329:"German firms including BMW pull advertising from Breitbart" 3260:"Lyft, HP won't advertise on Breitbart. Uber, Amazon remain" 2578:

Ince, Jelani; Rojas, Fabio; Davis, Clayton A. (2017-09-02).

2419: 2238:"Citizen 2.0: How the Internet Shapes Citizen Participation" 1626: 1566:

Soundbitten: The Perils of Media-Centered Political Activism

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Corporate methods of information dissemination is labelled "

182:

reported the arrest of five Gabonese known to be members of

5696: 5298:, New Media & Society / Vol 6; 2004, Pages 87–95. (PDF) 4048:"Beware the #MeToo Backlash—It Masks Ugly Lies About Women" 2268: 2198:"Kony 2012 | Arts & Entertainment | TIME.com" 2078: 1873: 1092: 910: 194: 140:

and could not be changed until a new edition was released.

4650:"Why in-person protests are stronger than online activism" 4153:"Political Influentials in the 2004 Presidential campaign" 2965: 2723: 2666:

Duvall, Spring-Serenity; Heckemeyer, Nicole (2018-07-03).

953:" telethon event, which was launched three days after the 879:, the taking over and vandalizing of a website, uploading 621:

The Internet has become the catalyst for protests such as

4549:"Ralph Nader: Internet not so hot at "motivating action"" 1932:"Uganda rebel Joseph Kony target of viral campaign video" 1298:

Howey, Ned; Tectonica; Paszewska, Weronika (2024-03-18).

1079:

do not necessarily "fear the civic use of the Internet."

919: 331: 261: 98:

was mainly conducted offline, and only partially online.

85:

use social media to achieve digital-activism objectives.

2726:"How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America" 2362:"What is Hashtag Activism? - Definition from Techopedia" 2138: 353:

for fighting or supporting a cause through the usage of

136:

database. Furthermore, the data would be distributed on

5308:(Huazhong Normal University Press (December 1, 2011)), 5212:

Politics of the Web: Meet, Greet, Segregate, Meet Again

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McCaughey, Martha; Ayers, Michael D. (1 January 2003).

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Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice,

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Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and PRACTICE,

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One of the most prominent uses of hashtag activism is

5243:," The Blogging of the President 2004, April 4, 2004. 4754:

Auxier, Brooke; McClain, Colleen (9 September 2020).

4109:

Aydelia Gareeva; Kira Krylova; Olga Khovrina (2020).

2541:#HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice 2423:#HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice 1832:

Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice

1437:

Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice

38:

to enable faster and more effective communication by

4358:

Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

In 2020 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the

555:

Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet

532:

regarding the conservatorship alongside a number of

5273:

Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict

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"After #metoo". 3836:Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning 3326: 3219:, Davit Chokoshvili, Master's Thesis, June 2011 2045: 1874:Lees, Philippa; Zavan, Martin (March 7, 2012). 1830:"Indymedia.org: A New Communications Common in 5223:Appropriating the Internet for Global Activism 4240:Principles of Fundraising: Theory and Practice 4111:"Hacktivism: a new form of political activism" 3606:International Journal of Conflict and Violence 3517:. Boycott American Apparel.com. Archived from 2577: 1433: 186:. The members were detained for three months. 5335: 4753: 4720: 4453: 4169: 3419:Up Front: How To Make A Corporate Cause Click 3092: 2313: 2139:Polly Curtis; Tom McCarthy (April 20, 2012). 607: 585: 544: 539: 118: 5053: 4969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3495:YouTube: Save Our State vs. American Apparel 2995: 2563:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2316:"The 'popular' culture of internet activism" 2012: 1539:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1028:On the other hand, Scott Duke Harris of the 5266:An Introduction to Activism on the Internet 5023:Xu, Beina; Albert, Eleanor (Feb 17, 2017). 4456:"Social Media Mob: Being Indigenous Online" 4242:. Jones and Bartlett Publ. pp. 69–83. 4215:"Developing Sustainable Online Fundraising" 3753:"Twitter and White Supremacy, A Love Story" 3649:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2392:"10 Ways People Power Can Change the World" 1345: 616: 5342: 5328: 5125: 4138:"Classifying Forms of Online Activism" in 3808:Personal Computers; Learning to Save Trees 1876:"Kony 2012 sheds light on Uganda conflict" 1845:"News Hour – Trending Now: Kony 2012" 1481:. 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Americanapparel.net. Archived from 2899:from the original on 16 December 2019 2485: 2483: 2314:Tatarchevskiy, Tatiana (2011-03-01). 2204:from the original on October 10, 2013 2151:from the original on October 16, 2013 1960: 1894: 1782: 990: 706: 694: 647: 412: 289:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised, 3686: 3172: 3139: 2947:"Website Reels In Political Newbies" 2489: 2295:from the original on 17 January 2023 2163: 2132: 2106:Kanczula, Antonia (April 20, 2012). 1709:"www.agp.org – Brief history of PGA" 1392: 1352:Obar, Jonathan; et al. (2012). 1351: 1022:University of California, Santa Cruz 726: 5275:University of Toronto Press, 2006. 4744: 4709: 4679:"The legitimisation of clicktivism" 4576:. Causebuilder.info. Archived from 4364:from the original on April 11, 2017 4340: 4099: 4021: 3868: 3817: 3751:Daniels, Jessie (19 October 2017). 3465:"Politics Wrapped in a Clothing Ad" 3456: 3320: 3042: 2986: 2408: 2087:from the original on 3 January 2017 1980:Neylon, Stephanie (March 7, 2012). 1908:. February 14, 2012. Archived from 1473:Schwartz, Mattathias (2014-02-09). 1454:from the original on 9 October 2021 1386: 1272: 1150: 711: 338: 13: 5294:Richard Kahn and Douglas Kellner, 5107: 5035:from the original on July 26, 2020 4352:Jaber, Rimah (February 22, 2016). 3956: 3589: 3463:Story, Louise (January 18, 2008). 3387: 3288:Kennedy, Pagan (January 7, 2017). 3191:from the original on March 9, 2014 2840:from the original on 11 March 2021 2480: 2196:Carbone, Nick (December 4, 2012). 2027:from the original on March 9, 2012 1882:from the original on March 8, 2012 1804:10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608 1582: 14: 6370: 4721:Andrew Perrin (15 October 2020). 4623:. Rice University. Archived from 4219:The Commons Social Change Library 4200:Gender Matters in Global Politics 4185:Gender Matters in Global Politics 3718:Daniels, Jessie (February 2018). 2396:The Commons Social Change Library 2046:Nelson, Sara C. (March 7, 2012). 1965:. Kentucky Kernel. Archived from 1902:"Jackson Center To Show KONY2012" 1399:Canadian Journal of Communication 1304:The Commons Social Change Library 1279:The Commons Social Change Library 1275:"Digital Campaigning: Start Here" 498:Washington, D.C. protest, alone. 5113: 5047: 5016: 5007: 4984:Sinanan, Jolynna (4 June 2020). 4977: 4933: 4878: 4829: 4810: 4777: 4670: 4641: 4609: 4584: 4566: 4540: 4514: 4488: 4479: 4447: 4421: 4397: 4388: 4376: 4306: 4256: 4231: 4206: 4115:Journal of Society and the State 4087:from the original on 19 May 2022 3257: 1527:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.12.002 1177: 465:that occurred after 17-year old 16:Form of activism on the internet 5986:Party platforms (or manifestos) 4996:from the original on 2021-05-06 4952:from the original on 2021-03-09 4766:from the original on 2022-10-06 4733:from the original on 2022-10-11 4656:from the original on 2019-05-06 4648:Malchik, Antonia (2019-05-06). 4598:from the original on 2021-12-21 4555:from the original on 2011-06-07 4468:from the original on 2021-03-18 4436:from the original on 2012-08-25 4295:from the original on 2019-06-28 4191: 4145: 4132: 4121:from the original on 2021-10-09 4069: 4058:from the original on 2018-04-20 4040: 4010:from the original on 2021-09-21 3972:New Horizons in English Studies 3946:from the original on 2018-03-20 3934:Wells, Ione (10 October 2016), 3927: 3916:from the original on 2018-03-27 3898: 3887:from the original on 2022-07-15 3857:from the original on 2021-10-04 3827:Rahaman, Habibur (2021-06-01). 3800: 3775: 3744: 3711: 3680: 3664:Clemmitt, Marcia (March 2017). 3657: 3632:from the original on 2023-01-17 3576: 3565:from the original on 2013-12-26 3551: 3532: 3507: 3488: 3477:from the original on 2019-08-14 3431: 3411: 3400:from the original on 2020-09-15 3381: 3370:from the original on 2023-01-17 3356: 3281: 3270:from the original on 2019-06-11 3251: 3240:from the original on 2017-08-10 3222: 3203: 3133: 3086: 3075:from the original on 2023-01-17 3036: 2977: 2959: 2940: 2929:from the original on 2021-04-10 2911: 2881: 2870:from the original on 2019-11-30 2852: 2822: 2811:from the original on 2021-04-12 2793: 2782:from the original on 2021-04-12 2755: 2744:from the original on 2020-06-25 2717: 2706:from the original on 2022-08-15 2659: 2648:from the original on 2022-12-10 2629: 2618:from the original on 2021-04-18 2571: 2532: 2461: 2450:from the original on 2021-04-18 2433:10.7551/mitpress/10858.001.0001 2383: 2372:from the original on 2019-08-29 2354: 2307: 2251: 2230: 2216: 2189: 2141:"Kony 2012: what happens next?" 2072: 2039: 1973: 1954: 1924: 1867: 1851:. March 6, 2012. Archived from 1837: 1824: 1813:from the original on 2021-02-26 1776: 1765:from the original on 2013-05-10 1751: 1736:. Indymedia.org. Archived from 1726: 1715:from the original on 2019-10-07 1701: 1690:from the original on 2012-06-18 1676: 1658: 1640: 1615: 1606: 1595:from the original on 2019-03-27 1576: 1557: 1547: 1334:from the original on 2016-03-15 1015: 551:2004 U.S. presidential election 380:in relation to the outbreak of 349:Hashtag activism is the use of 5234:The Rise of the Online Citizen 5025:""Media Censorship in China."" 3966:Oleszczuk, Anna (2020-09-04). 3814:. Peter H Lewis, May 12, 1992. 3676:: 241–64 – via CQ Press. 3515:"Boycott American Apparel.com" 3002:Mass Communication and Society 2013:Molloy, Mark (March 7, 2012). 1961:Myers, Julia (March 7, 2012). 1506: 1466: 1427: 1316: 1291: 1266: 1215: 1049: 201:activists and help create the 162:In 1998 Dr. Daniel Mengara, a 1: 5193:Ghobadi, S., Clegg, S. 2014, 4842:Current Opinion in Psychology 4695:10.1080/10361146.2017.1416586 4616:Radsch, Courtney (May 2012). 4547:Lasar, Matthew (2009-05-12). 4428:Nielsen, Jakob (2006-11-20). 4313:McAlister, Elizabeth (2012). 4263:McAlister, Elizabeth (2012). 3875:Morris, Steven (2021-04-24). 3687:Rice, Tom (8 December 2015). 3561:. Protectpatientsrights.org. 2684:10.1080/19392397.2018.1440247 2636:Asmelash, Leah (2020-07-26). 2596:10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931 1371:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001 1358:Journal of Information Policy 1260: 871: 491:Parkland high school shooting 6074:Rally 'round the flag effect 5029:Council on Foreign Relations 4855:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.003 3014:10.1080/15205436.2010.515372 1515:Information and Organization 1161:Internet censorship in China 1097:University of North Carolina 985: 559:George Washington University 166:scholar and activist living 7: 4677:Halupka, Max (2018-01-02). 2081:"The Viral Kony 2012 Video" 1761:. Indybay.org. 2005-03-11. 1412:10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678 1170: 660:The clothing manufacturer, 526:her conservatorship dispute 238:anti-globalization movement 170:, created a website called 96:Occupy Wall Street movement 10: 6375: 5126:Baranowski, Paweł (2015). 4594:. YouTube. 29 March 2011. 4036:: 22–25 – via EBSCO. 3985:10.17951/nh.2020.5.208-217 3140:Lavi, Liron (April 2020). 3111:10.1177/003172171209400312 3043:Nam, Taewoo (2011-08-02). 2200:. Entertainment.time.com. 2173:. PBS. December 24, 2012. 1734:"Independent Media Center" 1127: 1053: 749:The Toll of Justice (1923) 715: 676:videos and establishing a 608:2016 Presidential Campaign 586:2008 Presidential Campaign 545:2004 Presidential Campaign 540:Use in political campaigns 342: 287:. In his campaign memoir, 119:Examples of early activism 6268: 6213: 6145: 6087: 6019: 5936: 5853: 5805: 5695: 5606: 5533: 5423: 5415:Manipulation (psychology) 5357: 5072:10.1177/0920203X211054172 3388:Garcia, Raphael Tsavkko. 2584:Ethnic and Racial Studies 2509:10.1177/20594364211021316 1462:– via Google Books. 1273:Dun, Antje (2024-01-10). 1038:to the pressed-for-time ' 960: 877:Denial-of-Service attacks 796:School Strike for Climate 501: 226:1999 Seattle WTO protests 178:in Gabon. In July 2003, 49:technologies are used by 5593:Criticism of advertising 4281:10.1215/07990537-1894078 4238:Lindahl, Wesley (2019). 4183:Shepherd, Laura (2010). 3784:Algorithms of Oppression 3737:10.1177/1536504218766547 3146:Journal of Communication 2893:South China Morning Post 2490:Yang, Yue (2021-06-03). 2332:10.1177/1461444810372785 2261:Eds. Ayers, Michael D., 1684:"A world of many worlds" 1208: 1134:Similar to slacktivism, 617:Non-traditional activism 313:Ronald Reagan's campaign 211:World Trade Organization 88: 6344:Politics and technology 6255:Promotional merchandise 5966:Character assassination 5903:Narcotizing dysfunction 5777:Photograph manipulation 5490:Guerrilla communication 5132:Media and Communication 4899:10.1145/3173574.3173799 4198:Shepherd, Laua (2010). 2762:Wilson, Hayley (2019). 2320:New Media & Society 1982:"Kony fever hits York!" 1393:Obar, Jonathan (2014). 1165:Chinese Communist Party 825:Sexual assault activism 800:Skolstrejk för klimatet 477:by then-police officer 273: 240:in the United States." 6238:Product demonstrations 5667:Historical negationism 5182:Garance Franke-Ruta, " 5171:, Lyceum Books, 2002. 3782:Noble, Safiya (2018). 2496:Global Media and China 2470:Feminist Media Studies 2108:"Kony 2012 in numbers" 1783:Smith, Jackie (2001). 1585:"CPSR - document_view" 1198:Online social movement 1107:Journalist and writer 1073:United States Congress 1064: 1020:One concern raised by 1005:technological literacy 937:Fundraising capability 767:Environmental activism 596: 493:on February 14, 2018, 475:murder of George Floyd 432:was acquitted for the 421: 318: 6349:Technology in society 6170:Reputation management 6089:Psychological warfare 5938:Political campaigning 5747:Firehose of falsehood 5253:(Regan Books, 2004), 5188:The American Prospect 5145:10.17645/mac.v3i4.368 3439:"Legalize LA subpage" 3417:Christopher Palmeri, 2278:Collaborative Society 1686:. Iran-bulletin.org. 1136:performative activism 1130:Performative activism 1124:Performative activism 1063: 1031:San Jose Mercury News 1001:global digital divide 955:2010 Haiti Earthquake 716:Further information: 593: 536:of varying accuracy. 518:#FreeBritney movement 420: 321:Spreading information 293: 209:(PGA) to protest the 207:Peoples Global Action 180:Amnesty International 133:direct-mail marketing 127:. On April 10, 1990, 102:Development processes 34:for various forms of 6205:Corporate propaganda 5152:Eric J.S. Townsend, 5122:at Wikimedia Commons 3666:"Alt-Right Movement" 3061:10.3233/ip-2011-0220 2866:. 29 November 2019. 2836:. 27 November 2019. 2368:. 12 November 2012. 1963:"A call for justice" 1440:. Psychology Press. 1328:digital-activism.org 1193:Internet vigilantism 549:When discussing the 285:Howard Dean campaign 6293:Media concentration 6165:Non-apology apology 6155:Cult of personality 5883:Emotive conjugation 5637:Burying of scholars 5218:, January 25, 2004. 5163:Steven F. Hick and 5160:, December 4, 2002. 4798:on January 10, 2011 4760:Pew Research Center 4727:Pew Research Center 3693:theconversation.com 3158:10.1093/joc/jqaa003 2972:Library of Congress 2895:. 2 December 2019. 1521:. Elsevier: 52–71. 1243:electronic advocacy 1231:digital campaigning 1075:, corporations and 1042:' who might prefer 999:, particularly the 534:conspiracy theories 485:March For Our Lives 291:Trippi notes that: 6276:Influence-for-hire 6069:National mythology 6039:Crowd manipulation 5928:Tabloid journalism 5797:Video manipulation 5742:Fictitious entries 5465:Civil disobedience 5351:Media manipulation 5288:Networked Activism 5285:Molly Beutz Land, 5271:Michael Dartnell, 3544:2011-01-29 at the 3500:2019-08-14 at the 3470:The New York Times 3424:2007-11-13 at the 3294:The New York Times 3215:2012-07-05 at the 3185:The New York Times 3049:Information Polity 2970:2004-09-24 at the 2776:10.17615/0az6-bd10 2730:The New York Times 1672:. 15 October 2003. 1089:Courtney C. Radsch 1065: 991:Demographic issues 951:Hope for Haiti Now 883:, and sending out 804:Fridays for Future 798:" (SSC) (Swedish: 741:White nationalists 707:Political activism 695:Religious activism 670:immigration reform 648:Corporate activism 623:Occupy Wall Street 597: 511:#KaunsiBadiBaatHai 422: 413:Black Lives Matter 403:#JusticeForTrayvon 283:, who managed the 203:anti-globalization 147:. Larry Seiler, a 59:community building 53:for cause-related 6359:Internet activism 6331: 6330: 6097:Airborne leaflets 5976:Election promises 5830:Product placement 5705:Alternative facts 5445:Alternative media 5281:978-0-8020-8747-8 5120:Internet activism 5118:Media related to 5060:China Information 4918:978-1-4503-5620-6 3618:10.4119/ijcv-3809 2807:. 25 March 2018. 2672:Celebrity Studies 2590:(11): 1814–1830. 2288:978-0-262-35645-9 2263:Mccaughey, Martha 1969:on July 13, 2012. 1938:. March 8, 2012. 1654:. 12 August 2003. 1330:. November 2013. 1239:online organizing 1141:2020 BLM protests 832:Oxford University 788:#MarchForOurLives 761:confirmation bias 727:White Nationalism 700:Cybersectarianism 495:#MarchForOurLives 469:live-streamed on 463:2020 BLM protests 426:#BlackLivesMatter 369:, and many more. 363:#BlackLivesMatter 184:Bongo Doit Partir 172:Bongo Doit Partir 125:Lotus Marketplace 20:Internet activism 6366: 6354:Activism by type 6323:Media proprietor 6147:Public relations 6127:Public diplomacy 6112:Information (IT) 5991:Name recognition 5616:Media regulation 5598:Annoyance factor 5455:Call-out culture 5370:Crowd psychology 5344: 5337: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5268:," January 2005. 5232:Carlos Watson, " 5184:Virtual Politics 5158:Hartford Courant 5149: 5147: 5117: 5102: 5101: 5091: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4990:The Conversation 4981: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4910: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4857: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4797: 4792:. 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6071: 6066: 6061: 6059:Indoctrination 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Disinformation 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6006:Smear campaign 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5923:Sensationalism 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5863:Agenda-setting 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737:False document 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Catch and kill 5639: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475:Demonstrations 5472: 5467: 5462: 5460:Cancel culture 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5299: 5292: 5283: 5269: 5262: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5229:, Spring 2004. 5219: 5216:New York Times 5208: 5198: 5191: 5180: 5165:John G. McNutt 5161: 5150: 5123: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5066:(2): 159–179. 5046: 5015: 5006: 4976: 4932: 4917: 4877: 4828: 4809: 4790:The New Yorker 4776: 4743: 4708: 4689:(1): 130–141. 4669: 4640: 4608: 4583: 4580:on 2012-11-24. 4565: 4539: 4513: 4487: 4478: 4446: 4420: 4417:on 2012-02-10. 4396: 4387: 4383:Jenny Pickeril 4375: 4339: 4305: 4255: 4249:978-0763759148 4248: 4230: 4205: 4190: 4168: 4165:on 2004-04-07. 4144: 4131: 4098: 4068: 4039: 4020: 3978:(5): 208–217. 3955: 3926: 3897: 3867: 3816: 3799: 3793:978-1479837243 3792: 3774: 3743: 3710: 3679: 3656: 3588: 3575: 3550: 3531: 3506: 3487: 3455: 3430: 3410: 3380: 3366:. 2017-05-08. 3355: 3319: 3280: 3250: 3236:. 2017-05-09. 3221: 3202: 3171: 3152:(2): 195–218. 3132: 3085: 3055:(2): 131–150. 3035: 3008:(5): 560–583. 2985: 2976: 2958: 2952:2003-10-05 at 2939: 2925:. 2020-07-08. 2910: 2880: 2851: 2821: 2792: 2754: 2716: 2678:(3): 391–408. 2658: 2628: 2570: 2549: 2531: 2479: 2460: 2442: 2407: 2382: 2366:Techopedia.com 2353: 2326:(2): 297–313. 2306: 2287: 2267: 2250: 2247:on 2008-02-04. 2229: 2215: 2188: 2162: 2131: 2098: 2071: 2038: 2005: 1972: 1953: 1923: 1893: 1866: 1836: 1823: 1775: 1750: 1725: 1700: 1675: 1657: 1639: 1614: 1605: 1575: 1556: 1546: 1505: 1479:The New Yorker 1465: 1446: 1426: 1385: 1344: 1315: 1290: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1221:Also known as 1213: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1172: 1169: 1152: 1149: 1128:Main article: 1125: 1122: 1054:Main article: 1051: 1048: 1017: 1014: 997:digital divide 992: 989: 987: 984: 978:... violating 962: 959: 938: 935: 921: 918: 912: 909: 873: 870: 826: 823: 811:National Trust 784:Greta Thunberg 768: 765: 728: 725: 713: 710: 708: 705: 696: 693: 649: 646: 642:Breitbart News 618: 615: 609: 606: 587: 584: 546: 543: 541: 538: 530:misinformation 522:Britney Spears 503: 500: 486: 483: 414: 411: 343:Main article: 340: 337: 322: 319: 316:communication. 304:hacker culture 275: 272: 120: 117: 103: 100: 90: 87: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6371: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6303:Media ecology 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6286:United States 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6260:Telemarketing 6258: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Fearmongering 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:False balance 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5845:Word of mouth 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Broadcast law 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Deplatforming 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:False balance 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5315: 5314:9787562252825 5311: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5259:0-06-076155-5 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210:Amy Harmon, " 5209: 5207: 5206:0-7453-2700-1 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5177:0-925065-60-9 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5010: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4825:(1): 301–310. 4824: 4820: 4813: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4630:on 2012-10-04 4626: 4619: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4435: 4432:. Useit.com. 4431: 4424: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329:on 2015-10-04 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4057: 4053: 4052:Women's eNews 4049: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842:(29): 36–61. 3841: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3670:CQ Researcher 3667: 3660: 3652: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3612:: 0_1, 1–20. 3611: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3521:on 2014-05-17 3520: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3445:on 2011-07-23 3444: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2954:archive.today 2951: 2948: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2550:9780262043373 2546: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2449: 2445: 2443:9780262356503 2439: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2281:. MIT Press. 2280: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2225: 2219: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2009: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1740:on 2011-02-24 1739: 1735: 1729: 1714: 1711:. Nadir.org. 1710: 1704: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1629:on 2019-08-07 1628: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1550: 1542: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1501: 1495: 1494:cite magazine 1480: 1476: 1469: 1453: 1449: 1447:9780415943208 1443: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1252: 1248: 1247:e-campaigning 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1057: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 983: 981: 977: 973: 968: 958: 956: 952: 947: 945: 934: 930: 926: 917: 908: 906: 902: 901:Webdefacement 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:Trojan horses 878: 869: 866: 860: 858: 854: 849: 848:Alyssa Milano 845: 841: 836: 833: 822: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 764: 762: 758: 753: 750: 744: 742: 738: 735:Grand Wizard 734: 724: 719: 704: 701: 692: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 655: 645: 643: 639: 636:In 2017, the 634: 632: 628: 624: 614: 605: 601: 592: 583: 580: 576: 572: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 499: 496: 492: 482: 480: 479:Derek Chauvin 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 452: 450: 445: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 419: 410: 408: 404: 398: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 346: 336: 333: 328: 317: 314: 309: 305: 301: 298: 295:roots in the 292: 290: 286: 282: 271: 269: 268: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 139: 134: 130: 126: 116: 112: 108: 99: 97: 86: 84: 80: 76: 75:digital media 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 6308:Media ethics 6228:Door-to-door 6223:Cold calling 6200:Weasel words 6107:Fifth column 6001:Push polling 5951:Astroturfing 5913:Pseudo-event 5893:Infotainment 5868:Broadcasting 5787:Urban legend 5710:April Fools' 5583:Testimonials 5553:Infomercials 5499: 5380:Dumbing down 5305: 5286: 5272: 5250: 5227:Yes Magazine 5226: 5215: 5187: 5168: 5157: 5138:(4): 35–44. 5135: 5131: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5037:. 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