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1330:(NRDC) trustee John B. Oakes, regarding a two-year NRDC study peer-reviewed by an independent panel, Oakes presented the report's argument that children ingesting daminozide in legally permissible quantities were at "intolerable risk" (from it and a wide variety of other potentially harmful chemicals); by their estimate, Oakes said, the "average pre-schooler's exposure to this carcinogen... result in a cancer risk '240 times greater than the cancer risk considered acceptable by E.P.A. following a full lifetime of exposure.'" In February, 1989, the
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approximately one case for every 4,200 preschoolers exposed. This is 240 times greater than the cancer risk considered acceptable by EPA following a full lifetime of exposure. For children who are heavy consumers of the foods that may contain UDMH residues, NRDC predicts one additional case of cancer for approximately every 1,100 children, 910 times EPA's acceptable risk level.
1501:
abiotically and through metabolism after consumption, as well as challenges in determining appropriate "subpopulations for study, representative parameters of the potency distribution, and corrections for bioassay length"—have had as a consequence that disagreement and controversy remain about the safety of daminozide and the appropriateness of responses to it in its history.
1508:
hand, representatives of the
California Department of Health Services are on record as of 1991 stating that "the plausible estimates of risk, derived from conservative, reasonable assumptions, exceed those developed by EPA and NRDC". As late as 1995, results continued to appear (e.g., from a medium-term carcinogenicity assay approved for use by the
1500:
Taken together, the complexity of the problem of assigning risk to this agent—the debate over assumptions concerning risks from early-in-life exposure, the principal role of a decomposition product rather than the agent itself in determining its long-term toxicity, the generation of that product both
1307:
than for unearthing formal wrongdoing in the Alar case (wherein, after reversal of an earlier, similar conviction on appeal, no charges were ultimately brought). In particular, the
Senators alleged that Kilgore had a financial connection to Uniroyal, with Wilkinson and the other five being accused of
1507:
did its own analyses and estimated that the human lifetime cancer risk was 5 cases per million, as compared to the previously reported figure of 50 per million. (The EPA had argued for a level of lifetime cancer risk of 1 per million to be the highest acceptable, in this type of case.) On the other
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to regulate their growth. When used on fruit trees, it affects flower bud initiation, fruit maturity, fruit firmness and coloring, and preharvest drop, which together make harvest easier and keep fruit from falling off the trees before they ripen; it also improves quality of fruit at time of harvest
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noted at that time, Alar's export was not prohibited, such that
Uniroyal could continue its sales in about 70 countries, which led critics to note that Americans still faced exposure (via imported fruit and juice). However, as of August 2022, daminozide/alar was appearing as a "severely restricted"
2029:
The denouement of the Alar controversy came quickly. Alar was removed from the apple market by its manufacturer, not because of regulatory requirements imposed by the EPA, but because of consumer pressure. The rapid decline in apple consumption that followed the "60 Minutes" report on
February 26,
1955:
The potent carcinogen, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), a break-down product of the pesticide daminozide, is the greatest source of the cancer risk identified by NRDC. The average preschooler's UDMH exposure during the first six years of life alone is estimated to result in a cancer risk of
1562:
A Pesticide
Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California at Davis. Major support and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment
1273:
Later, in May 1989, Democrats Joseph
Lieberman (D-CT) and Harry Reid (D-NV) held a press conference in which the pesticide program at the FDA was accused of being "riddled with pro-industry bias", charging that 7 of 8 SAP members had worked as "consultants for the 'chemical industry'" — that the
1343:
Later in 1989, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) decided to ban Alar on the grounds that "long-term exposure" posed "unacceptable risks to public health." However, in June 1989—before the EPA's preliminary decision to ban all food uses of Alar went into effect—Uniroyal, Alar's sole
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In 1989, the EPA outlawed daminozide on U.S. food crops, but still allowed it for non-food crops like ornamental plants. As of August 2022, daminozide appeared as severely restricted in its exports on the list of pesticides whose shipments were ineligible for export credit insurance under the
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Hepatocarcinogenic potential was assessed by comparing the number and area of preneoplastic foci positive for the glutathione S-transferase placental form... in the liver of treated rats, with those in controls given alone. Daminozide, UDMH, and the combination were not carcinogenic in this
1075:. Degradation into these products also occurs when the sprayed chemical residue remains on stored fruit, increasing with time and elevated temperature. UDMH has had a history of studies associating it with carcinogenic activity in animal models relevant to humans, beginning in the 1960s.
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In 1985, the EPA studied daminozide's effects on mice and hamsters, concluding that it was a "probable human carcinogen" with a dietary risk possibly as high as one cancer for every thousand people exposed, and proposed banning its use on food crops. They submitted the proposal to the
2685:
This extensive self-published work (this the first of a four-part series) is an attempt on the part of a former NRDC staffer to correct what she perceives to be the false narrative that has emerged, that pulling Alar from the market was an overreaction based on incomplete or poor
2401:
Initially, ACSH disclosed its donors, and it was obvious that the group embraced numerous causes connected to its funders. ACSH defended the chemical Alar, used to regulate the growth of apples – and accepted donations from
Uniroyal, which manufactured and sold
2660:
s formal reporting, months after, regarding the
Lieberman-Reid hearings into the ethics and ties of the EPA SAP to the chemical manufacturing industry, a hearing which resulted in institutional reviews of the rules (but no formal charges against any SAP
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This is a formal response of Edward Groth III of the
Consumers Union, reflecting the back-and-forth debate on this matter, at the highest levels of American science. See also the original Koshland editorial, and other responses on the pages following
1509:
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At the Fourth International Conference on Harmonization, our medium-term liver bioassay based on an initiation and promotion protocol was recommended in the guidelines as an acceptable alternative to the long-term rodent carcinogenicity
1294:, noted that these Senators' public scolding of SAP members—which was prompted by the FDA's "waffling on Alar"—led to the investigation of just these two academics by that agency's IG, and of forwarding of Kilgore's file to the
919:
activity in animal models relevant to humans). Breakdown into these two compounds also occurs when the sprayed chemical residue remains on stored fruit, especially with higher temperatures and over longer time periods.
1302:
how much the government ... more than 100,000 advisors, including scientists... who deal with issues ranging from biomedicine to arms control... involvement with industry without isolating itself from the expertise it
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When used on fruit trees, daminozide affects flower bud initiation, fruit maturity, fruit firmness and coloring, preharvest drop and market quality of fruit at time of harvest and during storage. When consumed by
1308:
having more general financial ties to the chemical industry; notably, the key formal contention was of possible violation of FDA ethics rules regarding limits to the "kind of consulting jobs that can be accepted
1274:
worst of them, after serving on the SAP (see below), had "later broke conflict-of-interest laws", with career university academic toxicologists Wendell Kilgore and Christopher Wilkinson (29 years,
1433:. "It is an egregious departure from science and logic when a substance is labeled 'cancer-causing' based on a response in a single animal study using high doses of a test material", she said.
2529:
Cabral R, Hakoi K, Hoshiya T, Hasegawa R, Ito N (1995). "Lack of Carcinogenicity of Daminozide, Alone or in Combination with its Contaminant 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, in a Medium-Term Bioassay".
1731:"Lists of Pesticides, Chemicals and Substances Ineligible for Export Credit Insurance: ANNEX C—List of Banned and Severely Restricted Pesticides Under the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Program"
1815:
1917:
1356:"he denouement... came quickly. Alar was removed from the apple market by its manufacturer, not because of regulatory requirements imposed by the EPA, but because of consumer pressure"
1014: with: a source-based description of both the modes of the plant regulatory bioactivity, and of its metabolism, and the involvement of its catabolites in toxicity. You can help by
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However, Uniroyal will continue to export Alar to about 70 countries, which means, critics said, that Americans still will face exposure from imported apple juice.
867:
proposed banning it based on concerns about cancer risks to consumers. In addition to apples and ornamental plants, Uniroyal also registered daminozide for use on
1282:) being singled out as "possible violators of the ethics code", with invitation to the "EP inspector general to investigate". Marshall Elliot, writing for the
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for review. Marshall further noted that the event was being seen, in the months following, more for its forcing clarification of rules regarding
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Agriculture: Eleven farmers will seek $ 250 million from '60 Minutes' and an environmental group. They charge 'product disparagement.'
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in particular) cost them $ 100 million. The suit was moved from state to federal court at the request of CBS. U.S. District Judge
2326:"Regulatory parallels to Daubert: stakeholder influence, "sound science," and the delayed adoption of health-protective standards"
1890:
Charges that two scientists who served on an EPA advisory panel later broke conflict-of-interest laws raise some vexing questions.
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urged EPA to ban daminozide, and some manufacturers and supermarket chains announced they would not accept Alar-treated apples.
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As of 2005, daminozide remained classified as a probable human carcinogen by the EPA, and listed as a known carcinogen under
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Lawyers for the network and its affiliates said the issue involved freedom of speech and should be heard in federal court.
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2015:
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300:-(Dimethylamino)succinamic acid; Butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethyl hydrazine); Succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide
241:
223:
161:
67:
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broadcast were swift and severe; as Percival, Schroeder, Miller, and Leape note in review of legal aspects in their
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1524:
1953:(Report). Project Coordinator: Jane Bloom. New York: Natural Resources Defense Council. pp. 2–3, 10–11, etc.
859:), which registered daminozide for use on fruits intended for human consumption in 1963. It was primarily used on
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1197:
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While described by the FDA as an amino acid derivative, daminozide is more formally and correctly described as a
270:
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1708:(Report). R.E.D. Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-738-F-93-007. Archived from
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significant levels of "carcinogenicity of daminozide, alone or in combination with... 1,1-dimethylhydrazine".
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manufacturer, agreed to halt voluntarily all domestic sales of Alar for food uses. Hence, the consequences of
1315:
The next year, the EPA retracted its proposed ban on Alar and required farmers to reduce its use by 50%. The
2436:
1921:
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1987:
John B. Oakes, a Natural Resources Defense Council trustee, was Editorial Page Editor of The New York Times.
1969:
501:
396:
2003:
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1421:(ACSH), which had received $ 25,000 from Alar's manufacturer, stated that Alar and its breakdown product
1407:
ruled in 1993 that the apple growers had not proved their case, and it was subsequently dismissed by the
1147:
1102:
522:
452:
53:
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953: with: a source-derived description of the chemical, its properties, and syntheses. You can help by
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201:
in random checks, some end of sentence/paragraph citations failed to support all information preceding
2999:
2893:
2748:
2468:"A Medium-Term Rat Liver Bioassay for Rapid in vivo Detection of Carcinogenic Potential of Chemicals"
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in particular, the "rapid decline in apple consumption that followed the "60 Minutes" report" As the
1263:
408:
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broadcast a story about Alar that featured the NRDC report highlighting problems with the chemical.
2721:
2225:
1404:
539:
446:
143:
1586:(Report). Pesticide Fact Sheets. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PFS no. 26.
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First Amendment law requires plaintiffs bringing such lawsuits to prove media reports were false.
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1369:
List of Banned and Severely Restricted Pesticides Under the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Program
1201:
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1945:
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1947:
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912:
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28:
2005:
989:, and in its pure form is a high-melting temperature water-soluble white crystalline solid.
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1709:
1583:
1399:(hired by NRDC to publicize their report on Alar) claiming that unfair business practices (
856:
510:
378:
283:
17:
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Fenton engineered a PR campaign that was the worst thing to happen to the apple since Eve.
1946:
Sewell, Bradford H.; Whyatt, Robin M.; Hathaway, Janet; Mott, Lawrie (February 27, 1989).
1632:
1212:
322:
8:
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2878:
2714:
2113:
2004:
Percival, Robert V.; Schroeder, Christopher H.; Miller, Alan S.; Leape, James P. (2003).
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312:
2494:
2467:
2437:"A Survey of Residual Cancer Risks Permitted by Health, Safety and Environmental Policy"
543:
400:
94:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2593:
2507:
2484:
2363:
1974:
1429:, Whelan said that groups like the NRDC were ignoring a basic principle of toxicology:
1384:
1323:
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908:
358:
1631:(Press release). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 7 November 1989. Archived from
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2601:
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Mitchell S. Bernard is litigation director for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
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2011:
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135:
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2585:
2538:
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2479:
2414:
Whelen, Elizabeth (June 1991). "Cancer Scares and Our Inverted Health Priorities".
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2337:
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2148:
1866:
1781:
1666:
1414:
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606:
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1665:. Advances in Risk Analysis. Vol. 9. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 275–284.
474:
2913:
2823:
2325:
2292:"The Natural Resources Defense Council was right on Alar in 1989 and it still is"
2143:
2082:
1785:
1670:
1504:
1362:
1108:
139:
59:
2010:(4th ed.). Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishing. pp. 388–392, esp. p. 391.
2793:
1773:
1658:
1457:
764:
190:
2617:"Science Advisers Need Advice [News & Comment: Ethics in Science]"
1851:"Science Advisers Need Advice [News & Comment: Ethics in Science]"
690:
2978:
2948:
2943:
2873:
2858:
2803:
2753:
2383:"Leaked Documents Reveal the Secret Finances of a Pro-Industry Science Group"
2341:
1758:
The agent is neither synthesized from, not does it contain as component, any
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982:
904:
848:
661:
389:
2696:
2636:
2589:
1870:
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2903:
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2503:
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1582:
EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (June 30, 1984).
2644:
2605:
2550:
1878:
2848:
2828:
2813:
2778:
1659:"Alar in Fruit: Limited Regulatory Action in the Face of Uncertain Risks"
1461:
567:
InChI=1S/C6H12N2O3/c1-8(2)7-5(9)3-4-6(10)11/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,7,9)(H,10,11)
194:
1701:
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (September 1993).
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2853:
2818:
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1266:(SAP), which concluded that the tests were inadequate to determine the
1154: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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until 1989, when the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew it after the
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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2416:
1039:
727:
435:
345:
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1772:
Hathaway, Janet S. (1993), Pimentel, David; Lehman, Hugh (eds.),
461:
1548:. Ithaca, NY: Extension Toxicology Network [CCE. Archived from
1073:
1, 1-dimethylhydrazine ("unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine", UDMH)
1425:
had not been shown to be carcinogenic. During a 1990 speech at
1375:, making its shipments ineligible for export credit insurance.
1056:
896:
888:
884:
868:
747:
2434:
1208:
2706:
2670:(self-published blog; HuffPost Contributor platform, defunct)
1598:"daminozide | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY"
1043:
880:
872:
860:
485:
335:
527:
1774:"Alar: The EPA's Mismanagement of an Agricultural Chemical"
1657:
Zeise L, Painter P, Berteau PE, Fan AM, Jackson RJ (1991).
1422:
876:
426:
2528:
1778:
The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics
915:(a compound with a history of studies associating it with
1345:
1331:
1907:"How They Lie – Part 4: The True Story of Alar – Part 2"
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
2702:
EPA: Daminozide (Alar) Pesticide Canceled for Food Uses
1656:
1833:
2697:
FDA Report RISK COMMUNICATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE pdf
2572:
Groth III, Edward (19 May 1989). "Alar in Apples ".
2040:
2038:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1816:"Daminozide: A Chemical Controversy in the Orchards"
1629:"Daminozide (Alar) Pesticide Canceled for Food Uses"
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1575:
1573:
1571:
1409:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
2629:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2582:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2203:"Apple Growers Bruised and Bitter After Alar Scare"
1948:
Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food
1863:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1663:
The Analysis, Communication, and Perception of Risk
2007:Environmental Regulation: Law, Science, and Policy
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1051:Carcinogenicity of daminozide degradation products
2571:
2435:Sadowitz, March; Graham, John D. (January 1995).
2381:Kroll, Andy; Schulman, Jeremy (28 October 2013).
2047:"Alar Panic Shows Power of Media to Trigger Fear"
2035:
1992:
1568:
2976:
1055:When daminozide residue on fruit is consumed by
473:
288:4-(2,2-Dimethylhydrazin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
2614:
2465:
2256:"Apple Growers' Lawsuit Against CBS Thrown Out"
2172:"Apple Growers to File Lawsuit in Alar Dispute"
1900:
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666:159.24 °C; 318.63 °F; 432.39 K
2722:
2664:
2380:
1814:Mitchell, Patricia Picone (October 2, 1985).
1780:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 337–343,
1724:
1722:
124:The examples and perspective in this article
1895:
1078:
2667:"The True Alar Story [Part 1 of 4]"
2323:
2319:
2317:
2044:
1546:"Pestocide Information Profile: Daminozide"
1117:Learn how and when to remove these messages
981:. It is the product of the condensation of
68:Learn how and when to remove these messages
27:"Alar" redirects here. For other uses, see
2729:
2715:
2466:Ito N, Tamano S, Shirai T (January 2003).
1728:
1719:
1211:. Please do not remove this message until
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1488:Learn how and when to remove this message
1249:Learn how and when to remove this message
1231:Learn how and when to remove this message
1170:Learn how and when to remove this message
509:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
162:Learn how and when to remove this message
2407:
2314:
2139:"Apple Growers Sue Over CBS Alar Report"
1904:
1813:
1771:
1207:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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2283:
2106:
2100:
1739:Export-Import Bank of the United States
1373:Export-Import Bank of the United States
926:Export–Import Bank of the United States
538:
451:
14:
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2441:RISK: Health, Safety & Environment
2413:
2075:
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1914:Rachel's Environment & Health News
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1419:American Council on Science and Health
390:
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1967:
1067:(a non-toxic general intermediate in
907:(a non-toxic general intermediate in
570:Key: NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2290:Bernard, Mitchell S. (2 June 2013).
2200:
2170:Puzo, Daniel P. (20 November 1990).
2169:
2131:
1970:"Opinion: A Silent Spring, for Kids"
1905:Montague, Peter (January 29, 1997).
1807:
1440:
1181:
1152:adding citations to reliable sources
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996:
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865:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
173:
110:
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33:
2107:Carlson, Peter (11 February 1990).
1661:. In Garrick BJ, Gekler WC (eds.).
1614:
464:
434:
24:
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2485:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01343.x
2391:. Foundation for National Progress
2268:from the original on March 9, 2020
2045:Shaw, David (September 12, 1994).
992:
25:
3011:
2690:
1918:Environmental Research Foundation
1544:EXTOXNET Staff (September 1993).
1387:apple growers filed a lawsuit in
1328:Natural Resources Defense Council
1098:This section has multiple issues.
49:This article has multiple issues.
2665:Gordon, Wendy (March 30, 2011).
2078:"Apple Chemical Alar Off Market"
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2615:Marshall, Eliot (7 July 1989).
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1961:
1939:
1849:Marshall, Eliot (7 July 1989).
1470:check for citation inaccuracies
1139:needs additional citations for
1106:or discuss these issues on the
853:Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc.
767:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
206:check for citation inaccuracies
57:or discuss these issues on the
2736:
2201:Egan, Timothy (July 9, 1991).
2076:Gunset, George (3 June 1989).
1765:
1752:
1694:
1590:
1537:
1317:American Academy of Pediatrics
1063:into two chemical components,
1034:Daminozide is classified as a
630:
612:
13:
1:
2221:"CBS Seeks to Move Alar Suit"
1968:Oakes, John B. (1989-03-30).
1729:EXIM Staff (11 August 2022).
1530:
1312:leaving an advisory panel" .
2324:Neff RA, Goldman LR (2005).
1786:10.1007/978-0-585-36973-0_13
1671:10.1007/978-1-4899-2370-7_27
1389:Yakima County Superior Court
931:
7:
1602:www.guidetopharmacology.org
1378:
1213:conditions to do so are met
855:, (now integrated into the
679:or concentration (LD, LC):
138:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3016:
2531:Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen
1417:and her organization, the
1270:of the tested substances.
26:
2744:
1431:the dose makes the poison
1264:Scientific Advisory Panel
1079:U.S. campaign to ban Alar
847:. It was produced in the
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675:
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599:
579:
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88:This article needs to be
2351:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818
2342:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818
2226:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1405:William Fremming Nielsen
1350:Environmental Regulation
2995:Plant growth regulators
2637:10.1126/science.2740907
2590:10.1126/science.2727678
2297:The Washington Examiner
1871:10.1126/science.2740907
1296:U.S. Justice Department
199:. The reason given is:
2543:10.1002/tcm.1770150607
1358:
1305:
1036:plant growth regulator
845:plant growth regulator
723:Related alkanoic acids
2264:. 14 September 1993.
1401:product disparagement
1397:Fenton Communications
1354:
1300:
913:1,1-dimethylhydrazine
743:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
29:Alar (disambiguation)
2959:Tetrafluorohydrazine
2929:Pivalylbenzhydrazine
1148:improve this article
1047:and during storage.
857:Chemtura Corporation
284:Preferred IUPAC name
144:create a new article
136:improve this article
126:may not represent a
2336:(Suppl 1): S81–91.
2114:The Washington Post
1635:on October 3, 2012.
1334:television program
1200:of this section is
648: g·mol
591:CN(C)NC(=O)CCC(O)=O
359:Beilstein Reference
256:
2990:1963 introductions
2447:(1). article no. 4
2330:Am J Public Health
2207:The New York Times
2151:. 29 November 1990
2109:"The Image Makers"
1975:The New York Times
1927:on August 30, 2017
1737:. Washington, DC:
1383:In November 1990,
1069:primary metabolism
909:primary metabolism
794:Infobox references
717:Related compounds
254:
2972:
2971:
2177:Los Angeles Times
2052:Los Angeles Times
1916:. Brunswick, NJ:
1795:978-0-585-36973-0
1680:978-1-4899-2372-1
1584:Daminozide (Alar)
1498:
1497:
1490:
1427:Hillsdale College
1259:
1258:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1121:
1032:
1031:
985:with 2,2-dimethyl
975:dicarboxylic acid
971:
970:
887:transplants, and
802:Chemical compound
800:
799:
735:Related compounds
709:
703:
523:CompTox Dashboard
347:Interactive image
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
172:
171:
164:
146:, as appropriate.
109:
108:
72:
16:(Redirected from
3007:
3000:Apple production
2909:Phenoxypropazine
2731:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2656:This article is
2655:
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2261:Orlando Sentinel
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2240:
2238:
2233:. 4 January 1991
2231:Associated Press
2217:
2211:
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2198:
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2149:Associated Press
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1990:
1989:
1984:
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1926:
1920:. Archived from
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1448:
1441:
1415:Elizabeth Whelan
1284:News & Views
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1027:
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1005:
997:
966:
963:
944:
936:
899:, daminozide is
843:which acts as a
784:
778:
775:
774:
753:Bis-tris propane
707:
702:(dermal, rabbit)
701:
700:>1,600 mg kg
647:
632:
626:
620:
614:
607:Chemical formula
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546:
531:
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2973:
2968:
2914:Phenylhydrazine
2740:
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2669:
2649:
2647:
2568:
2566:Further reading
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2154:
2152:
2144:Chicago Tribune
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2117:
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2101:
2088:
2086:
2083:Chicago Tribune
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1820:Washington Post
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1626:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1555:
1553:
1552:on June 6, 2013
1542:
1538:
1533:
1505:Consumers Union
1494:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1381:
1363:Chicago Tribune
1286:section of the
1268:carcinogenicity
1255:
1244:
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1191:
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1092:
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1081:
1059:species, it is
1053:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1012:needs expansion
1006:
995:
993:Modes of action
967:
961:
958:
951:needs expansion
945:
934:
803:
796:
791:
790:
789: ?)
780:
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656:White crystals
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2801:
2796:
2794:Carbohydrazide
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
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2756:
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2692:
2691:External links
2689:
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2537:(6): 307–312.
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1991:
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1894:
1832:
1806:
1794:
1764:
1751:
1718:
1715:on 2006-10-06.
1693:
1679:
1638:
1613:
1589:
1567:
1535:
1534:
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1529:
1496:
1495:
1454:This section
1453:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1380:
1377:
1278:and 22 years,
1257:
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1009:
1007:
1000:
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968:
948:
946:
939:
933:
930:
808:also known as
801:
798:
797:
792:
770:
769:
765:standard state
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130:of the subject
128:worldwide view
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2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Semicarbazone
2947:
2945:
2944:Semicarbazide
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
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2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Metfendrazine
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Isocarboxazid
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Dihydralazine
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Acylhydrazine
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2727:
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2019:
2017:9780735536562
2013:
2009:
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1998:
1996:
1988:
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1964:
1957:
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1517:
1515:
1512:)—supporting
1511:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1481:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1437:Current views
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:against CBS,
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:entry on the
1365:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
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1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
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1313:
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1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:publication,
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
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1250:
1235:
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1224:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1137:This section
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:succinic acid
1062:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1010:This section
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
990:
988:
984:
983:succinic acid
980:
976:
965:
956:
952:
949:This section
947:
943:
938:
937:
929:
927:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:succinic acid
902:
898:
892:
890:
886:
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874:
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669:
665:
663:
662:Melting point
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540:DTXSID9020370
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391:ECHA InfoCard
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187:This article
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61:
56:
55:
50:
45:
36:
35:
30:
19:
2934:Procarbazine
2919:Pildralazine
2904:Pheniprazine
2798:
2677:. Retrieved
2674:HuffPost.com
2673:
2657:
2648:. Retrieved
2624:
2620:
2577:
2573:
2554:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2475:
2471:
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2449:. Retrieved
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306:Identifiers
297:
295:Other names
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189:may contain
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2829:Hydralazine
2814:Endralazine
2779:Cadralazine
1931:October 18,
1478:August 2022
1326:opinion by
1221:August 2022
1160:August 2022
1061:catabolised
1042:sprayed on
1023:August 2022
962:August 2022
901:catabolised
806:Daminozide,
708:(oral, rat)
691:median dose
677:Lethal dose
653:Appearance
600:Properties
397:100.014.988
255:Daminozide
214:August 2022
152:August 2022
100:August 2022
2985:Hydrazides
2979:Categories
2924:Pimagedine
2899:Phenelzine
2869:Mebanazine
2854:Iproniazid
2819:Gyromitrin
2799:Daminozide
2738:Hydrazines
2478:(1): 3–8.
2472:Cancer Sci
2058:August 11,
1981:August 11,
1801:2024-03-02
1760:amino acid
1703:Daminozide
1607:2023-09-24
1531:References
1521:California
1385:Washington
1337:60 Minutes
1322:In a 1989
1276:UCal-Davis
1198:neutrality
1103:improve it
879:, Concord
641:Molar mass
511:F6KF33M5UB
453:daminozide
370:ChemSpider
334:3D model (
313:CAS Number
54:improve it
2939:Safrazine
2889:Octamoxin
2884:Nialamide
2864:Isoniazid
2844:Hydrazone
2839:Hydrazine
2834:Hydrazide
2789:Carbidopa
2784:Carbazide
2769:Agaritine
2679:13 August
2650:13 August
2631:: 20–22.
2451:11 August
2023:11 August
1884:13 August
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1744:11 August
1686:10 August
1458:citations
1209:talk page
1109:talk page
1057:mammalian
987:hydrazine
979:hydrazide
932:Chemistry
810:aminozide
493:WM9625000
418:216-485-9
410:EC Number
323:1596-84-5
191:citations
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2661:member).
2658:Science'
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728:Octopine
671:Hazards
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2764:Adjudin
2645:2740907
2621:Science
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873:peaches
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