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societal reform movement that turned into a geopolitical one in response to the events of 1878, reacting against both the policies of
Ottoman rule and those of rival Balkan nationalisms. Competing with neighbours for contested areas forced Albanians to make their case for nationhood and seek support from European powers. Some scholars disagree with the view that Albanian nationalism emerged in 1878 or argue that the paradigm of setting a specific start date is wrong, but those events are widely considered a pivotal moment that led to the politicization of the Albanian national movement and the emergence of myths being generated that became part of the mythology of Albanian nationalism that is expressed in contemporary times within Albanian collective culture and memory. That historical context also made the Albanian national movement defensive in outlook as nationalists sought national affirmation and to counter what they viewed as the erosion of national sentiments and language. By the 19th century Albanians were divided into three religious groups. Catholic Albanians had some Albanian ethno-linguistic expression in schooling and church due to Austro-Hungarian protection and Italian clerical patronage. Orthodox Albanians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople had liturgy and schooling in Greek and toward the late Ottoman period mainly identified with Greek national aspirations. Muslim Albanians during this period formed around 70% of the overall Balkan Albanian population in the Ottoman Empire with an estimated population of more than a million.
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nationalists in generalised terms as "Slavs" and view them without historic territorial rights within an expanded
Albanian state. In Kosovo, the additional Dardanian-Illyrian theory also exists that claims contemporary Kosovar Albanians as direct descendants of Dardanians, a subgroup of the Illyrian people who inhabited the area in antiquity. The Dardanians are viewed by Kosovar Albanians as having been Catholics and interpreted as making Albanians historically part of Western civilisation in opposition to the Slavs who are alleged to have taken Catholic churches and converted them into Orthodox ones. The myth has impacted the struggle for Kosovan self-determination from the Serbs in that an independent Kosovo is viewed separate from Albania and as a recovery and recreation of the ancient Dardanian kingdom. Albanian unification has however been interpreted by Kosovar Albanians in the context of reuniting ancient Dardanians into a larger Illyrian whole or modern Albanians of Kosovo into a Greater Albania. The myth has also served to justify expulsion and dispossession of the perceived enemy understood as either temporary or hostile occupiers. A strong link exists in Kosovo for Albanians between nationalist politics and archaeology. Kosovar Albanian archaeologists continue to attempt through archeological excavations and their interpretations to connect Kosovar Albanians with the local ancient Dardanian and Illyrian populations.
2770:, Volume 44, pp. 185-228. pp. 194-195: "The initial or Phase A consists in the intellectual interest and scholarly inquiry of an awareness of the linguistic, cultural and social attributes of the particular ethnic group. No clear national demands (for independence) exists in this stage. The second period or Phase B concerns the patriotic activities of elites to “awaken” national consciousness among the ethnic group or the period of patriotic agitation. The final stage or Phase C denotes the transformation of nationalists movements from a narrow one restricted with political and intellectual circles into a mass movement. In the Albanian case as we will see below, we can argue that Phase A, generally speaking covers the period from the beginning of the Reforms of Tanzimat or the publication of first the Albanian alphabet in 1844 as a symbolic date, until the collapse of the League of Prizren (1881) or the publication of Sami Frashëri‟s nationalist Manifest in 1899, while Phase B intensifies after the crushing of the League of Prizren by the Sublime Porte and especially after the Greek-Ottoman crisis in 1897. It continues even after the declaration of independence, because of the fragile or gelatinous state structure. The spread of nationalism to masses or the Phase C starts only with the establishment of a proper state structure and political stability after 1920."
1165:. Developing a strong Albanian national consciousness and sentiment overrode other concerns such as annexing areas with an Albanian population like Kosovo. Kosovar Albanian nationalism has been defined through its clash with Serbian nationalism where both view Kosovo as the birthplace of their cultural and national identities. Ottoman rule ended in 1912 during the Balkan Wars with Kosovo and North Macedonia becoming part of Serbia. During this time Serb forces in Kosovo engaged in killings and forced migration of Albanians while the national building aims of the Serbian state were to assimilate some and remove most Albanians by replacing them with Serbian settlers. The Serb state believed that Albanians had no sense of nationhood while Albanian nationalism was viewed as the result of Austro-Hungarian and Italian intrigue. These events fostered feelings of Albanian victimisation and defeatism, grudges against the Serbs and Great Powers who had agreed to that state of affairs which ran alongside Albanian nationalism. Kosovar Albanian nationalism drew upon and became embedded in popular culture such as village customs within a corpus of rich historical myths, distinctive folk music referring to harvests along with marriage and clan based law.
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Euro-Atlantic integration. Themes and concepts of history from the Zog and later Hoxha era have still continued to be modified and adopted within a post communist environment to fit contemporary
Albania's aspirations regarding Europe. Trends from Albanian nationalist historiography composed by scholars during and of the communist era onward linger on that interpret Ottoman rule as being the "yoke" period, akin to other Balkan historiographies. The legacy of understanding history through such dichotomies has remained for a majority of Albanians which for example they view Skanderbeg and the anti-Ottoman forces as "good" while the Ottomans are "bad". The Albanian government depicts Skanderbeg as a leader of the Albanian resistance to the Ottomans and creator of an Albanian centralised state without emphasizing his Christian background. Figures from the Muslim community such as state founder Ismail Qemali is revered by the government and viewed by Albanians as a defender of the nation though their religious background has been sidelined. The figure of Saint
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Albania, non-Albanians had to attend
Albanian schools that taught a curricula containing nationalism alongside fascism and were made to adopt Albanian forms for their names and surnames. The same nationalist sentiments among Albanians which welcomed the addition of Kosovo and its Albanians within an enlarged state also worked against the Italians as foreign occupation became increasingly rejected. Apart from verbal opposition, other responses to the Italian presence eventually emerged as armed insurrection through the Albanian communist party. Italian authorities had misjudged the growth of an Albanian national consciousness during the Zog years with the assumption that Albanian nationalism was weak or could be directed by the Italians. Regional divisions became heightened when resistance groups with differing agendas emerged in the north and south of Albania which slowed the growth of nationalism. In 1943, Italian control became replaced with German rule and the fiction of an independent Albania was maintained.
3776:, p. 183."Nineteenth-century Albanianism was not by any means a separatist project based on the desire to break with the Ottoman Empire and to create a nationstate. In its essence Albanian nationalism was a reaction to the gradual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and a response to the threats posed by Christian and Balkan national movements to a population that was predominantly Muslim. In this sense, its main goal was to gather all ‘Albanian’ vilayet's into an autonomous province inside the Ottoman Empire. In fact, given its focus on the defence of the language, history and culture of a population spread across various regions and states, from Italy to the Balkans, it was not associated with any specific type of polity, but rather with the protection of its rights within the existing states. This was due to the fact that, culturally, early Albanian nationalists belonged to a world in which they were at home, though poised between different languages, cultures, and at times even states."
3071:, pp. 173–174. "Writers like Angelo Masci (1758– 1821), Emanuele Bidera (1784– 1858), De Rada's mentor and teacher, Demetrio Camarda (1821–82), Giuseppe Crispi (1781–1859) and Vincenzo Dorsa (1823–85) were thus among the first to entertain the prospect of an autonomous Albanian nationality, collecting local folklore, turning their ancient Albanian dialect into a written language at a time when Albanian still lacked a written form, and building a national pantheon, which included Philip and Alexander the Great of Macedonia, King Pyrrhus of Epirus (fourth century BC) and Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg (1405–68). They did so under the influence of works by Western scholars on Albania, and, more importantly, in the context of the cultural revival associated with the rise of southern Italian patriotism. Calabria and Sicily, where the main Albanian diaspora was settled, were the theatre of major social and political changes in the first decades of the nineteenth century."
1902:(Slavs) that also carries pejorative connotations. Albanian nationalists view Macedonians as being without historic territorial rights over areas in Macedonia that would become part of a Greater Albania and lay claim to half of the territory of the republic. In the political sphere Albanian parties maintain secular and nationalistic platforms while supporting the secular framework of the state with an insistence on protecting Islam and the culture of Muslim constituents along with control and interference of Muslim institutions. Unlike Albania and Kosovo, national identity and Islam are traditionally linked and stronger among Albanians from Macedonia. The status of Albanians being a minority in Macedonia and that most are Muslims have blended national and religious identity in opposition to the Orthodox Slavic Macedonian majority. Some Muslim Albanian establishment figures in Macedonia hold that view that being a good Muslim is synonymous with being Albanian.
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some underground cells initiating conflict which in all was a reaction to
Serbian government policies and repression. From the late 1980s onward Islam within the scope of Albanian identity was downplayed by many Kosovar Albanian intellectual and political figures while Christianity was promoted as a Western marker of "European identity". Post-communism, Kosovo Albanians alongside Albanians in Macedonia became the main force steering Albanian nationalism, while Islam did not become a main focal point in articulating Albanian political nationalism. Islam was not a significant factor in the recent political mobilization of Kosovar Albanian Muslims who joined with Catholic Albanians during their struggle against the Serbs. During these years Rugova as elected president by Albanians promoted an Albanian identity that stressed their Europeanness and antiquity, in particular one based on ancient Dardania. With the Kosovo issue sidelined at the
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the formation of
Albanian nationalism which resembled Western European nationalisms. The Albanian language instead of religion became the primary focus of promoting national unity. Albanian National Awakening figures during the late Ottoman period generated vernacular literature in Albanian. Often those works were poems which contained nationalist aspirations and political themes which in part secured support for the Albanian nationalist cause when transformed into narrative songs that spread among the male population of Albanian speaking villagers in the Balkans. Nation building efforts gained momentum after 1900 among the Catholic population by the clergy and members such as craftsmen and traders of the Bektashi and Orthodox community in the south. With a de-emphasis of Islam, the Albanian nationalist movement gained the strong support of two Adriatic sea powers Austria-Hungary and Italy who were concerned about
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Illyrian-Albanian continuity alongside the precedence of that population in Kosovo and North
Macedonia over Serbs and Macedonians. Kosovar Albanian historians also focused on the Second World War partisan struggle and the Albanian contribution to the liberation of Yugoslavia as being proportionate to other nationalities. These arguments were used to justify Albanian claims toward a right to Kosovo and for the Albanian desire to elevate Kosovo as a seventh republic of the Yugoslav federation. Education in Albanian became a source of Albanian nationalism and was confined to Albanian-language texts being inaccessible to non-Albanians while school text books were to some extent nationalistic. Albanian historiography in Albanian-language texts were viewed by critics in Yugoslavia as a root cause of the "indoctrination of the youth" in nationalism.
3508:, p. 176. "De Rada's contribution to the formulation of a theory about the historical origins of the Albanian nation reflected both his concern to emphasize the close association between Italy and Albanian nationalism, and his preoccupation with the distinctiveness of the Albanian nationality as against the Greek. The Italo-Albanians identified the origins of the Albanian nation in the Pelasgian or Pellazg people (otherwise known as Pelasgi in Risorgimento literature), whose history could be traced back to 2000 BC, and whose territories covered parts of Greece, Albania itself, and, further to the west, Italy and Sicily; they stressed the sheer antiquity of the Albanian language, deeming it to be the oldest in the region, even older than Greek, in order to justify their claims to political and cultural emancipation."
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1726:, a KLA commander and surrounding Yugoslav troops in 1998 resulted in the massacre of most Jashari family members. The event became a rallying myth for KLA recruitment regarding armed resistance to Serb forces. By 1999 international interest in Kosovo eventuated into war resulting in NATO intervention against Milosević, ethnic cleansing of thousands of Albanians driving them into neighbouring countries with the cessation of conflict marking the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces. Many people from non-Albanian communities such as the Serbs and Romani fled Kosovo fearing revenge attacks by armed people and returning refugees while others were pressured by the KLA and armed gangs to leave. Post conflict Kosovo was placed under an international United Nations framework with the
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1070:. Apart from Greek nationalism being viewed as a threat to Albanian nationalism, emphasising an antiquity of the Albanian nation served new political contexts and functions during the 1880s. It also arose from the Albanian need to counter Slavic national movements seeking independence from the Ottomans through a Balkan federation. In time the Pelasgian theory was replaced with the Illyrian theory regarding Albanian origins and descent due it being more convincing and supported by a number of scholars, The Illyrian theory became an important pillar of Albanian nationalism due to its consideration as evidence of Albanian continuity in territories such as Kosovo and the south of Albania contested with the Serbs and Greeks.
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people. Albanian society was still traditionally divided between four religious communities. In the
Albanian census of 1945, Muslims (Sunni and Bektashi) were 72% of the population, 17.2% were Orthodox and 10% Catholic. The support base of the communist party was small and the need to sideline the Kosovo issue resulted in Hoxha resorting to extreme albeit non-traditional (non irredentist) form of state-nationalism to remain in power and to turn Albania into a Stalinist state. Hoxha implemented widespread education reform aimed at eradicating illiteracy and education which became used to impart the regime's communist ideology and nationalism. In Albania nationalism during communism had as its basis the ideology of
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1699:, more militant and younger voices disillusioned with Rugova's pacifism dominated like the Kosovo Liberation Army (founded 1992) that began attacks against Serbian forces. The KLA had emerged from the LPRK as many of its members belonged to the political movement. As its founding goal was to unite Albanian inhabited lands in the Balkans into a Greater Albania, the ideological underpinnings of the KLA were overwhelmingly that of Albanian nationalism stressing Albanian culture, ethnicity and nation. Post-independence, a referendum was held in Albanian majority western North Macedonia for autonomy and binational state federalisation of which some Albanian politicians from Tetovo and Struga declared the
836:, Muslim Albanians became torn between loyalties to the Ottoman state and the emerging Albanian nationalist movement. Islam, the Sultan and the Ottoman Empire were traditionally seen as synonymous in belonging to the wider Muslim community. The Albanian nationalist movement advocated self-determination and strived to achieve socio-political recognition of Albanians as a separate people and language within the state. Albanian nationalism was a movement that began among Albanian intellectuals without popular demand from the wider Albanian population. Geopolitical events pushed Albanian nationalists, many Muslim, to distance themselves from the Ottomans, Islam and the then emerging pan-Islamic
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nationalists, those who wanted to safeguard
Albanian autonomy under an Ottoman state and an Albania divided along sectarian lines with an independent Catholic Albania envisaged mainly by Catholics. The emerging Albanian nationalist elite promoted the use of Albanian as a medium of political and intellectual expression. Albanian nationalism overall was a reaction to the gradual breakup of the Ottoman Empire and a response to Balkan and Christian national movements that posed a threat to an Albanian population that was mainly Muslim. Efforts were devoted to including vilayets with an Albanian population into a larger unitary Albanian autonomous province within the Ottoman state.
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to advance the cause of Great
Albania. During the Kosovo crisis (1999) Albania was divided between two positions. The first being an Albanian nationalism motivating Albania to aid and provide refuge for Kosovar Albanian refugees while being a conduit for arming Kosovar Albanians and the second that the country was unable to provide those resources, aid and asylum. Greater Albania remains mainly in the sphere of political rhetoric and overall Balkan Albanians view EU integration as the solution to combat crime, weak governance, civil society and bringing different Albanian populations together. In the 2000s onward polling data on
1049:. For Italo-Albanians, the origins of the Albanians lay with the Pelasgians, an obscure ancient people that lived during antiquity in parts of Greece and Albania. To validate Albanian claims for cultural and political emancipation, Italo-Albanians maintained that Albanian was the oldest language in the region, even older than Greek. The theory of Pelasgian origins was used by the Greeks to attract and incorporate Albanians into the Greek national project through references to common Pelasgian descent. The Pelasgian theory was welcomed by some Albanian intellectuals who had received Greek schooling. For Orthodox Albanians such as
1861:. This was put down to fears that not doing so would result in Albanian nationalism possibly making the situation difficult and worse for the international community in Kosovo had conflict eventuated. Albanian nationalism is viewed in the Balkans as having furthered events in Kosovo which has caused concerns about the phenomenon of nationalism and generated fears among Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Romanians and Bulgarians. The ending of the Kosovo war resulted in the emergence of offshoot guerilla groups and political organisations from the KLA continuing various violent struggles. In the Preševo valley the
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1192:. Another factor that reinforced nationalistic sentiments among the population was the return of 20–30,000 Orthodox Albanian emigrants mainly to the Korçë region who had attained Albanian nationalist sentiments abroad. The experience of World War I, concerns over being partitioned and loss of power made the Muslim Albanian population support Albanian nationalism and the territorial integrity of Albania. An understanding also emerged between most Sunni and Bektashi Albanians that religious differences needed to be sidelined for national cohesiveness. During the First World War occupation by
3523:, p. 7. "These theories were of particular importance in southern Albania, whose territory was disputed between Albanian and Greek nationalisms.... On the Greek side, the Pelasgic theory was at first used to facilitate the incorporation of all Albanians (and other inhabitants of the Balkans) into the Greek national projects as common descendants of the Pelasgians; this theory was at first welcome by some Greek educated Albanian intellectuals (Sigalas 1999: 62-85). On the Albanian side, it supported the claim of priority and ownership of Albanians on the territories they inhabited"
1813:, whose works have revitalised 19th century ideas about Albanian descent from ancient Pelasgians (shared with the Greeks) and being a European "white race" originating from them alongside many Greek words having an Albanian etymology. In Albania the Pelasgian theory has been used by Albanians in Albania and Albanian immigrants in Greece as a tool to rehabilitate themselves as an ancient and autochthonous population in the Balkans to "prove" the precedence of Albanians over Greeks. The revival of the alternative Pelasgian theory has occurred within the context of post-communist
3562:, p. 80. "The myth of ethnic homogeneity and cultural purity, however, dictated otherwise... That Albanian writers felt the need to argue in this way was easily understandable at a time when Greek propagandists were claiming that the Albanians were not a proper people at all, that their language was just a mish mash of other languages and that any member of the Greek Orthodox Church was 'really' a Greek. At the same time, Slav publicists were insisting either that the Albanians of Kosova were 'really' Slavs, or that they were 'Turks' who could be 'sent back' to Turkey."
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nationalists viewed their inclusion within Yugoslavia as an occupation. In Thesprotia, northwestern Greece communal discord between Muslims and Christians dating to the interwar period escalated into conflict during the war. Italian and later German forces made promises of territorial unification with Albania to local Muslim Albanian Chams who supported the Axis powers and some collaborated outright in operations violently targeting local Greeks and Greek identifying Orthodox Albanian speakers that in resulted in their expulsion (1944–1945) by EDES forces into Albania.
2968:, pp. 460–461. "In consequence of the Russian-Ottoman war, a violent expulsion of nearly the entire Muslim, predominantly Albanian-speaking, population was carried out in the sanjak of Niš and Toplica during the winter of 1877-1878 by the Serbian troops. This was one major factor encouraging further violence, but also contributing greatly to the formation of the League of Prizren. The league was created in an opposing reaction to the Treaty of San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin and is generally regarded as the beginning of the Albanian national movement.
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2042:(AK). Anti-Greek sentiments expressed as conspiracy theories among Albanians are over perceived fears of hellenisation of Albanians through economic incentives creating a "time-bomb" by artificially raising Greek numbers alongside Greek irredentism toward Southern Albania. There are conspiracy theories in which the identification with Greek expansionist plans would classify them as potential enemies of the state. Some Albanians are in favour of Albania being more self-assertive and having a more ethnonationalist strategy toward the "Greek issue".
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1623:(LPRK) in Germany (1982). Unification of Albanians into one state was a demand viewed as separatism and irredentism in Yugoslavia which was banned. Kosovar Albanian nationalists were divided into groups with one that wanted to focus on the Albanian question as a whole and the other mainly focusing on Kosovo. Political dissent by Kosovar Albanians followed resulting in imprisonment and comprising the majority of political prisoners during the 1970s and 1980s. The high birthrate in Kosovo was viewed by Albanians as a way of achieving a
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being annexed by Greece and Serbia. On the eve of independence the bulk of Albanians still adhered to pre-nationalist categories like religious affiliation, family or region. Both highlanders and peasants were unprepared for a modern nation state and it was used as an argument against Albanian statehood. With the alternative being partition of Balkan Albanian inhabited lands by neighbouring countries, overcoming a fragile national consciousness and multiple internal divisions was paramount for nationalists like state leader
3945:, p. 91. "Περιορίζοντας τις αρχικές του ισλαμιστικές εξάρσεις, το αλβανικό εθνικιστικό κίνημα εξασφάλισε την πολιτική προστασία των δύο ισχυρών δυνάμεων της Αδριατικής, της Ιταλίας και της Αυστρίας, που δήλωναν έτοιμες να κάνουν ό,τι μπορούσαν για να σώσουν τα Βαλκάνια από την απειλή του Πανσλαβισμού και από την αγγλογαλλική κηδεμονία που υποτίθεται ότι θα αντιπροσώπευε η επέκταση της Ελλάδας. Η διάδοση των αλβανικών ιδεών στο χριστιανικό πληθυσμό άρχισε να γίνεται ορατή και να ανησυχεί ιδιαίτερα την Ελλάδα." "."
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those topics used as communist political propaganda that omitted mention of Pelasgians. Emphasising an autochthonous ethnogenesis for Albanians, Hoxha insisted on Albanian linguists and archaeologists to connect Albanian with the extinct Illyrian language. The emerging archeological scene funded and enforced by the communist government stressed that the ancestors of the Albanians ruled over a unified and large territory possessing a unique culture. Toward that endeavour Albanian archaeologists also claimed that
6968:, p. 208. "Many Albanians still consider Greece a religious, political and territorial threat and believe that Athens is hellenizing the Albanians by giving them economic privileges for defining themselves as ethnic Greeks... According to this view, true and false ethnic Greeks in Albania may even be a 'time bomb'... because the Greater Greece policy, according to Albanian conspiracy theories, is to legitimize an annexation of South Albania by artificially inflating the number of 'Greeks' in Albania...
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3607:, p. 42. "But gradually, while the Albanian national movement matured, the romantic Pelasgian theory and others were replaced by the theory of Illyrian descent, which was more convincing because it was supported by a number of scholars. The Illyrian descent theory soon became one of the principal pillars of Albanian nationalism because of its importance as evidence of Albanian historical continuity in Kosovo, as well as in the south of Albania, i.e in the areas contested by Serbs or Greeks."
1617:(1971). Kosovar Albanian communists condemned the protests and supported Yugoslav unity while leading the campaign against Albanian nationalism and in that sense shared the view of other Yugoslav communists. The unification of Albanians in the Balkans into one state was also a feature of Kosovar Albanian nationalism and these views were confined to dissident and underground groups. Within the context of the 1981 protests these groups, many with left-wing political orientations united to form the
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1447:. Nationalism became the basis for all of Hoxha's policies as the war created a "state of siege nationalism" imbued with the myth that Albanian military prowess defeated Axis forces which became a centrepiece of the regime within the context of education and culture. Other themes of Hoxha's nationalism included revering Skanderbeg, the League of Prizren meeting (1878), the Alphabet Congress (1908), Albanian independence (1912) and founding father Ismail Qemali, the Italian defeat during the
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Kosovo Albanians wanted a union with Albania, with independence support being at high over being a part of Serbia. In 2009, one year after Kosovo declared independence, support for Kosovo-Albania unification increased to 77%. Today, Kosovo Albanians see Kosovo as the second Albanian state and unification thus being achieved, yet Albanian loyalty remains higher than loyalty to the new Kosovar/Kosovan state (primarily symbols), as seen with support for the use of the Flag of Albania.
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4110:, p. 337. "Most Muslims and Bektashis understood that religious differences had to be played down in the name of common ethnicity and that pan-Islamic ideas had to be rejected and fought, even if some so-called 'fanatical' (Sunni) Muslim leaders in Shkodër and elsewhere preferred solidarity with the rest of the Islamic world. Such an attitude was not conducive to Albanian independence to which the international situation was favourable in 1912 and even after World War I."
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2995:, p. 40. "These scholars did not have access to many primary sources to be able to construct the notion of the Illyrian origin of the Albanians yet, and Greater Albania was not a priority. The goal of the day was to persuade the Ottoman officials that Albanians were a nation and they deserved some autonomy with the Empire. In fact, Albanian historians and politicians were very moderate compared to their peers in neighbouring countries.
3592:, p. 177. "In the political context of the 1880s, however, emphasis on the antiquity of the Albanian nation served new political purposes, since Greek nationalism was no longer the sole threat to Albanian nationalism. In fact, it was designed to counter also the Slavic national movements, several of which in the 1880s were planning to create a Balkan federation as a means to liberate themselves from the dominion of the Sublime Porte."
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2860:, p. 174. "The political thinking of the Orthodox Albanians was divided into two categories. Those who lived in Albania were dominated by Greek influence. The majority of them- especially the notables-desired union with Greece. The Orthodox Christians in general had an intense hatred of Ottoman rule. Although this feeling was shared by their co-religionists who lived in the colonies abroad, their political thinking was different."
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within cultural institutions and the media gained strength. Expressions of Albanian national identity were perceived as overwhelmingly anti-Yugoslav and increasingly anti-Serb. Within that context Albanian-language education was viewed as threatening Serbian borders and sovereignty and was identified with Albanian nationalism. By 1989 the degree of autonomy that Kosovo had attained within Yugoslavia was rescinded by Serbian leader
1451:(1920) and Hoxha as creator of a new Albania. Hoxha created and generated a cultural environment that was dominated by doctrinal propaganda stressing nationalism in the areas of literature, geography, history, linguistics, ethnology and folklore so people in Albania would have a sense of their past. The effects among people were that it instilled isolationism, xenophobia, slavophobia, linguistic uniformity and ethnic compactness.
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5268:, p. 196. "One by-product of the regime's anti-religious policy was its concern with the question of people's Muslim and Christian names. Parents were actively discouraged from giving their children names that had any religious association or connotation. From time to time official lists were published with pagan, so called Illyrian or freshly minted names considered appropriate for the new breed of revolutionary Albanians.
1257:, a broad civic form of nationalism that looked to highlight ethnonational identity over religious identities. In areas such as the Korçë region where Orthodox Albanians became affected by Albanian nationalism they moved away from Orthodox church influence and tended to lose their religious identity, while in areas were the Orthodox population was the majority they often retained their religious identity. The ascension of
2036:, while at PDIU gatherings made comments about ancient Greek deities and references to surrounding territories as being Albanian earning stern rebukes from Greece. Some similar views have also been voiced by members from Albania's political elite from time to time. Within the sphere of Albanian politics anti-Greek sentiments exist and have for instance been expressed by the nationalist movement turned political party the
6196:, pp. 230–231. "The huge interest in Mother Teresa of different political, nationalist and religious figures and groups in Albania, Kosova, Macedonia and elsewhere in the Balkans has all the signs of a calculated ‘business’. Mother Teresa is apparently being used by some circles in the region, after her death as much as when she was alive, to further their political, nationalistic and religious causes."; p.234.
4935:, p. 404. "Protochronism became an enormously popular idea in Romanian culture in the 1970s and 1980s... Protochronism, of course had been seen before, in the Soviet claims of the 1940s... Romania was essentially importing a version of high Stalinism: a politics of hierarchy and discipline was wedded to an economics of industrialization and an ideology of nationalism. It was joined in this strategy by Albania"
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Yugoslav authorities in the 1930s replaced Albanian imams with ones that were hostile to Sufism from Bosnia weakening Albanian nationalism. Kosovar Albanians were viewed by Yugoslav authorities as an enemy within that could challenge the territorial integrity of the state. Albanians in Kosovo felt that Serbian and later Yugoslav rule constituted a foreign conquest. Confiscations of Albanian land and settlement of
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irredentists promote Greater Albania through content like maps on websites. In post conflict Kosovo Rugova as first president in his drive toward emphasising aspects of statehood spent time researching and pursued an identity management project that centred on ancient Dardania and designed state symbols like the presidential flag for a future independent Kosovo. Some Kosovar Albanians have referred to Kosovo as
1573:. During this time nationalism for Kosovar Albanians became a conduit to alleviate the conditions of the time. In 1968 Yugoslav Serb officials warned about rising Albanian nationalism and by November unrest and demonstrations by thousands of Albanians followed calling for Kosovo to attain republic status, an independent Albanian-language university and some for unification with Albania. Tito rewrote the
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asserted control of the education system, while educational opportunities for Albanians became limited as they were excluded from university and schools. This prompted Kosovar Albanians to establish a parallel education system where private homes served as schools. Albanian students became immersed in nationalist culture by learning an Albanian history of Kosovo and were no longer exposed to Yugoslav "
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1096:. Due to the alphabet matter and other Young Turk policies, relations between Albanian elites and nationalists, many Muslim and Ottoman authorities broke down. Though at first Albanian nationalist clubs were not curtailed, the demands for political, cultural and linguistic rights eventually made the Ottomans adopt measures to repress Albanian nationalism which resulted in two Albanian revolts (
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lost credibility while the communist partisans appealed to growing Albanian nationalism. In a post-war setting this meant that groups such as Balli Kombëtar who had aligned with the Axis powers were unable to take power in Albania, while emerging leaders such as communist Enver Hoxha solidified his claim to that role by being a nationalist. Some Albanians in western North Macedonia joined the
4192:, p. 299. "The Muslim clergy heralded the superiority of national rather than religious identity by furthering education in Albanian, but, their engagement in this process implied the strengthening of the religious element in Albanian nationhood. This contrasted with the efforts of the nationalists, who tried to construct an Albanian national identity on a purely secular foundation.
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Kosovar Albanians to join the resistance, a meeting in Bujan (1943–1944), northern Albania was convened between Balli Kombëtar members and Albanian communists that agreed to common struggle and maintenance of the newly expanded boundaries. The deal was opposed by Yugoslav partisans and later rescinded resulting in limited Kosovar Albanian recruits. Some Balli Kombëtar members such as
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1142:
2672:, p. 14. "Betrachtet man die Gesamtheit der albanischen Nationalmythen, so ist offensichtlich, dass es fur Albaner mehr als nur den Skanderbeg-Mythos gibt und dass nicht nur auf diesem Mythos die albanische Identitat beruht. Es gibt noch weitere wichtige Mythenfiguren, doch diese beziehen sich auf Vorstellungen, abstrakte Konzepte und Kollektive, aber nicht auf Personen."
6363:, p. 12. "They state that the Pelasgians were spread all over Europe and the Mediterranean: according to those authors, all ancient civilisations in Europe (Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Celtic, etc.) stemmed from the Pelasgic civilisation. They were the first Europeans; their direct descendants, the Albanians, are thus the most ancient and most authentically European people."
1857:. Organised and spontaneous acts of violence and damage by Kosovar Albanians was directed at properties of the Serbs, their churches and the Romani leaving some dead and many displaced. International legal precedents based on territorial sovereignty overriding self-determination were brushed aside in the case of Kosovo when parts of the international community recognised the
1538:. In 1967 the communist regime declared Albania the only atheist and non-religious country in the world and banned all forms of religious practice in public. Within the space of several months the communist regime destroyed 2,169 religious buildings (mosques, churches and other monuments) while Muslim and Christian clergy were imprisoned, persecuted and in some cases killed.
4971:, p. 7. "Although Enver Hoxha himself supported the Pelasgic theory in his own writings (Cabanes 2004: 119), the directions he gave to Albanian archaeologists in the 1960s focused on the Illyrians and on the Illyrian-Albanian continuity. As a result, studies on the origin of Illyrians and Albanians published at that time do not even mention the Pelasgians."
3493:, p. 180. "We saw that Italo-Albanian scholars in general do not favour the Illyrian-Albanian continuity thesis. Why? Because Italo-Albanian culture has a strong Byzantine imprint. All the aforementioned scholars were followers of the Greek rite... For to them 'Illyrian' has strong overtones of 'Catholic,' and 'Catholic' in turn connotes 'Italianate'."
1262:
consciousness could grow. Under Zog regional affiliations and tribal loyalties were gradually replaced with a developing form of modern nationalism. During that time Zog attempted to instill a national consciousness through the scope of a teleological past based upon Illyrian descent, Skanderbeg's resistance to the Ottomans and the nationalist reawakening (
1761:, an Albanian nun known for missionary activities in India has been used for nationalist purposes in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia. Within Albania she is promoted inside and outside Albania by the political elite as an Albanian symbol of the West to enhance the country's international status regarding Euro-Atlantic aspirations and integration.
1547:
attain non religious names that were derived from Albanian mythological figures, geographical features and newly coined names. These names were often ascribed a supposedly "Illyrian" and pagan origin while given names associated with Islam or Christianity were strongly discouraged. Non-Albanian names were replaced which went alongside the
1124:
developed an anti clerical outlook. As Albanians lived in an Ottoman millet system that stressed religious identities over other forms of identification, the myth of religious indifference was formed during the National Awakening as a means to overcome internal religious divisions among Albanians. Promoted as civil religion of sorts,
4284:, pp. 6–7. "This degree of political stability, limited though it was, did much to create an environment necessary for the growth of an Albanian national consciousness. Zog significantly contributed to the process of replacing tribal loyalty and local and regional pride with a rudimentary form of modern state nationalism."
1801:, a prominent Albanian novelist, has reflected in his writings themes from nationalistic Albanian historiography about Albanian closeness to ancient Greeks based on Homeric ideals, claiming that the Albanians are more Greek than the Greeks themselves. He has initiated debates on Albanian identity, saying that Albanians are a
1926:
some in government, and by Kosovar Albanian society resulting in songs, literature, monuments, memorials with streets and buildings bearing his name across Kosovo. In the context of de-emphasising Islam, Kosovar Albanians have shown interest in and referred to Albanian Christian origins and heritage, in particular the
849:
national consciousness by uniting Albanians into a unitary linguistic and cultural nation. The Ottoman state briefly supported the league's claims viewing Albanian nationalism as possibly preventing further territorial losses to newly independent Balkan states. The geopolitical crisis generated the beginnings of the
1266:) of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The myth of Skanderbeg under Zog was used for nation building purposes and his helmet was adopted in national symbols. Generating mass nationalism was difficult during the interwar period as even in 1939, 80% of Albanians were still illiterate. Apart from using the title
2359:, p. 7. "by identifying with Pelasgians, Albanians could claim that they were present in their Balkan homeland not only before the "barbarian" invaders of late Roman times (such as the Slavs), not only before the Romans themselves, but also, even more importantly, before the Greeks‟ (Malcolm 2002: 76-77)."
979:"fatherland" and the unity of the Albanian nation. Albanian nationalists needed an episode from medieval history to centre Albanian nationalist mythology upon and chose Skanderbeg in the absence of a medieval kingdom or empire. From the 15th to the 19th century Skanderbeg's fame survived mainly in Western
2014:, a party to have passed the electoral threshold and enter parliament. These political parties, some of whom advocate for a Greater Albania have been mainly insignificant and remained at the margins of the Albanian political scene. Another nationalist party to have passed the electoral threshold is the
1846:
of Albanisation during this period. Those measures have been promoted by sectors of the Kosovar Albanian academic, political, literary and media elite that caused administrative and societal confusion with multiple toponyms being used resulting in sporadic acceptance by wider Kosovar Albanian society.
2090:
of Balkan areas populated by sizable amounts of Albanian Muslims to the country would lead to an increasing "Muslimization" of Albania. The ambiguity of Islam, its place and role among Balkan (Muslim) Albanians, especially in Albania and Kosovo has limited the ability of it becoming a major component
1925:
In post conflict Kosovo KLA fighters have been venerated by Kosovar Albanian society with the publishing of literature such as biographies, the erection of monuments and sponsoring of commemorative events. The exploits of Adem Jashari have been celebrated and turned into legend by former KLA members,
1648:
Repression of Albanian nationalism and Albanian nationalists by authorities in Belgrade strengthened the independence movement and focused international attention toward the plight of Kosovar Albanians. The recentralisation of Yugoslavia was promoted due to events in Kosovo, while Serbian nationalism
1513:
The communist regime through Albanian nationalism attempted to forge a national identity that transcended and eroded religious and other differences with the aim of forming a unitary Albanian identity. The communists promoted the idea that religious feeling, even in a historic context among Albanians
1410:
division to serve only in Kosovo with Kosovar Albanians as its main recruits and though mass desertions occurred, its members participated in operations against Serbian areas resulting in civilian deaths and pillage while the small Kosovan Jewish community was arrested and deported. An attempt to get
1381:
German occupational authorities instigated a policy of threatening the collaborationist government with military action, communist ascendancy or loss of autonomy and Kosovo to keep them in line. The Germans like the Italians misunderstood Albanian nationalism with; as a result, Albanian noncommunists
1091:
with Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox delegates in attendance agreed to adopt a Latin character-based Albanian alphabet and the move was considered an important step for Albanian unification. Opposition toward the Latin alphabet came from some Albanian Muslims and clerics who with the Ottoman government
755:
counterparts has its origins in a different historical context that did not emerge from an anti-Ottoman struggle and instead dates to the period of the Eastern Crisis (1878) and threat of territorial partition by Serbs and Greeks, while others hold views that Albanian nationalism emerged earlier as a
1690:
Kosovar Albanian national identity making unique claims to Kosovo became homogenised during the 1990s and included multiple factors that led to those developments. Of those were Albanian civil disobedience and popular resistance, the creation of a parallel society in opposition to the Serb state and
1065:
Albanian writers of the period felt that they had counter arguments that came from the Greek side and from Slavic circles. The Greeks claimed that Albanians did not constitute a people, their language was a mixture of different languages and that an Albanian member of the Orthodox church was "really
1040:
The Pelasgian theory was adopted among early Albanian publicists and used by Italo-Albanians, Orthodox and Muslim Albanians. Italo-Albanians being of the Greek rite and their culture having strong ecclesiastical Byzantine influence were not in favour of the Illyrian-Albanian continuity hypothesis as
987:(a barrier state) against "invading Turks". As a result of Skanderbeg's adaptation as a national hero, Albanians had to turn their back on the Ottoman empire. Skanderbeg's Christian identity was avoided and he was presented mainly as a defender of the nation. Albanian nationalist writers transformed
704:, relations with neighbours such as Serbia and growing assimilation in the diaspora, Albanian nationalism has become an important tool in promoting and protecting Albanian values, identity and interests. For example, Albanian nationalism has featured prominently in sport since Kosovo was admitted to
696:
and especially in the diaspora. It has come to serve as a force for unity, celebration and promotion of Albanian culture and identity. Furthermore, it has tried to serve as a political tool in securing pan-Albanian interests in the Balkan region and abroad, as seen with the high level of cooperation
668:
Contemporary Albanian nationalism, like other forms of ethnic nationalism, asserts that Albanians are a nation and promotes the cultural, social, political and linguistic unity of Albanians. This form of nationalism has featured heavily in Albanian society and politics since the 1990s and 2000s, due
2099:
However, Albanian nationalism remains popular, with Kosovar Albanians at present supporting the "two states, one nation" platform. This ensures a sustainable Kosovo state, outside of Serbian and foreign control, and a united internal and external front between Kosovo and Albania. Recently, Kosovo's
1845:
and Rugova at times supported those moves. To define Kosovo as an Albanian area, a toponyms commission (1999) led by Kosovar Albanian academics was established to determine new or alternative names for some settlements, streets, squares and organisations with Slavic origins that underwent a process
1769:
Within the sphere of Albanian politics, the Illyrians are officially regarded as the ancestors of the Albanians. The Illyrian theory continues to influence Albanian nationalism, scholarship, and archeologists as it is seen as providing some evidence of continuity of an Albanian presence in Kosovo,
1467:
ideology, which stressed the national superiority and continuity of Albanians from ancient peoples such as the Illyrians. Albanian archaeologists were directed by Hoxha (1960s onward) to follow a nationalist agenda that focused on Illyrians and Illyrian-Albanian continuity with studies published on
1377:
proper. The aim of these actions were to create a homogeneous Greater Albanian state. Italian authorities in Kosovo and Western North Macedonia allowed the use of Albanian in schools, university education and administration. In Kosovo, western North Macedonia and other newly attached territories to
1355:
organisation and the collaborationist government under the Italians which all as nationalists sought to preserve Greater Albania. While Italians expressed increased concerns about conceding authority to them. In time the Italian occupation became disliked by sections of the Albanian population such
1160:
The imminence of collapsing Ottoman rule through military defeat during the Balkan wars pushed Albanians represented by Ismail Qemali to declare independence (28 November 1912) in Vlorë from the Ottoman Empire. The main motivation for independence was to prevent Balkan Albanian inhabited lands from
918:
and others advocating for Albanian interests and self-determination. The Bektashi Sufi order of the late Ottoman period in Southern Albania also played a role during the Albanian National Awakening by cultivating and stimulating Albanian language and culture and was important in the construction of
2799:
Zhelyazkova, Antonina. "Albanian Identities". p. 24: "It is assumed that the beginning of the Albanian Revival was set by Naum Veqilharxhi's activity and his address to the Orthodox Albanians, which, along with his primer published in 1845, was the first programme document of the Albanian national
1961:
generating an ideology that attempts to break with the past and establish a democratic multicultural future. Albanian nationalism in Kosovo is secular while Islam is mainly subsumed within the parameters of national and cultural identity that entails at times dominant clan and familial identities.
1555:
of toponyms in areas where some Slavic minorities resided through official decree (1966) and of Slavic youth though not outright of the Macedonian community as a whole. The communist regime also pursued a nationalistic anti-Greek policy. Greeks in Albania were forced to Albanianise their names and
1546:
Within the context of anti-religion policies the communist regime ordered in 1975 mandatory name changes, in particular surnames for citizens in Albania that were deemed "inappropriate" or "offensive from a political, ideological and moral standpoint". The regime insisted that parents and children
1485:
were wholly Illyrian and that a majority of names belonging to the Greek deities stemmed from Illyrian words. Albanian publications and television programs (1960s onward) have taught Albanians to understand themselves as descendants of "Indo-European" Illyrian tribes inhabiting the western Balkans
1442:
Hoxha emerged as leader of Albania at the end of the war and was left with the task of reconstructing Albania from what foundations remained from the Zog years. Hoxha viewed as his goal the construction of a viable independent Albanian nation state based around a "monolithic unity" of the Albanian
1415:
became partisans with the view that Kosovo would become part of Albania. With the end of the war, some of those Kosovar Albanians felt betrayed by the return of Yugoslav rule and for several years Albanian nationalists in Kosovo resisted both the partisans and later the new Yugoslav army. Albanian
1196:
Albanian schools were opened in Kosovo that later were shut down during the interwar years by Yugoslav authorities while religious Islamic education was only permissible in Turkish. Secular education in Albanian within Kosovo, Macedonia and other areas in Yugoslavia with an Albanian population was
1128:
as an idea was developed by Albanian nationalists to downplay established religions such as Christianity and Islam among Albanians while a non-religious Albanian identity was stressed. Religion did not play a significant role as in other Balkan nationalisms or to mainly become a divisive factor in
1015:
In the 19th century Western academia imparted its influence on the emerging Albanian identity construction process by providing tools that were utilised and transformed in certain contexts and toward goals within a changing environment. This differed from the context from which Western authors had
1808:
Rejected by modern scholarship, during the late 1990s and early 2000s the Pelasgian theory has been revived through a series of translated foreign books published on Albania and other related topics and plays an important role in Albanian nationalism today. Among them are authors Robert D'Angély,
1721:
Conflict escalated from 1997 onward due to the Yugoslavian army retaliating with a crackdown in the region resulting in violence and population displacements. Myths of first settlement and Illyrian descent served to justify for Kosovar Albanians the independence struggle seen as one to eventually
1627:
by outnumbering local Serbs while communist politicians held the view that Albanian irredentists were attempting to rid Kosovo of Serbs. In the 1970s and 1980s, sentiments of Albanian nationalism had spread from Kosovo to North Macedonia worrying Macedonian communist authorities which resulted in
1564:
During the interwar period and after the Second World War, parts of Kosovar Albanian society lacking Albanian-language education such as those residing in villages were mainly illiterate, and folk music was the main driver of nationalism. The 1950s and 1960s were a period marked by repression and
1270:
Zog did not pursue irredentist policies such as toward Kosovo due to rivalries with Kosovar Albanian elites and an agreement recognizing Yugoslav sovereignty over Kosovo in return for support. Zog's efforts toward the development of Albanian nationalism made the task simpler for leaders that came
1078:
Unlike their Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian neighbours who had territorial ambitions, Albanians due to being mainly Muslim lacked a powerful European patron. This made many of them want to preserve the status quo and back Ottomanism. By the early 20th century, Albanian nationalism was advanced by a
869:
was not considered a priority. Compared with their Balkan counterparts, these Albanian politicians and historians were very moderate and mainly had the goal to attain socio-political recognition and autonomy for Albanians under Ottoman rule. Albanians involved in these activities were preoccupied
1838:
The Kosovo war (1999) generated enthusiasm for using the internet among Balkan Albanians and diaspora (Europe and North America) for information and communication between communities separated by borders and geography and cyberspace has increasingly become an ethno-political space where Albanian
1778:
burial patterns found in Albania during the Late Bronze Age as coincidental or non-existent. Though archaeological and linguistic evidence points that Illyrians had not a homogeneous ethnic entity, even today this is challenged in local scholarship. Greek and Roman figures from antiquity such as
1261:
as prime minister (1925) and later king (1929) during the interwar period was marked by limited though necessary political stability. Along with resistance by Zog to interwar Italian political and economic influence in Albania those factors contributed to an environment were an Albanian national
1187:
was occupied by foreign powers and they pursued policies which strengthened expressions of Albanian nationalism especially in Southern Albania. Italian and French authorities closed down Greek schools, expelled Greek clergy and pro-Greek notables while allowing Albanian education with the French
1123:
Albanian nationalists were mainly focused on defending rights that were sociocultural, historic and linguistic within existing countries without being connected to a particular polity. Unlike other Balkan nationalisms religion was seen as an obstacle and Albanian nationalism competed with it and
1053:
a common ancestry of both Albanians and Greeks through Pelasgian ancestors made both peoples the same and viewed Albanian as a conduit for Hellenisation. For Muslim Albanians like Sami Frashëri Albanians stemmed from the Pelasgians, an older population than Illyrians thereby predating the Greeks
2104:
in Kosovo has further cemented Albanian nationalism and pride within the country, as has a lack of EU integration which has pushed Kosovars to supporting a direct Kosovo-Albania unification to combat isolation, such as with visa liberalisation. Gallup surveys between 2008 and 2013 showed 73% of
1601:
that Albanians are descendants of ancient Illyrians making them the first population entitled to Kosovo and predating the arrival of Slavs, the ancestors of the Serbs. Scholarship by (patriotic) Kosovar Albanian historians (1970s-onward) revolved around researching and attempting to demonstrate
1556:
choose ones that did not have ethnic or religious connotations resulting in Greek families giving children different names so as to pass for Albanians in the wider population. Albanian nationalism in the 1980s became an important political factor within the scope of Hoxha's communist doctrines.
1756:
that has inhibited the construction of an Albanian civil society. Post-communist Albanian governments view the tenets of the Albanian National Awakening as being a guiding influence for Albania by placing the nation above sociopolitical and religious differences and steering the country toward
1663:
who began a period of pacifist resistance and the league created a parallel form of government and civil society while maintaining as its goal to achieve an independent Kosovo. The Kosovo education system became the place where Serbian and Albanian nationalisms played out their conflict. Serbs
1596:
that opened new avenues of national expression and awareness that came about when Yugoslavia conceded some cultural and political rights to Kosovar Albanians. The issue of Albanian nationalism in Yugoslavia during this time was left mainly for Kosovar Albanian communists to deal with and they
1309:
or fighting bands against the Yugoslav army. Supported by Italy who gave financial aid and Albania, the Kaçak movement was eventually suppressed by the Serbs during the late 1920s. The movement contributed to the development of an Albanian national consciousness in Kosovo and North Macedonia.
1209:
that emerged as underground centres for spreading and generating Albanian nationalism. Religious Muslim schools by the 1930s became viewed as a threat to the state and Yugoslav authorities replaced Albanian Muslim clergy with pro-Serbian Slavic Muslim clergy and teachers from Bosnia to prevent
1119:
Albanian nationalism during the late Ottoman era was not imbued with separatism that aimed to create an Albanian nation-state, though Albanian nationalists did envisage an independent Greater Albania. Albanian nationalists of the late Ottoman period were divided into three groups. Pan-Albanian
1036:
being closely related. This theory quickly attracted support in Albanian circles, as it established a claim of precedence over other Balkan nations, the Slavs and particularly the Greeks. In addition to generating a "historic right" to territory, this theory also established that ancient Greek
1897:
Post conflict, Albanians in Macedonia have placed new statues of Albanian historical figures like Skanderbeg in Skopje and named schools after such individuals while memorials have been erected for fallen KLA and NLA fighters. Albanian nationalists view Macedonian ethnicity as invented by the
1346:
pursued Albanian irredentism with the view that it would earn Italians support among Albanians while also coinciding with Italian war aims of Balkan conquest. The Italian annexation of Kosovo to Albania was considered a popular action by Albanians of both areas and initially Kosovar Albanians
848:
from the Toplica and Niš regions into Kosovo triggering the emergence of the League of Prizren (1878–1881) as a response to the Eastern crisis. The League of Prizren was created by a group of Albanian intellectuals to resist partition among neighbouring Balkan states and to assert an Albanian
1956:
has been a means for Kosovar Albanians to claim roots of being European and to sideline the historic conversion to Islam. Within the context of the Kosovo battle and nation building, some in government circles and wider Kosovo Albanian society have promoted a narrative of continuous Albanian
1849:
In Kosovo, Albanians view themselves as being the oldest nation in the Balkans and descendants of the ancient Illyrians with their self-determination struggle being interpreted as one of first settlers in the area fighting against the Slavic Serb "interlopers". Serbs are regarded by Albanian
978:
that later subjugated and cut the Albanians off from Western European civilisation. Skanderbeg subliminally presented Albanians as defending Europe from "Asiatic hordes" to western powers and allowed Albanians to develop the myth of Albanian resistance to foreign enemies that threatened the
712:. Since admission there have been debates questioning whether there is one ‘national team’ or two, whether Kosovo-born fans should remain loyal to the Albanian side or embrace the Kosovo side and Kosovar symbolism and how Albanians cope with having two predominately ethnic Albanian states.
1016:
originally generated their theories. Albanian nationalists of the period were educated in foreign schools abroad. Some 19th century Western academics examining the issue of Albanian origins promoted the now-discredited theory of Albanian descent from ancient Pelasgians. Developed by the
1197:
banned and replaced with a Serbian school curriculum. Yugoslav education policy repressed Albanian secular education to undermine sentiments of Albanian national identity and culture with a view to preventing possible nationalist challenges to Yugoslavia. Albanian schooling moved into
1751:
Due to the legacy of Hoxha's dictatorial and violent regime, Albanians in a post communist environment have rejected Hoxha's version of Albanian nationalism. Instead it has been replaced with a weak form of civic nationalism and regionalism alongside in some instances with a certain
558:(1875–1878), which threatened the partition of Albanian-inhabited lands of the Balkans by neighbouring Orthodox Christian states, stimulated the emergence of the Albanian National Awakening and the nationalist movement. During the 19th century, some Western scholarly influences,
4829:, p. 122. "In Tirana, Albania's National History Museum, itself a product of Hoxha's regime, reaches back to antiquity in a notable mural above the entrance, yet the central figure (a woman) is flanked by a worker and a partisan, making this ultimately a modern moment."
873:
Taking their lead from the Italian national movement, the Arbëresh, (an Albanian diaspora community settled throughout southern Italy from the medieval period) began to promote and spread national ideas by introducing them to Balkan Albanians. Prominent among them were
6084:, p. 514. "We concentrate on one symbolic event - the massacre of the insurgent Jashari family, killed in the hamlet of Prekaz in March 1998 while fighting Serb troops. This was neither the only massacre nor the worst during the recent conflict..."; pp: 515-516.
1817:
to generate cultural hegemony and historical precedence over the Greeks and sometimes toward other (historical) European cultures by Albanians. Albanian schoolbooks, mainly in relation to language, have also asserted at times that the Illyrians are the heirs of the
8846:
8741:
1054:
making for him the Albanians descendants of Illyrians who themselves originated from Pelasgians. Figures originating from the ancient period such as Alexander the Great and Pyrrhus of Epirus were enveloped in myth and claimed as Albanian men of antiquity while
6375:, p. 8. "Schoolbooks however differ on what they assert on the relation between Pelasgians and Illyrians: the latter are sometimes said to be the heirs of the former, especially with regard to their language (Kuri, Zekolli & Jubani 1995: 32-33)."
2100:
and Albania's governments have signed numerous treaties and memorandums of cooperation which synchronise their policies at home and abroad, including in the diaspora, to create a Pan-Albanian approach without the need for ground unification. The rise of
1514:
was minimal and that instead national sentiment was always important. Albanian communists viewed religion as a societal threat that undermined the cohesiveness of the nation. Within this context religions like Islam and Christianity were denounced as
7718:"Le meurtre du prêtre: Acte fondateur de la mobilisation nationaliste albanaise à l'aube de la révolution Jeune Turque [The murder of the priest: Founding act of the Albanian nationalist mobilisation on the eve of the Young Turks revolution]"
2095:
has waned among Kosovans with support for an independent Kosovo being overwhelming (90.2%) indicating that alongside their Albanian identity a new Kosovan identity has emerged. This factor has been strongly disliked by Albanian nationalists.
4959:, p. 78. "The official doctrine that Ceaușescu adopted was called Dacianism, Romania is not the only country to invoke its ancient roots when it comes to show national superiority, Albania also emphasized its Thraco-Illyrian origin."
657:. Albanian nationalism contains a series of myths relating to Albanian origins, cultural purity and national homogeneity, religious indifference as the basis of Albanian national identity, and continuing national struggles. The figure of
2457:, p. 513. "Ethnic Albanians not only comprise the vast majority of the population in Kosova. They have also been brought up to believe that their nation is the oldest in the Balkans, directly descended from the ancient Dardanians (
1079:
wide-ranging group of Albanian politicians, intellectuals and exiles. An Albanian emigrant community was present in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the majority being illiterate and individuals like
6322:, p. 112. "Beyond the claims of Illyrian descent and continuity a more powerful myth emerges here: that the Albanians are more Greek than the Greeks themselves because Albanians are closer to Homeric society and Homeric ideals."
1957:
resistance from medieval until contemporary times to states and peoples considered foreign occupiers. With the declaration of independence (2008), the Kosovo government has promoted the country both internally and internationally as
1898:
Yugoslavs to weaken Serbia, prevent other identities forming and to legitimise the existence of Republic of Macedonia in Yugoslavia. Macedonians are referred to by (nationalist) Albanians as an ethnic collectivity with the term
1988:(AKSh) militant group. Regarded internationally as terrorist both have gone underground and its members have been involved in various violent incidents in Kosovo, Serbia and Macedonia during the 2000s. In the early 2000s, the
1210:
Albanian nationalist activities developing in religious institutions. Albanians opposed those moves and boycotted imposed teachers. Albanian was prohibited by Yugoslav authorities and some Albanians were made to emigrate.
857:) period. From 1878 onward Albanian nationalists and intellectuals, some who emerged as the first modern Albanian scholars, were preoccupied with overcoming linguistic and cultural differences between Albanian subgroups (
10366:
Valtchinova, Galia (2002). "Ismail Kadare's The H-File and the making of the Homeric verse. Variations on the works and lives of Milman Parry and Albert Lord". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
1867:(UÇPMB) fought Serb forces (1999-2001) attempting to unite the area with neighbouring Kosovo with conflict ending in peace talks and greater Albanian rights in Serbia. In northern parts of the Republic of Macedonia the
9160:
8681:Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)]
2236:, p. 19. "Due to religious ties of the Albanian majority population with the ruling Ottoman Turks and the virtual lack of an Albanian state in history, nationalism was less developed among Albanians in the 19th"
1770:
western Macedonia, and southern Albania, i.e., areas that were subject to ethnic conflicts between Albanians, Serbs, Macedonians, and Greeks. For some Albanian nationalists claiming descent from Illyrians as the
6992:, p. 212. "However as with the 'Greek issue' above, a considerable number of Albania's citizens at any rate seem to call for a more self-assertive, ethnonationalist strategy than their politicians do."
2681:
Rrapaj, Jonilda, and Klevis Kolasi. "The Curious Case of Albanian Nationalism: the Crooked Line from a Scattered Array of Clans to a Nation-State." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 44 (2013).
2387:
The Illyrians were, thus, reexamined alongside the "Epirotes" who, in a way, were considered the other "Pelasgian branch" (or, rather, Illyrian variant) that contributed to the creation of the Albanian
554:. Historically, there had only been small periods where a unified independent Albanian state had existed, this delayed the rise of nationalism in Albania compared to their neighbours. The onset of the
870:
with gathering and identifying evidence, at times inventing facts to justify claims to "prove" the cultural distinctiveness and historical legitimacy of the Albanians in being considered as a nation.
3346:, p. 43. "The nationalist writers... transform history into myth ... As with most myths his figure and deeds became a mixture of historical facts, truths, half-truths, inventions and folklore."
4403:, p. 298. "The kaçak movement was suppressed by the Serbs in the second half of the 1920s, but it nevertheless contributed to the development of a national consciousness among the Albanians."
1722:
unite Albanian lands into a unitary state recreating the mythical state of Illyicum encompassing contemporary Balkan Albanian inhabited lands. A shootout at the Jashari family compound involving
3295:, p. 43. "..an episode taken from medieval history was central for Albanian national mythology. In the absence of medieval kingdom or empire the Albanian nationalists choose Skanderbeg..."
7065:
1774:
of the Western Balkans allows them to assert a "prior claim" to sizeable lands in the Balkans. In the context of the so-called authochtony theory, Albanian scholars reject any resemblances of
865:) and religious divisions (Muslim and Christians). At that time, these scholars lacked access to many primary sources to construct the idea that Albanians were descendants of Illyrians, while
6244:, p. 40: For Albanians ...the ancestors of modern Albanians...Any resemblaces between Mycenaean burial patterns and tumuli found in Albania are dismissed as non-existent or coincidental.
8290:
10431:
1962:
Within the public sphere Islam at times resurfaces to challenge the dominant nationalistic view of Albanians being superficial Muslims however the political sphere remains mainly secular.
6926:
1501:
Nevertheless, regardless of the communist ideology, in current mainstream Albanian and international research most scholars maintain that Albanians descended at least partially from the
7432:"Psychological Profile and Types of Leaders of Terrorist Structures - Generic Views and Experiences from the Activities of Illegal Groups and Organizations in the Republic of Macedonia"
637:
took advantage of the weakened Ottoman state and invaded, territories which were supposed to be given to the Albanian vilayet were partitioned between the Balkan league states. Part of
2461:), a branch of the 'Illyrian peoples' who had allegedly inhabited most of the western Balkans (including Kosova) for many centuries before the arrival of the Slavic 'interlopers'...".
6903:
2800:
movement. In it Veqilharxhi demanded Albanian schools and development of Albanian as a first step to the evolution of the Albanian people side by side with the other Balkan nations"
2745:
Hewer, Christopher J., and Shpresa Vitija. "Identity after Kosovo's independence: narratives from within the Kosovar Albanian diaspora." Social Identities 19, no. 5 (2013): 621-636.
970:
Another factor overlaying geopolitical concerns during the National Awakening period were thoughts that Western powers would only favour Christian Balkan states and peoples in the
697:
between Albania and Kosovo, unity among Albania's diverse religious communities, cooperation between diaspora communities and their homelands and pan-Albanian external lobbying.
2440:, p. 230. "Albanians tended to go further back in time to the sixth and seventh centuries, claiming an Illyrian- Albanian continuity and superiority over Slavic people...."
766:
Just as we are not and do not want to be Turks, so we shall oppose with all our might anyone who would like to turn us into Slavs or Austrians or Greeks, we want to be Albanians
2634:"Recension of The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16"
2171:, p. 233. "Henceforth, Hoxha announced, the only religion would be "Albanianism." Hoxha was using nationalism as a weapon in his struggle to break out of the Soviet bloc."
4841:, p. 120. "The census of 1945 showed that the vast majority of society (72%) were Muslims, 17.2% of the population declared themselves to be Orthodox, and 10% Catholics."
8221:
Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation".
2078:(Self Determination) has emerged who advocates for closer Kosovo-Albania relations and pan-Albanian self-determination in the Balkans. Another smaller nationalist party, the
1952:
have been utilised within Kosovo school textbooks and by some Albanian nationalists to claim the knight as an Albanian. Establishing the participation of Albanians at the
9940:
5014:
1522:
of other states and undermine Albanian interests. Nationalism was also used as a tool by Hoxha during his struggle to break Albania out of the Soviet bloc. Inspired by
1297:
made up of Kosovar Albanian exiles opposed to Yugoslav rule. Represented on the ground as a guerilla group in Kosovo and North Macedonia, the Kaçak movement was led by
2514:
The Servians hastened to oppose the plan of a "Greater Albania" by their plan for partition of Turkey in Europe among the Balkan States into four spheres of influence.
10278:
1534:"the faith of the Albanians is Albanianism" and implemented it literally as state policy. The communist regime proclaimed that the only religion of the Albanians was
7998:
Peace Through Peace Media?: The Media Activities of the International Missions (KFOR and UNMIK) and Their Contribution to Peacebuilding in Kosovo from 1999 till 2008
1356:
as the intelligentsia, students, other professional classes and town dwellers that generated further an emerging Albanian nationalism fostered during the Zog years.
1628:
measures of state sociopolitical control over Albanian cultural and linguistic affairs suppressing expressions of Albanian nationalism in a campaign referred to as
609:
Due to overlapping and competing territorial claims with other Balkan nationalisms and states over land dating from the late Ottoman period, these ideas comprise a
13595:
9859:"'Enverists' and 'Titoists' – Communism and Islam in Albania and Kosova, 1941–99: From the Partisan Movement of the Second World War to the Kosova Liberation War"
1728:
11508:
11287:
2713:
Trix, Frances. "“WHEN CHRISTIANS BECAME DERVISHES:” AFFIRMING ALBANIAN MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN UNITY THROUGH DISCOURSE." The Muslim World 85, no. 3-4 (1995): 280-294.
2056:
The Kosovo question has limited appeal among Albanian voters and are not interested in electing parties advocating redrawn borders creating a Greater Albania.
1863:
10011:
Standish, M.J Alex (2002). "Enver Hoxha's role in the development of socialist Albanian myths". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
8877:
8772:
6884:
8927:
Lubonja, Fatos (2002). "Between the glory of a virtual world and the misery of a real world". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
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and Albanian National Awakening figures contributed greatly to spreading influences and ideas among the Balkan Albanians, within the context of Albanian
9941:"The Albanian Greek-Orthodox Intellectuals: Aspects of their Discourse between Albanian and Greek National Narratives (late 19th - early 20th centuries)"
9480:"From Southern Italy to Istanbul: Trajectories of Albanian Nationalism in the Writings of Girolamo de Rada and Shemseddin Sami Frashëri, ca. 1848–1903"
1659:(LDK) that also gained many dissatisfied Kosovar Albanian communists who joined its ranks after autonomy was rescinded. It was led by the intellectual
7069:
1869:
974:. During this time Albanian nationalists attempting to gain Great Power sympathies and support conceived of Albanians as a European people who under
661:
is one of the main constitutive figures of Albanian nationalism that is based on a person, as other myths are based on ideas, abstract concepts, and
8782:"'Shkolla Shqipe' and Nationhood: Albanians in Pursuit of Education in the Native Language in Interwar (1918-41) and Post-Autonomy (1989-98) Kosovo"
2057:
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under Italian control. Members from the landowning elite, liberal nationalists opposed to communism with other sectors of society came to form the
10451:
10435:
14222:
10878:
7117:
11175:
1597:
withheld intelligence about activities on some underground organisations from Belgrade. Albanian nationalism in Kosovo is based on the idea of
6923:
11165:
10460:
1374:
947:(The faith of the Albanian is Albanianism) became during the national awakening period and thereafter a catchword for Albanian nationalists.
9923:
8987:
Malcolm, Noel (2002). "Myths of Albanian national identity: Some key elements". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
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Babuna, Aydin. "The Albanians of Kosovo and Macedonia: Ethnic identity superseding religion." Nationalities papers 28, no. 1 (2000): 67-92.
1874:
1294:
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9968:
8588:
3234:(The faith of the Albanian is Albanianism) which was to become a catchword of Albanian nationalists both in the Rilindja period and later.
10054:
2426:
Against a widespread view that they spoke a form of Greek the Albanians argue that the. Epirotes were one with the rest of the Illyrians.
1932:(Kosovan crypto-Catholics) assisted to present Albanians as originally European despite being Muslim. Old Albanian traditions within the
7931:
7652:
10928:
9437:"The Religious and Ethnographic Synthesis of the Population of Southern Albania (Northern Epirus) in the Beginning of the 20th Century"
7453:
Belledi, Michele; Poloni, Estella S.; Casalotti, Rosa; Conterio, Franco; Mikerezi, Ilia; Tagliavini, James; Excoffier, Laurent (2000).
2596:
Therefore, with only final point being ignored, on September 4, 1912 the government accepted proposals and the Albanian revolt was over
1189:
10259:
National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945
10257:
9109:
Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2004). "Beyond Stereotypes: Violence and the Porousness of Ethnic Boundaries in the Republic of Macedonia".
8700:
1314:
throughout the interwar period drove Kosovar Albanians during the Second World War to collaborate with the Axis powers who promised a
12221:
12073:
10903:
8059:
1548:
2564:
1066:
a Greek", while Slav publicists claimed that Kosovar Albanians were "really" Slavs or they were "Turks" who could be "sent back" to
14237:
10567:
10173:
Dynamic civil religion and religious nationalism: the Roman Catholic Church in Poland and the Orthodox Church in Romania, 1990-2010
9902:
7157:
2016:
1401:
845:
625:
claims against neighbouring countries. Pan-Albanian sentiments are also present in Albanian nationalism. due to the success of the
10323:
10171:
9636:
9308:
9089:
8445:
8201:
7580:
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7228:
1905:
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supported Axis Italian forces. Western North Macedonia was also annexed by Axis Italy to their protectorate of Albania creating a
14252:
13008:
11879:
11864:
11708:
11643:
11091:
10410:
10344:
9858:
7996:
3439:, p. 77. "The greatest expansion of Hellenic civilization and rule thus occurred thanks to an 'Albanian' and not a Hellene".
2086:
that supports Kosovan independence and pan-Albanian unification. Catholic and Orthodox Albanians hold concerns that any possible
2072:(in southern Serbia), angering Albania's neighbors. In Kosovo, a prominent left wing nationalist movement turned political party
1858:
1578:
9883:
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975
9592:
8544:
8400:"Modernism, Nationalism, Albanianism: Geographic Poetry and Poetic Geography in the Albanian and Kosovar Independence Movements"
8036:
1853:
In 2004, prolonged negotiations over Kosovo's future status, sociopolitical problems and nationalist sentiments resulted in the
11503:
10075:
9952:
8064:
Images of imperial legacy: Modern discourses on the social and cultural impact of Ottoman and Habsburg rule in Southeast Europe
8041:
Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]
7674:
Clayer, Natalie (2002). "The myth of Ali Pasha and the Bektashis". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
7136:
1397:
1028:(1854) the theory claimed the Pelasgians as the original proto-Albanians and the language spoken by the Pelasgians, Illyrians,
729:
9264:
9218:
8252:""Skanderbeg als historisher Mythos", Von den Schwierigkeiten historischer Bezugnahme: Der albanische Nationalheld Skanderbeg"
7386:"Between ideological and pragmatic identity: Negotiating existence among Albanian immigrants in Konista, North western Greece"
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8907:
8689:
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6265:
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3375:, pp. 114–115; p. 114. "The Greek propagandists, on the other hand used it in order to attract Albanians to their side."
2700:
2582:
2541:
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militia that burned Serbian settlements and killed Serbs while interwar Serbian and Montenegrin colonists were expelled into
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14262:
13836:
13761:
12553:
12517:
11596:
11280:
11120:
10813:
10290:
7780:
The shining beacon of socialism in Europe: The Albanian state and society in the period of communist dictatorship 1944–1992
2622:, p. 212. "three main constitutive myths at work within Albanian nationalism ...Secondly, the myth of Skanderbeg, ..."
1970:
Political parties advocating and willing to fight for a Greater Albania emerged in Albania during the 2000s. They were the
1606:
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9241:
8567:
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8267:
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7975:
7896:"Pelasgic Encounters in the Greek-Albanian Borderland. Border Dynamics and Reversion to Ancient Past in Southern Albania"
7848:
7799:
7694:
7515:
7198:
Alpion, Gëzim (2004). "Media, ethnicity and patriotism—the Balkans 'unholy war' for the appropriation of Mother Teresa".
1431:. Communist era mural mosaic depicting purported ancient to modern figures from Albania's history at the entrance of the
531:("Shqiptaria") and Pan-Albanianism, that includes ideas on the creation of a geographically expanded Albanian state or a
491:
10523:
9529:
9329:
9007:
8804:
8334:
8311:
8178:
8155:
14002:
11292:
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Religiöse Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Konstitution und Konkurrenz im nationen-und epochenübergreifenden Zugriff
7180:
Diplomacy on the edge: Containment of ethnic conflict and the minorities working group of the conferences on Yugoslavia
7101:
2784:
Hroch, Miroslav (1999). “From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation: The Nation-building Process in Europe”, in
2207:, p. 423. "... form a 'Greater Albania'. Although considerable attention was given to pan-Albanianism in the West"
1083:
worked to impart a sense of Albanian nationhood among them encouraging the spread of literacy in Albanian. In 1908, an
10150:
9613:
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of whom were influenced through literature on Albania by Western scholars and referred within their literary works to
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7240:
7188:
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7146:
5112:
2411:
2092:
2087:
9571:
8355:
8081:
Endresen, Cecilie (2015). "The Nation and the Nun: Mother Teresa, Albania's Muslim Majority and the Secular State".
7755:
7601:
2736:
Nokaj, Bergita. Diasporic re-visioning: Fragmenting Albanian nationalism and identity. Sarah Lawrence College, 2008.
12329:
12129:
11793:
11255:
10873:
10701:
9657:
7409:"The Politics of 'Religious Tolerance' in Post-Communist Albania: Ideology, Security and Euro-Atlantic Integration"
2501:
1424:
1241:
578:, which still dominate Albanian nationalism in contemporary times. The idea of Illyrian-Albanian continuity is the
9722:
2723:
1613:(1981) over social grievances that marked the first large-scale expression of nationalism in Yugoslavia since the
14257:
14087:
13942:
13191:
12998:
11874:
7408:
7388:. In Nitsiakos, Vassilis; Manos, Ioannis; Agelopoulos, Georgios; Angelidou, Aliki; Dalkavoukis, Vassilis (eds.).
7385:
1311:
193:
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9180:
Nixon, Nicola (2010). "Always already European: The figure of Skënderbeg in contemporary Albanian nationalism".
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1998:. Political parties active only in the political scene exist that have a nationalist outlook are the monarchist
13791:
13746:
13003:
12824:
12114:
12109:
12063:
11668:
11086:
10828:
10120:
Sugarman, Jane C. (1999). "Imagining the homeland: Poetry, songs, and the discourses of Albanian nationalism".
8466:
7348:"The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community"
2006:
1619:
1367:
Collapse of Yugoslav rule resulted in actions of revenge being undertaken by Albanians, some joining the local
739:
721:
662:
646:
418:
413:
229:
198:
8422:
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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
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13488:
13108:
12756:
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11315:
10908:
10742:
10681:
9881:
9310:
Conditioning Democratization: Institutional Reforms and EU Membership Conditionality in Albania and Macedonia
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2636:(in German). Quelle Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft
725:
9436:
9394:
8781:
8720:
8502:
1581:
autonomy and powers such as a veto in the federal decision making process similar to that of the republics.
1092:
preferred an Arabic-based Albanian alphabet, due to concerns that a Latin alphabet undermined ties with the
14227:
14047:
13992:
13962:
13871:
13846:
13831:
13756:
13736:
12834:
12746:
12522:
12119:
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11473:
11208:
11130:
11115:
10996:
10949:
10888:
10560:
7952:
1814:
1227:
959:
678:
650:
96:
13866:
10194:
10098:
9835:
7364:
13503:
12726:
12676:
12322:
12104:
12078:
11817:
11726:
11681:
11663:
11571:
11483:
11366:
10954:
10883:
10833:
10757:
9552:
Whose Democracy? Nationalism, Religion, and the Doctrine of Collective rights in post-1989 eastern Europe
2128:, p. 20. "... dynamic that would remain essential for understanding the development of Albanianism."
2025:
1990:
1655:
1339:
854:
591:
516:
349:
305:
10502:
9745:
Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question
14232:
13861:
13741:
12772:
12247:
11812:
11698:
11653:
11648:
11591:
11586:
11551:
11498:
11049:
11011:
10923:
10918:
9618:
Minorías y fronteras en el mediterráneo ampliado. Un desafío a la seguridad internacional del siglo XXI
8203:
Education policy and power-sharing in post-conflict societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia
7272:
4243:, p. 298. "The use of the Albanian language was prohibited and Albanians were forced to emigrate."
2548:
At the same time the rebellion sent strong signal to Kosovo neighbors that the Ottoman Empire was weak.
1574:
984:
163:
10307:"Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus"
9502:
2502:"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and the Conduct of the Balkan Wars"
773:
Excerpt from the League of Prizren memorandum to the British delegation at the Berlin Congress, 1878,
13035:
12731:
11841:
11686:
11658:
11581:
11235:
11110:
11044:
11001:
10712:
9219:"The rise and destruction of Ottoman Architecture in Albania: A brief history focused on the mosques"
1518:
with Muslim and Christian clergy criticised as being socially backward with the propensity to become
13821:
13543:
2491:
1530:
for the need to overcome religious differences through Albanian unity, Hoxha took and exploited the
264:
14138:
13796:
13600:
12512:
12257:
11576:
11006:
10893:
10752:
9680:
9162:
On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier
8825:
1994:(UCC) was a reported paramilitary formation that intended to be active in northern Greek region of
1133:
in the wider Balkans and Anglo-French hegemony purportedly represented through Greece in the area.
902:) Albanians were heavily involved with the Albanian National Awakening producing many figures like
178:
23:
11889:
9415:
9373:
7455:"Maternal and paternal lineages in Albania and the genetic structure of Indo-European populations"
7178:
5060:
13580:
13052:
12956:
12867:
12782:
12661:
12294:
12199:
12124:
11915:
11802:
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11302:
11188:
11034:
10944:
10898:
10838:
10787:
10772:
10732:
10676:
10665:
10553:
10076:"Contested Post-Ottoman Alevi and Bektashi Identities in the Balkans and their Shi'ite Component"
9638:
Combating serious crimes in postconflict societies: A handbook for policymakers and practitioners
9285:
8251:
2000:
1610:
1101:
1097:
626:
484:
465:
403:
235:
91:
14158:
13113:
8854:
Albania–a country in transition. Aspects of changing identities in a south-east European country
8749:
Albania–a country in transition. Aspects of changing identities in a south-east European country
7630:
7559:
1253:
During the 1920s the role of religion was downplayed by the Albanian state who instead promoted
13528:
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13196:
13160:
13042:
12887:
12736:
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12192:
11807:
11463:
11351:
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10843:
10481:
9550:
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8380:
Revolution and change in Central and Eastern Europe: Political, economic, and social challenges
2050:
2038:
1984:
582:
of the Albanian nation. Other ancient peoples are also claimed as ancestors, in particular the
408:
123:
10387:
10325:
The economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989: Stages of transformation in a peripheral region
9456:
7821:"The Legendary Commander: The construction of an Albanian master-narrative in post-war Kosovo"
7756:"The file on H. Metahitory, Literature, Ethnography, Cultural Heritage and the Balkan Borders"
7625:
Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: A guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties
7091:
2574:
2568:
2370:
1592:
Between 1971 and 1981, the rise of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo coincided with a revival of
1566:
13851:
13816:
13801:
13680:
13508:
13498:
13463:
13458:
13443:
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13387:
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12154:
11925:
11910:
11468:
11346:
11275:
11193:
9049:
8947:
7251:
6283:, p. 23. "They claimed that Alexander the Great and Aristotle were of Albanian descent."
5039:
5018:
2533:
2527:
2152:, p. 475."... frequently then and since, "The religion of the Albanians is Albanianism."
1854:
1792:
1696:
1682:
1666:
1193:
1021:
575:
376:
310:
220:
128:
86:
8037:""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion"
1650:
14057:
13856:
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13483:
13453:
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11827:
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11145:
11098:
10977:
10767:
9814:
9701:
9189:
6295:, p. 11. "Pyrrhus who lived a century later has been hailed as primary Albanian hero".
1495:
1444:
1419:
1084:
1055:
555:
423:
381:
260:
188:
158:
148:
143:
133:
76:
12036:
12002:
9784:
Sawyer, Andrew (2014). "National Museums in Southeast Europe:(En) countering Balkanism?".
7159:
The thistle and the drone: How America's war on terror became a global war on tribal Islam
4335:, p. 23. "they thus claim to be the oldest indigenous people of the western Balkans".
1149:
366:
8:
14107:
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153:
113:
101:
9766:
Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity
9193:
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1338:
after prolonged interest and overarching sphere of influence during the interwar period
1218:
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14143:
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13776:
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Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans between nationalism and transnationalism
8959:
8871:
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8489:
8238:
8098:
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Saviours of the nation: Serbia's intellectual opposition and the revival of nationalism
7918:
7623:
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7215:
6420:
2573:. Vol. 2. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge. p.
1810:
1202:
975:
658:
567:
477:
460:
447:
168:
138:
118:
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10717:
10080:
Shi'i Islam and Identity: Religion, Politics and Change in the Global Muslim Community
8906:
Lesser, Ian O.; Larrabee, F. Stephen; Zanini, Michele; Vlachos-Dengler, Katia (2001).
1107:
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9770:
9749:
9728:
9707:
9686:
9665:
9642:
9621:
9598:
9577:
9573:
Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia
9556:
9535:
9487:
9464:
9421:
9400:
9379:
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8615:
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8573:
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8508:
8493:
8467:"From Rambouillet to the Kosovo accords: NATO'S war against Serbia and its aftermath"
8451:
8430:
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8384:
8363:
8340:
8319:
8296:
8275:
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7439:
7416:
7393:
7370:
7332:
7317:
7293:
7278:
7257:
7236:
7233:
Ideologies and national identities: The case of twentieth-century Southeastern Europe
7219:
7184:
7163:
7142:
7097:
7090:
Mabry, Tristan James; McGarry, John; Moore, Margaret; O'Leary, Brendan (2013-05-30).
6261:
5108:
5087:
5083:
Patriarchy After Patriarchy: Gender Relations in Turkey and in the Balkans, 1500-2000
5066:
5045:
5024:
2578:
2537:
2417:
2407:
2376:
1941:
1937:
1784:
891:
748:
682:
642:
559:
520:
332:
300:
270:
10727:
8525:
International organizations: A comparative approach to the management of cooperation
7922:
2060:
generated nationalistic commentary among the political elite of whom prime-minister
1764:
1384:
1352:
14082:
13891:
13771:
13286:
13266:
12882:
12877:
12809:
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11993:
11780:
11771:
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9793:
9514:
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8894:
8481:
8230:
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7863:
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7305:
7207:
2560:
2497:
2493:
1953:
1775:
1753:
1692:
1671:
1593:
1335:
1258:
883:
875:
833:
700:
In response to Kosovo's independence, foreign relations, policy impositions by the
689:
654:
630:
590:. These national myths are important in order to geopolitically support claims of "
547:
512:
430:
354:
344:
240:
213:
8642:
8549:
The changing world religion map: Sacred places, identities, practices and politics
8336:
Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923
6901:Έντι Ράμα: Αλβανός ήταν ο Δίας και ο Όλυμπος έχει τις ρίζες του στην… Τσαμουριά...
5062:
Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-communist Era
50:
14062:
14032:
13557:
12966:
12872:
12709:
12187:
12026:
11973:
11756:
11613:
10722:
10615:
8722:
Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto 1900-1996
8679:
8094:
6930:
6907:
6255:
5102:
5081:
1995:
1891:
1879:
1717:
Two Kosovo Liberation Army members (background) with US marine (foreground), 1999
1640:
1614:
1570:
1552:
1491:
1412:
1363:
Xhem Hasa (centre) with his brothers, Musli Hasa (left) and Abdullah Hasa (right)
1348:
1315:
1278:
866:
603:
595:
532:
315:
245:
14112:
10152:
The receding shadow of the prophet: The rise and fall of radical political Islam
8701:"A success story? Analysing Albanian ethno-nationalist extremism in the Balkans"
7309:
7211:
2372:
Byzantium after the Nation: The Problem of Continuity in Balkan Historiographies
2074:
1910:
1494:
also tried to demonstrate that Albanians were biologically different from other
14017:
13997:
13565:
12714:
11356:
10782:
9122:
7953:"Religion and the politics of 'Albanianism': Naim Frasheri's Bektashi writings"
7867:
2083:
2021:
1660:
1343:
1289:
Secessionist sentiments after the First World War became expressed through the
1168:
955:
915:
899:
701:
551:
290:
255:
250:
9840:
Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives
9797:
9201:
9091:
The politics of nation-building: Making co-nationals, refugees, and minorities
8898:
8485:
8234:
1609:
became a centre for some nationalistically orientated students that generated
1551:
variant of Albanian nationalism. These approaches resulted for example in the
396:
14211:
13660:
13655:
13610:
13605:
13585:
12908:
12584:
12031:
11920:
11704:
7914:
1918:
1798:
1758:
1469:
1464:
1406:
1326:
1162:
1145:
943:
933:
924:
907:
841:
670:
634:
610:
579:
361:
339:
295:
8292:
The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
8183:
Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe
8160:
Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe
7849:"Sacred Journey to a Nation: The Construction of a Shrine in Postwar Kosovo"
7471:
7454:
2421:
920:
14189:
14077:
13927:
13690:
13675:
13645:
13615:
13575:
11789:
11408:
7480:
2724:"Blue, yellow, white — football, politics, identity - Kosovo 2.0Kosovo 2.0"
2101:
2061:
1802:
1734:
1723:
1708:
1653:. Albanian nationalists created a non-governmental organisation called the
1460:
1302:
1176:
1093:
1050:
937:
which called for Albanians overcoming religious divisions through a united
903:
649:
and upon Italy's surrender the same territories were incorporated into the
225:
12011:
7695:"Convergences and Divergences in Nationalism through the Albanian example"
2565:"Clearing the Decks: Ending the Tripolitanian War and the Albanian Revolt"
919:
national Albanian ideology. Among Catholic Albanian figures involved were
621:) and allow movements for independence and self-determination, as well as
527:). Albanian nationalism is also associated with similar concepts, such as
39:
14148:
14117:
14097:
13977:
13932:
13886:
13715:
13700:
13695:
13630:
13570:
13047:
12920:
9836:"A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system"
8404:
Mediterranean Modernism: Intercultural Exchange and Aesthetic Development
7582:
Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008
7066:"Important agreements from joint meeting of Albania – Kosovo governments"
2504:. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Piece. p. 47
2401:
1523:
1393:
1298:
1184:
1172:
1130:
996:
928:
622:
508:
10434:(Report). Swindon: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Archived from
2492:
Josef Redlich; Baron d'Estournelles; M. Justin Godart; Walter Shucking;
1420:
Albanian Nationalism during the People's Republic of Albania (1945–1991)
1330:
The Italian Protectorate of Albania established by Italy in August 1941.
563:
14163:
14007:
13937:
12433:
12395:
11963:
11894:
10635:
9461:
We, the people: politics of national peculiarity in Southeastern Europe
9242:"Secession, Territorial Integrity and the role of the Security Council"
9073:"Probleme të normës në toponimi [Problems of norm in toponymy]"
8360:
Nations in Transit 2014: Democratization from Central Europe to Eurasia
7699:
Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence
7537:"Albania and Albanian émigrés in the United States before World War II"
7274:
Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925
2033:
1965:
1819:
1271:
after him regarding the process of Albanian state and nation building.
1080:
988:
887:
837:
587:
440:
275:
10141:
9246:
Kosovo and international law: The ICJ advisory opinion of 22 July 2010
9223:
Balkans and Islam Encounter, Transformation, Discontinuity, Continuity
7717:
6077:
6075:
2069:
1486:
from the second to third millennium while claiming them as the oldest
14067:
14052:
14042:
14037:
13982:
13967:
13256:
12380:
12314:
11739:
10858:
10655:
10630:
10597:
9658:"Albania, Macedonia and the British military missions, 1943 and 1944"
9519:
9141:
The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI
8112:"Status Report Albania 100 Years: Symbolic Nation-Building Completed"
7760:
Negotiating Culture: Moving, Mixing and Memory in Contemporary Europe
2646:
Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,...
1914:
1780:
1502:
1448:
1389:
1369:
1017:
1000:
613:. These myth aims to establish precedence over neighbouring peoples (
571:
81:
31:
10306:
9484:
Mediterranean Diasporas: Politics and Ideas in the Long 19th Century
8545:"An exception in the Balkans: Albania's multi confessional identity"
2337:
1705:(1991-1992) aiming to unite all Yugoslav Albanians into one entity.
1359:
14027:
13952:
13826:
13710:
11983:
11968:
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10650:
10645:
10625:
10620:
10545:
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Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania
10133:
9266:
The fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and war in the Balkans
8905:
7778:
7603:
Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912
7037:
6924:Προκλητικές εθνικιστικές κορώνες του Ράμα στο Συνέδριο των Τσάμηδων
6885:Προκλητικές εθνικιστικές κορώνες του Ράμα στο Συνέδριο των Τσάμηδων
6656:
6072:
2029:
1928:
1886:
1830:
1741:
1067:
1029:
1004:
688:
Contemporary Albanian nationalism has high levels of support among
583:
14092:
10432:
The Cham Issue - Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece
10032:"Nationalist parties and the party systems of the Western Balkans"
9457:"Faik Konitza: The modernizer of the Albanian language and nation"
8660:
Out of Albania: From crisis migration to social inclusion in Italy
8318:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1–37.
5020:
Out Of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy
1877:(2001) with conflict ending in peace talks and the signing of the
1834:
Official flag of the Kosovan President designed by Ibrahim Rugova.
14102:
14072:
14022:
14012:
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13670:
13620:
12639:
12548:
11958:
11849:
10968:
10640:
10610:
10605:
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9971:. In Bahlcke, Joachim; Rohdewald, Stefan; Wünsch, Thomas (eds.).
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The three Yugoslavias: State-building and legitimation, 1918–2005
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Balkan Border Crossings–First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School
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Eastern Europe: An introduction to the people, lands, and culture
7235:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 235–253.
2065:
1949:
1933:
1841:
1765:
Influence of origin theories in contemporary society and politics
1559:
1482:
1290:
1206:
1198:
1059:
983:
and was based on a perception of Skanderbeg's Albania serving as
759:
693:
536:
435:
63:
10412:
Donors, Technical Assistance and Public Administration in Kosovo
7229:"Greater Albania: The Albanian state and the question of Kosovo"
5874:
5872:
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East Central Europe in Exile Volume 1: Transatlantic Migrations
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Austin, Robert (2005). "Albania". In Frucht, Richard C. (ed.).
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community regarding property and other issues related to their
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992:
980:
963:
638:
618:
599:
280:
70:
9225:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–207.
9052:. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
8784:. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
8274:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 1–18.
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Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe
7955:. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).
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Europe, the USA and political Islam: Strategies for engagement
7347:
6668:
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1713:
1569:, a Serbian communist who later fell out and was dismissed by
14122:
12021:
9531:
Religion and nationalism in Soviet and East European politics
8185:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. pp. 239–268.
7363:
Banks, A.; Muller, Thomas C.; Overstreet, William R. (2010).
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and attempted to address Albanian grievances by awarding the
862:
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The future of Southeast Europe: Towards European integration
8358:. In Habbdank-Kolaczkowska, Sylvana; Csaky, Zselyke (eds.).
8312:""Yugoslav" Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century"
7846:
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7089:
6674:
6662:
6081:
5878:
4786:
4784:
2532:. United States of America: The Globe Pequot Press. p.
2045:
1037:
civilization and its achievements had an "Albanian" origin.
11203:
10371:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 104–114.
10015:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 115–124.
8788:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 157–171.
8162:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. pp. 19–50.
7678:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 127–133.
7543:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 9–22.
6781:
6779:
2028:
from northern Greece. The current socialist prime minister
1527:
1498:
populations, a hypothesis now refuted by genetic analysis.
1478:
1305:
that fought a small-scale war (1918-1921) in formations of
1141:
858:
709:
705:
9503:"Toponyms and the political and ethnic identity in Serbia"
9417:
The Red Flag: Communism and the making of the modern world
8931:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 91–103.
7294:"The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism"
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
1982:(FBKSh) which acted as the political organisation for the
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Rödinger, Horst; Knaus, Katharina; Steets, Julia (2003).
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Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency
9248:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 109–138.
9056:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 33–48.
8991:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 70–87.
7959:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 60–69.
6235:
4781:
1010:
747:
Some authors argue that Albanian nationalism, unlike its
8961:
The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their medieval origins
8504:
Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism & the Balkan Wars
8423:"NATO and the Balkans: From Intervention to Integration"
7847:
Di Lellio, Anna; Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie (2006b).
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Di Lellio, Anna; Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie (2006a).
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Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province
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Heritage and national identity in post-socialist Albania
2140:, p. 12. "the religion of Albanians is Albanianism"
1709:
Kosovo conflict (1990s) and Kosovan independence (2000s)
991:'s figure and deeds into a mixture of historical facts,
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Late Enlightenment: Emergence of modern 'National idea'
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International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
9614:"Kosovo: Estado actual de una balcanización permanente"
9463:. Central European University Press. pp. 307–340.
4750:
3242:
3240:
3030:
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1605:
In 1981 there was an outburst of Albanian nationalism.
1073:
844:. During the Russo-Turkish war, the incoming Serb army
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Pan-Albanianism: How Big a Threat to Balkan Stability?
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Burn this house: The making and unmaking of Yugoslavia
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Consumed by war: European conflict in the 20th century
8362:. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–64.
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4322:
4067:
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2701:"Kosovo and Albania Agree to Run Joint Foreign Policy"
2450:
2448:
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sector promoting Albanian self-government through the
515:
that were first formed in the 19th century during the
10099:"Reinventing Kosovo: Newborn and the Young Europeans"
7659:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 437–446.
7362:
6785:
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2791:, ed. Gopal Balakrishnan. London: Verso, 1999. p. 80
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1921:(right) with Kosovo Declaration of Independence, 2009
1635:
629:
the Ottomans agreed to the creation of an autonomous
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Islamic and Christian cultures: Conflict or dialogue
9664:. Basinstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 184–200.
9482:. In Maurizio, Isabella; Zanou, Konstantina (eds.).
8270:. In Galaty, Michael L.; Watkinson, Charles (eds.).
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5107:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 54.
4763:
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3413:
3411:
3237:
3025:
2058:
Centenary Albanian independence celebrations in 2012
1966:
Pan-Albanianism and Albanian politics in the Balkans
1805:
and Islam has been the result of foreign invasions.
11153:
9699:
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Nationalism: Critical concepts in political science
8699:Koktsidis, Pavlos Ioannis; Dam, Caspar Ten (2008).
8402:. In Goldwyn, Adam J.; Silverman, Renée M. (eds.).
8060:"Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania"
8043:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258.
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4870:
4868:
4866:
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4062:
3857:
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3763:
3501:
3499:
3447:
3445:
2559:
2443:
2406:. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell. p. 12.
1936:region hailing as a local the medieval Serb figure
1454:
1136:
743:
Group photo of some Prizren League delegates (1878)
9030:Only the nails remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars
8958:
7801:Ethnic nationalism: The tragic death of Yugoslavia
7732:
7622:
7489:
7328:The Wildest Province: SOE in the Land of the Eagle
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5041:Albania in transition: the rocky road to democracy
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2375:. Central European University Press. p. 287.
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1490:in that area and on par with the Greeks. Physical
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10103:Retracing images: Visual culture after Yugoslavia
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3985:
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10101:. In Šuber, Daniel; Karamanic, Slobodan (eds.).
9863:Muslims and Communists in Post-transition States
9682:One world divisible: A global history since 1945
9357:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 1356–1381.
8876:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
8771:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
8268:"The practice of Archaeology under dictatorship"
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2454:
2204:
1742:Contemporary Albanian Nationalism in the Balkans
10454:(Report). Brussels: International Crisis Group.
10262:. Budapest: Central European University Press.
10241:. Budapest: Central European University Press.
9993:Religion and politics in post-communist Romania
8844:
8427:NATO: From regional to global security provider
8425:. In Alexander, Yonah; Prosen, Richard (eds.).
8266:Galaty, Michael L.; Watkinson, Charles (2004).
8265:
7933:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo
7434:. In Milosevic, Marko; Rekawek, Kacper (eds.).
7118:"Kosovars Remain Faithful to Old Albanian Flag"
7007:
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2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2768:The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations
2570:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
2526:Warrander, Gail; Verena Knaus (November 2007).
2309:
1883:granting greater Albanian rights in Macedonia.
1392:who alongside his forces collaborated with the
1342:. Italian fascist regime members such as Count
1148:on the first anniversary of the session of the
846:expelled most of the Muslim Albanian population
550:with religious ties to the ruling Turks in the
9050:"Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia"
8956:
8847:"Albanian Islam - Development and Disruptions"
8742:"General Remarks on Albania and the Albanians"
7804:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7758:. In Byron, Reginald; Kockel, Ullrich (eds.).
7383:
6593:
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2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2352:
2350:
2244:
2242:
1560:Within Yugoslavia (Kosovo and North Macedonia)
760:Eastern Crisis and Albanian National Awakening
12330:
10561:
10148:
10034:. In Stojarova, Vera; Emerson, Peter (eds.).
9375:The politics of language in socialist Albania
8856:. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag. pp. 34–64.
8827:The Oxford companion to politics of the world
8751:. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag. pp. 11–23.
7973:
7877:"The battle of Kosovo 1389." An Albanian epic
7513:
6995:
6844:
6842:
6686:
6605:
6286:
6187:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6062:
6060:
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6056:
6054:
6052:
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5647:
5635:
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5390:
5354:
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5171:
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4713:
4711:
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4447:
4423:
4396:
4394:
4302:
4277:
4275:
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4258:
4246:
4113:
4037:
4035:
4033:
3842:
3840:
3664:
3649:
3615:
3613:
3140:
3003:
3001:
2553:
2368:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2278:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2064:referred to Albanian lands as extending from
1825:
1677:
1404:partisans. In 1944 German forces created the
485:
10388:"Ethnic identity of Greek-Albanian migrants"
10304:
10256:Trencsényi, Balázs; Kopecek, Michal (2007).
10235:Trencsényi, Balázs; Kopecek, Michal (2006).
9989:
9880:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).
9833:
9816:The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research
9477:
9288:. In Waller, Michael; Drezov, Kyril (eds.).
9286:"Kosovo/Kosova: A land of conflicting Myths"
9137:
8957:Madgearu, Alexandru; Gordon, Martin (2008).
8885:Lederer, Gyorgy (1994). "Islam in Albania".
8698:
8429:. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. 89–106.
8316:Nationalism and globalization: East and West
8179:"Enver Hoxha and the Stalinist Dictatorship"
7903:Anthropological Journal of European Cultures
7048:
7046:
6983:
6971:
6956:
6827:
6815:
6809:
6755:
6743:
6731:
6632:
6620:
6581:
6575:
6563:
6545:
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6508:
6506:
6354:
6342:
6325:
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6172:
6166:
6128:
6025:
5995:
5971:
5959:
5834:
5813:
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5776:
5758:
5701:
5623:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5452:
5450:
5396:
5372:
5232:
5217:
5101:Ellis, Linda (2010). Michael Gagarin (ed.).
4962:
4944:
4892:
4880:
4790:
4587:
4585:
4543:
4435:
4379:
3995:
3882:
3773:
3743:
3725:
3713:
3589:
3555:
3553:
3505:
3432:
3430:
3361:
3068:
2988:
2986:
2940:
2911:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2601:
2320:
2229:
2227:
2225:
645:were united by Axis Italian forces to their
16:Nationalist ideas related to Albanian people
10365:
9634:
9616:. In Weber, Algora; Dolores, María (eds.).
9108:
8866:. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13.
8802:
8779:
8761:. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13.
8572:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.
8551:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1577–1598.
8450:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
7733:Clewing, Konrad; Sundhaussen, Holm (2016).
7697:. In Detrez, Raymond; Plas, Pieter (eds.).
7436:Perseverance of Terrorism: Focus on Leaders
7430:Batkovski, Tome; Rajkocevski, Rade (2014).
7406:
6878:
6644:
6599:
6485:
6437:
6366:
6319:
6223:
6149:
6116:
5922:
5851:
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5539:
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4177:
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4047:
4001:
3963:
3903:
3779:
3689:
3511:
3462:
3460:
3378:
3355:
3322:
2815:
2766:Rrapaj, Jonilda and Kolasi, Klevis (2013).
2500:; Paul Milioukov; Samuel T. Dutton (1914).
2347:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2239:
1978:(PUK) that both merged in 2002 to form the
1729:UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
1588:Flag of Albanian minority in SFR Yugoslavia
1508:
14188:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on
13832:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)
12337:
12323:
10568:
10554:
10479:
10176:(Ph.D.). Baylor University. Archived from
9741:
9413:
9351:"Religion and ethnicity in Eastern Europe"
9221:. In Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (eds.).
9005:
8852:. In Kressing, Frank; Kaser, Karl (eds.).
8806:Kosovo: The politics of identity and space
8747:. In Kressing, Frank; Kaser, Karl (eds.).
8628:
7701:. Brussels: Peter Lang. pp. 213–226.
7345:
7200:Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans
6854:
6839:
6791:
6614:
6518:
6491:
6470:
6292:
6241:
6087:
6049:
6019:
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5665:
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5411:
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4932:
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4775:
4708:
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4597:
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4391:
4338:
4270:
4252:
4124:
4030:
4024:
3837:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3570:
3568:
3398:
3396:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3164:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
2998:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2290:
2275:
2155:
2032:in coalition with the PDIU has raised the
1859:declaration of Kosovan independence (2008)
1396:on various operations targeting communist
890:and a pre-Ottoman past, with reference to
810:To fall under foreign boot heels ?...
492:
478:
10521:
10507:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10149:Takeyh, Ray; Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2004).
10082:. New York: IB Tauris. pp. 170–209.
10052:
10029:
9938:
9907:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9886:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9597:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
9518:
9399:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
9348:
9306:
9158:
9094:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8677:
8474:The International Journal of Human Rights
8420:
7950:
7929:
7893:
7874:
7783:. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press.
7776:
7650:
7514:Bieber, Florian; Galijaš, Armina (2016).
7470:
7438:. Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 84–102.
7043:
7019:
6940:
6917:
6833:
6770:
6749:
6737:
6713:
6698:
6638:
6626:
6587:
6551:
6503:
6425:
6372:
6360:
6336:
6274:
5940:
5795:
5731:
5710:
5689:
5509:
5447:
5435:
5405:
5336:
5244:
5192:
5177:
4968:
4874:
4838:
4582:
3942:
3891:
3876:
3861:
3831:
3683:
3550:
3520:
3451:
3427:
3280:
3176:
3116:
2983:
2869:
2834:
2607:
2356:
2284:
2222:
800:You have been duped by priests and hodjas
11636:
11491:
10504:Communism and the Emergence of Democracy
10342:
10213:
10192:
10155:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
10119:
10073:
10010:
9990:Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007).
9966:
9879:
9865:. New York: Routledge. pp. 86–112.
9861:. In Fowkes, Ben; Gökay, Bülent (eds.).
9856:
9762:
9724:Macedonia and the Macedonians: A history
9678:
9655:
9478:Puto, Artan; Maurizio, Isabella (2015).
9334:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
9283:
9262:
8739:
8528:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
8500:
8332:
8176:
8153:
8118:. Farnham: Routledge. pp. 201–226.
8109:
8080:
8057:
8034:
7753:
7620:
7488:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007).
7392:. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 290–305.
7277:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7231:. In Lampe, John; Mazower, Mark (eds.).
7134:
7093:Divided Nations and European Integration
7013:
7001:
6989:
6977:
6965:
6947:«Οι Θεοί του Ολύμπου μιλούσαν Αλβανικά»!
6675:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006b
6663:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006a
6396:
6307:
6217:
6205:
6181:
6137:
6082:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006a
6066:
6031:
6001:
5879:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006a
5857:
5822:
5764:
5611:
5563:
5503:
5479:
5226:
5165:
5135:
5058:
4950:
4920:
4905:
4886:
4723:
4690:
4493:
4476:
4459:
4373:
4313:
3974:
3930:
3802:
3754:
3631:
3619:
3457:
3331:
3316:
3215:
3188:
3128:
2953:
2893:
2254:
2233:
2168:
2044:
2017:Party for Justice, Integration and Unity
1904:
1885:
1829:
1809:Edwin Everett Jacques, Mathieu Aref and
1712:
1681:
1639:
1583:
1423:
1358:
1325:
1273:
1167:
1140:
1111:Delegates from the Alphabet Congress of
1106:
954:
738:
633:however it was never implemented as the
539:with substantial Albanian populations.
10899:Albanian resistance during World War II
10530:. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–86.
10458:
10449:
10429:
10321:
10096:
10038:. New York: Routledge. pp. 42–58.
9975:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 804–822.
9924:"Skenderbeg and Albanian Consciousness"
9900:
9842:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 13–30.
9635:Rausch, Colette; Banar, Elaine (2006).
9392:
9327:
9087:
9026:
8986:
8926:
8884:
8823:
8656:
8464:
8397:
8376:
8353:
8309:
8288:
8199:
8156:"King Zog, Albania's Interwar Dictator"
8132:
7994:
7980:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.
7797:
7762:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 54–75.
7692:
7534:
6894:
6860:
6821:
6725:
6650:
6524:
6497:
6408:
6348:
6122:
6110:
6043:
5983:
5928:
5807:
5725:
5671:
5659:
5575:
5417:
5378:
5366:
5330:
5313:
5265:
5211:
5037:
5013:
4857:
4744:
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4639:
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4603:
4576:
4537:
4514:
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4141:
4107:
4056:
4041:
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3790:
3737:
3698:
3658:
3643:
3595:
3565:
3559:
3544:
3478:
3436:
3393:
3387:
3372:
3252:
3200:
3152:
3104:
3092:
3040:
2977:
2922:
2905:
2881:
2857:
2845:
2828:
2619:
2464:
2303:
2248:
2216:
2180:
2149:
2125:
1565:anti Albanian policies in Kosovo under
1463:, Albania developed its own version of
14223:19th-century establishments in Albania
14210:
13792:Galician independence movement (Spain)
12344:
11885:
10408:
10385:
9921:
9812:
9783:
9748:. Westport: eenwood Publishing Group.
9727:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
9720:
9620:. Madrid: Dykinson. pp. 259–272.
9434:
9070:
8718:
8569:Yugoslavia: a state that withered away
8542:
8521:
8220:
8066:. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 37–52.
7715:
7673:
7578:
7557:
7324:
7291:
7270:
7249:
7226:
7197:
7176:
7025:
6848:
6797:
6446:
6280:
6253:
6229:
6193:
6098:
5301:
5289:
5059:Bugajski, Janusz (10 September 2020).
4826:
4814:
4678:
4564:
4400:
4264:
4240:
4216:
4189:
4153:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4012:
3814:
3466:
3304:
3080:
3007:
2992:
2965:
2934:
2399:
2369:Stamatopoulos, Dimitris (2022-11-01).
2335:
2269:
2192:
2084:original Second World War organization
1972:National Liberation Front of Albanians
1179:, leaders of the Kaçak movement (1920)
1011:Western influences and origin theories
818:The Albanian's faith is Albanianism !
730:Albanian nationalism (North Macedonia)
13842:Patani United Liberation Organisation
13812:Inner Mongolian independence movement
12318:
10549:
10500:
10369:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
10279:"The Resurfacing of Islam in Albania"
10036:Party politics in the Western Balkans
10013:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
9685:. New York: WW Norton & Company.
9611:
9590:
9569:
9548:
9527:
9500:
9378:. Boulder: East European Monographs.
9239:
9216:
9179:
9054:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
9047:
8989:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
8929:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
8786:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
8607:
8586:
8565:
8015:
7957:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
7676:Albanian Identities: Myth and History
7599:
7492:The Balkans: A post-communist history
7384:Bardhoshi, Nebi; Lelaj, Olsi (2008).
7155:
7052:
6512:
6431:
6007:
5863:
5737:
5695:
5599:
5587:
5515:
5456:
5441:
5342:
5250:
5238:
5147:
5141:
5100:
5079:
4732:
4717:
4702:
4591:
4549:
4487:
4470:
3846:
3604:
3574:
3532:
3343:
3292:
3265:
3227:
3019:
2809:
2754:
2657:
2479:
2437:
2331:
2329:
2137:
1670:" era principles and to learning the
1062:were Pelasgian or Illyrian-Albanian.
13837:National Liberation Front of Corsica
13762:East Turkestan independence movement
10575:
10276:
10196:Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory
9555:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
9454:
9371:
9033:. Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham.
8593:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
8507:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
8443:
8249:
8083:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
8018:Albanian literature: A short history
7736:Lexikon zur Geschichte südosteuropas
6701:, pp. 4, 10–12, 24–30, 48, 179.
5153:
4499:
3490:
3402:
3053:
2669:
2082:(BKK) sees itself as an heir to the
1074:Geopolitical consequences and legacy
808:Well-loved mother, dare we leave her
804:Who has the heart to let her perish,
802:To divide you, keep you wretched....
798:But you're brothers, hapless people!
788:"Albanians, you are killing kinfolk,
10528:Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism
10415:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10220:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10059:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9996:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9012:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8965:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p.
8845:Lakshman-Lepain, Rajwantee (2002).
8830:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8657:King, Russell; Mai, Nicola (2008).
8614:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8611:Kosovo: What everyone needs to know
8339:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7352:European Journal of Turkish Studies
6786:Banks, Muller & Overstreet 2010
2631:
1644:Statue of Ibrahim Rugova, Prishtina
790:You're split in a hundred factions,
13:
10193:Todorova, Maria Nikolaeva (2004).
8912:. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
8223:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
8206:. Birmingham: Palgrave MacMillan.
8181:. In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.).
8158:. In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.).
7459:European Journal of Human Genetics
5086:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 15.
3232:Feja e shqyptarit asht shqyptarija
2326:
1636:Dissidence and rise of nationalism
1459:Imitating Stalinist trends in the
1104:) toward the end of Ottoman rule.
944:Feja e shqyptarit asht shqyptarija
812:Wake, Albanian, from your slumber,
796:Say "I'm Greek," or "I am Slavic,"
14:
14274:
10839:Principality of Albania (1914–25)
10824:Provisional Government of Albania
10351:. Durham: Duke University Press.
9576:. Durham: Duke University Press.
9534:. Durham: Duke University Press.
9486:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
8062:. In Hartmuth, Maximilian (ed.).
8039:. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.).
7657:Global religions: An introduction
6385:Rödinger, Knaus & Steets 2003
5017:; Mai, Nicola (15 January 2013).
4098:, pp. 263–264, 272, 280–281.
4086:, pp. 263–264, 268, 280–281.
1890:Monument to fallen NLA fighters,
1334:On 7 April 1939, Italy headed by
976:Skanderbeg resisted Ottoman Turks
941:. The last stanza of Vasa's poem
816:And not look to church or mosque,
814:Let us, brothers, swear in common
12001:
11884:
11703:
11547:
11546:
11126:
11125:
11040:
11039:
10967:
9290:Kosovo: The politics of delusion
9269:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
7840:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00252.x
7655:. In Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.).
7606:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
7138:National Poetry, Empires and War
7110:
7083:
7058:
6414:
6247:
6208:, pp. 54, 57, 67–69, 70–71.
5005:
4764:Batkovski & Rajkocevski 2014
4222:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4018:
3936:
3909:
3897:
3808:
3796:
3731:
3719:
3637:
3625:
2336:Fermor, David Sebastian (2018).
1875:fought against Macedonian forces
1455:Origin theories during communism
1226:
1217:
1137:Independence and interwar period
806:Once a heroine, now so weakened!
794:Say "I'm Turk," or "I am Latin,"
511:ideas and concepts generated by
38:
14238:Nationalist movements in Europe
13943:Basque Country (greater region)
13802:Guangdong Independence Movement
10462:The Albanians: a modern history
9904:The Albanian national awakening
8177:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2007b).
8154:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2007a).
8139:. London: Hurst & Company.
7936:. London: Hurst & Company.
7539:. In Mazurkiewicz, Anna (ed.).
7366:Political Handbook of the World
6254:Wilkes, John (9 January 1996).
3538:
3526:
3484:
3472:
3349:
3337:
3310:
3286:
3221:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3013:
2971:
2959:
2928:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2803:
2793:
2773:
2760:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2716:
2707:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2625:
2613:
2519:
2485:
2431:
2393:
2362:
1541:
1321:
570:. Among those were ideas of an
14253:Political movements in Albania
13747:Assyrian independence movement
12222:Orders, decorations and medals
10829:Albania during the Balkan Wars
10522:Yoshihara, Susan Fink (2006).
10199:. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
10078:. In Ridgeon, Lloyd VJ (ed.).
9834:Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014).
9349:Petrovich, Michael B. (2000).
8949:Kulturen život (Cultural Life)
8547:. In Brunn, Stanley D. (ed.).
8406:. Springer. pp. 251–282.
8272:Archaeology under dictatorship
8133:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999).
7951:Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2002).
7930:Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000).
7798:Denitch, Bogdan Denis (1996).
7517:Debating the End of Yugoslavia
7415:. Springer. pp. 140–160.
7256:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 695–734.
7177:Ahrens, Geert-Hinrich (2007).
6873:Clewing & Sundhaussen 2016
5023:. Berghahn Books. p. 28.
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2143:
2131:
2119:
1980:United National Albanian Front
722:Albanian nationalism (Albania)
419:Albanian Greek-Catholic Church
1:
13882:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
13877:Tibetan independence movement
13807:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
13767:Faroese independence movement
13752:Catalan independence movement
10869:Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
10743:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
10390:. In Makariev, Plamen (ed.).
10305:Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros (2015).
9284:Pavković, Aleksander (2001).
9263:Pavković, Aleksandar (2000).
9138:Nezir-Akmese, Handan (2005).
9027:Merrill, Christopher (2001).
8314:. In Suryadinata, Leo (ed.).
7974:Dragovic-Soso, Jasna (2002).
7629:. Armonk: ME Sharpe. p.
7369:. Washington D.C.: CQ Press.
7271:Austin, Robert Clegg (2012).
6728:, pp. 228, 231, 245–248.
4074:, pp. 263–264, 272, 280.
3247:Trencsényi & Kopecek 2006
3035:Trencsényi & Kopecek 2007
2108:
1738:(KFOR) dealing with defence.
1281:rebels controlling a road in
950:
792:Some believe in God or Allah,
734:
726:Albanian nationalism (Kosovo)
14248:Political history of Albania
13963:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
13872:Taiwan independence movement
13847:Ryukyu independence movement
13757:Champa independence movement
13737:Alsace independence movement
10874:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
10849:Autonomous Province of Korçë
10289:(4): 533–549. Archived from
10170:Tarţa, Iustin Mihai (2012).
10169:
10056:The far right in the Balkans
9969:"Antemurale Christianitatis"
9838:. In Pichler, Robert (ed.).
9763:Saunders, Robert A. (2011).
9706:. Hamburg: Körber-Stiftung.
9660:. In Pettifer, James (ed.).
9459:. In Mishkova, Diana (ed.).
9292:. London: Psychology Press.
9159:Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010).
8803:Kostovicova, Denisa (2005).
8780:Kostovicova, Denisa (2002).
8663:. New York: Berghahn Books.
8095:10.1080/09596410.2014.961765
7585:. New York: Berghahn Books.
7346:Baltsiotis, Lambros (2011).
7068:. 2017-11-28. Archived from
4956:
4793:, pp. 119–121, 123–138.
4333:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007
2455:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007
2205:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007
2113:
1913:(left), U.S. Vice President
1575:Yugoslav constitution (1974)
679:Albanians in North Macedonia
7:
14263:Nationalism and archaeology
13827:Mapuche separatist movement
10909:Orthography Congress (1972)
10904:Communist Albania (1946–91)
10884:Italian invasion of Albania
10834:Republic of Central Albania
10814:Declaration of Independence
10758:Albanian National Awakening
10386:Veikou, Mariangela (2001).
10345:"The bonds and fault lines"
10343:Udovički, Jasminka (2000).
9769:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
9742:Roudometof, Victor (2002).
9662:The new Macedonian question
9612:Ramón, Juan Corona (2015).
9244:. In Hilpold, Peter (ed.).
8678:Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003).
8377:Goldman, Minton F. (1997).
7777:Czekalski, Tadeusz (2013).
7411:. In Pace, Michelle (ed.).
7407:Barbullushi, Odeta (2010).
7310:10.1080/0090599042000230250
7212:10.1080/1461319042000296796
6459:Galaty & Watkinson 2004
4988:Galaty & Watkinson 2004
2563:; Ezel Kural Shaw (2002) .
1991:Liberation Army of Chameria
1656:Democratic League of Kosovo
1620:People's Movement of Kosovo
931:who penned the famous poem
898:. While Muslim (especially
855:Albanian National Awakening
517:Albanian National Awakening
10:
14279:
13862:Silesian Autonomy Movement
13742:Assam separatist movements
12897:Northern & Middle Asia
10879:Union with Italian kingdom
10394:. CRVP. pp. 157–175.
9857:Schwartz, Stephan (2014).
9656:Reginald, Hibbert (1999).
9591:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006).
9549:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1997).
9414:Priestland, David (2009).
9328:Perritt, Henry H. (2008).
9307:Peshkopia, Ridvan (2015).
9123:10.1080/027572004200191046
8946:Macedonian Review (1990).
8522:Jordan, Robert S. (2001).
8200:Fontana, Giuditta (2017).
8058:Endresen, Cecilie (2011).
8035:Endresen, Cecilie (2010).
7894:De Rapper, Gilles (2009).
7868:10.3167/146526006780457315
7693:Clayer, Nathalie (2005b).
7227:Austin, Robert C. (2004).
7127:
6953:. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
6937:. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
6914:. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
6891:. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
3916:Bardhoshi & Lelaj 2008
3422:Madgearu & Gordon 2008
2093:Kosovo-Albania unification
1826:Kosovo and North Macedonia
1746:
1678:Late 1980s and early 1990s
1236:The helmet of Skanderbeg,
1041:it had overtones of being
985:Antemurale Christianitatis
783:O moj Shqypni (Oh Albania)
719:
715:
14179:
14131:
13905:
13867:Székely autonomy movement
13729:
13556:
13521:
13476:
13406:
13365:
13347:
13340:
13295:
13252:
13245:
13220:
13184:
13156:
13149:
13076:
12986:
12979:
12944:
12896:
12850:
12765:
12692:
12604:
12597:
12562:
12541:
12500:
12493:
12473:
12452:
12416:
12368:
12361:
12352:
12274:
12240:
12173:
12142:
12087:
12056:
12049:
11992:
11949:
11903:
11826:
11788:
11779:
11738:
11734:
11725:
11627:
11559:
11535:
11482:
11456:
11435:
11396:
11392:
11383:
11339:
11301:
11263:
11217:
11144:
11079:
11075:
11066:
11020:
10989:
10985:
10976:
10965:
10937:
10801:
10700:
10664:
10596:
10587:
10459:Vickers, Miranda (2011).
10450:Vickers, Miranda (2004).
10430:Vickers, Miranda (2002).
10214:Trbovich, Ana S. (2008).
9939:Skoulidas, Elias (2013).
9798:10.1007/s10767-013-9160-9
9202:10.1080/14608940903542540
8899:10.1080/02634939408400866
8629:Kampschror, Beth (2007).
8486:10.1080/13642980008406901
8444:Hall, Richard C. (2010).
8421:Gregorian, Raffi (2015).
8398:Goldwyn, Adam J. (2016).
8235:10.1080/13602000903411366
8136:Albania at war, 1939–1945
8110:Endresen, Cecile (2016).
7754:Crawshaw, Robert (2006).
7739:. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag.
7716:Clayer, Nathalie (2005).
7651:Buturovic, Amila (2006).
7621:Bugajski, Janusz (1994).
7325:Bailey, Roderick (2011).
6687:Takeyh & Gvosdev 2004
6399:, pp. 8, 98–99, 108.
5648:Bieber & Galijaš 2016
5636:Bieber & Galijaš 2016
5065:. Routledge. p. 81.
3141:Takeyh & Gvosdev 2004
1697:dissolution of Yugoslavia
1611:Kosovar Albanian protests
507:is a general grouping of
51:Geographical distribution
13797:Greenlandic independence
10894:The Holocaust in Albania
10753:Uprising of Dervish Cara
10480:Winnifrith, Tom (2002).
10097:Ströhle, Isabel (2012).
10053:Stojarová, Vera (2016).
10030:Stojarova, Vera (2010).
9901:Skendi, Stavro (1967a).
9813:Schmid, Alex P. (2011).
9679:Reynolds, David (2001).
9507:Oslo Studies in Language
9435:Psomas, Lambros (2008).
9396:Who are the Macedonians?
9313:. London: Anthem Press.
9111:History and Anthropology
9088:Mylonas, Harris (2013).
9006:Merdjanova, Ina (2013).
8909:Greece's new geopolitics
8740:Kressing, Frank (2002).
8354:Gjipali, Gledis (2014).
8289:Gawrych, George (2006).
8114:. In Kolstø, Pål (ed.).
7915:10.3167/ajec.2009.180104
7558:Bowden, William (2003).
7135:Aberbach, David (2016).
6810:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
6665:, pp. 516–519, 527.
6576:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
6564:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
6540:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
6152:, pp. 151, 154–155.
5996:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
5972:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
5960:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
5835:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
5810:, pp. 307–308, 372.
5777:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
5624:Koktsidis & Dam 2008
4945:Stan & Turcescu 2007
4231:, pp. 159, 160–161.
3774:Puto & Maurizio 2015
3590:Puto & Maurizio 2015
3506:Puto & Maurizio 2015
3307:, pp. 83–84, 87–88.
3069:Puto & Maurizio 2015
2321:Puto & Maurizio 2015
2183:, pp. 92, 100, 102.
2068:(in northern Greece) to
2020:(PDIU) representing the
1870:National Liberation Army
1815:Greek-Albanian relations
1509:Nationalism and religion
546:, Albanians were mainly
10733:Islamization of Albania
10723:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini
10677:Principality of Arbanon
10322:Turnock, David (2004).
10283:East European Quarterly
10074:Stoyanov, Yuri (2012).
9967:Srodecki, Paul (2013).
9922:Skendi, Stavro (1968).
9819:. New York: Routledge.
9721:Rossos, Andrew (2013).
9570:Ramet, Sabrina (1998).
9528:Ramet, Sabrina (1989).
9501:Rajić, Ljubiša (2012).
8708:East European Quarterly
8590:Kosovo: War and revenge
8501:Hockenos, Paul (2003).
8333:Gingeras, Ryan (2009).
8310:Gilberg, Trond (2000).
8020:. London: I.B. Tauris.
8001:. Münster: LIT Verlag.
7995:Egleder, Julia (2013).
7875:Di Lellio, Ana (2009).
7828:Nations and Nationalism
7579:Brisku, Adrian (2013).
7535:Biernat, Agata (2014).
7472:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200443
7141:. New York: Routledge.
6716:, pp. 6–10, 32–33.
6486:Rausch & Banar 2006
2049:Official ensign of the
2001:Legality Movement Party
1976:Party of National Unity
1917:(centre) and President
1433:National History Museum
1194:Austro-Hungarian forces
1154:Independence of Albania
647:protectorate of Albania
627:Albanian revolt of 1912
598:" (most importantly in
466:Origin of the Albanians
14258:Nationalism by country
13822:Māori protest movement
10914:Post-Communist Albania
10889:German Nazi occupation
10844:World War I in Albania
10713:Skanderbeg's rebellion
10501:Wydra, Harald (2007).
10277:Trix, Frances (1994).
9420:. London: Penguin UK.
9393:Poulton, Hugh (1995).
9240:Oeter, Stefan (2012).
9165:. Berlin: LIT Verlag.
9077:Gjurmime Albanologjike
9071:Murati, Qemal (2007).
8824:Krieger, Joel (2001).
8725:. Oxford: Peter Lang.
8719:Kostov, Chris (2010).
8543:Jordan, Peter (2015).
8465:Herring, Eric (2000).
8016:Elsie, Robert (2005).
7520:. Farnham: Routledge.
7292:Babuna, Aydin (2004).
5278:Macedonian Review 1990
5038:Biberaj, Elez (1998).
2400:Wilkes, J. J. (1992).
2053:
2051:Albanian National Army
2039:Red and Black Alliance
2026:Second World War exile
2010:(PBKSh) alongside the
1985:Albanian National Army
1945:
1922:
1894:
1835:
1718:
1687:
1645:
1589:
1439:
1364:
1331:
1286:
1240:; Coat of arms of the
1180:
1157:
1116:
967:
820:
776:
744:
535:encompassing adjacent
524:
13852:Scottish independence
13817:Kashubian Association
13539:Indigenous Australian
12212:Epitaph of Gllavenica
10486:. London: Duckworth.
10465:. London: IB Tauris.
10409:Venner, Mary (2016).
10328:. London: Routledge.
9217:Nurja, Ermal (2012).
9144:. London: IB Tauris.
8809:. London: Routledge.
8566:Jović, Dejan (2009).
8383:. Armonk: ME Sharpe.
8295:. London: IB Tauris.
7879:. London: IB Tauris.
7564:. London: Duckworth.
7496:. London: Routledge.
7156:Ahmed, Akbar (2013).
6260:. Wiley. p. 38.
3454:. para. 9, 12-15, 25.
2080:Balli Kombetar Kosovë
2048:
1908:
1889:
1833:
1793:Constantine the Great
1716:
1685:
1667:Brotherhood and Unity
1643:
1587:
1526:'s late 19th century
1427:
1388:, most notable being
1362:
1329:
1277:
1268:King of the Albanians
1171:
1152:which proclaimed the
1144:
1110:
1022:Johann Georg von Hahn
972:anti Ottoman struggle
958:
832:With the rise of the
827:by Pashko Vasa, 1878.
778:
763:
742:
681:and the ever growing
576:Albanian ethnogenesis
414:Italo-Albanian Church
230:Traditional tattooing
14243:Albanian irredentism
14218:Albanian nationalism
14058:Marathi Abhimaangeet
13857:Siberian regionalism
11644:Archaeological sites
11154:Vetting Institutions
10854:Italian protectorate
10768:Congress of Manastir
10748:Revolts of 1833–1839
9455:Puto, Artan (2009).
9372:Pipa, Arshi (1989).
9048:Misha, Piro (2002).
8952:. Macedonian Review.
8887:Central Asian Survey
7645:Republic of Ilirida.
7298:Nationalities Papers
6046:, pp. 308, 373.
5602:, pp. 189, 266.
5130:Lakshman-Lepain 2002
5080:Kaser, Karl (2008).
4877:, pp. 160, 206.
4432:, pp. 5, 21–25.
4267:, pp. 278, 282.
3755:Shaw & Shaw 1977
3129:Shaw & Shaw 1977
2007:National Unity Party
1948:) who killed Sultan
1693:Dayton Peace Accords
1607:Prishtina university
1056:Philip II of Macedon
556:Great Eastern Crisis
505:Albanian nationalism
14228:Albanian separatism
14149:American Indigenous
13782:Free Papua Movement
13192:Balkar and Karachay
12987:Southeastern Europe
12518:Indigenous Canadian
11865:Research institutes
11427:State Supreme Audit
10864:Republic of Mirdita
9194:2010NatId..12....1N
9182:National Identities
8684:. Athens: EIE-ΚΝΕ.
8641:(4). Archived from
8608:Judah, Tim (2008).
8587:Judah, Tim (2002).
7600:Blumi, Isa (2011).
7331:. London: Vintage.
7120:. 28 November 2017.
7016:, pp. 111–112.
6566:, pp. 174–179.
6411:, pp. 243–244.
6220:, pp. 205–206.
6113:, pp. 232–234.
5998:, pp. 165–166.
5974:, pp. 164–165.
5962:, pp. 164–171.
5837:, pp. 163–164.
5626:, pp. 162–163.
5590:, pp. 183–184.
5241:, pp. 204–205.
5002:, pp. 480–485.
5000:Belledi et al. 2000
4923:, pp. 116–123.
4693:, pp. 197–188.
4642:, pp. 263–264.
4567:, pp. 185–186.
4552:, pp. 141–142.
4517:, pp. 115–116.
4456:, pp. 88, 260.
4364:, pp. 153–155.
4180:, pp. 159–160.
3960:, pp. 197–200.
3933:, pp. 420–421.
3918:, pp. 299–300.
3864:, pp. 206–207.
3661:, pp. 370–378.
3283:, pp. 210–211.
3218:, pp. 174–175.
3203:, pp. 169–174.
3107:, pp. 181–189.
3095:, pp. 115–120.
2726:. 16 February 2019.
2620:King & Mai 2008
2304:King & Mai 2008
1789:Alexander the Great
1702:Republic of Ilirida
1567:Aleksandar Ranković
1301:and later his wife
1034:ancient Macedonians
1026:Albanesiche Studien
960:Skanderbeg Monument
896:Alexander the Great
675:Kosovo independence
651:German client state
562:groups such as the
544:late Ottoman period
14194:ethnic nationalism
13897:Welsh independence
13777:Free Aceh Movement
13009:in North Macedonia
12851:South-eastern Asia
12346:Ethnic nationalism
11682:Adriatic Sea Coast
11609:Telecommunications
11316:Capital punishment
11209:Prosecutor General
10778:Malissori uprising
10738:Albanian Pashaliks
10692:House of Kastrioti
10682:Kingdom of Albania
10180:on 7 February 2017
9928:Südost Forschungen
8631:"Ghosts of Kosovo"
8250:Free, Jan (2011).
7038:Lesser et al. 2001
6929:2020-08-18 at the
6906:2017-03-12 at the
6232:, pp. 30, 32.
5854:, pp. 18, 27.
5552:Dragovic-Soso 2002
5492:Dragovic-Soso 2002
5391:Dragovic-Soso 2002
5355:Dragovic-Soso 2002
5044:. Westview Press.
2925:, pp. 86–105.
2789:Mapping the Nation
2054:
1923:
1895:
1836:
1811:Aristeidis Kollias
1795:are also claimed.
1772:oldest inhabitants
1719:
1695:(1995) ending the
1688:
1651:Slobodan Milosević
1646:
1590:
1579:province of Kosovo
1440:
1365:
1332:
1287:
1181:
1158:
1117:
968:
745:
568:self-determination
461:History of Albania
14233:History of Kosovo
14205:
14204:
13948:Catalan Countries
13552:
13551:
13517:
13516:
13472:
13471:
13336:
13335:
13241:
13240:
12975:
12974:
12593:
12592:
12489:
12488:
12312:
12311:
12270:
12269:
12266:
12265:
12138:
12137:
12045:
12044:
12037:Cognac Skënderbeu
11844:
11796:
11721:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11709:Images of Albania
11677:
11676:
11536:Natural resources
11527:Hydropower plants
11522:
11521:
11379:
11378:
11375:
11374:
11184:
11183:
11121:Political parties
11116:Foreign relations
11062:
11061:
11058:
11057:
10963:
10962:
10919:1997 Civil Unrest
10763:League of Prizren
10687:Despotate of Arta
10493:978-0-7156-3201-7
10105:. Leiden: Brill.
9604:978-0-253-34656-8
9276:978-0-230-28584-2
8691:978-960-7916-11-2
8325:978-981-230-073-7
7527:978-1-317-15424-2
6824:, pp. 12–13.
6677:, pp. 27–45.
6473:. para. 5, 15-18.
6449:, pp. 66–70.
6351:, pp. 78–79.
6267:978-0-631-19807-9
6167:Schmidt-Neke 2014
5943:, pp. 67–68.
5566:, pp. 86–87.
5494:, pp. 72–73.
5381:, pp. 21–22.
5093:978-3-8258-1119-8
5072:978-1-000-16135-9
5051:978-0-8133-3502-5
5030:978-0-85745-390-7
4791:Tsoutsoumpis 2015
4720:, pp. 29–30.
4705:, pp. 28–29.
4444:, pp. 70–71.
4388:, pp. 91–92.
4316:, pp. 48–49.
4015:, pp. 40–41.
3996:Schmidt-Neke 2014
3879:, pp. 60–61.
3849:, pp. 44–45.
3726:Nezir-Akmese 2005
3714:Nezir-Akmese 2005
3646:, pp. 14–15.
3481:, pp. 77–79.
3390:, pp. 76–77.
2956:, pp. 40–43.
2908:, pp. 43–53.
2831:, pp. 21–22.
2812:, pp. 40–41.
2584:978-0-521-29166-8
2561:Shaw, Stanford J.
2543:978-1-84162-199-9
2382:978-963-386-308-4
2251:, pp. 72–86.
1785:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1488:indigenous people
1312:Serbian colonists
1150:Assembly of Vlorë
1085:alphabet congress
892:Pyrrhus of Epirus
683:Albanian diaspora
643:western Macedonia
560:Albanian diaspora
502:
501:
333:Albanian language
265:Kângë Kreshnikësh
14270:
14198:
14083:Republika Srpska
13892:Walloon Movement
13772:Flemish Movement
13345:
13344:
13250:
13249:
13154:
13153:
12984:
12983:
12602:
12601:
12498:
12497:
12366:
12365:
12359:
12358:
12339:
12332:
12325:
12316:
12315:
12297:
12290:
12283:
12054:
12053:
12005:
11888:
11887:
11840:
11792:
11786:
11785:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11707:
11687:Ionian Sea Coast
11634:
11633:
11550:
11549:
11489:
11488:
11443:Shopping centers
11412:
11394:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11367:Border crossings
11241:Cities and towns
11151:
11150:
11129:
11128:
11077:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11043:
11042:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10971:
10793:Kimza Government
10594:
10593:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10518:
10497:
10476:
10455:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10426:
10405:
10382:
10362:
10339:
10318:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10273:
10252:
10231:
10210:
10189:
10187:
10185:
10166:
10145:
10116:
10093:
10070:
10049:
10026:
10007:
9986:
9963:
9961:
9960:
9951:. Archived from
9935:
9918:
9897:
9876:
9853:
9830:
9809:
9780:
9759:
9738:
9717:
9696:
9675:
9652:
9631:
9608:
9587:
9566:
9545:
9524:
9522:
9520:10.5617/osla.319
9497:
9474:
9451:
9441:
9431:
9410:
9389:
9368:
9345:
9324:
9303:
9280:
9259:
9236:
9213:
9176:
9155:
9134:
9105:
9084:
9067:
9044:
9023:
9002:
8983:
8964:
8953:
8942:
8923:
8902:
8881:
8875:
8867:
8851:
8841:
8820:
8799:
8776:
8770:
8762:
8746:
8736:
8715:
8705:
8695:
8674:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8625:
8604:
8583:
8562:
8539:
8518:
8497:
8480:(3–4): 224–245.
8471:
8461:
8440:
8417:
8394:
8373:
8350:
8329:
8306:
8285:
8262:
8256:
8246:
8217:
8196:
8173:
8150:
8129:
8106:
8077:
8054:
8031:
8012:
7991:
7970:
7947:
7926:
7900:
7890:
7871:
7853:
7843:
7825:
7815:
7794:
7773:
7750:
7729:
7712:
7689:
7670:
7653:"European Islam"
7647:
7628:
7617:
7596:
7575:
7554:
7531:
7510:
7495:
7484:
7474:
7449:
7426:
7403:
7380:
7359:
7342:
7321:
7288:
7267:
7246:
7223:
7194:
7173:
7152:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6954:
6944:
6938:
6921:
6915:
6898:
6892:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6774:
6768:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6603:
6600:Neofotistos 2004
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6421:Flag of Dardania
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6323:
6320:Valtchinova 2002
6317:
6311:
6305:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6170:
6164:
6153:
6150:Barbullushi 2010
6147:
6141:
6135:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6085:
6079:
6070:
6064:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5903:
5897:
5882:
5876:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5852:Kostovicova 2005
5849:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5753:Kostovicova 2005
5750:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5714:
5708:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5540:Kostovicova 2005
5537:
5531:
5528:Kostovicova 2005
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5460:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5432:, pp. 9–10.
5430:Kostovicova 2005
5427:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5215:
5209:
5196:
5190:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5097:
5076:
5055:
5034:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4903:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4861:
4855:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4721:
4715:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4628:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4518:
4512:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4474:
4468:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4404:
4398:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4317:
4311:
4300:
4294:
4285:
4279:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4229:Kostovicova 2002
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4205:Kostovicova 2002
4202:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4178:Kostovicova 2002
4175:
4169:
4166:Kostovicova 2002
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
3999:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3961:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3904:Barbullushi 2010
3901:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3758:
3752:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3376:
3370:
3359:
3356:Kostovicova 2005
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2832:
2826:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2632:Steinke, Klaus.
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2498:H. N. Brailsford
2494:Francis W. Hirst
2489:
2483:
2477:
2462:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
1954:Battle of Kosovo
1754:anti-nationalism
1672:Serbian language
1594:Albanian culture
1445:Marxism–Leninism
1336:Benito Mussolini
1295:Kosovo Committee
1242:Albanian Kingdom
1230:
1221:
884:Demetrio Camarda
876:Girolamo de Rada
828:
774:
690:ethnic Albanians
677:, the status of
655:Second World War
631:Albanian Vilayet
574:contribution to
513:ethnic Albanians
494:
487:
480:
214:Albanian culture
42:
19:
18:
14278:
14277:
14273:
14272:
14271:
14269:
14268:
14267:
14208:
14207:
14206:
14201:
14183:
14175:
14127:
14063:Northern Epirus
14033:Ketuanan Melayu
13901:
13787:Future of Åland
13725:
13661:Native American
13558:Pan-nationalism
13548:
13513:
13477:Northern Europe
13468:
13402:
13361:
13341:Southern Europe
13332:
13291:
13237:
13216:
13180:
13145:
13072:
12971:
12940:
12892:
12846:
12761:
12688:
12589:
12558:
12537:
12528:Native American
12485:
12474:Southern Africa
12469:
12448:
12412:
12354:
12348:
12343:
12313:
12308:
12300:
12293:
12286:
12279:
12262:
12248:Public holidays
12236:
12169:
12134:
12083:
12041:
11988:
11945:
11899:
11822:
11775:
11713:
11673:
11623:
11614:Posta Shqiptare
11555:
11531:
11518:
11478:
11452:
11431:
11410:
11371:
11357:Organized crime
11335:
11297:
11259:
11213:
11180:
11140:
11054:
11050:Protected areas
11016:
10972:
10959:
10933:
10924:NATO membership
10807:
10805:
10797:
10718:League of Lezhë
10706:
10704:
10696:
10670:
10668:
10660:
10583:
10574:
10544:
10538:
10515:
10494:
10473:
10441:
10439:
10423:
10402:
10379:
10359:
10336:
10296:
10294:
10270:
10249:
10228:
10207:
10183:
10181:
10163:
10122:Ethnomusicology
10113:
10090:
10067:
10046:
10023:
10004:
9983:
9958:
9956:
9915:
9894:
9873:
9850:
9827:
9777:
9756:
9735:
9714:
9693:
9672:
9649:
9628:
9605:
9584:
9563:
9542:
9494:
9471:
9439:
9428:
9407:
9386:
9365:
9342:
9321:
9300:
9277:
9256:
9233:
9173:
9152:
9102:
9064:
9041:
9020:
8999:
8977:
8939:
8920:
8869:
8868:
8864:
8849:
8838:
8817:
8796:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8744:
8733:
8703:
8692:
8671:
8648:
8646:
8622:
8601:
8580:
8559:
8536:
8515:
8469:
8458:
8437:
8414:
8391:
8370:
8347:
8326:
8303:
8282:
8254:
8214:
8193:
8170:
8147:
8126:
8074:
8051:
8028:
8009:
7988:
7967:
7944:
7898:
7887:
7851:
7823:
7812:
7791:
7770:
7747:
7709:
7686:
7667:
7641:
7614:
7593:
7572:
7551:
7528:
7504:
7446:
7423:
7400:
7377:
7339:
7285:
7264:
7243:
7191:
7170:
7149:
7130:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7088:
7084:
7075:
7073:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6957:
6945:
6941:
6931:Wayback Machine
6922:
6918:
6908:Wayback Machine
6899:
6895:
6883:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6840:
6832:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6756:
6748:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6615:Merdjanova 2013
6613:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6586:
6582:
6574:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6531:
6523:
6519:
6511:
6504:
6496:
6492:
6484:
6477:
6471:Kampschror 2007
6469:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6339:, pp. 8–9.
6335:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6299:
6293:Winnifrith 2002
6291:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6252:
6248:
6242:Winnifrith 2002
6240:
6236:
6228:
6224:
6216:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6156:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6088:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6020:Roudometof 2002
6018:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5927:
5923:
5917:Merdjanova 2013
5915:
5906:
5900:Merdjanova 2013
5898:
5885:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5850:
5841:
5833:
5829:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5794:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5717:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5684:Merdjanova 2013
5682:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5463:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5199:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5094:
5073:
5052:
5031:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4990:, pp. 8–9.
4986:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4933:Priestland 2009
4931:
4927:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4864:
4856:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4803:Baltsiotis 2011
4801:
4797:
4789:
4782:
4776:Baltsiotis 2011
4774:
4770:
4762:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4521:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4477:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4320:
4312:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4253:Merdjanova 2013
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4131:
4125:Merdjanova 2013
4123:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4025:Merdjanova 2013
4023:
4019:
4011:
4002:
3994:
3981:
3973:
3964:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3838:
3834:, p. 1371.
3830:
3821:
3817:, p. 1583.
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3780:
3772:
3761:
3753:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3665:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3230:, p. 88. "
3226:
3222:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:, p. 1357.
3175:
3171:
3165:Merdjanova 2013
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:. para. 19, 26.
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:, p. 1585.
3079:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:, p. 1586.
3006:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2835:
2827:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2660:, pp. 3–6.
2656:
2652:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2465:
2453:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2291:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
1968:
1946:Millosh Kopiliq
1909:Prime Minister
1880:Ohrid Agreement
1828:
1776:Mycenaean Greek
1767:
1749:
1744:
1735:UN Kosovo Force
1711:
1686:Logo of the KLA
1680:
1638:
1630:differentiation
1615:Croatian Spring
1599:historic rights
1562:
1553:Albanianisation
1544:
1511:
1492:anthropologists
1457:
1429:"The Albanians"
1422:
1413:Shaban Polluzha
1349:Greater Albania
1340:invaded Albania
1324:
1316:Greater Albania
1279:Kosovo Albanian
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1183:Albania during
1139:
1076:
1013:
953:
912:Midhat Frashëri
880:Giuseppe Schirò
867:Greater Albania
830:
822:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
784:
775:
772:
762:
737:
732:
720:Main articles:
718:
604:North Macedonia
596:Greater Albania
533:Greater Albania
498:
453:
452:
400:
399:
388:
336:
335:
324:
217:
216:
205:
97:North Macedonia
54:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14276:
14266:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14203:
14202:
14200:
14199:
14180:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14173:
14172:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14141:
14135:
14133:
14129:
14128:
14126:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14018:Karakalpakstan
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13998:East Turkestan
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13900:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13733:
13731:
13727:
13726:
13724:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13562:
13560:
13554:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13547:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13525:
13523:
13519:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13512:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13480:
13478:
13474:
13473:
13470:
13469:
13467:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13410:
13408:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13369:
13367:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13359:
13354:
13348:
13342:
13338:
13337:
13334:
13333:
13331:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13299:
13297:
13296:United Kingdom
13293:
13292:
13290:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13253:
13247:
13246:Western Europe
13243:
13242:
13239:
13238:
13236:
13235:
13230:
13224:
13222:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13188:
13186:
13185:North Caucasus
13182:
13181:
13179:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13157:
13151:
13150:Eastern Europe
13147:
13146:
13144:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13117:
13116:
13111:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13080:
13078:
13077:Central Europe
13074:
13073:
13071:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13058:Romani (Gypsy)
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13039:
13038:
13028:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13012:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12990:
12988:
12981:
12977:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12948:
12946:
12945:South Caucasus
12942:
12941:
12939:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12917:
12916:
12914:South Mongolia
12906:
12900:
12898:
12894:
12893:
12891:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12847:
12845:
12844:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12786:
12785:
12775:
12769:
12767:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12718:
12717:
12707:
12702:
12696:
12694:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12686:
12681:
12680:
12679:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12608:
12606:
12599:
12595:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12566:
12564:
12560:
12559:
12557:
12556:
12551:
12545:
12543:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12504:
12502:
12495:
12491:
12490:
12487:
12486:
12484:
12483:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12462:
12456:
12454:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12420:
12418:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12399:
12398:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12372:
12370:
12363:
12356:
12350:
12349:
12342:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12319:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12299:
12298:
12291:
12284:
12276:
12275:
12272:
12271:
12268:
12267:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12244:
12242:
12238:
12237:
12235:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12197:
12185:
12179:
12177:
12171:
12170:
12168:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12146:
12144:
12140:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12133:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12091:
12089:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12060:
12058:
12051:
12047:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12040:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
11998:
11996:
11990:
11989:
11987:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11955:
11953:
11947:
11946:
11944:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11832:
11830:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11799:
11797:
11783:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11762:Noble families
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11742:
11729:
11723:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11711:
11701:
11696:
11684:
11678:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11640:
11638:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11563:
11561:
11560:Infrastructure
11557:
11556:
11554:
11544:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11523:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11495:
11493:
11486:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11460:
11458:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11445:
11439:
11437:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11406:
11400:
11398:
11387:
11381:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11321:Assassinations
11318:
11313:
11307:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11273:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11236:Municipalities
11233:
11228:
11223:
11221:
11215:
11214:
11212:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11185:
11182:
11181:
11179:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11157:
11155:
11148:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11133:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11111:Prime Minister
11108:
11096:
11083:
11081:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11037:
11032:
11026:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10991:
10980:
10974:
10973:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10941:
10939:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10810:
10808:
10806:(1912–present)
10799:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10788:Revolt of 1912
10785:
10783:Taksim meeting
10780:
10775:
10773:Revolt of 1910
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10728:Arbëni Council
10725:
10720:
10715:
10709:
10707:
10702:Ottoman period
10698:
10697:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10673:
10671:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10602:
10600:
10591:
10585:
10584:
10573:
10572:
10565:
10558:
10550:
10543:
10542:
10536:
10519:
10513:
10498:
10492:
10477:
10471:
10456:
10447:
10427:
10421:
10406:
10400:
10383:
10377:
10363:
10357:
10340:
10334:
10319:
10302:
10274:
10268:
10253:
10247:
10232:
10226:
10211:
10205:
10190:
10167:
10161:
10146:
10134:10.2307/852556
10128:(3): 419–458.
10117:
10111:
10094:
10088:
10071:
10065:
10050:
10044:
10027:
10021:
10008:
10002:
9987:
9981:
9964:
9936:
9919:
9913:
9898:
9892:
9877:
9871:
9854:
9848:
9831:
9825:
9810:
9792:(1): 115–127.
9781:
9775:
9760:
9754:
9739:
9733:
9718:
9712:
9697:
9691:
9676:
9670:
9653:
9647:
9632:
9626:
9609:
9603:
9588:
9582:
9567:
9561:
9546:
9540:
9525:
9513:(2): 203–222.
9498:
9492:
9475:
9469:
9452:
9432:
9426:
9411:
9405:
9390:
9384:
9369:
9363:
9346:
9340:
9325:
9319:
9304:
9298:
9281:
9275:
9260:
9254:
9237:
9231:
9214:
9177:
9171:
9156:
9150:
9135:
9106:
9100:
9085:
9068:
9062:
9045:
9039:
9024:
9018:
9003:
8997:
8984:
8975:
8954:
8943:
8937:
8924:
8918:
8903:
8893:(3): 331–359.
8882:
8862:
8842:
8836:
8821:
8815:
8800:
8794:
8777:
8757:
8737:
8731:
8716:
8696:
8690:
8675:
8669:
8654:
8626:
8620:
8605:
8599:
8584:
8578:
8563:
8557:
8540:
8534:
8519:
8513:
8498:
8462:
8456:
8441:
8435:
8418:
8412:
8395:
8389:
8374:
8368:
8351:
8345:
8330:
8324:
8307:
8301:
8286:
8280:
8263:
8259:Mythos-Magazin
8247:
8229:(4): 455–468.
8218:
8212:
8197:
8191:
8174:
8168:
8151:
8145:
8130:
8124:
8107:
8078:
8072:
8055:
8049:
8032:
8026:
8013:
8007:
7992:
7986:
7971:
7965:
7948:
7942:
7927:
7891:
7885:
7872:
7844:
7834:(3): 513–529.
7816:
7810:
7795:
7789:
7774:
7768:
7751:
7745:
7730:
7713:
7707:
7690:
7684:
7671:
7665:
7648:
7639:
7618:
7612:
7597:
7591:
7576:
7570:
7555:
7549:
7532:
7526:
7511:
7502:
7485:
7465:(7): 480–486.
7450:
7444:
7427:
7421:
7404:
7398:
7381:
7375:
7360:
7343:
7337:
7322:
7304:(2): 287–321.
7289:
7283:
7268:
7262:
7247:
7241:
7224:
7206:(3): 227–243.
7195:
7189:
7174:
7168:
7153:
7147:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7109:
7103:978-0812244977
7102:
7082:
7057:
7055:, p. 119.
7042:
7030:
7018:
7006:
7004:, p. 208.
6994:
6982:
6980:, p. 107.
6970:
6955:
6939:
6916:
6893:
6877:
6875:, p. 228.
6865:
6853:
6851:, p. 246.
6838:
6834:Stojarová 2016
6826:
6814:
6812:, p. 180.
6802:
6800:, p. 401.
6790:
6775:
6771:Stojarova 2010
6754:
6750:Yoshihara 2006
6742:
6738:Yoshihara 2006
6730:
6718:
6714:Di Lellio 2009
6703:
6699:Di Lellio 2009
6691:
6679:
6667:
6655:
6653:, p. 244.
6643:
6639:Peshkopia 2015
6631:
6627:Stojarova 2010
6619:
6604:
6592:
6588:Peshkopia 2015
6580:
6578:, p. 179.
6568:
6556:
6552:Gregorian 2015
6544:
6542:, p. 161.
6529:
6517:
6515:, p. 130.
6502:
6490:
6488:, p. 246.
6475:
6463:
6451:
6436:
6434:, p. 213.
6424:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6387:, p. 110.
6377:
6373:De Rapper 2009
6365:
6361:De Rapper 2009
6353:
6341:
6337:De Rapper 2009
6324:
6312:
6310:, p. 206.
6297:
6285:
6273:
6266:
6246:
6234:
6222:
6210:
6198:
6186:
6184:, p. 207.
6171:
6154:
6142:
6140:, p. 267.
6127:
6125:, p. 232.
6115:
6103:
6101:, p. 129.
6086:
6071:
6048:
6036:
6034:, p. 116.
6024:
6022:, p. 172.
6012:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5964:
5945:
5941:Yoshihara 2006
5933:
5931:, p. 241.
5921:
5904:
5883:
5881:, p. 515.
5868:
5856:
5839:
5827:
5825:, p. 179.
5812:
5800:
5796:Yoshihara 2006
5781:
5779:, p. 163.
5769:
5767:, p. 182.
5757:
5742:
5740:, p. 196.
5730:
5728:, p. 307.
5715:
5711:Yoshihara 2006
5700:
5698:, p. 244.
5688:
5676:
5664:
5662:, p. 128.
5652:
5650:, p. 178.
5640:
5638:, p. 236.
5628:
5616:
5614:, p. 234.
5604:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5556:
5554:, p. 115.
5544:
5532:
5520:
5518:, p. 136.
5508:
5496:
5484:
5461:
5459:, p. 300.
5446:
5444:, p. 124.
5434:
5422:
5410:
5406:Yoshihara 2006
5395:
5393:, p. 116.
5383:
5371:
5369:, p. 192.
5359:
5347:
5345:, p. 117.
5335:
5318:
5306:
5304:, p. 159.
5294:
5292:, p. 278.
5282:
5270:
5255:
5253:, p. 220.
5243:
5231:
5229:, p. 264.
5216:
5214:, p. 146.
5197:
5195:, p. 439.
5193:Buturovic 2006
5182:
5180:, p. 164.
5178:Duijzings 2000
5170:
5158:
5156:, p. 536.
5146:
5134:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5077:
5071:
5056:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5004:
4992:
4973:
4969:De Rapper 2009
4961:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4910:
4908:, p. 262.
4891:
4889:, p. 251.
4879:
4875:Nitsiakos 2010
4862:
4860:, p. 255.
4843:
4839:Czekalski 2013
4831:
4819:
4817:, p. 720.
4807:
4805:. para. 55-63.
4795:
4780:
4778:. para. 27-60.
4768:
4749:
4747:, p. 447.
4737:
4722:
4707:
4695:
4683:
4681:, p. 100.
4671:
4669:, p. 251.
4656:
4654:, p. 267.
4644:
4629:
4627:, p. 274.
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 262.
4581:
4569:
4554:
4542:
4540:, p. 260.
4519:
4504:
4502:, p. 183.
4492:
4475:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4420:, p. 118.
4405:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4349:
4337:
4318:
4301:
4299:, p. 273.
4286:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4219:, p. 298.
4209:
4207:, p. 161.
4194:
4182:
4170:
4168:, p. 158.
4158:
4156:, p. 300.
4146:
4144:, p. 156.
4129:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4061:
4059:, p. 153.
4046:
4029:
4017:
4000:
3979:
3962:
3947:
3943:Kokolakis 2003
3935:
3920:
3908:
3906:, p. 146.
3896:
3892:Duijzings 2002
3881:
3877:Duijzings 2002
3866:
3862:Nitsiakos 2010
3851:
3836:
3832:Petrovich 2000
3819:
3807:
3805:, p. 195.
3795:
3793:, p. 276.
3778:
3759:
3757:, p. 288.
3742:
3730:
3718:
3703:
3701:, p. 182.
3688:
3686:, p. 163.
3684:Duijzings 2000
3663:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3609:
3594:
3579:
3564:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3521:De Rapper 2009
3510:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3456:
3452:Skoulidas 2013
3441:
3426:
3424:, p. 145.
3407:
3405:, p. 155.
3392:
3377:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3334:, p. 249.
3321:
3319:, p. 817.
3309:
3297:
3285:
3281:Nitsiakos 2010
3270:
3251:
3249:, p. 120.
3236:
3220:
3205:
3193:
3191:, p. 186.
3181:
3177:Petrovich 2000
3169:
3157:
3155:, p. 143.
3145:
3133:
3131:, p. 254.
3121:
3117:Skoulidas 2013
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3058:
3056:, p. 324.
3039:
3037:, p. 169.
3024:
3012:
2997:
2982:
2980:, p. 255.
2970:
2958:
2939:
2937:, p. 280.
2927:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2884:, p. 229.
2874:
2872:. para. 2, 27.
2870:Skoulidas 2013
2862:
2850:
2833:
2814:
2802:
2792:
2772:
2759:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2715:
2706:
2703:. 3 July 2019.
2692:
2683:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2624:
2612:
2610:, p. 206.
2608:Nitsiakos 2010
2600:
2583:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2484:
2463:
2442:
2430:
2412:
2392:
2381:
2361:
2357:De Rapper 2009
2346:
2325:
2323:, p. 172.
2308:
2306:, p. 209.
2289:
2285:Skoulidas 2013
2274:
2253:
2238:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 132.
2185:
2173:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2012:Balli Kombëtar
1974:(KKCMTSH) and
1967:
1964:
1827:
1824:
1766:
1763:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1710:
1707:
1679:
1676:
1661:Ibrahim Rugova
1637:
1634:
1561:
1558:
1543:
1540:
1510:
1507:
1461:Communist Bloc
1456:
1453:
1421:
1418:
1385:Balli Kombëtar
1353:Balli Kombëtar
1344:Galeazzo Ciano
1323:
1320:
1291:Kaçak movement
1235:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1190:Korçë republic
1138:
1135:
1075:
1072:
1058:, the ancient
1012:
1009:
952:
949:
916:Shahin Kolonja
834:Eastern Crisis
782:
777:
770:
761:
758:
736:
733:
717:
714:
702:European Union
552:Ottoman Empire
500:
499:
497:
496:
489:
482:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
463:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
444:
443:
438:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
395:
394:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
331:
330:
329:
326:
325:
323:
322:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
223:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
194:United Kingdom
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
67:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14275:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14215:
14213:
14196:
14195:
14191:
14190:ethnic groups
14187:
14182:
14181:
14178:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14146:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14139:Local (China)
14137:
14136:
14134:
14130:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14003:Herzeg-Bosnia
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13904:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13728:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13563:
13561:
13559:
13555:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13524:
13520:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13475:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13405:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13364:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13349:
13346:
13343:
13339:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13294:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13248:
13244:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13223:
13219:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13158:
13155:
13152:
13148:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13106:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13075:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13037:
13034:
13033:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12996:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12982:
12978:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12949:
12947:
12943:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12915:
12912:
12911:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12895:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12849:
12843:
12840:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12784:
12783:in Bangladesh
12781:
12780:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12766:Southern Asia
12764:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12716:
12713:
12712:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12691:
12685:
12682:
12678:
12675:
12674:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12603:
12600:
12596:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12563:South America
12561:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12540:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12505:
12503:
12501:North America
12499:
12496:
12492:
12482:
12479:
12478:
12476:
12472:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12455:
12451:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12419:
12415:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12373:
12371:
12367:
12364:
12360:
12357:
12351:
12347:
12340:
12335:
12333:
12328:
12326:
12321:
12320:
12317:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12296:
12292:
12289:
12285:
12282:
12278:
12277:
12273:
12259:
12258:Copyright law
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12243:
12239:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12217:Sign language
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12206:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12172:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12143:Entertainment
12141:
12131:
12130:Indoor arenas
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12095:Weightlifting
12093:
12092:
12090:
12086:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12064:National team
12062:
12061:
12059:
12055:
12052:
12048:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11995:
11991:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11948:
11942:
11941:Sworn virgins
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11902:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11843:
11839:
11838:
11837:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11829:
11825:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11778:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11741:
11737:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11724:
11710:
11706:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11679:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11626:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11564:
11562:
11558:
11553:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11382:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11262:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11100:
11099:Head of state
11097:
11095:
11093:
11088:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11065:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11023:
11019:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10970:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10936:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10571:
10566:
10564:
10559:
10557:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10539:
10537:9781135449315
10533:
10529:
10525:
10520:
10516:
10514:9781139462181
10510:
10506:
10505:
10499:
10495:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10478:
10474:
10472:9780857736550
10468:
10464:
10463:
10457:
10453:
10448:
10438:on 2017-02-01
10437:
10433:
10428:
10424:
10422:9781526101211
10418:
10414:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10401:9781565181625
10397:
10393:
10389:
10384:
10380:
10378:9780253341891
10374:
10370:
10364:
10360:
10358:9780822325901
10354:
10350:
10346:
10341:
10337:
10335:9781134678761
10331:
10327:
10326:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10303:
10293:on 2020-07-25
10292:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10275:
10271:
10269:9789637326608
10265:
10261:
10260:
10254:
10250:
10248:9789637326523
10244:
10240:
10239:
10233:
10229:
10227:9780195333435
10223:
10219:
10218:
10212:
10208:
10206:9781850657156
10202:
10198:
10197:
10191:
10179:
10175:
10174:
10168:
10164:
10162:9780275976286
10158:
10154:
10153:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10118:
10114:
10112:9789004210301
10108:
10104:
10100:
10095:
10091:
10089:9781848856493
10085:
10081:
10077:
10072:
10068:
10066:9781526117021
10062:
10058:
10057:
10051:
10047:
10045:9781135235857
10041:
10037:
10033:
10028:
10024:
10022:9780253341891
10018:
10014:
10009:
10005:
10003:9780195308532
9999:
9995:
9994:
9988:
9984:
9982:9783050093437
9978:
9974:
9970:
9965:
9955:on 2019-09-23
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9920:
9916:
9914:9781400847761
9910:
9906:
9905:
9899:
9895:
9893:9780521291668
9889:
9885:
9884:
9878:
9874:
9872:9781317995395
9868:
9864:
9860:
9855:
9851:
9849:9783643905666
9845:
9841:
9837:
9832:
9828:
9826:9781136810404
9822:
9818:
9817:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9782:
9778:
9776:9780739141946
9772:
9768:
9767:
9761:
9757:
9755:9780275976484
9751:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9736:
9734:9780817948832
9730:
9726:
9725:
9719:
9715:
9713:9783896843524
9709:
9705:
9704:
9698:
9694:
9692:9780141982724
9688:
9684:
9683:
9677:
9673:
9671:9780230535794
9667:
9663:
9659:
9654:
9650:
9648:9781929223954
9644:
9640:
9639:
9633:
9629:
9627:9788490857250
9623:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9600:
9596:
9595:
9589:
9585:
9583:9780822320708
9579:
9575:
9574:
9568:
9564:
9562:9780847683246
9558:
9554:
9553:
9547:
9543:
9541:9780822308546
9537:
9533:
9532:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9493:9781472576668
9489:
9485:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9470:9789639776289
9466:
9462:
9458:
9453:
9450:(1): 237–283.
9449:
9445:
9438:
9433:
9429:
9427:9780141957388
9423:
9419:
9418:
9412:
9408:
9406:9781850652380
9402:
9398:
9397:
9391:
9387:
9385:9780880331685
9381:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9366:
9364:9780415201094
9360:
9356:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9341:9780252092138
9337:
9333:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9320:9781783084227
9316:
9312:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9299:9781135278533
9295:
9291:
9287:
9282:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9255:9789004221291
9251:
9247:
9243:
9238:
9234:
9232:9781443842839
9228:
9224:
9220:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9172:9783643107930
9168:
9164:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9151:9781850437970
9147:
9143:
9142:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9107:
9103:
9101:9781139619813
9097:
9093:
9092:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9065:
9063:9780253341891
9059:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9040:9781461640417
9036:
9032:
9031:
9025:
9021:
9019:9780190462505
9015:
9011:
9010:
9004:
9000:
8998:9780253341891
8994:
8990:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8976:9780810858466
8972:
8968:
8963:
8962:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8944:
8940:
8938:9780253341891
8934:
8930:
8925:
8921:
8919:9780833032331
8915:
8911:
8910:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8879:
8873:
8865:
8863:9783789076701
8859:
8855:
8848:
8843:
8839:
8837:9780195117394
8833:
8829:
8828:
8822:
8818:
8816:9780415348065
8812:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8797:
8795:9780253341891
8791:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8760:
8758:9783789076701
8754:
8750:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8732:9783034301961
8728:
8724:
8723:
8717:
8714:(2): 161–190.
8713:
8709:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8676:
8672:
8670:9781845455446
8666:
8662:
8661:
8655:
8645:on 2012-12-10
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8627:
8623:
8621:9780199704040
8617:
8613:
8612:
8606:
8602:
8600:9780300097252
8596:
8592:
8591:
8585:
8581:
8579:9781557534958
8575:
8571:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8558:9789401793766
8554:
8550:
8546:
8541:
8537:
8535:9780275965495
8531:
8527:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8514:9780801441585
8510:
8506:
8505:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8463:
8459:
8457:9780813159959
8453:
8449:
8448:
8442:
8438:
8436:9781498503693
8432:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8413:9781137586568
8409:
8405:
8401:
8396:
8392:
8390:9780765639011
8386:
8382:
8381:
8375:
8371:
8369:9781442242319
8365:
8361:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8346:9780199561520
8342:
8338:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8308:
8304:
8302:9781845112875
8298:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8283:
8281:9780306485084
8277:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8219:
8215:
8213:9783319314266
8209:
8205:
8204:
8198:
8194:
8192:9781557534552
8188:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8169:9781557534552
8165:
8161:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8146:9781850655312
8142:
8138:
8137:
8131:
8127:
8125:9781317049364
8121:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8079:
8075:
8073:9783643108500
8069:
8065:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8050:9783631602959
8046:
8042:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8027:9781845110314
8023:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8008:9783643903549
8004:
8000:
7999:
7993:
7989:
7987:9780773570924
7983:
7979:
7978:
7972:
7968:
7966:9780253341891
7962:
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7945:
7943:9781850654315
7939:
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7886:9781848850941
7882:
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7811:9780816629473
7807:
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7802:
7796:
7792:
7790:9788323335153
7786:
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7781:
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7771:
7769:9783825884109
7765:
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7746:9783205786672
7742:
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7727:
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7719:
7714:
7710:
7708:9789052012971
7704:
7700:
7696:
7691:
7687:
7685:9780253341891
7681:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7666:9780199727612
7662:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7640:9781315287430
7636:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7619:
7615:
7613:9780230119086
7609:
7605:
7604:
7598:
7594:
7592:9780857459855
7588:
7584:
7583:
7577:
7573:
7571:9780715631164
7567:
7563:
7562:
7556:
7552:
7550:9781443868914
7546:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7519:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7503:9781134583270
7499:
7494:
7493:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7451:
7447:
7445:9781614993872
7441:
7437:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7422:9780230298156
7418:
7414:
7410:
7405:
7401:
7399:9783825809188
7395:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7376:9781604267365
7372:
7368:
7367:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7338:9781446499542
7334:
7330:
7329:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7284:9781442644359
7280:
7276:
7275:
7269:
7265:
7263:9781576078006
7259:
7255:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7242:9789639241824
7238:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7190:9780801885570
7186:
7182:
7181:
7175:
7171:
7169:9780815723790
7165:
7161:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7148:9781317618102
7144:
7140:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7119:
7113:
7105:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7086:
7072:on 2017-12-10
7071:
7067:
7061:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7040:, p. 51.
7039:
7034:
7028:, p. 75.
7027:
7022:
7015:
7014:Schwartz 2014
7010:
7003:
7002:Endresen 2016
6998:
6991:
6990:Endresen 2016
6986:
6979:
6978:Todorova 2004
6974:
6967:
6966:Endresen 2016
6962:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6863:, p. 51.
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6843:
6836:, p. 96.
6835:
6830:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6799:
6794:
6788:, p. 22.
6787:
6782:
6780:
6773:, p. 49.
6772:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6752:, p. 72.
6751:
6746:
6740:, p. 71.
6739:
6734:
6727:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6700:
6695:
6689:, p. 81.
6688:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6652:
6647:
6641:, p. 79.
6640:
6635:
6629:, p. 50.
6628:
6623:
6617:, p. 47.
6616:
6611:
6609:
6602:, p. 51.
6601:
6596:
6590:, p. 57.
6589:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6554:, p. 93.
6553:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6534:
6527:, p. 30.
6526:
6521:
6514:
6509:
6507:
6500:, p. 79.
6499:
6494:
6487:
6482:
6480:
6472:
6467:
6461:, p. 11.
6460:
6455:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6417:
6410:
6405:
6398:
6397:Saunders 2011
6393:
6386:
6381:
6374:
6369:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6308:Endresen 2016
6304:
6302:
6294:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6257:The Illyrians
6250:
6243:
6238:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6218:Endresen 2016
6214:
6207:
6206:Endresen 2015
6202:
6195:
6190:
6183:
6182:Endresen 2016
6178:
6176:
6169:, p. 15.
6168:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6151:
6146:
6139:
6138:Fischer 2007b
6134:
6132:
6124:
6119:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6068:
6067:Pavković 2001
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6045:
6040:
6033:
6032:Bugajski 1994
6028:
6021:
6016:
6010:, p. 80.
6009:
6004:
5997:
5992:
5986:, p. 29.
5985:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5942:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5919:, p. 49.
5918:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5902:, p. 45.
5901:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5866:, p. 73.
5865:
5860:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5824:
5823:Hockenos 2003
5819:
5817:
5809:
5804:
5798:, p. 68.
5797:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5778:
5773:
5766:
5765:Hockenos 2003
5761:
5755:, p. 58.
5754:
5749:
5747:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5713:, p. 67.
5712:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5686:, p. 46.
5685:
5680:
5674:, p. 97.
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5613:
5612:Trbovich 2008
5608:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5578:, p. 23.
5577:
5572:
5565:
5564:Pavković 2000
5560:
5553:
5548:
5542:, p. 56.
5541:
5536:
5530:, p. 52.
5529:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5506:, p. 88.
5505:
5504:Pavković 2000
5500:
5493:
5488:
5482:, p. 87.
5481:
5480:Pavković 2000
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5420:, p. 22.
5419:
5414:
5408:, p. 66.
5407:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5357:, p. 40.
5356:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5333:, p. 21.
5332:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5316:, p. 23.
5315:
5310:
5303:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5280:, p. 63.
5279:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5227:Fischer 2007b
5223:
5221:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5168:, p. 63.
5167:
5166:Crawshaw 2006
5162:
5155:
5150:
5144:, p. 17.
5143:
5138:
5132:, p. 35.
5131:
5126:
5116:
5114:9780195170726
5110:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5015:King, Russell
5012:
5011:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4947:, p. 48.
4946:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4921:Standish 2002
4917:
4915:
4907:
4906:Fischer 2007b
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4887:Fischer 2007b
4883:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4766:, p. 95.
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4746:
4741:
4735:, p. 30.
4734:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4691:Reginald 1999
4687:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4606:, p. 92.
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4586:
4579:, p. 96.
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4496:
4490:, p. 47.
4489:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4473:, p. 27.
4472:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4376:, p. 31.
4375:
4374:Udovički 2000
4370:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4347:, p. 70.
4346:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4314:Fischer 2007a
4310:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4255:, p. 39.
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4127:, p. 43.
4126:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4044:, p. 20.
4043:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4027:, p. 42.
4026:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3998:, p. 14.
3997:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3977:, p. 19.
3976:
3975:Fischer 2007a
3971:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3931:Sugarman 1999
3927:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3894:, p. 61.
3893:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3803:Gingeras 2009
3799:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3740:, p. 66.
3739:
3734:
3728:, p. 97.
3727:
3722:
3716:, p. 96.
3715:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3634:, p. 31.
3633:
3632:Gingeras 2009
3628:
3622:, p. 97.
3621:
3620:Saunders 2011
3616:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3577:, p. 41.
3576:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3547:, p. 92.
3546:
3541:
3535:, p. 71.
3534:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3469:, p. 72.
3468:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3358:, p. 50.
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3332:Endresen 2010
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:Srodecki 2013
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3268:, p. 43.
3267:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3216:Aberbach 2016
3212:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3189:Stoyanov 2012
3185:
3178:
3173:
3167:, p. 41.
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3143:, p. 80.
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3022:, p. 40.
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2954:Endresen 2011
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2896:, p. 39.
2895:
2894:Endresen 2011
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2848:, p. 65.
2847:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2757:, p. 34.
2756:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2482:, p. 31.
2481:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2413:0-631-14671-7
2409:
2405:
2404:
2403:The Illyrians
2396:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2272:, p. 40.
2271:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:Kressing 2002
2230:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2169:Reynolds 2001
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:Cham Albanian
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1919:Fatmir Sejdiu
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:Ismail Kadare
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1759:Mother Teresa
1755:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1496:Indo-European
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:ancient Greek
1466:
1465:protochronist
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:SS Skanderbeg
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1244:(1928–1939),
1243:
1239:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:Ismail Qemali
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Ismail Qemali
1143:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
965:
961:
957:
948:
946:
945:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:Gjergj Fishta
922:
917:
913:
909:
908:Ismail Qemali
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
842:Abdulhamid II
839:
835:
829:
826:
825:O moj Shqypni
823:Excerpt from
819:
786:
785:
769:
767:
757:
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750:
741:
731:
727:
723:
713:
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684:
680:
676:
672:
671:Yugoslav Wars
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Balkan League
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:national myth
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:founding myth
577:
573:
569:
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282:
279:
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269:
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254:
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249:
247:
246:Customary law
244:
242:
239:
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234:
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227:
224:
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219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
200:
199:United States
197:
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185:
182:
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177:
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167:
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164:South America
162:
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68:
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61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
14185:
14184:
14113:Székely Land
14078:Pashtunistan
13928:Balawaristan
13701:South Slavic
13691:Scandinavian
13221:Volga Region
12993:
12835:in Sri Lanka
12693:Eastern Asia
12554:Puerto Rican
12369:North Africa
12353:Nationalisms
12295:Bibliography
12202:
12200:Coat of arms
12190:
12088:Other sports
11911:Folk beliefs
11875:Universities
11803:Architecture
11747:Demographics
11689:
11599:
11448:Supermarkets
11422:Trade unions
11303:Human rights
11278:
11219:Subdivisions
11189:Constitution
11101:
11089:
11035:Biodiversity
10929:EU Accession
10803:Independence
10527:
10503:
10482:
10461:
10440:. Retrieved
10436:the original
10411:
10391:
10368:
10348:
10324:
10314:
10310:
10295:. Retrieved
10291:the original
10286:
10282:
10258:
10237:
10216:
10195:
10182:. Retrieved
10178:the original
10172:
10151:
10125:
10121:
10102:
10079:
10055:
10035:
10012:
9992:
9972:
9957:. Retrieved
9953:the original
9948:
9944:
9931:
9927:
9903:
9882:
9862:
9839:
9815:
9789:
9785:
9765:
9744:
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9681:
9661:
9637:
9617:
9593:
9572:
9551:
9530:
9510:
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9483:
9460:
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9443:
9416:
9395:
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9330:
9309:
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9185:
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9110:
9090:
9080:
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8960:
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8928:
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8853:
8826:
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8748:
8721:
8711:
8707:
8680:
8659:
8647:. Retrieved
8643:the original
8638:
8634:
8610:
8589:
8568:
8548:
8524:
8503:
8477:
8473:
8446:
8426:
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8315:
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8271:
8258:
8226:
8222:
8202:
8182:
8159:
8135:
8115:
8089:(1): 53–74.
8086:
8082:
8063:
8040:
8017:
7997:
7976:
7956:
7932:
7909:(1): 50–68.
7906:
7902:
7876:
7862:(1): 27–49.
7859:
7855:
7831:
7827:
7800:
7779:
7759:
7735:
7725:
7722:Balkanologie
7721:
7698:
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7540:
7516:
7507:
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7273:
7252:
7232:
7203:
7199:
7179:
7158:
7137:
7112:
7092:
7085:
7074:. Retrieved
7070:the original
7060:
7033:
7021:
7009:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6950:
6942:
6934:
6919:
6911:
6896:
6888:
6880:
6868:
6861:Gjipali 2014
6856:
6829:
6822:Vickers 2002
6817:
6805:
6793:
6745:
6733:
6726:Ströhle 2012
6721:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6651:Ströhle 2012
6646:
6634:
6622:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6559:
6547:
6525:Gilberg 2000
6520:
6498:Egleder 2013
6493:
6466:
6454:
6427:
6416:
6409:Ströhle 2012
6404:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6349:Malcolm 2002
6344:
6315:
6288:
6276:
6256:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6201:
6189:
6145:
6123:Herring 2000
6118:
6111:Herring 2000
6106:
6069:, p. 9.
6044:Goldman 1997
6039:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5984:Perritt 2008
5979:
5967:
5936:
5929:Ströhle 2012
5924:
5859:
5830:
5808:Goldman 1997
5803:
5772:
5760:
5733:
5726:Goldman 1997
5691:
5679:
5672:Fontana 2017
5667:
5660:Poulton 1995
5655:
5643:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5576:Perritt 2008
5571:
5559:
5547:
5535:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5487:
5437:
5425:
5418:Perritt 2008
5413:
5386:
5379:Perritt 2008
5374:
5367:Vickers 2011
5362:
5350:
5338:
5331:Perritt 2008
5314:Gilberg 2000
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5266:Vickers 2011
5246:
5234:
5212:Poulton 1995
5173:
5161:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5103:
5082:
5061:
5040:
5019:
5007:
4995:
4964:
4952:
4940:
4928:
4882:
4858:Fischer 1999
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4771:
4745:Turnock 2004
4740:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4667:Fischer 1999
4652:Fischer 1999
4647:
4640:Fischer 1999
4625:Fischer 1999
4604:Fontana 2017
4599:
4577:Fischer 1999
4572:
4545:
4538:Fischer 1999
4515:Fischer 1999
4495:
4454:Fischer 1999
4449:
4442:Fischer 1999
4437:
4430:Fischer 1999
4425:
4418:Denitch 1996
4386:Fontana 2017
4381:
4369:
4362:Mylonas 2013
4345:Fischer 1999
4340:
4297:Fischer 1999
4282:Fischer 1999
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4142:Mylonas 2013
4108:Lederer 1994
4103:
4091:
4079:
4057:Mylonas 2013
4042:Perritt 2008
4020:
3958:Gawrych 2006
3938:
3911:
3899:
3810:
3798:
3791:Goldwyn 2016
3738:Poulton 1995
3733:
3721:
3699:Gawrych 2006
3659:Skendi 1967a
3644:Biernat 2014
3639:
3627:
3560:Malcolm 2002
3545:Lubonja 2002
3540:
3528:
3486:
3479:Malcolm 2002
3474:
3437:Malcolm 2002
3388:Malcolm 2002
3373:Skendi 1967a
3351:
3339:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3231:
3223:
3201:Skendi 1967a
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3153:Skendi 1967a
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3105:Skendi 1967a
3100:
3093:Skendi 1967a
3088:
3076:
3015:
2978:Goldwyn 2016
2973:
2961:
2930:
2923:Gawrych 2006
2906:Gawrych 2006
2901:
2889:
2882:Merrill 2001
2877:
2865:
2858:Skendi 1967a
2853:
2846:Poulton 1995
2829:Gawrych 2006
2805:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2762:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2718:
2709:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2645:
2638:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:
2603:
2595:
2588:. Retrieved
2569:
2555:
2547:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2506:. Retrieved
2487:
2458:
2433:
2425:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2371:
2364:
2344:p. 3, 73–114
2338:
2249:Gawrych 2006
2219:, p. 3.
2217:Vickers 2004
2212:
2200:
2188:
2181:Lubonja 2002
2176:
2150:Krieger 2001
2145:
2133:
2126:Gawrych 2006
2121:
2102:Vetevendosje
2098:
2079:
2075:Vetëvendosje
2073:
2062:Sali Berisha
2055:
2037:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1938:Miloš Obilić
1927:
1924:
1911:Hashim Thaçi
1899:
1896:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1855:Kosovo riots
1852:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1807:
1803:white people
1797:
1771:
1768:
1750:
1733:
1727:
1724:Adem Jashari
1720:
1700:
1689:
1665:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1563:
1545:
1542:Name changes
1535:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1487:
1472:
1458:
1441:
1428:
1405:
1383:
1380:
1368:
1366:
1333:
1322:World War II
1306:
1303:Shota Galica
1288:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1182:
1177:Shota Galica
1159:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1094:Muslim world
1077:
1064:
1051:Anastas Byku
1046:
1042:
1039:
1025:
1024:in his work
1014:
971:
969:
942:
938:
932:
904:Faik Konitza
872:
850:
831:
824:
821:
781:
780:
779:
765:
764:
746:
699:
687:
667:
663:collectivism
608:
541:
537:Balkan lands
528:
504:
503:
404:Christianity
317:
281:Gjamë/Vajtim
221:Architecture
108:
69:
62:
57:
14118:Tamil Eelam
14098:Saraikistan
13978:Hatay State
13933:Balochistan
13887:Wallmapuwen
13581:Bangladeshi
13053:Montenegrin
12957:Azerbaijani
12921:Pan-Turkism
12662:Palestinian
12605:Middle East
12513:Greenlandic
12417:East Africa
11808:Photography
11794:(galleries)
11669:Lighthouses
11542:Oil and gas
11464:Agriculture
11264:Legislature
11136:Visa policy
11022:Environment
10705:(1385–1912)
10669:(1190–1385)
10666:Middle Ages
10311:Qualestoria
9188:(1): 1–20.
9117:(1): 1–36.
8635:Archaeology
7026:Venner 2016
6849:Austin 2004
6798:Schmid 2011
6447:Murati 2007
6281:Ahrens 2007
6230:Bowden 2003
6194:Alpion 2004
6099:Jordan 2001
5302:Veikou 2001
5290:Psomas 2008
4827:Sawyer 2014
4815:Austin 2005
4679:Bailey 2011
4565:Rossos 2013
4401:Babuna 2004
4265:Psomas 2008
4241:Babuna 2004
4217:Babuna 2004
4190:Babuna 2004
4154:Babuna 2004
4096:Psomas 2008
4084:Psomas 2008
4072:Psomas 2008
4013:Kostov 2010
3815:Jordan 2015
3467:Brisku 2013
3305:Skendi 1968
3081:Jordan 2015
3008:Jordan 2015
2993:Kostov 2010
2966:Frantz 2009
2935:Psomas 2008
2590:January 10,
2508:January 10,
2270:Kostov 2010
2193:Clayer 2002
2088:unification
2004:(PLL), the
1625:pure Kosovo
1536:Albanianism
1524:Pashko Vasa
1394:Axis powers
1299:Azem Galica
1293:led by the
1255:Albanianism
1185:World War I
1173:Azem Galica
1131:pan-Slavism
1126:Albanianism
1060:Macedonians
997:half-truths
939:Albanianism
929:Pashko Vasa
692:within the
653:during the
623:irredentist
592:autochthony
542:During the
529:Albanianism
509:nationalist
409:Catholicism
261:Epic poetry
179:Switzerland
14212:Categories
14164:Indigenous
14108:Sindhudesh
14088:Santa Cruz
14008:Hutu Power
13938:Bangsamoro
13529:Australian
13504:Lithuanian
13419:Andalusian
13197:Circassian
13161:Belarusian
13109:in Austria
13043:Macedonian
12999:in Albania
12888:Vietnamese
12722:Hongkonger
12715:chauvinist
12396:Pharaonism
12155:Television
12115:Volleyball
12110:Basketball
11964:Fustanella
11926:Secularism
11895:Albanology
11880:Publishers
11860:Literature
11602:structures
11469:Healthcare
11411:(currency)
11293:Opposition
11194:Corruption
11087:Government
10636:Dassaretii
10442:2017-02-05
10317:: 119–138.
10297:2017-02-25
9959:2017-02-22
8649:2009-09-07
7076:2017-12-10
7053:Judah 2008
6889:Kontranews
6513:Oeter 2012
6432:Rajić 2012
6008:Ramet 1997
5864:Judah 2008
5738:Jović 2009
5696:Ahmed 2013
5600:Jović 2009
5588:Jović 2009
5516:Jović 2009
5457:Ramet 2006
5442:Jović 2009
5343:Jović 2009
5251:Ramet 1998
5239:Nurja 2012
5142:Ramet 1989
4957:Tarţa 2012
4733:Judah 2002
4718:Judah 2002
4703:Judah 2002
4592:Ramón 2015
4550:Ramet 2006
4488:Judah 2008
4471:Judah 2002
3847:Misha 2002
3605:Misha 2002
3575:Misha 2002
3533:Elsie 2005
3344:Misha 2002
3293:Misha 2002
3266:Misha 2002
3228:Elsie 2005
3020:Misha 2002
2810:Misha 2002
2755:Misha 2002
2658:Nixon 2010
2480:Judah 2008
2438:Wydra 2007
2287:. para. 5.
2138:Judah 2008
2109:References
2034:Cham issue
1820:Pelasgians
1402:Macedonian
1081:Sotir Peci
1047:Italianate
1045:and hence
1001:inventions
989:Skanderbeg
951:Skanderbeg
934:Oh Albania
921:Prenk Doçi
888:Skanderbeg
840:of Sultan
838:Ottomanism
735:Background
659:Skanderbeg
588:Pelasgians
441:Bektashism
372:Arvanitika
350:Upper Reka
311:Traditions
286:Literature
276:Gjakmarrje
92:Montenegro
14068:Occitania
14053:Manchukuo
14043:Lezgistan
14038:Kurdistan
13983:Hazarajat
13968:Circassia
13730:Movements
13681:Pakistani
13656:Mongolian
13596:Congolese
13509:Norwegian
13499:Icelandic
13464:Valencian
13459:Navarrese
13444:Castilian
13424:Aragonese
13388:Sardinian
13171:Ukrainian
13141:Slovenian
13121:Hungarian
13036:in Cyprus
13016:Aromanian
13004:in Kosovo
12909:Mongolian
12825:Sinhalese
12795:Dravidian
12752:Taiwanese
12700:Cantonese
12677:in Cyprus
12647:Jordanian
12570:Argentine
12542:Caribbean
12533:Québécois
12481:Afrikaner
12100:Athletics
12012:Tavë kosi
11904:Tradition
11870:Libraries
11828:Education
11637:Monuments
11619:Squatting
11597:Highrises
11492:Operators
11474:Companies
11331:Ombudsman
11271:Elections
11146:Judiciary
11080:Executive
10997:Mountains
10990:Landscape
10978:Geography
10859:Vlora War
10656:Taulantii
10631:Bylliones
10598:Illyrians
9806:143125054
9444:Theologia
9210:144772370
9131:145227777
8872:cite book
8767:cite book
8494:144283529
8356:"Albania"
8243:143499467
8103:143946229
7508:Dardanae.
7318:162218149
7220:154576141
6935:Himara.gr
5154:Trix 1994
4500:Hall 2010
3491:Pipa 1989
3403:Pipa 1989
3054:Puto 2009
2670:Free 2011
2640:March 24,
2388:nation...
2114:Citations
1915:Joe Biden
1781:Aristotle
1503:Illyrians
1449:Vlora War
1390:Xhem Hasa
1370:Vulnetari
1285:, (1920s)
1259:Ahmet Zog
1020:linguist
424:Orthodoxy
318:farefisní
124:Australia
32:Albanians
14028:Katarism
13953:Chameria
13906:Projects
13711:Turanian
13706:Tunisian
13676:Oceanian
13666:Nigerian
13616:Hispanic
13611:Germanic
13601:European
13534:Hawaiian
13484:Estonian
13454:Galician
13439:Canarian
13429:Asturian
13398:Venetian
13393:Sicilian
13383:Padanian
13357:Corsican
13318:Scottish
13212:Ossetian
13131:Silesian
13114:Völkisch
13089:Bavarian
13084:Austrian
13063:Romanian
13048:Moldovan
13026:Croatian
12994:Albanian
12962:Georgian
12952:Armenian
12931:Siberian
12858:Filipino
12773:Assamese
12742:Okinawan
12727:Japanese
12657:Lebanese
12635:Diaspora
12617:Assyrian
12585:Peruvian
12494:Americas
12444:Tigrayan
12391:Egyptian
12304:Category
12227:Passport
12205:armorial
12183:Heraldry
12125:Olympics
12120:Swimming
12079:Stadiums
12057:Football
11984:Xhamadan
11969:Xhubleta
11951:Costumes
11931:Religion
11890:Proverbs
11855:Language
11836:Alphabet
11818:Theatres
11767:Diaspora
11664:Churches
11582:Railways
11572:Aviation
11567:Highways
11457:Industry
11417:Taxation
11347:Military
11340:Security
11311:Abortion
11281:speakers
11276:Assembly
11251:Villages
11246:Communes
11231:Counties
11199:EURALIUS
11131:Treaties
11092:agencies
11068:Politics
10955:Archives
10950:Timeline
10938:See also
10651:Parthini
10646:Labeatae
10626:Balaites
10621:Amantini
10581:articles
10524:"Kosovo"
10184:20 April
9934:: 83–88.
9083:: 63–81.
8981:Albanoi.
7923:18958117
7856:Journeys
7481:10909846
6951:Newsbomb
6927:Archived
6904:Archived
2459:Dardanae
2422:23689275
2030:Edi Rama
1942:Albanian
1929:Laramans
1842:Dardania
1398:Albanian
1264:Rilindja
1207:madrasas
1113:Manastir
1068:Anatolia
1043:Catholic
1030:Epirotes
1018:Austrian
1005:folklore
900:Bektashi
851:Rilindja
771:—
586:and the
584:Epirotes
572:Illyrian
564:Arbëresh
525:Rilindja
521:Albanian
397:Religion
367:Arbëresh
345:Arbanasi
316:Tribes (
301:Paganism
271:Folklore
129:Bulgaria
109:Diaspora
24:a series
22:Part of
14103:Silesia
14073:Ossetia
14048:Luhansk
14023:Karelia
14013:Ilirida
13993:Donetsk
13918:Assyria
13721:Ugandan
13686:Russian
13631:Iranian
13621:Iberian
13591:Chinese
13566:African
13522:Oceania
13494:Finnish
13489:Faroese
13449:Catalan
13414:Spanish
13378:Lombard
13373:Italian
13313:English
13308:Cornish
13303:British
13287:Walloon
13282:Occitan
13267:Flemish
13257:Arpitan
13228:Chuvash
13176:Yiddish
13166:Russian
13099:Frisian
13068:Serbian
13021:Bosniak
12926:Pashtun
12842:Tripuri
12815:Punjabi
12778:Bengali
12757:Tibetan
12705:Chinese
12672:Turkish
12652:Kurdish
12640:Zionism
12631:Jewish
12622:Iranian
12580:Mapuche
12575:Criollo
12549:Haitian
12508:Chicano
12453:Nigeria
12408:Sahrawi
12281:Outline
12253:Smoking
12175:Symbols
12105:Cycling
12074:Players
11994:Cuisine
11959:Qeleshe
11850:Abetare
11842:scripts
11813:Museums
11781:Culture
11727:Society
11699:Beaches
11692:riviera
11654:Mosques
11649:Castles
11629:Tourism
11592:Tunnels
11587:Bridges
11404:Banking
11397:Finance
11385:Economy
11362:Prisons
11288:Members
11045:Habitat
11030:Climate
11012:Islands
10945:Origins
10641:Enchele
10616:Amantes
10611:Albanoi
10606:Ardiaei
10589:History
10577:Albania
9190:Bibcode
8261:: 1–35.
7128:Sources
6912:To Vima
2070:Preševo
2066:Preveza
1959:Newborn
1950:Murad I
1934:Drenica
1747:Albania
1549:state's
1516:foreign
1483:culture
1203:maktabs
753:Serbian
716:History
694:Balkans
669:to the
548:Muslims
448:Judaism
436:Sunnism
355:Istrian
306:Symbols
241:Cuisine
189:Ukraine
159:Romania
149:Germany
144:Finland
134:Denmark
77:Croatia
64:Albania
14159:German
14144:Racial
13988:Danzig
13973:Crimea
13958:Champa
13923:Azawad
13913:Arakan
13716:Turkic
13696:Slavic
13671:Nordic
13651:Libyan
13641:Korean
13626:Indian
13606:Finnic
13586:Celtic
13434:Basque
13352:Basque
13323:Ulster
13272:French
13262:Breton
13207:Lezgin
13202:Ingush
13136:Slovak
13126:Polish
13104:German
12980:Europe
12936:Uyghur
12904:Baloch
12820:Sindhi
12805:Meitei
12800:Hazara
12747:Ryukyu
12737:Manchu
12732:Korean
12667:Syrian
12523:Lakota
12439:Somali
12429:Amhara
12424:Acholi
12403:Kabyle
12386:Coptic
12381:Berber
12362:Africa
12165:Cinema
12050:Sports
12017:Kabuni
12007:Gjellë
11979:Opinga
11936:Nevruz
11757:Tribes
11752:Census
11740:People
11659:Tekkes
11552:Mining
11484:Energy
11436:Retail
11352:Police
11002:Rivers
10819:Anthem
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2529:Kosovo
2420:
2410:
2379:
1996:Epirus
1873:(NLA)
1791:, and
1532:stanza
1520:agents
1474:poleis
1437:Tirana
1375:Serbia
1283:Kosovo
1199:tekkes
1115:(1908)
1089:Bitola
1003:, and
993:truths
981:Europe
964:Tirana
728:, and
639:Kosovo
619:Greeks
600:Kosovo
594:" in "
184:Turkey
174:Sweden
154:Norway
114:Greece
102:Serbia
82:Greece
71:Kosovo
58:Native
14169:White
14154:Black
14132:Other
14123:Tibet
14093:Sápmi
13646:Latin
13636:Iraqi
13576:Asian
13544:Māori
13407:Spain
13366:Italy
13328:Welsh
13277:Irish
13233:Tatar
13094:Czech
13031:Greek
12868:Malay
12863:Khmer
12830:Tamil
12627:Iraqi
12465:Ogoni
12288:Index
12241:Other
12160:Radio
12150:Music
12069:Clubs
11772:Women
11577:Ports
11509:OSHEE
11007:Lakes
10138:JSTOR
9802:S2CID
9440:(PDF)
9206:S2CID
9127:S2CID
8850:(PDF)
8745:(PDF)
8704:(PDF)
8490:S2CID
8470:(PDF)
8255:(PDF)
8239:S2CID
8099:S2CID
7919:S2CID
7899:(PDF)
7852:(PDF)
7824:(PDF)
7314:S2CID
7216:S2CID
1900:Shkie
1892:Sopot
1479:ideas
1307:çetas
1246:right
863:Tosks
749:Greek
615:Slavs
431:Islam
291:Music
256:Dress
251:Dance
169:Spain
139:Egypt
119:Italy
87:Italy
14186:Note
13571:Arab
12883:Thai
12878:Shan
12810:Naga
12790:Bodo
12684:Zaza
12612:Arab
12598:Asia
12460:Igbo
12434:Hutu
12376:Arab
12193:list
12188:Flag
12032:Wine
12027:Beer
12022:Raki
11974:Brez
11916:Besa
11499:KESH
11409:Lek
11326:LGBT
11256:Maps
11226:NUTS
11204:SPAK
11104:list
10532:ISBN
10509:ISBN
10488:ISBN
10467:ISBN
10417:ISBN
10396:ISBN
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10330:ISBN
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10186:2017
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7522:ISBN
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7477:PMID
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5109:ISBN
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5067:ISBN
5046:ISBN
5025:ISBN
2642:2011
2592:2011
2579:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2510:2011
2418:OCLC
2408:ISBN
2377:ISBN
1571:Tito
1528:poem
1400:and
1238:left
1205:and
1175:and
1102:1912
1100:and
1098:1910
1032:and
927:and
894:and
882:and
861:and
859:Gegs
751:and
710:UEFA
708:and
706:FIFA
641:and
617:and
602:and
377:Cham
362:Tosk
340:Gheg
236:Besa
12967:Laz
12873:Mon
12710:Han
12232:.al
11921:Oda
11790:Art
11514:ERE
11504:OST
11176:KPK
11171:ONM
11166:IKP
11161:KPA
10130:doi
9794:doi
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9198:doi
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