Aleppo - Knowledge

2766: 2864: 4190: 2919: 2120: 2291: 5852: 5369: 5803: 4082: 77: 203: 2519: 5156: 5557: 1147: 2954: 2240: 1598: 6299: 6177: 6049: 6120: 2109: 236: 170: 5402: 1195: 2430: 5532: 2280: 2651: 269: 3721: 2700: 5727: 2621: 4669: 2975:. The old city of Aleppo lies on the left bank of the Queiq. It was surrounded by a circle of eight hills surrounding a prominent central hill on which the castle (originally a temple dating to the 2nd millennium BC) was erected. The radius of the circle is about 10 km (6.2 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmīn (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. The old city was enclosed within an ancient wall that was last rebuilt by the 5663: 5088: 4988: 4337:, the city of Aleppo received many Sephardic Jewish immigrants, who eventually joined with the native Aleppo Jewish community. Peaceful relations existed between the Jews and surrounding population. In the early 20th century, the town's Jews lived mainly in Al-Jamiliyah, Bab Al-Faraj and the neighbourhoods around the Great Synagogue. Unrest in Palestine in the years preceding the establishment of Israel in 1948 resulted in growing hostility towards Jews living in Arab countries, culminating in the 2012: 5307: 15080: 15086: 4565: 2711:, who came to power in 1970, relied on support from the business class in Damascus. This gave Damascus further advantage over Aleppo, and hence Damascus came to dominate the Syrian economy. The strict centralization of the Syrian state, the intentional direction of resources towards Damascus, and the hegemony Damascus enjoys over the Syrian economy made it increasingly hard for Aleppo to compete. Despite this, Aleppo remained a nationally important economic and cultural center. 4909: 6083: 5715: 5618: 1476: 2814: 2671: 6019: 3657: 2689:, and Socialists launched a new coup whose declared objective was to restore the union with Egypt. However, the new government only restored the flag of the union. Soon thereafter disagreement between the Baathists and the Nasserists over the restoration of the union became a crisis, and the Baathists ousted the Nasserists from power. The Nasserists, most of whom were from the Aleppine middle class, responded with an insurgency in Aleppo in July 1963. 1993: 2527: 2507: 11104: 6225: 17297: 3713: 2473: 1334: 2197: 6264: 6251: 6238: 3644: 1716: 5164: 17200: 14435: 13181: 4306: 2568: 342: 5905: 2826:

fighting" took place in Aleppo, often in residential areas. In the summer, autumn and winter of 2012 house-to-house fighting between armed opposition and government forces continued, and by the spring 2013 the Syrian Army had entrenched itself in the western part of Aleppo (government loyalist forces were operating from a military base in the southern part of the city) and the Free Syrian Army in the eastern part with a

4925: 5762: 3996: 4107: 4829: 2610: 11108: 2715: 122: 4474: 4627: 276: 243: 210: 177: 2323: 5049:, a large fortress built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50 m (160 ft) above the city, dates back to the first millennium BC. Recent excavations unearthed a temple and 25 statues dating back to the first millennium BC. Many of the current structures date from the 13th century. The Citadel had been extensively damaged by earthquakes, notably in 1822. 2008:, and five days later they had retaken Damascus. Aleppo was recovered by the Muslims within a month, and a Mamluk governor placed to govern the city. Hulagu sent troops to try to recover Aleppo in December. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat. 870:, also to Turkey. The growth in importance of Damascus in the past few decades further exacerbated the situation. This decline may have helped to preserve the old city of Aleppo, its medieval architecture and traditional heritage. It won the title of the Islamic Capital of Culture 2006 and has had a wave of successful restorations of its historic landmarks. The 18745: 2899:. As a result, he said the pro-Syrian government forces had regained control of the districts previously controlled by them. In February 2020, government forces achieved a major breakthrough when they captured the last remaining rebel-held areas in Aleppo's western periphery, thus decisively ending the clashes that began with the 1465: 2457:

sentiment and tried to address it by making Aleppo the capital of a large and wealthier state with which it would have been hard for Damascus to compete. The State of Aleppo as drawn by France contained most of the fertile area of Syria: the fertile countryside of Aleppo in addition to the entire fertile basin of river

4967:. Souq al-Madina is also home to local products such as wool, agricultural products and soap. Most of the souqs date back to the 14th century and are named after various professions and crafts, hence the wool souq, the copper souq, and so on. Aside from trading, the souq accommodated the traders and their goods in 4019:. Followed by cholera and plague attacks in 1823 and 1827 respectively, the population of the city declined to 110,000 by the end of the 19th century. In 1901, the total population of Aleppo was 108,143 of which Muslims were 76,329 (70.58%), Christians — mostly Catholics — 24,508 (22.66%) and Jews 7,306 (6.76%). 2272:

an important economic role and shifted its commercial focus from long-distance caravan trade to more regional trade in wool and agricultural products. This period also saw the immigration of numerous "Levantine" (European-origin) families who dominated international trade. Aleppo's mixed commercial tribunal (

6034:. Aleppo City Council is the governing body of the city. The first municipality council was formed in 1868. However, the governor being appointed directly by the president of the republic, has a supreme authority over the city and the entire governorate. But the city is managed directly by the mayor. 2486:

The limited economic resources of the Syrian states made the option of completely independent states undesirable for France, because it threatened an opposite result: the states collapsing and being forced back into unity. This was why France proposed the idea of a Syrian federation that was realized

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in 1722. By mid-century, caravans were no longer bringing silk from Iran to Aleppo, and local Syrian production was insufficient for Europe's demand. European merchants left Aleppo and the city went into an economic decline that was not reversed until the mid-19th century when locally produced cotton

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Several international institutions have joined efforts with local authorities and the Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. The governorate and the municipality are implementing serious programmes directed towards

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As the main economic centre of Syria, Aleppo has a large number of educational institutions. According to the UNICEF, there are around over 1280 schools in Aleppo and its suburbs that welcomed 485,000 new students as of September 2018, and around 25,000 students resumed their learning as of December

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The mainly white-stoned old town was built within the historical walls of the city, pierced by the nine historical gates, while the newer quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal

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A stalemate that had been in place for four years ended in July 2016, when Syrian Army troops closed the last supply line of the rebels into Aleppo with the support of Russian airstrikes. In response, rebel forces launched unsuccessful counter-offensives in September and October that failed to break

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in Aleppo, where Syrian government responded with military and security forces, sending in tens of thousands of troops backed by tanks, armored vehicles and helicopters. Several hundred rebels were killed in and around city and eight thousand were arrested. By February 1981, the Islamist uprising in

2606:. An underlying cause of the disagreement, in addition to the union with Iraq, was Aleppo's intention to relocate the capital from Damascus. The issue of the capital became an open debate matter in 1950 when the Popular Party presented a constitution draft that called Damascus a "temporary capital." 2543:

had waged a massive anti-secession public campaign that vigorously mobilized the people against the secession plan, thus leaving the pro-French politicians no choice but to support the union. The result was a big embarrassment for France, which wanted the secession of Aleppo to be a punitive measure

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again from the Mamluks. He massacred many of the inhabitants, ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city. After the withdrawal of the Mongols, all the Muslim population returned to Aleppo. On the other hand, Christians who left the city during the Mongol invasion, were unable

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district is one of the largest in Syria and the region. Occupying an area of 4,412 ha (10,900 acres) in the north-eastern suburbs of Aleppo, the total investments in the city counted more than US$ 3.4 billion during 2010. Still under development, it is envisaged to open hotels, exhibition

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refugees (1915–1922) the population of Aleppo in 1922 counted 156,748 of which Muslims were 97,600 (62.26%), native Christians — mostly Catholics — 22,117 (14.11%), Jews 6,580 (4.20%), Europeans 2,652 (1.70%), Armenian refugees 20,007 (12.76%) and others 7,792 (4.97%). However, even though a large

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between them. One estimate of casualties by an international humanitarian organization is that by this time 13,500 had been killed in the fighting — 1,500 under 5 years of age — and that another 23,000 had been injured. Local police stations in the city, used as bases of government forces and hated

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when Othello speaks his final words (ACT V, ii, 349f.): "Set you down this/And say besides that in Aleppo once,/Where a malignant and a turbanned Turk/Beat a Venetian and traduced the state,/I took by th' throat the circumcised dog/And smote him—thus!" (Arden Shakespeare Edition, 2004). The English

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in 1869. This, in addition to political instability that followed the implementation of significant reforms in 1841 by the central government, contributed to Aleppo's decline and the rise of Damascus as a serious economic and political competitor with Aleppo. The city nevertheless continued to play

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Aleppo is the origin of different types of sweets and pastries. The Aleppine sweets, such as mabrumeh, siwar es-sett, balloriyyeh, etc., are characterized by containing high rates of ghee butter and sugar. Other sweets include mamuniyeh, shuaibiyyat, mushabbak, zilebiyeh, ghazel al-banat etc. Most

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of the Russian Federation, Alexander Dzasokhov, around 20 churches suffered great destruction during the battles in Aleppo, with the most notable being the National Evangelical Church, as well as the surrounding historic churches of al-Jdayde district. On 25 December 2016, following the government

3015:). The average high and low temperature throughout the year is 23.8 and 11.1 °C (74.8 and 52.0 °F). The average precipitation is 329.4 mm (12.97 in). More than 80% of precipitation occurs between October and March. It snows once or twice every winter. Average humidity is 55.7%. 4218:

The Christian population of Aleppo was slightly more than 250,000 before the Syrian Civil War, representing about 12% of the total population of the city. However, as a consequence of the war, the Christian population of the city decreased to less than 100,000 as of the beginning of 2017, of whom

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On 12 August 2011, some months after protests had begun elsewhere in Syria, anti-government protests were held in several districts of Aleppo, including the city's Sakhour district. During this demonstration, which included tens of thousands of protesters, security forces shot and killed at least

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Howard Sachar, A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time., (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 400; Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, (Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, 1977), p. 31; Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab

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In the 2000s, Aleppo was one of the fastest-growing cities in Syria and the Middle East. Many villagers and inhabitants of other Syrian districts are migrating to Aleppo in an effort to find better job opportunities, a fact that always increases population pressure, with a growing demand for new

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As the largest urban area in pre-civil war Syria, Aleppo was considered the capital of Syrian industry. The economy of the city was mainly driven by textiles, chemicals, pharmaceutics, agro-processing industries, electrical commodities, alcoholic beverages, engineering and tourism. It occupied a

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Occupying an area of more than 190 km (73 sq mi), Aleppo is one of the fastest-growing cities in the Middle East. According to the new major plan of the city adopted in 2001, it is envisaged to increase the total area of Aleppo up to 420 km (160 sq mi) by the end of

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When the battle ended, 500,000 refugees and internally displaced persons returned to Aleppo, and Syrian state media said that hundreds of factories returned to production as electricity supply greatly increased. Many parts of the city that were affected are undergoing reconstruction. On 15 April

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erupted in southern Syria in 1925, the French held in Aleppo State new elections that were supposed to lead to the breaking of the union with Damascus and restore the independence of Aleppo State. The French were driven to believe by pro-French Aleppine politicians that the people in Aleppo were

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The federation ended in December 1924, when France merged Aleppo and Damascus into a single Syrian State and separated the Alawite State again. This action came after the federation decided to merge the three federated states into one and to take steps encouraging Syria's financial independence,

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The Old City revival project completed its first phase by the end of 2008, and the second phase started in early 2010. The purpose of the project is the preservation of the old city of Aleppo with its souqs and khans, and restoration of the narrow alleys of the old city and the roads around the

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By separating Aleppo from Damascus, Gouraud wanted to capitalize on a traditional state of competition between the two cities and turn it into political division. The people in Aleppo were unhappy with the fact that Damascus was chosen as capital for the new nation of Syria. Gouraud sensed this

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invaded Aleppo in 1400 and destroyed it, the Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their own cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of al-Jdayde. The inhabitants of the new quarters were mainly brokers who facilitated trade between

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is directed towards the revival of the flow of the river, demolishing both the artificial cover of the stream bed and the reinforcement of the stream banks along the river in the city centre. The flow of the river was blocked during the 1960s by the Turks, turning the river into a tiny sewage

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In late July 2012, the conflict reached Aleppo in earnest when rebels in the city’s surrounding countryside mounted their first offensive there, apparently trying to capitalise on momentum gained during the Damascus assault. Then, some of the civil war's "most devastating bombing and fiercest

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Christian neighbourhoods, tens of Christians were killed and several churches looted. Though this event has been portrayed as driven by pure sectarian principles, Bruce Masters argues that such analysis of this period of violence is too shallow and neglects the tensions that existed among the

5821:, there are state colleges and private universities which attract large numbers of students from other regions of Syria and the Arab countries. The number of the students in Aleppo University is more than 60,000. The university has 18 faculties and 8 technical colleges in the city of Aleppo. 3747:

Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build cell-like quarters and districts that were socially and economically independent. Each district was characterized by the religious and ethnic characteristics of its inhabitants.

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barracks — reportedly killing 28 (four civilians, thirteen military personnel and eleven security personnel) and wounding 235. On 18 March 2012, another car bomb blast in a residential neighbourhood reportedly killed two security personnel and one female civilian, and wounded 30 residents.

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Possessing the most developed commercial and industrial plants in Syria, Aleppo is a major centre for manufacturing precious metals and stones. The annual amount of the processed gold produced in Aleppo is around 8.5 tonnes, making up to 40% of the entire manufactured gold in Syria.

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The commercial traditions in Aleppo have deep roots in the history. The Aleppo Chamber of commerce founded in 1885, is one of the oldest chambers in the Middle East and the Arab world. According to many historians, Aleppo was the most developed commercial and industrial city in the

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fell four weeks later. The Muslim population was massacred and many Jews were also killed. The Christian population was spared. Turanshah was shown unusual respect by the Mongols, and was allowed to live because of his age and bravery. The city was then given to the former Emir of

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had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. Between 1954 and 1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and

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However, after the break-out of the civil war in 2011, the Syrian railway network has suffered major damage and is partially out of use. Reconstruction of the Damascus-Aleppo railway line was started in 2020, after its completion and securing rail transport will be resumed.

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the siege; in November, government forces embarked on a decisive campaign. The rebels agreed to evacuate from their remaining areas in December 2016. Syrian government victory with Russian aerial bombardment was widely seen as a potential turning point in Syria's civil war.

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and the third largest city in the Roman world. Archaeological evidence indicates a high population density for settlements between Antioch and Beroea right up to the 6th century. This agrarian landscape still holds the remains of large estate houses and churches such as the

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The "Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo" (UDP) is a joint programme between the German Development Cooperation (GTZ) and the Municipality of Aleppo. The programme promotes capacities for sustainable urban management and development at the national and municipal level.

1862:, Hassan went back on his commitment. In response, Tutush attacked the city and managed to get hold of parts of the walls and towers in July 1086, but he left in September, either due to the advance of Malik-Shah or because the Fatimids were besieging Damascus. In 1087, 2193:, a joint-trading company founded in 1581 to monopolize England's trade with the Ottoman Empire, never attempted to settle a factor, or agent, in Damascus, despite having had permission to do so. Aleppo served as the company's headquarters until the late 18th century. 4352:

The houses and other properties of the Jewish families which were not sold after the migration, remain uninhabited under the protection of the Syrian Government. Most of these properties are in Al-Jamiliyah and Bab Al-Faraj areas, and the neighbourhoods around the

4979:(ﻗﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ). Caeserias are smaller than khans in their sizes and functioned as workshops for craftsmen. Most of the khans took their names after their location in the souq and function, and are characterized by their façades, entrances and fortified wooden doors. 2666:

was implemented in 1958. The union, however, collapsed three and a half years later when a junta of young Damascene officers carried out a separatist coup. Aleppo resisted the separatist coup, but eventually it had no choice but to recognize the new government.

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suggests that King David halted the Arameans' expansion into the Land of Israel on account of his alliance with the southern Philistine kings, as well as with Toi, king of Ḥamath, who is identified with Tai(ta) II, king of Palistin (the northern Sea Peoples).

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and the influx of new investments and flow of the new industries after 2004 also contributed to the development of the city. In 2006, Aleppo was named by the Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) as the capital of Islamic culture.

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There is a relatively clear division between old and new Aleppo. The older portions of the city, with an approximate area of 160 ha (0.6 sq mi) are contained within a wall, 5 km (3.1 mi) in circuit with nine gates. The huge medieval

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halabi , muhshi. Ful halabi is a typical Aleppine breakfast meal: fava bean soup with a splash of olive oil, lemon juice, garlic and Aleppo's red peppers. The za'atar of Aleppo (thyme) is a kind of oregano which is popular in the regional cuisines.

2639:. However, lured by the absolute power he enjoyed as a dictator, Zaim soon developed a pro-Egyptian, pro-Western orientation and abandoned the cause of union with Iraq. This incited a second coup only four months after his. The second coup, led by 11052: 2158:

Aleppo's agriculture was well-developed in the Ottoman period. Archaeological excavations revealed water mills in its river basin. Contemporary Chinese source also suggests Aleppo in the Ottoman period had well-developed animal husbandry.

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Al-Adeyat Archaeological Society founded in 1924 in Aleppo, is a cultural and social organization to preserve the tangible and intangible heritage of Aleppo and Syria in general. The society has branches in other governorates as well.

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In 1944, Aleppo's population was around 325,000, with 112,110 (34.5%) Christians among which Armenians numbered 60,200. Armenians formed more than half of the Christian community in Aleppo until 1947, when many groups of them left for

2469:, had neither enough fertile land nor access to sea. Basically, Gouraud wanted to satisfy Aleppo by giving it control over most of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria so that it would never want to unite with Damascus again. 4126:) consisted of 23 localities with a collective population of 2,181,061 in 2004. According to the official estimate announced by the Aleppo City Council, the population of the city was 2,301,570 by the end of 2005. As a result of the 4998:

The old part of the city is surrounded with 5 km-long (3.1 mi), thick walls, pierced by the nine historical gates (many of them are well-preserved) of the old town. These are, clockwise from the north-east of the citadel:

2155:; the rest of what later became Syria was part of either the eyalets of Damascus, Tripoli, Sidon or Raqqa. Following the Ottoman provincial reform of 1864 Aleppo became the centre of the newly constituted Vilayet of Aleppo in 1866. 2351:

Reforms during this time which played a large role in creating antagonism between previously cooperative groups of Muslim and Christians in the eastern quarters of the city. By 1901, the city's population was around 110,000.

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in the South, which traced the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast. Although trade was often directed away from the city for political reasons , it continued to thrive until the Europeans began to use the

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channel, something that led the authorities to cover the stream during the 1970s. In 2008 the flow of pure water was restored through the efforts of the Syrian government, granting a new life to the Quweiq River.

1216:, in the 23rd century BC. However, the identification of Armani in the inscription of Naram-Sim as Armi in the Eblaite tablets is heavily debated, as there was no Akkadian annexation of Ebla or northern Syria. 5608:

takes place on the railway station in Aleppo: "It was five o'clock on a winter's morning in Syria. Alongside the platform at Aleppo stood the train grandly designated in railway guides as the Taurus Express."

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On 22 December, the evacuation was completed with the Syrian Army declaring it had taken complete control of the city. Red Cross later confirmed that the evacuation of all civilians and rebels was complete.

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network of buses and minibuses. New modern buses are used to connect the city with Damascus and the other Syrian cities to the east and the south of Aleppo. The city is also served by local and inter-city

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Aleppo City Development Strategy (CDS): promoting support structures for the municipality, including capacity building, networking, and developing municipal strength in the national development dialogue.

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The Project for the Rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo (OCA): includes further support for the rehabilitation of the Old City, as well as for a city development strategy oriented to the long term.

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in 1923. After the arrival of more than 40,000 Armenian refugees between 1923 and 1925, the population of the city reached up to 210,000 by the end of 1925, of which more than a quarter were Armenians.

2643:(also officer from Aleppo), empowered the Popular Party and actively sought to realize the union with Iraq. The news of an imminent union with Iraq incited a third coup the same year: in December 1949, 12059: 2887:

in Aleppo, killing more than 126 people, including at least 80 children. Syrian state media reported that the Aleppo shopping festival took place on 17 November 2017 to promote industry in the city. A

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to resettle back in their own quarter in the old town, a fact that led them to establish a new neighbourhood in 1420, built at the northern suburbs of Aleppo outside the city walls, to become known as

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Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists, since the modern city occupies its ancient site. The earliest occupation of the site was around 8,000 BC, as shown by excavations in Tallet Alsauda.

878:, and many parts of the city had suffered massive destruction. Affected parts of the city are currently undergoing reconstruction. An estimated 31,000 people were killed in Aleppo during the conflict. 5297:

or al-Bandara synagogue, dating to the 9th century. The synagogue was destroyed during an anti-Jewish pogrom in 1947. In the 1980s, the building was restored, but destroyed again during the civil war.

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village at the northwest of Aleppo, the 4th-century Basilica of Sinhar settlement, the Mushabbak Basilica dating back to the second half of the 5th century, the 9th-century BC Assyrian settlement of

6535: 6158:). As awareness for the need to preserve this unique cultural heritage increased, Gutton's master plan was finally abandoned in 1979 to be replaced with a new plan presented by the Swiss expert and 3768:— composed of the ancient city within the walls and the old cell-like quarters outside the walls — has an approximate area of 350 ha (1.4 sq mi) housing more than 120,000 residents. 11455: 5320:

during the medieval period until the Mongol invasion, when many of the prominent structures of the city were destroyed. Before the civil war, 18 hammams were operating in the old city, including:

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Since the old city is characterized with its large mansions, narrow alleys and covered souqs, the modern city's architecture has replenished the town with wide roads and large squares such as the

2143:. The city then had around 50,000 inhabitants, or 11,224 households according to an Ottoman census. In 1517, Selim I obtained a fatwa from Sunnite religious leaders and unleashed violence on the 1866:

became the Seljuk governor of Aleppo under Sultan Malik Shah I. During his bid for the Seljuk throne, Tutush had Aq Sunqur executed and after Tutush died in battle, the town was ruled by his son

1379:. The new readings of Anatolian hieroglyphic signs proposed by the Hittitologists Elisabeth Rieken and Ilya Yakubovich were conducive to the conclusion that the country ruled by Taita was called 2449:

in September 1920 as part of a French plan to make Syria easier to administer by dividing it into several smaller states. France became more concerned about the idea of a united Syria after the

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Ade, Mafalda (2019). "L'innovation judiciaire dans l'Empire ottoman : l'établissement d'un tribunal de commerce à Alep au milieu du XIXe siècle". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.).

4514:, and it is not a surprise that many artists from Aleppo are considered pioneers among the Arabs in classic and traditional music. The most prominent figures in this field are Sabri Mdallal, 9797: 8011: 4043:

majority of the Armenians arrived during the period, the city has had an Armenian community since at least the 1100s, when a considerable number of Armenian families and merchants from the

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foreign traders and local merchants. As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of the ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Five years of conflict: the state of cultural heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo; A comprehensive multi-temporal satellite imagery-based damage analysis for the Ancient City of Aleppo

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The UDP cooperates closely with other interventions in the sector, namely the EU-supported 'Municipal Administration Modernization' programme. It is planned to operate from 2007 to 2016.

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invasion of 1260 and was rebuilt. The 45 m-high (148 ft) tower (described as "the principal monument of medieval Syria") was erected in 1090–1092 under the first Seljuk sultan,

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Aleppo is home to several Christian schools, such as St. Mariam's Christian School (the city's main Christian school) and Armenian private schools as well as two international schools:

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The airport was closed since the beginning of 2013 as a result of the military operations in the area. However, following the Syrian government's recapture of eastern Aleppo during the

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In September 1260, the Egyptian Mamluks negotiated for a treaty with the Franks of Acre which allowed them to pass through Crusader territory unmolested, and engaged the Mongols at the

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The kibbeh is one of the favourite foods of the locals, and the Aleppines have created more than 17 types of kibbeh dishes, which is considered a form of art for them. These include

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community of Aleppo also rose to prominence in this period as they moved into the city to take up trade and developed the new quarter of Judayda. The most outstanding among Aleppine

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Very few physical remains have been found from the Roman and Byzantine periods in the Citadel of Aleppo. The two mosques inside the Citadel are known to have been converted by the

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The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and

4349:. Homes, schools and shops were badly damaged. Soon after, many of the town's remaining 6,000 Jews emigrated. In 1968, there were an estimated 700 Jews still remaining in Aleppo. 2860:

for control of the city. By March 2013, a majority of Aleppo’s factory owners transferred their goods to Turkey with the full knowledge and facilitation of the Turkish government.

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In July 2022, the Aleppo Thermal Power Plant, which generates 200 megawatts of electricity for the city and its surroundings, was put into partial operation after restoration.

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was known for its pubs and boutique hotels, situated within ancient oriental mansions, providing special treats from the Aleppine flavour and cuisine, along with local music.

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Aleppo hosts many music shows and festivals every year at the citadel amphitheatre, such as the "Syrian Song Festival", the "Silk Road Festival" and "Khan al-Harir Festival".

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was attended by large crowds, while state and local media claimed more than 1.5 million attended and stated that it was one of the largest rallies ever held in Syria.

10147: 5642:. The history of the airport dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. It was upgraded and developed in the years to 1999 when the new current terminal was opened. 1980:, and a Mongol garrison was established in the city. Some of the spoils were also given to Hethum I for his assistance in the attack. The Mongol Army then continued on to 12613: 10952: 16011: 12501: 10322: 9498: 9327: 11781: 10210: 5579:

still exist today, with a twice weekly train from Damascus. It is perhaps for this historical reason that Aleppo is the headquarters of Syria national railway network,

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On 20 October 1280, the Mongols took the city again, pillaging the markets and burning the mosques. The Muslim inhabitants fled for Damascus, where the Mamluk leader

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against Damascus, which had participated in the Syrian Revolt, however, the result was respected. This was the last time that independence was proposed for Aleppo.

2310:, which was headed to Aleppo from England and endured a 567-day voyage before returning unsuccessfully to port. Reference is also made to the city in Shakespeare's 16418: 11139: 10823: 6650: 6484: 4644:. The International Academy of Gastronomy in France awarded Aleppo its culinary prize in 2007. The city has a wide selection of different types of dishes, such as 2730:. In the subsequent violence around fifty people were killed. On 10 July a further twenty-two Syrian soldiers were killed. Both terrorist attacks were part of the 2204:

As a result of the economic development, many European states had opened consulates in Aleppo during the 16th and the 17th centuries, such as the consulate of the

1652:

to Beroea but in the following year was promoted to Antioch. His successor in Beroea, Anatolius, was at a council in Antioch in 363. Under the persecuting Emperor

18466: 17027: 15766: 14551: 12447: 6532:"Syrian Arab Republic: Aleppo Situation Report No. 14 (20 January 2017) – Highlights of the Report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs" 5770:

residential capacity. New districts and residential communities have been built in the suburbs of Aleppo, many of them were still under construction as of 2010.

5670:

The main role of the city was as a trading place throughout the history, as it sat at the crossroads of two trade routes and mediated the trade from India, the

2487:

in 1923. Initially, Gouraud envisioned the federation as encompassing all the states, even Lebanon. In the end however, only three states participated: Aleppo,

16927: 15976: 15796: 11447: 10013: 4883:– one of the largest shopping centres in Syria – was also among the most visited locations for the locals. It has received major damages during the civil war. 12051: 9366: 16932: 16892: 16503: 15841: 14546: 9426: 6670: 9972: 7807: 7071: 6531: 3667:

Various types of 13th and 14th centuries constructions, such as caravanserais, caeserias, Quranic schools, hammams and religious buildings are found in the

2692:

Again, the Ba'ath government tried to absorb the dissent of the Syrian middle class (whose center of political activism was Aleppo) by putting to the front

16188: 16148: 16088: 16078: 15741: 15716: 14821: 14721: 9949: 5417:

near Aleppo include: Kalota Castle and churches northwest of Aleppo, Kharab Shams Byzantine basilica of the 4th century, the half-ruined Roman basilica in

1290:

in c. 1525 BC, Subsequently, Parshatatar conquered Aleppo and the city found itself on the frontline in the struggle between the Mitanni, the Hittites and

772: 2247:

However, the prosperity Aleppo experienced in the 16th and 17th century started to fade as silk production in Iran went into decline with the fall of the

17127: 17012: 16508: 15576: 14941: 14896: 14586: 5942: 1916:

ravaged the city and the surrounding area. Although estimates from this time are very unreliable, it is believed that 230,000 people died, making it the

1235:. The kingdom of Yamḥad (c. 1800–1525 BC), alternatively known as the 'land of Ḥalab,' was one of the most powerful in the Near East during the reign of 12557: 9701: 4440:

is rarely spoken by the Syriac community during daily life, but commonly used as the liturgical language of the Syriac Church. The members of the small

18957: 17087: 17062: 16113: 15816: 15011: 14986: 14716: 14656: 14646: 14641: 14631: 14511: 10116: 12587: 9881: 9647: 6794:"Decision-Making Methodology Between Revitalisation and Rehabilitation of World Heritage City Centers. Case Study: The Ancient City of Aleppo (Syria)" 5723:

dominant position in the country's manufacturing output, with a share of more than 50% of manufacturing employment, and an even greater export share.

5208:. It had four façades with different styles. The tower was completely destroyed during the Syrian civil war in March 2013 (reported on 24 March 2013). 4879:

water park – heavily damaged during the battles – was one of the favourite places among the locals, as it was the first water park in Syria. Aleppo's

4545:

or "connoisseur listeners". Aleppine musicians often claim that no major Arab artist achieved fame without first earning the approval of the Aleppine

1688:

exiled the bishop of Beroea Antoninus for rejecting the Council of Chalcedon. The last known bishop of the see is Megas, who was at a synod called by

16922: 14876: 14786: 14736: 14671: 14136: 11575: 11082: 10572: 5988: 2407:; thus, Aleppo was cut from its northern satellites and from the Anatolian cities beyond on which Aleppo depended heavily in commerce. Moreover, the 10434: 6594: 4288:. Around 50 churches are operated in the city by the above-mentioned congregations. However, according to the Deputy Chairman of the commission for 16942: 15051: 14991: 14711: 10682: 9787: 4357:. In 1992, the Syrian government lifted the travel ban on its 4,500 Jewish citizens. Most traveled to the United States, where a sizable number of 2742:

Since the late 1990s, Aleppo has become one of the fastest growing cities in the Levant and the Middle East. The opening of the industrial city of

1271:

in the 16th century BC. However, it soon resumed its leading role in the Levant when the Hittite power in the region waned due to internal strife.

9919: 7993: 17042: 16917: 16832: 16123: 16001: 15986: 15931: 15686: 15641: 15251: 15041: 14811: 14806: 14726: 14651: 14596: 14501: 13602: 10974: 10603: 9156: 7090: 3619: 2867: 650: 12717: 9227: 8549: 3653:

Aleppo is characterized with mixed architectural styles, having been ruled by, among others, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuqs, Mamluks and Ottomans.

17112: 16882: 15736: 15036: 15016: 14966: 14961: 14881: 14801: 14756: 14686: 14666: 14526: 14506: 14496: 14491: 11883: 9485: 799:, and note its commercial and military importance. Such a long history is attributed to its strategic location as a trading center between the 8058: 6568: 5773:

Two major construction projects are scheduled in Aleppo: the "Old City Revival" project and the "Reopening of the stream bed of Queiq River":

1524:. As did other Hellenized cities of the Seleucid kingdom, Beroea probably enjoyed a measure of local autonomy, with a local civic assembly or 18952: 18562: 16962: 16887: 16473: 16107: 15996: 15966: 15731: 15031: 15026: 14956: 14861: 14676: 11332: 11162: 9621: 9200:"Hvorfor blive ved med at interessere sig for Rorschach prøven?: En kommentar og nogle overvejelser vedrørende førskolebørns Rorschachprøver" 7036: 6621: 6209: 4070:

Christians is related with the arrival of the Assyrian survivors from Cilicia and Southern Turkey, while on the other hand, large numbers of

12661: 2399:, who directly coordinated with Atatürk and received weaponry from him. The outcome, however, was disastrous for Aleppo, because as per the 2391:. The Arab residents in the province (as well as the Kurds) supported the Turks in this war against the French, including the leader of the 1029:

became the Hebrew word for 'milk' or vice versa, as well as offering a possible explanation for the modern-day Arabic nickname of the city,

17142: 17117: 15981: 15756: 14931: 14776: 14771: 14696: 14691: 14571: 14423: 11931: 11624: 9257: 7257: 5829: 10787:

The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century

7164: 18459: 17166: 16952: 15971: 15926: 15681: 15666: 15651: 14851: 14846: 14836: 14701: 14626: 14601: 12368: 8950: 8895: 8822: 7885: 7846: 7776: 7737: 7698: 7647: 7608: 7413: 7374: 7335: 7296: 7235: 5426: 202: 12187: 9100: 9061: 9022: 8726:

Semerdjian, Elyse (2019). "Armenians in the Production of Urban Space in Early Modern Judayda". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.).

8492: 8396: 7529: 7452: 6950: 6626: 5587:

had moved to road-based air-conditioned coaches. But this has reversed in recent years with the 2005 introduction of South Korean built

4847:. Several night-clubs, bars and cabarets operated at the centre of the city as well as at the northern suburbs. The historic quarter of 16837: 16801: 16468: 15936: 15276: 15006: 15001: 14856: 14791: 14661: 14516: 10857: 10513: 9727: 6929: 6895: 6501: 5927: 12157: 11425: 10891: 10656: 9396: 1900:

led a campaign, which main objective was to capture the city of Aleppo. On 20 April 1138, the Christian army including Crusaders from

1557:. Rome's presence afforded relative stability in northern Syria for over three centuries. Although the province was administered by a 18866: 17188: 17102: 16133: 16128: 15991: 15441: 15021: 14996: 14921: 14916: 14866: 14841: 14761: 14706: 14576: 14531: 13639: 13582: 10035: 4500: 4193: 4116:

Aleppo was the most populous city in Syria, with a population of 2,132,100 as indicated in the latest official census in 2004 by the

2802: 1744: 11004: 9850: 9757: 5933:

In July 2022, international qualifying matches were played in Aleppo for the first time since the beginning of the conflict. In the

2849:

and other medieval buildings in the ancient city, were destroyed and ruined or burnt in late summer 2012 as the armed groups of the

2022:

The Mamluk governor of the city became insubordinate to the central Mamluk authority in Cairo, and in Autumn 1261 the Mamluk leader

17077: 15751: 14976: 14971: 14766: 14681: 14581: 14566: 14521: 12743: 12031: 11802: 11751: 11694: 9828: 6419: 1318:. However, Talmi-Šarruma, grandson of Suppiluliumas I, who was the king of Aleppo, had fought on the Hittite side, along with king 488: 14401: 12862: 12280: 11194: 10477: 14886: 14636: 13620: 12308:"In the presence of President al-Assad… the fifth generating set in Aleppo Thermal Power Plant kicks off after rehabilitating it" 10404: 6459: 4640:

Aleppo is surrounded by olive, nut and fruit orchards, and its cuisine is the product of its fertile land and location along the

1939:

became sultan of the remaining part of the Ayyubid Empire. He ruled Syria from his seat in Aleppo until, on 24 January 1260, the

429: 12695: 7117: 4130:, however, the city eastern half's population under the control of the opposition had plummeted to an estimated 40,000 by 2015. 2539:

supportive of such a scheme. After the new council was elected, however, it surprisingly voted to keep the union with Damascus.

2319:

describes in his diary a visit he paid to the city in 1675, when there was a colony of Western European merchants living there.

1227:

period, Aleppo's name appears in its original form as Ḥalab (Ḥalba) for the first time. Aleppo was the capital of the important

911: 908: 905: 899: 897: 18977: 18937: 18452: 15496: 12609: 12232: 10944: 10568: 10139: 7804:

Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday

775:; it may have been inhabited since the sixth millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the 12498: 10314: 9311: 5794:: almost half of its population (around 1.2 million) is estimated to live in 22 informal settlements of different types. 18475: 18128: 12969: 12912: 12362: 11970: 11778: 11725: 11529: 11488: 11406: 11303: 11240: 10795: 9461: 9321: 9094: 9055: 8944: 8862: 8781: 8737: 8662: 8390: 8087: 8005: 7731: 7692: 7641: 7602: 7575: 7523: 7446: 7407: 7368: 7329: 7229: 7158: 6889: 6757: 6730: 6703: 5918:

is also played in the city. All of the 5 Aleppine major sport clubs participate in the men's and women's top division of the

1520:

Northern Syria was the center of gravity of the Hellenistic colonizing activity, and therefore of Hellenistic culture in the

902: 12635: 11647: 11494: 11309: 11270: 10200: 8260: 8037: 2330:

The city remained Ottoman until the empire's collapse, but was occasionally riven with internal feuds as well as attacks of

304: 12469: 12258: 10841: 10801: 8117: 6477: 5382:. Around 700 abandoned settlements in the northwestern parts of Syria before the 5th century, contain remains of Christian 4117: 4066:, the vast majority of the Aleppine Christians were Catholics until the latter days of the Ottoman rule. The growth of the 2495:. The capital of the federation was Aleppo at first, but it was relocated to Damascus. The president of the federation was 2189:

as the principal market for goods coming to the Mediterranean region from the east. This is reflected by the fact that the

1917: 12336: 11824: 11597: 6977: 2765: 1912:

but found it too strongly defended, hence John II moved the army southward to take nearby fortresses. On 11 October 1138,

13546: 13147: 10921: 8700: 7998:

The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume undefined: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

7186: 5280: 2547:

Bad economic situation of the city after the separation of the northern countryside was exacerbated further in 1939 when

2446: 2434: 2166:

community in Aleppo, facing financial difficulties and considering conversion to Islam due to their inability to pay the

2128: 12141: 11131: 10827: 10707: 6647: 6481: 4199:

Until the beginning of the Battle of Aleppo in 2012, the city contained one of the largest Christian communities in the

13769: 13587: 13014: 12988: 8919:

Masters, Bruce. "The 1850 Events in Aleppo: The Aftershock of Syria's Incorporation into the Capitalist World System."

6197: 4247: 4071: 1311: 12443: 4325:. The Jews of Aleppo were known for their religious commitment, Rabbinic leadership, and their liturgy, consisting of 1676:

in 451 and was a signatory of the joint letter that the bishops of the province of Syria Prima sent in 458 to Emperor

18555: 15571: 13592: 13556: 13049: 13030: 12950: 12931: 11867: 10002: 9580: 9520:

Lia, Brynjar (1 October 2016). "The Islamist Uprising in Syria, 1976–82: The History and Legacy of a Failed Revolt".

9360: 9294: 9016: 8908: 8839: 8586:"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations" 8366: 8147: 7879: 7840: 7770: 6007: 1689: 993: 698: 3675:

district are home to numerous 16th and 17th-century houses of the Aleppine bourgeoisie, featuring stone engravings.

1854:. When the latter delayed his arrival, Hassan contacted the Sultan's brother Tutush. However, after Tutush defeated 1830:, which lasted until 1080, when his reinforcements were ambushed and routed by a coalition of Arab tribesmen led by 15581: 14416: 14354: 14344: 14334: 14121: 13612: 13597: 13169: 10731:

Alepppo in One Hundred Years 1850–1950, vol.3-page 26, 1994 Aleppo. Authors: Mohammad Fuad Ayntabi and Najwa Othman

10722:

Alepppo in One Hundred Years 1850– 1950, vol.2-page 3, 1994 Aleppo. Authors: Mohammad Fuad Ayntabi and Najwa Othman

9350: 5984: 5291:, the Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Our Mother of Reliefs and the Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral of Virgin Mary. 2900: 2863: 2760: 2723: 871: 11030: 10629: 9877: 6666: 6165:, which adopted the idea of "preserving the traditional architectural style of Ancient Aleppo" paving the way for 2996: 558: 235: 15536: 13536: 12009: 11992: 10178: 9941: 7061: 6857: 6331: 5442: 4215:(locally known as Syriacs). Historically, the city was the main centre of French Catholic missionaries in Syria. 2918: 2884: 1665: 1586: 1041:), which means "the white-colored mixed with black" and allegedly derives from the white marble found at Aleppo. 169: 18744: 12421: 10065: 8868: 8743: 4499:(religious, secular and folk poetic-musical genres). In December 2021, the Qudud Halabiya was included into the 268: 13799: 13391: 13109: 8773: 8621: 6916: 5938: 5923: 5836: 5646: 5288: 4840: 1542: 102: 12549: 12212: 9693: 5591:

providing a regular bi-hourly express service to both Latakia and Damascus, which miss intermediate stations.

5376:

Aleppo's western suburbs are home to a group of historical sites and villages which are commonly known as the

4861:

and other nightlife activities, located in a 19th-century mansion in the Aziziyah district of central Aleppo.

4189: 17943: 17181: 15079: 14369: 14359: 13804: 8332: 6921: 5840: 5222:'s blood. The site is believed to have previously been a monastery, which was converted into a mosque in 944. 5200:. Construction of the present structure for Nur al-Din commenced in 1158. However, it was damaged during the 5113: 4868:, opened in 1949, is one of the largest planted parks in Syria, located near in the Aziziyah district, where 4338: 4258: 3004: 2806: 2794: 2119: 1967:. The city was poorly defended by Turanshah, and as a result the walls fell after six days of siege, and the 563: 17: 12579: 10112: 4365:, New York. The last Jews of Aleppo, the Halabi family, were evacuated from the city in October 2016 by the 2675: 1806:, with the nominally independent Hamdanids in between, eventually falling to the Fatimids in 1017. In 1024, 18548: 16640: 15636: 14374: 14319: 14131: 14126: 14101: 9644: 6003: 5976: 5855: 5627: 5621: 5604: 4813:– a product of Aleppo – is also among the favourite drinks. Local wines and brandies are consumed as well. 4504: 4284:

Several districts of the city have a Christian and Armenian majority, such as the old Christian quarter of

3707: 3023: 2907: 2364: 1977: 1310:

permanently defeated Mitanni, and conquered Aleppo in the 14th century BC. Suppiluliumas installed his son

783:

by the latter part of the third millennium BC. That is also the time at which Aleppo is first mentioned in

575: 421: 17196: 12116: 12089: 11571: 8769:

From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa

8518: 2963:

The city was founded a few kilometres south of the location of the current old city, on the right bank of

2004:

on 3 September 1260. The Mamluks won a decisive victory, killing the Mongols' Nestorian Christian general

1810:

launched an attack on Fatimid Aleppo, and after a few months was invited into the city by its population.

16173: 14409: 13876: 13631: 13260: 13113: 12527: 12395: 12311: 11078: 10352: 10300: 6590: 5294: 5108:, an Aleppine mansion built in 1603, with unique wooden decorations. One of its decorations was taken to 4354: 4318: 4044: 2939: 2388: 2290: 1960: 1692:

in 536. After the Arab conquest, Beroea ceased to be a residential bishopric, and is today listed by the

1302:

who descends from the old Yamhadite kings controlled the city as a vassal to Mitanni and was attacked by

12773: 10678: 9911: 1013:, has survived as the current Arabic name of the city. It is of obscure origin. Some have proposed that 15505: 14379: 14314: 14141: 13881: 13779: 13759: 13667: 13521: 11715:

Philip Mansel (2016) Aleppo: The Rise and fall of Syria's Great Merchant City IB Taurus, p.55 and 13pl

11549: 9665: 8831: 6281: 5980: 5934: 5908: 5395: 4481:

Aleppo is considered one of the main centres of Arabic traditional and classic music with the Aleppine

4054:

The second period of Armenian flow towards Aleppo marked with the withdrawal of the French troops from

3699: 3684: 2779: 2770: 2731: 2162:

During his travels to the Levant in the 17th century, French traveler Jacques Goujon recounted how the

2062: 843: 10978: 10595: 9126: 5368: 2938:

380 m (1,250 ft) above sea level, 45 km (28 mi) east of the Syrian-Turkish border

14364: 14329: 14299: 13907: 13764: 13551: 13406: 6968:"Collections – Aga Khan Collection – Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme – Aleppo Citadel Restoration" 5284: 5189: 4959:, as it is locally known, is an active trade centre for imported luxury goods, such as raw silk from 4802: 4575: 4254: 4239: 2727: 2591: 2339: 1964: 1756: 1561:

from Rome, Rome did not impose its administrative organization on the Greek-speaking ruling class or

15085: 12887: 10888:"Catholic Doctor "Flies High" with The Flying Hospital to Treat the Less Fortunate in Aleppo, Syria" 9184: 6749:

Integrative Social Work Practice with Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Other Forcibly Displaced Persons

5994:

On 29 January 2017, Aleppo hosted the first sports event since 2012, when the local football rivals

5832:(MUST). Branches of the state conservatory and the fine arts school are also operating in the city. 5802: 2942:. The city is surrounded by farmlands from the north and the west, widely cultivated with olive and 18967: 17174: 15946: 14476: 14431: 14214: 14096: 13574: 13502: 13371: 13310: 13100: 11798: 8804: 6560: 5919: 5851: 5344: 5142:, an old 17th-century mansion characterized with fine decorations, carved by the Armenian sculptor 5091: 5080: 4538:

were visiting Aleppo to recognize the legacy of Aleppine art and learn from its cultural heritage.

4266: 4110: 2190: 2181:

and the east, Aleppo rose to high prominence in the Ottoman era, at one point being second only to

1932: 1356:. This religious importance continued after the collapse of the Hittite empire at the hands of the 1315: 1295: 1220: 1122: 628: 536: 11053:"Picture taken on 9 March 2017 in Aleppo showing the damage around Saint George's Armenian Church" 9613: 6814: 6793: 4617:

of the Armenian Apostolic Church at the old Armenian church of the Holy Mother of God, Al-Jdeydeh.

1399:

John David Hawkins (who translated the Aleppo inscriptions) hypothesizes a connection between the

1187:

was located on the citadel hill in the center of the city, when the city was known as the city of

1021:

since the area served as a major source of these metals in antiquity. Another possibility is that

18947: 18521: 18333: 17204: 16590: 16061: 15381: 15356: 13657: 13541: 13366: 13209: 12665: 12523: 12085: 11616: 6945: 6798:

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

6427: 5638:: OSAP) is the international airport serving the city. The airport serves as a secondary hub for 5276: 5060: 4048: 3703: 2857: 2356: 1901: 1882: 1681: 1630: 1049: 749: 484: 31: 12228: 11927: 11648:"ORIENT: Aleppo Burns – Dar Zamaria, Sisi House and much of Souq reported Burned- Syria Comment" 9249: 6938: 6104:

Informal Settlements (IS): includes strategy and management development of informal settlements.

4749:). Kebab Halabi – influenced by Armenian and Turkish tastes – has around 26 variants including: 2256:, "Aleppo ... underwent its worst catastrophe with the wholesale destruction of its villages by 1633:. His successor in Beroea Cyrus was for his fidelity to the Nicene faith sent into exile by the 18486: 17993: 17484: 16867: 16812: 16720: 16705: 14349: 14279: 14274: 13886: 13649: 13426: 13386: 13330: 13320: 13240: 13199: 13004:

A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187

11859: 10781: 10062:"UNESCO Director-General deplores destruction of ancient Aleppo markets, a World Heritage site" 9572: 9286: 9280: 9047:

Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919–1941

8974:

M. Andrew & Sydney Kanya-Forstner (1981) The climax of French imperial expansion, 1914–1924

8643:

Tramontana, Felicita (2014). "III. Conversion to Islam in the villages of Dayr Abān and Ṣūbā".

7148: 6043: 5580: 5560: 5383: 5174: 4892: 4397: 4342: 4270: 4243: 4016: 3628: 2992: 2896: 2846: 2735: 2587: 2548: 2476: 2462: 1940: 1913: 1909: 1874: 1855: 1752: 1526: 1365: 1150: 1114: 812: 599: 147: 94: 82: 38: 12352: 12082:"Rehabilitation of Damascus-Aleppo international highway affected by terrorism in Idleb began" 8934: 8892: 8819: 7869: 7830: 7760: 7721: 7682: 7631: 7592: 7397: 7358: 7319: 7290: 7219: 5390:(Jabal Semaan) and Jabal Halaqa regions at the western suburbs of Aleppo, within the range of 2979:. The wall has since disappeared. It had nine gates and was surrounded by a broad deep ditch. 1601:

The Mosque of Abraham in the Citadel of Aleppo, originally built by the Byzantines as a church

17212: 16725: 16660: 16543: 14611: 14464: 14249: 14167: 14111: 14106: 13845: 13754: 13726: 13662: 13381: 13376: 12183: 9084: 9045: 9006: 8380: 7565: 7513: 7436: 6875: 6616: 6031: 5749:

The old traditional crafts are well-preserved in the old part of the city. The famous laurel

5068: 5031: 4596: 4568: 4081: 2583: 2540: 2368: 2344: 2148: 2080: 2050: 1748: 1618: 1568:

The Roman era saw an increase in the population of northern Syria that accelerated under the

1341: 757: 745: 570: 371: 354: 9564: 9388: 8489: 6926: 2793:

In early 2012, rebels began bombing Aleppo after the spread of anti-government protests. On

2582:

The increasing disagreements between Aleppo and Damascus led eventually to the split of the

1340:

was originally a Hittite pagan temple during ancient times; in addition, a stone block with

839:

was inaugurated in 1869, much trade was diverted to sea and Aleppo began its slow decline.

18501: 18323: 16902: 16792: 16680: 16675: 16049: 15406: 15226: 14284: 14157: 13947: 13784: 13774: 13731: 13471: 13421: 13396: 13361: 13356: 13346: 13219: 13162: 12854: 12052:"Capture of M5 one of the most celebrated prizes in Damascus' campaign to regain territory" 11421: 11232: 10652: 10506: 8000:, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 394–429, 6801: 5995: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5825: 5818: 5807: 5791: 5639: 5588: 5257: 5225: 5064: 5056: 5035: 4951:-market in the world is in Aleppo, with an approximate length of 13 km (8.1 mi). 4535: 3692: 3676: 2659: 1867: 1791: 1787: 1673: 1626: 1469: 938: 927: 13177: 12113:"General Establishment of Railways: Aleppo-Damascus railway to be put into service in May" 11962: 2518: 2403:, most of the Province of Aleppo was made part of Turkey with the exception of Aleppo and 2239: 722: 8: 18571: 18515: 18168: 16650: 16497: 16406: 14339: 14002: 13962: 13451: 13285: 13270: 11000: 10315:"'A new horror': 80 children among those slaughtered in suicide attack on refugee convoy" 9761: 8854:

Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane

8729:

Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane

7979: 7121: 6881: 6692:

Versaci, Antonella; Bougdah, Hocine; Akagawa, Natsuko; Cavalagli, Nicola (1 March 2022).

6193: 5556: 5488: 5480: 5446: 5241: 4705: 4372:

The Jews from Aleppo referred to their city as "Aram Tzova" (ארם צובא) after the ancient

4334: 3688: 2842: 2603: 2535: 2450: 2225: 2070: 2035: 2001: 1886: 1645: 1641: 1490: 1437: 1433: 1400: 1224: 1081: 1066: 588: 17296: 11678: 11191: 9820: 9282:

America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East

6805: 6431: 5155: 2953: 2376: 2252:

and tobacco became the principal commodities of interest to the Europeans. According to

1597: 1375:

was discovered during excavations conducted by German archeologist Kay Kohlmeyer in the

1146: 18043: 18003: 17305: 17000: 16770: 16730: 16715: 16685: 16531: 16338: 16223: 15911: 15161: 14439: 14206: 14116: 13891: 13825: 13481: 13476: 13446: 13351: 13275: 11877: 11852: 9545: 9479: 9172: 9122: 8668: 8613: 6910: 6827: 6170: 6048: 6027: 5979:

is the largest sports venue in Syria. Other major sport venues in the city include the

5961: 5520: 5469: 5324: 5310: 5265: 5261: 5237: 5193: 5072: 4865: 4223: 4212: 4208: 4039: 4023: 3765: 3668: 3012: 2839: 2663: 2635:

in modern Syrian history was carried out in March 1949 by an army officer from Aleppo,

2624: 2613: 2400: 2253: 2213: 2205: 2112: 1863: 1859: 1839: 1677: 1669: 1538: 1205: 1118: 776: 741: 366: 359: 12687: 12520:"Al-Jalaa basketball team takes lead in 1st leg of Aleppo Gathering League Tournament" 11729: 10396: 6456: 6119: 4452:

is used during church service by the Orthodox and Catholic Greek churches of Antioch.

2108: 18343: 18263: 18203: 18108: 17783: 16827: 16630: 16610: 16363: 16258: 16118: 15621: 15186: 14073: 13977: 13486: 13461: 13265: 13245: 13055: 13045: 13026: 13010: 12984: 12965: 12946: 12927: 12908: 12358: 11966: 11863: 11686: 11525: 11518: 11484: 11402: 11299: 11236: 11163:"Christmas in Aleppo: Photos, Video Show Christians Celebrate Assad Victory in Syria" 10791: 9576: 9565: 9549: 9537: 9467: 9457: 9356: 9317: 9290: 9219: 9148: 9140: 9090: 9051: 9012: 8940: 8904: 8858: 8835: 8777: 8733: 8658: 8617: 8605: 8386: 8362: 8083: 8001: 7875: 7836: 7766: 7727: 7688: 7637: 7598: 7571: 7519: 7442: 7403: 7364: 7325: 7225: 7154: 7125: 6885: 6831: 6819: 6753: 6726: 6699: 6320: 5886: 5684: 5434: 5401: 5269: 5249: 5167: 5052: 5046: 4433: 4235: 4204: 4067: 4035: 4031: 3737: 3724: 3679:

of the 19th and early 20th centuries is common in al-Azizyah district, including the

3647: 3572: 3525: 3477: 2931: 2575: 2488: 2429: 2209: 1799: 1764: 1661: 1498: 1376: 1306:

of the Hittites as a retaliation for his alliance to Mitanni. Later the Hittite king

800: 86: 9199: 6390:"معنى كلمة شَهْباءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1" 2632: 1403:

Palistin and the Philistines, as do archaeologists Benjamin Sass and Kay Kohlmeyer.

18288: 17988: 17818: 17474: 17409: 17404: 16695: 16433: 16248: 16138: 15456: 15431: 15321: 15316: 15111: 14905: 14264: 14259: 14192: 14068: 13997: 13982: 13972: 13927: 13922: 13830: 13466: 13441: 13436: 13431: 11448:"Sabah Fakhri, Syrian tenor who helped preserve classical Arabic music, dies at 88" 11398: 9529: 9215: 9211: 9132: 8650: 8597: 8345: 8341: 6809: 6667:"بـ 4.6 ملايين نسمة .. محافظة حلب الأعلى سكانياً في سورية | عكس السير دوت كوم" 6313: 6285: 5969: 5894: 5540: 5391: 5253: 5233: 5229: 5211: 5197: 4940: 4453: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4405: 4366: 4127: 4078:

arrived in Aleppo, after the annexation of the Sanjak in 1939 in favour of Turkey.

4027: 2854: 2850: 2827: 2818: 2756: 2595: 2360: 2335: 2279: 2236:, who monopolized Aleppine silk trade and were important patrons of the Armenians. 2015: 1905: 1897: 1827: 1823: 1807: 1803: 1704: 1622: 1617:, are recorded in extant documents. The first whose name survives is that of Saint 1569: 1562: 1494: 1337: 1323: 1094: 1018: 934: 875: 672: 13068: 11226: 11129: 9533: 8032: 7003:"The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City" 5869:

being the most popular in the city. The five major sporting clubs of the city are

5583:. As the railway is relatively slow, much of the passenger traffic to the port of 5519:. Within the city, main routes include Al Jalaa Street, Shukri Al-Quwatly Street, 5441:

is located, the 5th-century Kimar settlement of the Roman and Byzantine eras, the

2384: 1428:. Bit Agusi along with Aleppo and the entirety of the Levant was conquered by the 1416:

During the early years of the 1st millennium BC, Aleppo was incorporated into the

18972: 18942: 18540: 18293: 18283: 18133: 17978: 17823: 17773: 17539: 17529: 17524: 16967: 16758: 16462: 16288: 16211: 16182: 16163: 15899: 15875: 15696: 15211: 14926: 14392: 14324: 14182: 14172: 14017: 13957: 13866: 13280: 13155: 13104: 13002: 12998: 12505: 12340: 12216: 12145: 12038: 11955: 11785: 11478: 11293: 11264: 11198: 10785: 10761: 10741: 10711: 9651: 8986:

Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (2006) Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914–1958

8899: 8826: 8767: 8496: 8254: 8067: 8041: 7041: 6954: 6933: 6747: 6720: 6693: 6654: 6488: 6463: 6457:

statement by Syrian Minister of Local Administration, Syria (Arabic, August 2009)

6351: 6326: 6298: 6176: 5898: 5890: 5599: 5568: 5449: 5350:

Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, hammam Bab al-Ahmar, etc.

5340: 4858: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4401: 4262: 3720: 2787: 2620: 2480: 2465:. On the other hand, Damascus, which is basically an oasis on the fringes of the 2442: 2424: 2248: 2233: 2229: 2177:

Moreover, thanks to its strategic geographic location on the trade route between

2139:

in 1516 as part of the vast expansion of the Ottoman borders during the reign of

2066: 1928: 1843: 1795: 1736: 1693: 1657: 1534: 1521: 1429: 1372: 1307: 1194: 1072: 1057: 1034: 855: 748:. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents as of 2021, it was Syria's 732: 708: 508: 138: 18444: 12254: 10262: 10232: 8109: 7511: 6150: 5889:. Many other sport clubs are located in several districts of the city including 5531: 2650: 2042:, until Baibars came north again with his main army, and the Mongols retreated. 1798:

of the Byzantine Empire. For the next few decades, the city was disputed by the

1533:

Beroea remained under Seleucid rule until 88 BC when Syria was conquered by the

1175:, identify Aleppo with the capital of an independent kingdom closely related to 1025:

means 'white', as this is the word for 'white' in Aramaic. This may explain how

18590: 18058: 17918: 17913: 17898: 17768: 17713: 16852: 16615: 16595: 16575: 16565: 16560: 16383: 16026: 15609: 15546: 14309: 14304: 14294: 14269: 14063: 14048: 13992: 13987: 13967: 13937: 13932: 13840: 13789: 13456: 13305: 13250: 13224: 13023:

A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

12333: 11898:"As Pogroms Targeted Aleppo's Jews, My Family Made a Dangerous Choice: To Flee" 11601: 9792: 8798: 6967: 6162: 6159: 5704: 5700: 5572: 5331: 5245: 5219: 5126: 5087: 4987: 4955: 4929: 4913: 4903: 4854: 4635: 4586: 4489: 4449: 4421: 4413: 4150: 4091: 4075: 4015:(1853–1933), the population of Aleppo was around 400,000 before the disastrous 2968: 2935: 2923: 2835: 2708: 2699: 2644: 2396: 2217: 2182: 2136: 1936: 1893: 1760: 1724: 1637: 1610: 1573: 1546: 1441: 1248: 1199: 1172: 1141: 1045: 971: 808: 804: 90: 18618: 18613: 10913: 10427:"Battle of Aleppo city ends in Syrian Army victory after 7+ years of fighting" 9471: 9352:

Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis

9152: 9128:

States, boundaries and sovereignty in the Middle East: unsteady but unchanging

8704: 8601: 7992:

Savory, R. M. (1977), Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M. (eds.),

7196: 6145:, mosques and churches, all in need of more care and preservation work. After 5306: 5146:

in 1691. It was used as an Armenian elementary school during the 20th century.

4541:

Aleppo is also known for its knowledgeable and cultivated listeners, known as

2026:

sent an army to reclaim the city. In October 1271, the Mongols led by general

1183:, although this identification is contested. The main temple of the storm god 18931: 18608: 18598: 18423: 18413: 18373: 18303: 18248: 18173: 18103: 18088: 18023: 17963: 17933: 17728: 17698: 17633: 17583: 16847: 16700: 16605: 16347: 16313: 16020: 15725: 15671: 15341: 15311: 15126: 15099: 14796: 14620: 14591: 14556: 14289: 14162: 14058: 13912: 13871: 13820: 13711: 13701: 13507: 13300: 13295: 13204: 12138: 11690: 10858:"The worst place in the world? Aleppo in ruins after four years of Syria war" 10704: 10543:

World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

10293:"400 factories return to production in al-Kallaseh industrial zone in Aleppo" 9541: 9223: 9144: 8609: 7908:"The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data" 6823: 6200:) has made a great contribution in the preservation process of the old city. 6070:

Modern neighborhoods, including a newly developed area called The New Aleppo.

6053: 5999: 5874: 5739: 5662: 5414: 5138: 5076: 5027: 5019: 5011: 4810: 4607: 4531: 4393: 4346: 4146: 4051:

is from 1491 as well, which indicates that they have been there long before.

3356: 3008: 2947: 2743: 2693: 2496: 2492: 2479:, originally planned to become the seat of the government of the short-lived 2466: 2392: 2383:, while Cilicia was promised by France to become an Armenian state. However, 2284: 2152: 2124: 2103: 1772: 1720: 1634: 1606: 1404: 1396: 1291: 1287: 823:. The city's significance in history has been its location at one end of the 319: 306: 13794: 13059: 7002: 5539:

The city of Aleppo is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive

4975:) and scattered in the souq. Other types of small market-places were called 4668: 4564: 2778:

twelve people. Two months later, a pro-government demonstration was held in

2379:

made most of the Province of Aleppo part of the newly established nation of

2011: 1885:

in 1124–1125, but was not conquered after receiving protection by forces of

1464: 1159:

Aleppo appears in historical records as an important city much earlier than

867: 18861: 18418: 18318: 18258: 18253: 18213: 18143: 18138: 18093: 18028: 17893: 17873: 17853: 17798: 17688: 17673: 17668: 17643: 17603: 17439: 17414: 17384: 17364: 17319: 17107: 17051: 16600: 16478: 16443: 16318: 16273: 16267: 15955: 15831: 15691: 15646: 15630: 15541: 15476: 15266: 15141: 14871: 14254: 14219: 14043: 14038: 14007: 13952: 13942: 13721: 13716: 13706: 13696: 13691: 9451: 8672: 8644: 8508:"Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century" 6155: 6146: 5965: 5726: 5483:, which runs in the eastern side of the city from south to north along the 5430: 5387: 5317: 5023: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4991: 4972: 4817:

pastries contain the renowned Aleppine pistachios and other types of nuts.

4786: 4762: 4515: 4495: 4381: 4322: 4274: 2892: 2640: 2404: 2387:

annexed most of the Province of Aleppo as well as Cilicia to Turkey in his

2316: 1851: 1850:

Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti promised to surrender the city to Sultan

1776: 1484: 1425: 1319: 1180: 1164: 1133: 975: 828: 12281:"155 billion Syrian Pounds invested in Aleppo Industrial City (in Arabic)" 11079:"Syrian orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch: Visit to the Old City of Aleppo" 8654: 8139: 5790:

Like other major Syrian cities, Aleppo is suffering from the dispersal of

4908: 3003:). The mountain series that run along the Mediterranean coast, namely the 1896:, which ultimately conquered Damascus in 1154. In 1138, Byzantine emperor 1707:

during the 11th century from churches originally built by the Byzantines.

1314:

as king and a dynasty of Suppiluliumas descendants ruled Aleppo until the

18835: 18510: 18388: 18383: 18298: 18183: 18158: 18113: 18068: 17903: 17883: 17828: 17763: 17733: 17658: 17648: 17514: 17479: 17334: 17276: 17236: 16635: 16570: 15825: 15561: 15551: 15526: 15391: 15365: 15326: 15136: 14781: 14536: 14244: 14239: 14053: 14033: 14012: 13850: 13315: 12798: 10768:), vol.3 (1925) pages 449–450, published in 1991, Aleppo. Author: Sheikh 8252: 7262: 6304: 6215: 6082: 5782: 5750: 5714: 5649:, an airplane conducted its first flight from the airport in four years. 5545: 5511:. Driving east on M4 Highway gives access to the coastal road leading to 5484: 5378: 5363: 5118: 4936: 4917: 4880: 4869: 4833: 4714: 4527: 4519: 4445: 4358: 4278: 4200: 4158: 2971:

in the north and runs through Aleppo southward to the fertile country of

2964: 2957: 2636: 2599: 2552: 2412: 2408: 2372: 2171: 1956: 1835: 1775:, and enjoyed a period of great prosperity, being home to the great poet 1697: 1672:

in 431. In 438, he was succeeded by Theoctistus, who participated in the

1614: 1581: 1554: 1514: 1475: 1384: 1368:, whose king renovated the temple of Hadad which was discovered in 2003. 1327: 1303: 1236: 1102: 1053: 847: 832: 792: 398: 106: 98: 18623: 9136: 5567:

Aleppo was one of the major stations of Syria that was connected to the

2813: 2670: 1163:. The first record of Aleppo comes from the third millennium BC, in the 18894: 18825: 18730: 18722: 18433: 18393: 18378: 18363: 18208: 18148: 18038: 18033: 17958: 17923: 17813: 17718: 17628: 17613: 17578: 17549: 17544: 17374: 17359: 17281: 17246: 16876: 16857: 16821: 16690: 16645: 16625: 16427: 16378: 16323: 16243: 16238: 15961: 15786: 15516: 15446: 15396: 15376: 15331: 15306: 15291: 15156: 14830: 14541: 14187: 13325: 12158:"First airplane takes off from Aleppo International Airport in 4 years" 10625: 9723: 9694:"Syria violence spreads to commercial capital Aleppo | World news" 7762:

A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari

7723:

A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari

6505: 6018: 5957: 5915: 5862: 4661: 4523: 4483: 4377: 4178: 3680: 3660: 2891:

commander stated in February 2018 that Kurdish fighters had shifted to

2647:

led a coup preempting a union with Iraq that was about to be declared.

2556: 2268: 2185:

in the empire. By the middle of the 16th century, Aleppo had displaced

2174:

who bought their church, enabling them to meet their tax obligations.

1984:, which surrendered, and the Mongols entered the city on 1 March 1260. 1831: 1445: 1440:

until the late 7th century BC, before passing through the hands of the

836: 67: 12981:

Old Testament Warriors: The Clash of Cultures in the Ancient Near East

12392:"President al-Assad inaugurates Tal Hasel water pumping plant, Aleppo" 12005: 11026: 10170: 10140:"The fall of Aleppo timeline: How Assad captured Syria's biggest city" 7399:

Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East

6367:

Rimisharrinaa was also reported to be the king of Aleppo at that time.

3756:

is one of the finest examples of a cell-like quarter in Aleppo. After

2526: 2506: 1992: 1621:, who, after being bishop of Beroea, was transferred to the important 1395:

in the south. Due to the similarity between Palistin and Philistines,

18889: 18853: 18817: 18807: 18799: 18753: 18428: 18408: 18178: 18123: 18073: 17998: 17948: 17938: 17928: 17848: 17803: 17758: 17753: 17743: 17678: 17608: 17534: 17504: 17494: 17489: 17399: 17379: 17369: 17314: 17136: 17021: 16842: 16669: 16553: 16438: 16303: 15566: 15556: 15531: 15511: 15486: 15386: 15256: 15246: 15191: 15146: 14981: 14950: 14234: 13255: 12905:

Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130

12417: 11215:

Lands in Modern Times, (NY: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), p. 146

10367:"Syrian YPG militia: government has taken control of Aleppo district" 10061: 8852: 8727: 7515:

Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4

7066: 6869: 6867: 6779:

International Conference on Universal Design in the Built Environment

6268: 6242: 6180:

The historic street of al-Khandaq, restored just before the civil war

5824:

Currently, there are two private universities operating in the city:

5675: 5617: 5508: 5503:. The northern bypass of the city called Castello Road leads through 5098: 5042:

The most significant historic buildings of the ancient city include:

4848: 4844: 4673: 4641: 4590: 4294: 4285: 4166: 3753: 3741: 3712: 3672: 3656: 2972: 2943: 2798: 2686: 2472: 2458: 2295: 2221: 2196: 2163: 2086: 2054: 1783: 1740: 1453: 1421: 1361: 1333: 1275: 1268: 1244: 1240: 824: 784: 524: 16071: 15781: 12418:"Madinatuna, Aleppo Cite Development Strategy: Informal Settlements" 11572:"ﻛﻮﻧﺎ :: ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻃﻌﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﻃﻴﺐ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ 11/01/2006" 10748:), vol.1 (1922) page 256, published in 1991, Aleppo. Author: Sheikh 8646:

Passages of Faith: Conversion in Palestinian villages (17th century)

8585: 5948:

Other sports being practiced by the major clubs in the city include

5523:, Bab Antakya Street, Ibrahim Hanano Street and Tishreen Boulevard. 4297:

was publicly celebrated in Aleppo for the first time in four years.

3643: 1715: 640: 18763: 18677: 18505: 18353: 18348: 18338: 18328: 18308: 18223: 18198: 18153: 18098: 18078: 18063: 18048: 18018: 18008: 17983: 17908: 17878: 17868: 17843: 17788: 17738: 17708: 17703: 17653: 17588: 17559: 17454: 17266: 17226: 17096: 17071: 16911: 16620: 16580: 16298: 16293: 16278: 16083: 15805: 15775: 15746: 15586: 15521: 15471: 15415: 15346: 15336: 15235: 15196: 15166: 14229: 14177: 13835: 13214: 13087: 12209: 11202: 11105:"The destruction at the Mar Assia Syrian Catholic Church of Aleppo" 10679:"200,000 civilians try to escape violence in Syrian city of Aleppo" 10205: 9728:"Pro-Assad Rally Shows Syrian Government Can Still Command Support" 9666:"ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺈﺳﻠﺎﻣﻴﺔ-Aleppo the Capital of Islamic Culture" 9567:

Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War

8330:

Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260".

6774: 6719:

Research, United Nations Institute for Training and (30 May 2019).

5953: 5882: 5679: 5500: 5453: 5422: 5418: 5205: 5163: 5130:, an old Aleppine house built in 1757. The building is home to the 4964: 4794: 4770: 4626: 4362: 4330: 4326: 4305: 4170: 4162: 4000: 3683:. The new Shahbaa district is a mixture of several styles, such as 2682: 2348: 2276:), one of the first in the Ottoman Empire, was set up around 1855. 2260:

raiding in the later years of the century, creating a long-running

2186: 2178: 2144: 2031: 1981: 1878: 1819: 1780: 1768: 1685: 1480: 1417: 1380: 1264: 1160: 989: 816: 803:

and Mesopotamia. For centuries, Aleppo was the largest city in the

780: 753: 12825:"Humanitarian remoteness: aid work practices from 'little Aleppo'" 11520:

Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria

10975:"20 Churches Were Destroyed As Bombings Continue in Aleppo, Syria" 8982: 8980: 7799: 6864: 5904: 5456:

dating back to the 10th and 8th centuries BC, the ancient city of

4281:

Christians of different denominations are a minority in the city.

3727:, roof of the baths, with the mosque and minaret in the background 2567: 18789: 18771: 18692: 18633: 18529: 18313: 18278: 18273: 18233: 18218: 18188: 18083: 18053: 17968: 17838: 17808: 17778: 17748: 17723: 17683: 17663: 17618: 17569: 17554: 17509: 17469: 17459: 17449: 17444: 17434: 17429: 17354: 17349: 17261: 16585: 16328: 15850: 15661: 15296: 15281: 15206: 15201: 15176: 15151: 14911: 14745: 13917: 11480:

Making Music in the Arab World: The Culture and Artistry of Tarab

11130:

Rami Al-Afandi; Issam Ballouz; Alaa Haddad; York Rieffel (2019).

10545:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 6972: 6224: 5901:, Nayrab SC, al-Shahbaa SC, al-Qala'a SC and Aleppo Railways SC. 5692: 5584: 5512: 5457: 5398:

in 2011, under the name of "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria".

5185: 4924: 4778: 4766: 4373: 4227: 4142: 4055: 3026:), 393 m (1,289 ft) above sea level, 1991–2020 normals 2500: 2331: 2257: 2140: 2046: 2027: 2023: 2005: 1968: 1944: 1924: 1767:. In 944, it became the seat of an independent Emirate under the 1577: 1558: 1510: 1392: 1388: 1357: 1299: 1286:

instigated a rebellion that ended the life of Yamhad's last king

1283: 1279: 1252: 1228: 1213: 1087: 863: 548: 503: 379: 121: 18669: 13092: 11027:"Armenian Evangelical Church in Aleppo damaged in rocket attack" 11001:"Armenian Catholic Cathedral in Aleppo Bombed Hours Before Mass" 9973:"Rebels in Syria's Largest City Said to Seize 2 Police Stations" 9589: 6358:), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". 6149:

the city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect

5761: 4106: 3995: 1371:

In 2003, a statue of a king named Taita bearing inscriptions in

18881: 18843: 18781: 18712: 18704: 18659: 18651: 18603: 18580: 18403: 18358: 18268: 18243: 18238: 18228: 18193: 18163: 18013: 17973: 17953: 17863: 17833: 17598: 17519: 17499: 17464: 17424: 17419: 17394: 17344: 17329: 17324: 17286: 16977: 16780: 16710: 16353: 16308: 16283: 16232: 16157: 15920: 15701: 15656: 15481: 15436: 15426: 15301: 15286: 15271: 15261: 15216: 15181: 15171: 15060: 14751: 14224: 12391: 12307: 12112: 12081: 10914:"Christians Hold Out in Syria's Aleppo Despite Jihadist Threat" 9691: 8977: 8526: 7952: 7871:

The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology

6873: 6263: 6250: 6237: 6229: 6166: 5949: 5930:

consecutively dominated winning the league from 1956 to 1993.

5671: 5576: 5516: 5460:

with the old Roman amphitheatre and two historic bridges, etc.

5421:

village dating back to 372 AD, the old Byzantine settlement of

5201: 5109: 4982: 4828: 4718: 4700: 4692: 4657: 4649: 4409: 4314: 4289: 4174: 4122: 4030:

Christian refugees during the early 20th-century and after the

4022:

Aleppo's large Christian population swelled with the influx of

4004: 3733: 2976: 2831:

and feared by residents, were a focus of much of the conflict.

2609: 2302:

Reference is made to the city in 1606 in William Shakespeare's

2261: 2058: 2038:

troops who were defending Aleppo. The Mamluk garrisons fled to

1952: 1948: 1847: 1653: 1550: 1449: 1383:. This country extended in the 11th-10th centuries BC from the 1353: 1232: 1137: 851: 796: 765: 717: 529: 12519: 10344: 10292: 10201:"Syria's long, brutal civil war may be reaching turning point" 8690:Ágoston and Masters (2009), Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7798:

Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). Singer, I. (ed.).

7480: 7395: 7258:"Meet some of the world's oldest continually inhabited cities" 6691: 5218:

mosque, which contains a stone said to be marked by a drop of

4602:

Museum of medicine and science at Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili.

4473: 4424:

population of Aleppo speak the Kilis and Antep dialect of the

3740:— occupies the center of the ancient part, in the shape of an 2714: 2053:

in October 1281, the Mongols again retreated, back across the

1996:

Souq az-Zirb, where coins were struck during the Mamluk period

1747:

Syria briefly in the early 7th century. Soon after Aleppo was

18682: 18641: 18496: 18398: 18368: 17888: 17858: 17793: 17693: 17623: 17593: 17271: 17256: 17231: 17199: 16372: 15856: 15706: 15421: 15371: 15241: 15131: 14434: 13180: 13124: 12769: 10942: 10345:"Thousands of people participate in Aleppo shopping festival" 9086:

Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization

8382:

Let jasmine rain down: song and remembrance among Syrian Jews

7926: 7512:

Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (1990).

6255: 5708: 5688: 5438: 4944: 4684: 4653: 4645: 4154: 4139: 3757: 3011:, largely block the effects of the Mediterranean on climate ( 2380: 2167: 2077: 1649: 1506: 1184: 1098: 983: 859: 820: 737: 347: 12110: 11545: 10512:. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. 10233:"Syrian army announces victory in Aleppo in boost for Assad" 9669: 9417:

Seale, Patrick (1990) Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East

8287: 7188:حلب الشهباء..معناها وأهميتها عند النبي العربي إبراهيم الخليل 6775:"ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF ALEPPO: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE" 2322: 1513:; it is sometimes spelled as Beroia. Beroea is mentioned in 1501:

settlement in the site between 301 and 286 BC. He called it

18912: 18904: 18118: 17389: 17339: 17251: 17241: 15676: 15465: 15120: 10397:"Assad vows to defeat rebels, as forces capture new ground" 9131:. Vol. 93. Oxford University Press. pp. 937–948. 8435: 7473:

Pettinato, Giovanni (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991)

6129: 5817:

Not to mention there are some colleges. In addition to the

5635: 5631: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5215: 5097:

The following are among the important historic mansions of

4960: 4948: 4806: 4510:

Aleppines in general are fond of Arab classical music, the

4231: 2946:

trees. To the east, Aleppo approaches the dry areas of the

2930:

Aleppo lies about 120 km (75 mi) inland from the

2343:

population due to the commercial favor afforded to certain

2049:

assembled his forces. When his army advanced following the

2039: 1973: 1352:

importance to the Hittites as the center of worship of the

1349: 1209: 1176: 788: 690: 684: 675: 13044:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 12444:"Children return to school in Aleppo, supported by UNICEF" 11483:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. 11262: 10088:"Syria says Turkey involved in looting northern factories" 8550:"The Archaeological Landscape of the Balikh Valley, Syria" 7317: 6060:

Districts in Aleppo can be considered in four categories:

4246:

churches. However, there is a significant presence of the

2334:

from 1823. Around 20–25 percent of the population died of

2267:

The economy of Aleppo was badly hit by the opening of the

1822:

launched a campaign to capture Aleppo during the reign of

958:

Modern-day English-speakers commonly refer to the city as

17638: 13139: 12470:"Around 25,000 students resumed their learning in Aleppo" 9942:"Syria unrest: Assad forces continue onslaught in Aleppo" 9939: 8890:

Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "

8817:

Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "

7972: 7970: 7968: 6746:

Murakami, Nancy J.; Akilova, Mashura (25 November 2022).

6189: 6185:

the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter.

6077: 5743:

centres and other facilities within the industrial city.

5354: 5134:

since 1975, showing fine decorations of the Aleppine art.

2888: 2030:

took the city again, attacking with 10,000 horsemen from

13097: 13007:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 11953:

Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004).

11825:"Ministry of Tourism, Syria: Aleppine House (in Arabic)" 10539:"Aleppo International Airport Climate Normals 1991–2020" 10478:"eAleppo:Aleppo city major plans throughout the history" 9571:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 9510:

Middle East International No 104, 20 July 1979; pp.13-14

8800:

The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominion

8299: 8275: 8234: 8060:

Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques

6502:"'Ferocious' air strikes pummel Aleppo as ground gained" 6089:, maintaining its traditional role as a tailoring centre 5861:

The city of Aleppo is considered as important centre of

2411:

division of the Near East separated Aleppo from most of

1664:, who governed the see for over 50 years and was at the 11617:"Preserving Heritage, and the Fabric of Life, in Syria" 11333:"The New York Times:Syria Giving Jews Freedom To Leave" 9556: 8471: 8459: 8423: 8411: 8311: 7934:

The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion

6845:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East

5479:

The main highway leading to and within the city is the

3663:, built in 1928 during the period of the French mandate 2437:

crossing through al-Khandaq street on 13 September 1920

1364:

in the 12th century BC, when Aleppo became part of the

862:. In the 1940s, it lost its main access to the sea, by 12831:. Barcelona Research and Innovation. 20 January 2020. 11952: 11218: 9115: 8186: 8174: 8162: 7965: 7939: 7662: 7150:

History of Urban Form Before the Industrial Revolution

4408:

is the second most spoken language in the city, after

4157:. Other Muslim groups include small numbers of ethnic 2773:

after being targeted by Al-Nusra Front in October 2012

2461:. The state also had access to sea via the autonomous 2294:

Qalayet al-Mawarina alley at the Christian quarter in

2061:

captured the city, joined by his vassal Armenian King

1858:, who had intended to take Aleppo for himself, in the 18963:

Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC

12718:"Anger vs. Joy: Playing football on 'Aleppo's ruins'" 12043: 10705:

Christians in Aleppo at the end of the Ottoman Empire

9785: 9431: 8210: 5507:

to the border with Turkey and further to the city of

5327:

built during the 12th century near khan al-Nahhaseen.

773:

the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world

699: 12688:"Football returns to Aleppo after five years of war" 9875: 9692:

Martin Chulov in Beirut; Nour Ali (12 August 2011).

8893:

An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire

8820:

An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire

8447: 8378: 8034:

Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus

6294: 6127:

As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo has impressive

5437:

Maronite monastery (399–402 AD) where the shrine of

4857:, opened in 1945, is a unique social club known for 4400:

variety. Much of its vocabulary is derived from the

2232:, the richest merchant in the city, and his brother 1274:

Taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region,

1127: 795:, which speak of it as part of the Amorite state of 687: 681: 152: 30:

This article is about the city. For other uses, see

11679:"Tourists Return to an Ancient Crossroads in Syria" 11256: 10571:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 8649:(1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 69–70. 8222: 8198: 7221:

Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands)

6114: 6067:

Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city.

4194:

Armenian Apostolic church of the Holy Mother of God

2834:As a result of the severe battle, many sections in 2658:Soon after Shishakly's domination ended in 1954, a 2228:during the late 16th and early 17th centuries were 678: 582:Sources: Aleppo city area Sources: City population 18570: 11954: 11851: 11517: 11136:L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG 10949:L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG 10225: 10036:"Fighting in Aleppo starts fire in medieval souqs" 9614:"NPR web: Food Lovers Discover The Joys of Aleppo" 9121: 8970: 8968: 8253:Kamāl al-Dīn ʻUmar ibn Aḥmad Ibn al-ʻAdīm (1996). 7629: 6473: 6471: 6064:Old quarters inside the walls of the ancient city. 5337:Hammam al-Bayadah of the Mamluk era built in 1450. 4038:of 1915. After the arrival of the first groups of 2306:. The witches torment the captain of the ship the 1656:, the bishop of Beroea was Theodotus, a friend of 1576:, Beroea was the second largest Syrian city after 18474: 14137:Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex 12943:Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982) 12111:Hybah Sleman / Hazem Sabbagh (24 February 2020). 10458: 9082: 8939:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 149. 5989:Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex 5941:met the teams of Iran and Bahrain as part of the 5753:is considered to be the world's first hard soap. 4843:in July 2012, the city was known for its vibrant 1931:. When the Ayyubids were toppled in Egypt by the 18929: 12517: 11598:"أنواع الكباب الحلبي : لؤلؤة المطبخ الحلبي" 10890:. Catholicnews.sg. 23 March 2009. Archived from 10107: 10105: 9563:Byman, Daniel; Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2008). 9313:Middle East Perspectives: Personal Recollections 8932: 7867: 7800:"The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172" 7797: 7396:Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (31 May 2013). 7037:"Aleppo rebuilds itself from destruction of war" 5687:to India and later to utilize the route through 2722:On 16 June 1979 thirty-two military cadets were 2718:General view of the city from the Citadel (1989) 2559:and leaving it in total isolation within Syria. 2264:which by 1798 killed half of its inhabitants." 1892:In 1128, Aleppo became capital of the expanding 1549:victory over Tigranes, Syria was handed over to 850:, Aleppo lost its northern hinterland to modern 13042:Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East 11395:Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics 10824:"General Census of Population and Housing 2004" 10472: 10470: 10263:"Aleppo evacuation is complete, Red Cross says" 9316:. New York Bloomington: iUniverse. p. 28. 8965: 8686: 8684: 8682: 7091:Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria 6745: 6468: 5192:. The building contains a tomb associated with 1459: 756:, the capital of Syria, the largest in Syria's 12184:"معرض خان الحرير في حلب عاصمة الصناعة السورية" 11843: 11801:. DP-news. Xinhua News Agency. 16 April 2011. 11799:"Aleppo ... Cultural Landmark, Trade Hub" 11752:"eAleppo: The old Souqs of Aleppo (in Arabic)" 10501: 10499: 9781: 9779: 9760:. Dp-news.com. 20 October 2011. Archived from 9395:. London. Associated Press. 16 February 2010. 9043: 8995:LaMaziere, Pierre (1926) Partant pour la Syrie 8329: 6052:Suleimaniyeh District, St George's Church and 5487:. Driving south on M4 Highway gives access to 4963:, spices and dyes from India, and coffee from 4581:Museum of the popular traditions known as the 4062:According to the historical data presented by 2883:2017, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees was 2801:exploded outside two security compounds — the 18556: 18460: 17182: 14417: 13163: 12305: 11524:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. 11224: 11132:"Al-Judayda Churches Rapid Damage Assessment" 10790:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 425. 10463:(1st ed.). London: Unknown. p. 266. 10102: 9909: 9821:"Syria unrest: Aleppo bomb attacks 'kill 28'" 7288: 7146: 6815:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020 6210:List of twin towns and sister cities in Syria 6203: 5413:and archaeological sites in Mount Simeon and 4530:. Many iconic artists of the Arab music like 4341:. In December 1947, after the UN decided the 2782:, in the heart of the city. According to the 1813: 1743:pillaged and burned Aleppo in 540, then they 1432:in the 8th century BC and became part of the 13780:Mamoun University for Science and Technology 12940: 12799:"مدينة فولجوجراد تطلب باتفاقية توأمة مع حلب" 12389: 12357:. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 195. 12208:Madinatuna:Aleppo City Development Strategy 10740:The Golden River in the History of Aleppo, ( 10596:"Travel Postcard: 48 hours in Aleppo, Syria" 10467: 9940:Martin Chulov; Luke Harding (29 July 2001). 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9786:Aji, Albert; Keath, Lee (11 February 2012). 9595: 9562: 9004: 8921:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8679: 8372: 7832:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7828: 7684:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7680: 7590: 7567:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7563: 7360:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 7356: 7295:. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 250. 7217: 7062:"Aleppo looks to rebuild after years of war" 5830:Mamoun University for Science and Technology 5405:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites, 5th century 5386:. Many hundreds of those settlements are in 4983:Gates of Aleppo and other historic buildings 4823: 2555:, thus depriving Aleppo of its main port of 1730: 1004:represents the Italianised version of this. 56: 37:"Halab" redirects here. For other uses, see 12793: 12791: 10780: 10760:The Golden River in the History of Aleppo ( 10496: 10113:"VBS and Aleppo Presbyterian Church, Syria" 9970: 9776: 8385:. University of Chicago Press. p. 70. 7758: 7719: 7224:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 283. 6451: 6449: 5575:. The connections to Turkey and onwards to 5188:and most likely completed by his successor 5159:The courtyard of the Great Mosque of Aleppo 4011:According to the Aleppine historian Sheikh 2696:, a Baathist military officer from Aleppo. 2590:, established in Damascus in 1946, and the 2415:, which also harmed the economy of Aleppo. 2147:, killing 9,400 men, which is known as the 18563: 18549: 18467: 18453: 17189: 17175: 14424: 14410: 13170: 13156: 11882:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11614: 11386: 11269:. American Jewish Committee. p. 441. 10454: 10452: 9484:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8725: 8642: 8519:"Ottoman Empire massacre against Alawites" 6874:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 6123:Khan al-Wazir after rehabilitation in 2009 5806:The faculty of Arts and Humanities at the 5277:Forty Martyrs Armenian Apostolic Cathedral 4721:sauce. Other varieties include the "disk" 4501:UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list 4444:community in Aleppo speak Arabic, but the 4392:The Arabic dialect of Aleppo is a type of 4138:More than 80% of Aleppo's inhabitants are 2906:The city received some damages due to the 2868:The National Presbyterian Church of Aleppo 2786:, the 11 October 2011 rally in support of 1923:In 1183, Aleppo came under the control of 1387:in the west to Aleppo in the east down to 18958:Populated places in Mount Simeon District 14463: 12964:(in French). Editions Payot&Rivages. 12902: 11392: 11291: 10531: 10094:. Agence France Presse. 10 January 2013. 9964: 9896: 9522:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 9050:. University of Texas Press. p. 64. 8293: 8240: 7324:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 482. 6813: 6555: 6553: 5285:Mar Assia al-Hakim Syrian Catholic church 4939:to the east, Europe to the west, and the 4096:Armenian Repatriation Process (1946–1967) 3631:(humidity 1960–1967, extremes 1951–1978) 2726:by antigovernmental Islamist rebel group 1794:. Subsequently, the city and its Emirate 1592: 1090:milked his sheep there to feed the poor. 16048: 13020: 12997: 12959: 12941:Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard (1983). 12788: 12383: 11928:"Rstoring the Great Synagogue of Aleppo" 11646:Atlioglu, Dr Yasin (30 September 2012). 11645: 11615:Ourousseff, Nicolai (26 December 2010). 11330: 11298:. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 208. 10507:"Klimatafel von Aleppo (Halab) / Syrien" 10003:"Brutal Treatment of Pro-Assad Captives" 9995: 9716: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9309: 8765: 8477: 8465: 8441: 8429: 8417: 8317: 7874:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 662. 7687:. Oxford University Press. p. 111. 7597:. Oxford University Press. p. 152. 7507: 7505: 7434: 7363:. Oxford University Press. p. 111. 6772: 6718: 6446: 6387: 6175: 6118: 6097:The Programme has three fields of work: 6081: 6047: 6017: 5903: 5850: 5801: 5760: 5725: 5713: 5661: 5616: 5555: 5530: 5400: 5367: 5305: 5162: 5154: 5086: 4986: 4923: 4907: 4827: 4667: 4625: 4563: 4472: 4304: 4188: 4105: 4080: 3994: 3719: 3711: 3655: 3642: 2952: 2917: 2870:after being destroyed on 6 November 2012 2862: 2812: 2764: 2713: 2698: 2669: 2649: 2619: 2608: 2566: 2525: 2517: 2510:The Queiq River flood of 6 February 1922 2505: 2471: 2428: 2321: 2289: 2278: 2238: 2195: 2118: 2107: 2010: 1991: 1714: 1596: 1474: 1463: 1332: 1193: 1145: 1048:related by the twelfth century CE Rabbi 16405: 13603:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption 13070:The Emirate of Aleppo 392/1002–487/1094 12978: 11676: 11515: 10449: 9449: 9278: 9250:"Syria's Assad to 'End' One-Party Rule" 8796: 7668: 7570:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 6791: 4805:, which is usually consumed along with 4321:, built in the 5th century, housed the 4101: 2515:steps which France viewed as too much. 2326:City walls and citadel of Aleppo (1850) 2298:, dating back to the early 17th century 14: 18930: 16999: 16530: 13066: 12835:from the original on 17 September 2020 12590:from the original on 23 September 2017 12049: 11578:from the original on 22 September 2013 11173:from the original on 14 September 2018 10943:Ross Burns & Stefan Knost (2020). 10593: 10575:from the original on 23 September 2023 9952:from the original on 20 September 2013 9876:The Associated Press (18 March 2012). 9831:from the original on 14 September 2018 9788:"Syria says bombers kill 28 in Aleppo" 9704:from the original on 30 September 2013 9427:The centralization of Economy in Syria 9369:from the original on 23 September 2023 9330:from the original on 23 September 2023 9230:from the original on 23 September 2023 9076: 9037: 8926: 8903:". Cambridge University Press. p.788. 8263:from the original on 23 September 2023 8216: 8093: 7991: 7960:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology 7806:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology. 7674: 6695:Conservation of Architectural Heritage 6673:from the original on 17 September 2017 6550: 6078:Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo 5177:(Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), founded 3795: 3752:from Aleppo. The new quarter known as 1553:in 64 BC, at which time they became a 752:until its population was surpassed by 18544: 18448: 17170: 16998: 16756: 16529: 16404: 16209: 16047: 15897: 15607: 15097: 14462: 14405: 13151: 13039: 12921: 12893: 12888:Bibliography of the history of Aleppo 12865:from the original on 27 February 2021 12805:(in Arabic). Mobtada. 2 November 2016 12724:from the original on 27 December 2019 12572: 12518:H. Zain/ H. Said (18 December 2014). 12062:from the original on 27 February 2020 11849: 11627:from the original on 20 December 2016 11428:from the original on 15 December 2021 11374:from the original on 20 December 2016 11331:Friedman, Thomas L. (28 April 1992). 11263:Cyrus Adler; Henrietta Szold (1949). 10868:from the original on 23 November 2015 10844:(CBS). Aleppo Governorate. Archived. 10606:from the original on 30 December 2021 10561: 10484:from the original on 18 December 2012 10407:from the original on 17 February 2020 10377:from the original on 23 February 2018 10355:from the original on 5 December 2017. 10303:from the original on 13 October 2017. 10181:from the original on 13 December 2018 10150:from the original on 12 February 2019 9818: 9738:from the original on 15 February 2017 9722: 9655:. Oxford Business Group. pp. 149–152. 9601: 9437: 9399:from the original on 9 September 2013 9348: 9310:Mardelli, Bassil A. (16 April 2010). 9197: 8998: 8871:from the original on 28 November 2021 8746:from the original on 28 November 2021 8584:Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). 8579: 8577: 8547: 8453: 8305: 8281: 8246: 8228: 8204: 8192: 8180: 8168: 7502: 7318:Paolo Matthiae; Licia Romano (2010). 7074:from the original on 5 December 2017. 7049:from the original on 5 December 2017. 7030: 7028: 7026: 7008:Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities 6997: 6995: 6947:Geography and sacred history of Syria 6617:"Population of Aleppo from 1950-2022" 6583: 6026:The city of Aleppo is the capital of 5975:With a capacity of 53,200 seats, the 5657: 5474: 2734:. In 1980, events escalated into the 2530:Tram line, put into operation in 1929 2283:The 17th-century oriental mansion of 2131:(the earliest photograph of the city) 1889:arriving from Mosul in January 1125. 1411: 1093:From the 11th century, it was common 779:, show that the area was occupied by 740:, which serves as the capital of the 731: 18953:Populated places along the Silk Road 13076:(PhD). London: University of London. 12903:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). 12698:from the original on 9 November 2017 12560:from the original on 8 November 2017 12530:from the original on 22 January 2022 12508:daad-akademie.de, 22. February 2021. 12371:from the original on 29 October 2019 12119:from the original on 2 February 2022 12092:from the original on 24 October 2022 12050:Jansen, Michael (26 February 2020). 12012:from the original on 18 October 2011 12006:"Ancient Villages of Northern Syria" 11805:from the original on 29 October 2019 11497:from the original on 29 October 2019 11476: 11458:from the original on 3 November 2021 11312:from the original on 29 October 2019 11273:from the original on 29 October 2019 11192:Profile: Aleppo, Syria's second city 11160: 11007:from the original on 15 January 2015 10924:from the original on 24 January 2019 10816: 10168: 9812: 9624:from the original on 18 January 2018 9103:from the original on 10 October 2017 9064:from the original on 10 October 2017 9025:from the original on 10 October 2017 8953:from the original on 10 October 2017 8583: 8399:from the original on 16 October 2015 8120:from the original on 10 October 2020 8044:, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 781–786 7849:from the original on 16 October 2015 7810:from the original on 29 October 2019 7779:from the original on 16 October 2015 7740:from the original on 16 October 2015 7701:from the original on 16 October 2015 7633:Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1 7611:from the original on 16 October 2015 7532:from the original on 16 October 2015 7518:. Eisenbrauns. p. 63,64,65,66. 7416:from the original on 16 October 2015 7338:from the original on 16 October 2015 7299:from the original on 16 October 2015 7238:from the original on 29 October 2019 7167:from the original on 29 October 2019 7059: 6538:from the original on 5 February 2017 5150: 2805:'s local headquarters, and a Syrian 2739:the city of Aleppo was suppressed. 2562: 1846:in June 1085, the headman in Aleppo 1605:The names of several bishops of the 16757: 16210: 15898: 13547:Church of the Dormition of Our Lady 12542: 12480:from the original on 21 August 2022 12235:from the original on 19 August 2020 12190:from the original on 9 October 2017 12164:from the original on 6 January 2017 12032:Kharab Shams in history (in Arabic) 11776:Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, 11677:Beehner, Lionel (22 January 2010). 11658:from the original on 2 January 2017 11361: 11161:Eyad, Alhosein (22 December 2016). 11033:from the original on 31 August 2018 10804:from the original on 9 October 2013 10765: 10745: 10685:from the original on 18 August 2016 10650: 10519:from the original on 19 August 2020 10137: 10098:from the original on 18 March 2013. 10038:. Kyivpost.com. 29 September 2012. 9758:"Aleppo Mass Rally | DayPress" 9519: 8850: 8636: 7914:from the original on 1 October 2018 7765:. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 7726:. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 7270:from the original on 20 August 2016 6629:from the original on 21 August 2022 6512:from the original on 6 October 2016 6355: 5666:Traditional textile and rug markets 5535:Microbus station in the city center 5526: 5275:Churches of al-Jdayde quarter: the 4886: 4477:Musicians from Aleppo, 18th century 4387: 4317:population from ancient times. The 4313:The city was home to a significant 2750: 2594:, established in Aleppo in 1948 by 2371:from the Ottoman Empire during the 2200:Khan al-Shouneh dating back to 1546 2129:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey 2091: 1951:in alliance with their vassals the 1076: 1061: 1038: 712: 512: 142: 57: 24: 18511:Ancient Villages of Northern Syria 15608: 13770:Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts 12776:from the original on 15 March 2012 12642:from the original on 26 March 2023 12616:from the original on 26 March 2023 12450:from the original on 26 March 2023 12003: 11758:from the original on 30 March 2012 11697:from the original on 4 August 2022 11546:"Al-Adeyat Archaeological Society" 11393:Behnstedt, Peter (2008), "Syria", 11364:"There Are No More Jews in Aleppo" 11085:from the original on 20 March 2019 11059:from the original on 20 March 2019 10842:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics 10659:from the original on 26 March 2018 10632:from the original on 16 March 2012 10569:"Aleppo Climate Normals 1961–1990" 10433:. 16 February 2020. Archived from 10431:AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز 10119:from the original on 27 April 2017 10016:from the original on 3 August 2012 9853:. Emirates247.com. 18 March 2012. 8703:. Panoramaline.com. Archived from 8624:from the original on 17 April 2022 8574: 8562:from the original on 24 March 2022 7868:Ann E. Killebrew (21 April 2013). 7636:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 388. 7455:from the original on 24 April 2016 7034: 7023: 6992: 6877:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 6198:Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme 6188:The German Technical Cooperation ( 6173:as a World Heritage Site in 1986. 5765:The restored square of the citadel 5678:regions and the route coming from 5394:. Dead Cities were inscribed as a 5372:Kharab Shams Basilica, 4th century 5330:Hammam al-Sultan built in 1211 by 5289:Maronite Cathedral of Saint Elijah 4947:to the south. The largest covered 4897: 4257:Christians in the city, including 4248:Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch 4234:in Turkey. The large community of 4219:around 30% were ethnic Armenians. 4118:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics 4049:oldest Armenian church in the city 3790: 2076:In 1400, the Mongol-Turkic leader 1710: 1344:can be found on the southern wall. 1101:" to the area of Aleppo, and many 25: 18989: 15098: 13583:Church of Saint Francis of Assisi 13081: 12750:from the original on 29 June 2012 12314:from the original on 10 July 2022 12287:from the original on 3 March 2012 12261:from the original on 8 April 2014 11934:from the original on 24 June 2021 11908:from the original on 22 June 2021 11831:from the original on 16 July 2011 11552:from the original on 3 March 2018 11142:from the original on 25 July 2020 10042:from the original on 13 June 2013 9983:from the original on 31 July 2012 9260:from the original on 6 March 2016 9011:. John Murray Press. p. 55. 8150:from the original on 29 July 2020 8082:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 8014:from the original on 19 June 2018 7650:from the original on 23 June 2016 7402:. Left Coast Press. p. 250. 7377:from the original on 10 June 2016 6773:Alafandi, Rami (1 January 2013). 6597:from the original on 7 March 2012 6571:from the original on 12 June 2022 6400:from the original on 22 June 2014 6275: 5738:The industrial city of Aleppo in 5463: 2803:Military Intelligence Directorate 2418: 2216:in 1583 and the consulate of the 1690:Patriarch Menas of Constantinople 1326:against the Egyptian army led by 1258: 1171:(𒄩𒇴). Some historians, such as 1128:Pre-history and pre-classical era 994:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 225:Show map of Eastern Mediterranean 27:City in Aleppo Governorate, Syria 18743: 17295: 17198: 15084: 15078: 14433: 14345:Aleppo Artillery School massacre 14122:Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex 13640:Church of the Holy Mother of God 13179: 12847: 12817: 12772:. UDP-Aleppo. 15 December 2011. 12762: 12736: 12710: 12680: 12664:. World Stadiums. Archived from 12654: 12628: 12602: 12511: 12492: 12462: 12436: 12410: 12398:from the original on 9 July 2022 12345: 12326: 12299: 12273: 12247: 12221: 12202: 12176: 12150: 12131: 12104: 12074: 12024: 11997: 11986: 11946: 11920: 11890: 11817: 11791: 11770: 11744: 11718: 11709: 11670: 11639: 11608: 11590: 11564: 11538: 11516:Shannon, Johnathan Holt (2006). 11509: 11470: 11440: 11414: 11355: 11343:from the original on 24 May 2013 11324: 11285: 11208: 11185: 11154: 11123: 11097: 11071: 11045: 11019: 10993: 10967: 10955:from the original on 3 June 2020 10936: 10906: 10880: 10850: 10774: 10754: 10734: 10725: 10716: 10697: 10671: 10644: 10618: 10587: 10419: 10389: 10359: 10337: 10307: 10285: 10255: 10193: 10162: 10131: 10080: 10068:from the original on 30 May 2013 10064:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 10054: 10028: 9933: 9884:from the original on 7 July 2013 9869: 9857:from the original on 7 July 2013 9843: 9750: 9685: 9658: 9636: 9513: 9504: 9492: 9443: 9420: 9411: 9381: 9349:Carol, Steven (25 August 2015). 9342: 9303: 9272: 9242: 9191: 9159:from the original on 7 July 2022 8989: 8913: 8490:Battle of Aleppo@Everything2.com 8256:Zubdat al-ḥalab min tārīkh Ḥalab 8070:, vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 887–888 7888:from the original on 20 May 2019 6980:from the original on 23 May 2014 6898:from the original on 4 July 2014 6297: 6262: 6249: 6236: 6223: 6115:Preservation of the ancient city 5985:Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex 4207:Christian congregations, mainly 2821:tank in the city in October 2012 2736:a large-scale military operation 2674:Streets of Aleppo shortly after 2654:Nasser's speech in Aleppo (1960) 2090:quarter ("new district" Arabic: 1987: 1955:knights of the ruler of Antioch 1920:earthquake in recorded history. 1759:in 637. It later became part of 1719:The old walls of Aleppo and the 1017:means "iron" or "copper" in the 874:occurred in the city during the 671: 455:190 km (70 sq mi) 340: 274: 267: 241: 234: 208: 201: 175: 168: 120: 75: 16489:Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict 13621:Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet 13537:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 12881: 12424:from the original on 5 May 2010 11295:Jewish Communities of the World 10655:. Historische-aleppo-seife.de. 10594:Yacoub, Khaled (16 July 2010). 10459:Alexander Russell, ed. (1856). 10325:from the original on 3 May 2018 10273:from the original on 4 May 2020 10243:from the original on 4 May 2020 10213:from the original on 2 May 2019 10169:Aron, Lund (15 December 2016). 10138:Sim, David (16 December 2016). 9922:from the original on 3 May 2013 9910:Luke Mogelson (29 April 2013), 9800:from the original on 1 May 2013 9642:Oxford Business Group. (2011). 9456:. Cambridge, U.K. p. 101. 9453:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 8923:22, no. 1 (February 1990): 3–4. 8884: 8844: 8811: 8790: 8759: 8719: 8701:"Aleppo in History (in Arabic)" 8693: 8590:Journal of Early Modern History 8541: 8511: 8502: 8483: 8352: 8323: 8132: 8102: 8073: 8047: 8025: 7985: 7900: 7861: 7822: 7791: 7752: 7713: 7623: 7584: 7557: 7544: 7467: 7428: 7389: 7350: 7311: 7282: 7250: 7211: 7179: 7140: 7110: 7078: 7053: 6960: 6858:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 6850: 6838: 6785: 6766: 6739: 6712: 6685: 6659: 6641: 6609: 6361: 6332:Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham 6037: 6013: 5943:qualification for the World Cup 5756: 5443:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 5347:Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri. 5075:, Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, 4994:rebuilt during the 11th century 4872:breaks through the green park. 4809:, Aleppine kebabs and kibbehs. 4801:), etc. The favourite drink is 3771: 3638: 2445:was declared by French General 2338:in 1827. In 1850, a Muslim mob 1666:First Council of Constantinople 1644:of 359, called by Constantius, 1587:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 1448:. The region remained known as 1167:when Aleppo was referred to as 962:. It was known in antiquity as 13800:International School of Aleppo 13025:. Cambridge University Press. 11993:Ancient villages (dead cities) 11231:. Human Rights Watch. p. 9216:10.1080/00291463.1972.11675812 8774:University of California Press 6524: 6494: 6412: 6381: 6344: 5837:International School of Aleppo 2578:upon the independence of Syria 2503:-born politician from Aleppo. 2097: 1572:well into the 5th century. In 1541:and Beroea became part of the 1493:took over the city in 333 BC. 1239:, who formed an alliance with 275: 242: 222:Aleppo (Eastern Mediterranean) 209: 176: 13: 1: 18978:5th-century BC establishments 18938:World Heritage Sites in Syria 18476:World Heritage Sites in Syria 12306:Ibrahim Shaza (8 July 2022). 11266:The American Jewish Year Book 10653:"Alepposeife: Aleppo history" 10461:The Natural History of Aleppo 9534:10.1080/13530194.2016.1139442 9501:No 103, 6 July 1979; pp.12-13 9198:Rothe, Wenja (January 1972). 8379:Kay Kaufman Shelemay (1998). 8333:The English Historical Review 7829:Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). 7438:Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography 6922:The Natural History of Aleppo 6482:Aleppo Subdistrict Population 6374: 6008:2016–17 Syrian Premier League 5178: 4339:Jewish exodus from Arab lands 4309:The Central synagogue in 2011 4253:There is also a large number 4184: 3706:, the President's Square and 2681:In March 1963 a coalition of 2522:The central post office, 1920 2065:, whose forces included some 1935:, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo 1881:led by the King of Jerusalem 1263:Yamḥad was devastated by the 1208:mentioned his destruction of 498:11,000/km (29,000/sq mi) 392: 14320:Aleppo International Airport 14132:Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex 14127:Aleppo International Stadium 12896:The Great Seljuqs: A History 12446:. UNICEF. 9 September 2018. 12390:Shaza Qreima (8 July 2022). 11858:. New York, London. p. 11167:International Business Times 10945:"Judayda Churches (English)" 10703:Saint Terezia Church Aleppo 9971:Damien Cave (31 July 2012). 9851:"Deadly car bomb hits Alepp" 9682:. Retrieved 1 February 2010. 8525:. 9 May 2017. Archived from 8346:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481 7958:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). 7497:Inscriptions of the iron age 6792:Ibrahim, S. (24 July 2020). 6593:. UN Data. 24 October 1945. 6478:Central Bureau of Statistics 5977:Aleppo International Stadium 5856:Aleppo International Stadium 5797: 5628:Aleppo International Airport 5622:Aleppo International Airport 5605:Murder on the Orient Express 4630:Kebab khashkhash from Aleppo 4505:Intangible cultural heritage 4222:A significant number of the 3776: 3024:Aleppo International Airport 2913: 2908:2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake 2885:attacked by a suicide bomber 2761:Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) 2363:'s Sherifial Forces and the 2355:In October 1918, Aleppo was 1609:of Beroea, which was in the 1460:Classical antiquity (Beroea) 1424:, which held its capital at 881: 576:Aleppo International Airport 110:Panorama of Aleppo at night 7: 16454:Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict 16174:Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict 15867:Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict 14562:al-Muslimiyah al-Shamaliyah 13750:Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre 13291:Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili 13261:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 13131:Capital of Islamic culture 13114:American Center of Research 12115:. Syrian Arab News Agency. 11600:(in Arabic). Archived from 10175:Carnegie Middle East Center 10171:"A Turning Point in Aleppo" 7835:. OUP Oxford. p. 111. 7630:John David Hawkins (2000). 7594:The Kingdom of the Hittites 7495:Hawkins, John David (2000) 7475:Ebla, a new look at history 7441:. Eisenbrauns. p. 82. 7195:(in Arabic). Archived from 7153:. Routledge. p. 1038. 6290: 6006:, within the frames of the 5355:Nearby attractions and the 5295:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 5214:("Mosque of the drop "), a 4839:Until the break-out of the 4428:. Most Armenians speak the 4355:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 4347:attacked the Jewish quarter 4230:, hailing from the city of 4072:Eastern Orthodox Christians 4045:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 3736:in the city — known as the 3429:Average precipitation days 3215:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3145:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2151:. It was the centre of the 2115:of the early Ottoman period 1530:composed of free Hellenes. 1007:The original ancient name, 854:, as well as the important 723: 384:Mount Simeon (Jabal Semaan) 189:Location of Aleppo in Syria 153: 10: 18994: 15076: 14612:Tell ad-Daman‎ Subdistrict 14142:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena 13882:Saadallah al-Jabiri Square 13760:National Library of Aleppo 13588:Church of the Holy Trinity 13098:Aleppo history and culture 12894:Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). 12885: 9878:"CBC news:Blast in Aleppo" 9819:Staff (10 February 2012). 9596:Carré & Michaud (1983) 9083:Hasan Kösebalaban (2011). 8832:Cambridge University Press 6800:. XLIV-M-1-2020: 255–262. 6282:List of people from Aleppo 6279: 6207: 6204:Twin towns – sister cities 6041: 5981:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena 5909:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena 5652: 5612: 5551: 5467: 5396:UNESCO World Heritage Site 5361: 5301: 4901: 4890: 4633: 4621: 4559: 4463: 4420:(also known as Kurmanji). 4238:Christians belongs to the 4133: 3716:Throne hall of the citadel 3700:Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square 3626: 3617: 3021: 2986: 2926:at the northwest of Aleppo 2845:), including parts of the 2780:Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square 2771:Saadallah al-Jabiri Square 2754: 2732:Islamist uprising in Syria 2616:and adjacent highway, 1950 2422: 2212:in 1562, the consulate of 2208:in 1548, the consulate of 2135:Aleppo became part of the 2101: 1959:and his father-in-law the 1818:In late 1077, Seljuk emir 1814:Seljuq and Ayyubid periods 1456:throughout these periods. 1131: 1112: 1108: 984: 889: 844:fall of the Ottoman Empire 589:UNESCO World Heritage Site 463:379 m (1,243 ft) 36: 29: 18903: 18880: 18852: 18834: 18816: 18798: 18780: 18762: 18752: 18741: 18721: 18703: 18691: 18668: 18650: 18632: 18589: 18579: 18482: 17568: 17304: 17293: 17211: 17205:Cities and towns of Syria 17126: 17086: 17061: 17041: 17011: 17007: 16994: 16901: 16866: 16811: 16791: 16769: 16765: 16752: 16659: 16542: 16538: 16525: 16487: 16452: 16417: 16413: 16400: 16362: 16337: 16257: 16222: 16218: 16205: 16172: 16147: 16097: 16060: 16056: 16043: 16012:Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict 16010: 15945: 15910: 15906: 15893: 15865: 15840: 15815: 15795: 15765: 15715: 15620: 15616: 15603: 15495: 15455: 15405: 15355: 15225: 15110: 15106: 15093: 15050: 14940: 14895: 14820: 14735: 14610: 14475: 14471: 14458: 14446: 14390: 14300:Massacre of Aleppo (1850) 14205: 14150: 14102:Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium 14089: 14082: 14026: 13908:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 13900: 13859: 13813: 13765:National Museum of Aleppo 13740: 13684: 13648: 13630: 13611: 13593:Cathedral of Saint Joseph 13573: 13566: 13552:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church 13529: 13520: 13495: 13414: 13405: 13339: 13233: 13192: 13136: 13129: 13121: 13021:Runciman, Steven (1987). 12861:(in Turkish). Osmangazi. 12744:"eAleppo:Khans in Aleppo" 11961:. Lonely Planet. p. 11424:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 11138:(in English and Arabic). 10951:(in English and Arabic). 9650:23 September 2023 at the 9499:Middle East International 8933:Robert D. Kaplan (2014). 8766:Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). 8602:10.1163/15700658-bja10030 8523:Syrian Center for Studies 8361:, René Grousset, p. 581, 7978:The sermons on Joseph of 7976:Phenix, Robert R. (2008) 6944:Gaskin, James J. (1846), 6565:worldpopulationreview.com 6004:Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium 5132:Popular Traditions Museum 4824:Leisure and entertainment 4576:National Museum of Aleppo 4273:and the followers of the 4145:. They are mainly Syrian 4094:within the frames of the 4085:Syrian children in Aleppo 4047:settled in the city. The 3988: 3808:— 3570: 3523: 3475: 3428: 3354: 3284: 3214: 3144: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3022:Climate data for Aleppo ( 2940:checkpoint of Bab al-Hawa 2551:was annexed to Turkey as 2375:. At the end of war, the 1796:became a temporary vassal 1790:by the Byzantine general 1757:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 1731:Early Islamic Arab period 1468:Beroea as it is shown in 1097:usage to apply the term " 660: 656: 646: 636: 621: 613: 605: 595: 586: 581: 569: 557: 547: 535: 523: 517: 502: 494: 480: 472: 467: 459: 451: 446: 438: 427: 417: 412: 404: 388: 378: 365: 353: 335: 300: 162: 134: 116: 74: 65: 51: 15947:Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict 14477:Mount Simeon Subdistrict 13598:Church of the Holy Cross 13311:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower 13009:(1990 reprint paperback 12960:Demurger, Alain (2007). 9389:"Amin al-Hafez obituary" 9285:. Basic Books. pp. 9089:. Springer. p. 58. 8805:Harvard University Press 8797:Sanjian, Avedis (1965). 8099:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 12–13 8080:Annuario Pontificio 2013 7435:Horowitz, Wayne (1998). 7187: 6561:"Aleppo population 2021" 6337: 5920:Syrian Basketball League 5846: 5445:of the 5th century, the 5092:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower 5081:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower 4605:Aleppo Memory Museum at 4369:and now live in Israel. 4120:(CBS). Its subdistrict ( 4111:Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo 2903:over eight years prior. 2807:Internal Security Forces 2191:Levant Company of London 1779:and the philosopher and 1316:Late Bronze Age collapse 1123:List of rulers of Aleppo 1056:, the name derives from 422:Mayor–council government 89: • The entrance to 16099:al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict 16062:Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict 15357:Tell Rifaat Subdistrict 14370:September 2012 bombings 13542:Forty Martyrs Cathedral 13210:New Aleppo Neighborhood 13103:28 January 2021 at the 13067:Zakkar, Suheil (1969). 13040:Seale, Patrick (1989). 12983:. Casemate Publishers. 12979:Elliott, Simon (2020). 12898:. Taylor & Francis. 12524:Syrian Arab News Agency 12086:Syrian Arab News Agency 11422:"Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya" 10782:Hovannisian, Richard G. 10349:Syrian Arab News Agency 10297:Syrian Arab News Agency 9044:James F. Goode (2009). 8898:29 October 2019 at the 8825:29 October 2019 at the 8495:17 January 2018 at the 8066:29 October 2019 at the 8040:10 October 2017 at the 7932:Lipinsky, Edward, 2000. 7086:"Aleppo: Latest Killed" 6953:29 October 2019 at the 6932:29 October 2019 at the 6925:, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, 6428:Oxford University Press 5718:Markets at Tilel street 5316:Aleppo was home to 177 5283:Greek Orthodox church, 5061:al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa 4300: 2586:into two factions: the 1786:. In 962, the city was 1682:Proterius of Alexandria 1631:First Council of Nicaea 1629:shortly before the 325 1086:'milk' because 1050:Pethahiah of Regensburg 996:of 1923–1946, the name 992:, and again during the 827:, which passed through 811:'s third-largest after 32:Aleppo (disambiguation) 17994:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud 17440:al-Mukharram al-Foqani 16868:Al-Khafsah Subdistrict 16813:Abu Qilqil Subdistrict 16419:Dayr Hafir Subdistrict 14822:Darat Izza Subdistrict 14360:February 2012 bombings 14350:Siege of Aleppo (1980) 14340:Chemins de Fer Syriens 14280:Siege of Aleppo (1260) 14275:1138 Aleppo earthquake 13557:Saint Elijah Cathedral 13427:Great Mosque of Aleppo 13331:Grand Serail of Aleppo 13321:Aleppo railway station 13241:Ancient City of Aleppo 13200:Ancient City of Aleppo 12339:26 August 2010 at the 12144:9 October 2017 at the 11784:23 August 2014 at the 11726:"Aleppo new fountains" 11225:James A. Paul (1990). 10766:ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﺐ 10746:ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﺐ 10710:9 October 2017 at the 9645:The Report: Syria 2011 9450:Conduit, Dara (2019). 9279:Wilford, Hugh (2013). 8807:. pp. 48–49, 261. 8359:Histoire des Croisades 7289:Alfonso Archi (1945). 7147:A.E.J. Morris (2013). 6648:Aleppo city population 6591:"Syrian Arab republic" 6196:(within the frames of 6181: 6124: 6090: 6057: 6044:Ancient City of Aleppo 6023: 5912: 5858: 5810: 5766: 5731: 5719: 5667: 5624: 5581:Chemins de Fer Syriens 5564: 5561:Aleppo railway station 5536: 5406: 5384:Byzantine architecture 5373: 5313: 5175:Great Mosque of Aleppo 5170: 5160: 5094: 4995: 4932: 4921: 4893:Ancient City of Aleppo 4836: 4753:prepared with cherry ( 4676: 4631: 4571: 4478: 4468: 4398:North Levantine Arabic 4343:partition of Palestine 4310: 4196: 4113: 4086: 4076:Sanjak of Alexandretta 4008: 3728: 3717: 3664: 3650: 3629:Deutscher Wetterdienst 2967:which arises from the 2960: 2927: 2871: 2847:Great Mosque of Aleppo 2822: 2774: 2719: 2704: 2678: 2655: 2628: 2617: 2579: 2531: 2523: 2511: 2483: 2463:Sanjak of Alexandretta 2438: 2327: 2299: 2287: 2244: 2201: 2132: 2116: 2019: 1997: 1856:Suleiman ibn Qutulmish 1745:invaded and controlled 1727: 1660:. He was succeeded by 1602: 1593:Ecclesiastical history 1487: 1472: 1366:Middle Assyrian Empire 1345: 1202: 1153: 1151:The old town of Aleppo 1115:Ancient City of Aleppo 600:Ancient City of Aleppo 489:18th in the Arab World 103:Saint Elijah Cathedral 95:Great Mosque of Aleppo 83:Ancient City of Aleppo 39:Halab (disambiguation) 17128:Tell Aran Subdistrict 17028:Abu Jurayn al-Safirah 17013:As-Safira Subdistrict 16938:Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane' 16661:Ghandoura Subdistrict 16544:Jarabulus Subdistrict 15767:Jandairis Subdistrict 14942:al-Zirbah Subdistrict 14897:al-Hadher Subdistrict 14552:Maratat al-Muslimiyah 14465:Mount Simeon District 14375:October 2012 bombings 14250:Siege of Aleppo (637) 14112:Al-Hamadaniah Stadium 14107:Al-Assad Sports Arena 13805:Lycée français d'Alep 13755:Aleppo Citadel Museum 12855:"Kardeş Şehirlerimiz" 12550:"Al-Ittihad, History" 12354:The Report Syria 2011 12037:30 March 2012 at the 12030:eAleppo:Kharab Shams 11779:Aleppo's Great Bazaar 11228:Human Rights in Syria 11197:15 April 2018 at the 9005:Andrew Mango (2011). 8655:10.2307/j.ctvc16s06.8 7947:The Ancient Assyrians 7681:Trevor Bryce (2014). 7591:Trevor Bryce (1999). 7564:Trevor Bryce (2014). 7552:The ancient Near East 7550:Kuhrt, Amélie (1998) 7357:Trevor Bryce (2014). 7218:Dan Ben Amos (2011). 6725:. UNESCO Publishing. 6508:. 24 September 2016. 6179: 6122: 6085: 6073:Informal settlements. 6051: 6032:Mount Simeon District 6021: 5907: 5854: 5841:Lycée Français d'Alep 5805: 5764: 5729: 5717: 5665: 5620: 5598:The opening scene in 5559: 5534: 5404: 5371: 5343:built in 1491 by the 5309: 5281:Dormition of Our Lady 5166: 5158: 5114:Museum of Islamic Art 5112:and exhibited in the 5090: 5069:al-Sultaniyah Madrasa 4990: 4927: 4911: 4831: 4671: 4629: 4597:Aleppo Citadel Museum 4569:Aleppo Citadel Museum 4567: 4476: 4308: 4192: 4109: 4084: 4007:woman in Aleppo, 1873 3998: 3782:Historical population 3723: 3715: 3659: 3646: 2956: 2921: 2866: 2816: 2768: 2717: 2702: 2673: 2653: 2623: 2612: 2570: 2529: 2521: 2509: 2475: 2432: 2325: 2293: 2282: 2242: 2199: 2149:Massacre of the Telal 2122: 2111: 2051:Second Battle of Homs 2014: 1995: 1838:. After the death of 1718: 1694:Roman Catholic Church 1648:was transferred from 1619:Eustathius of Antioch 1600: 1478: 1467: 1342:Anatolian hieroglyphs 1336: 1197: 1149: 787:tablets unearthed in 758:northern governorates 571:International airport 18324:al-Surah al-Saghirah 17088:Khanasir Subdistrict 17063:al-Hajib Subdistrict 16928:al-Nasiriyah Fawqani 16903:Maskanah Subdistrict 16793:Abu Kahf Subdistrict 16050:Ayn al-Arab District 15977:Kafr Nasih al-Atarib 15797:Maabatli Subdistrict 15227:Akhtarin Subdistrict 14285:Battle of Marj Dabiq 13948:Levon Ter-Petrossian 13785:Al-Shahba University 13775:University of Aleppo 13472:Al-Saffahiyah Mosque 13422:Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque 13220:Salaheddine District 12945:. Paris: Gallimard. 12922:Burns, Ross (2016). 12720:. 10 February 2017. 12504:2 March 2022 at the 12476:. 19 December 2021. 12255:"Aleppo gold market" 12137:Aleppo Int. Airport 11850:Burns, Russ (1999). 10403:. 16 February 2020. 10373:. 22 February 2018. 10351:. 17 November 2017. 10269:. 22 December 2016. 10239:. 22 December 2016. 9796:. Associated Press. 9256:. 15 February 2012. 7945:Healy, Mark (1992). 7759:Guy Bunnens (2006). 7720:Guy Bunnens (2006). 6462:4 March 2012 at the 5939:Syrian national team 5826:al-Shahba University 5819:University of Aleppo 5808:University of Aleppo 5792:informal settlements 5640:Syrian Arab Airlines 5571:in 1912, within the 5258:Al-Saffahiyah Mosque 5226:Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque 5065:al-Zahiriyah Madrasa 5057:al-Halawiyah Madrasa 4536:Mohammed Abdel Wahab 4416:in Aleppo speak the 4102:Pre-civil war status 3693:Chinese architecture 3691:, Oriental and even 3677:Baroque architecture 3075:Record high °C (°F) 2365:5th Cavalry Division 2345:Christian minorities 2234:Khwaja Sanos Chelebi 2230:Khwaja Petik Chelebi 2034:, and defeating the 2018:of the Mamluk period 1834:chief Abu Za'ida at 1723:restored in 1256 by 1680:about the murder of 1674:Council of Chalcedon 1470:Tabula Peutingeriana 1436:during the reign of 1198:Hadad Temple inside 760:and also one of the 746:governorate of Syria 744:, the most populous 495: • Density 18522:Qal’at Salah El-Din 18516:Crac des Chevaliers 18169:Rasm Harmil al-Imam 16933:Qashlat Yusef Basha 16893:al-Mahsanah Khafsah 16498:Rasm Harmil al-Imam 16407:Dayr Hafir District 15842:Sharran Subdistrict 14737:Haritan Subdistrict 14547:Maghayer Khan Tuman 14380:University bombings 14365:March 2012 bombings 14207:Historical timeline 14003:Saadallah al-Jabiri 13963:Mustafa Bey Barmada 13877:Sabaa Bahrat Square 13860:Streets and squares 13452:Al-Sahibiyah Mosque 13286:Khanqah al-Farafira 13271:Hammam Bab al-Ahmar 13266:Al-Shibani building 12694:. 29 January 2017. 12662:"Stadiums in Syria" 12580:"Al Jalaa, History" 12139:Historical Overview 11957:Syria & Lebanon 11930:. 7 November 2019. 11477:Racy, A.J. (2003). 11454:. 2 November 2021. 11452:The Washington Post 11029:. 18 January 2016. 11003:. 10 January 2015. 10549:on 2 September 2023 10437:on 16 February 2020 10209:. 4 December 2016. 10012:. 1–3 August 2012. 9912:"The River Martyrs" 9726:(19 October 2011). 9598:, pp. 141–146. 8936:Eastward to Tartary 8548:Wilkinson, Tony J. 8444:, pp. 336–337. 8308:, pp. 121–122. 7980:Balai of Qenneshrin 7292:Orientalia: Vol. 63 7266:. 7 December 2015. 7122:World Heritage Site 7011:. 20 September 2022 6882:Infobase Publishing 6806:2020ISPAr44M1..255I 6752:. Springer Nature. 6698:. Springer Nature. 6534:. 21 January 2017. 6487:20 May 2012 at the 6434:on 13 February 2017 6194:Aga Khan Foundation 5781:The restoration of 5242:Al-Sahibiyah Mosque 5168:Al-Shibani building 5101:Christian quarter: 5053:Al-Shibani building 4335:Spanish Inquisition 3783: 3708:Sabaa Bahrat Square 3285:Record low °C (°F) 2993:cool steppe climate 2843:World Heritage Site 2703:Tilel street, 1970s 2604:Mustafa Bey Barmada 2572:Boulevard de France 2541:Syrian nationalists 2477:Grand Serail d'Alep 2451:Battle of Maysaloun 2389:War of Independence 2170:, was aided by the 2057:. In October 1299, 2002:Battle of Ain Jalut 1914:a deadly earthquake 1887:Aqsunqur al Bursuqi 1646:Meletius of Antioch 1642:Council of Seleucia 1565:speaking populace. 1491:Alexander the Great 1446:Achaemenid Persians 1438:Tiglath-Pileser III 1434:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1401:Syro-Hittite states 1225:Old Assyrian Empire 1105:continue to do so. 943:(1550–1069 BC) 316: / 46:Metropolis in Syria 17001:As-Safira District 16771:Manbij Subdistrict 16731:Qubbat at-Turkuman 16532:Jarabulus District 16339:Al-Rai Subdistrict 16224:Al-Bab Subdistrict 16189:Tell Abyad Tahtani 16149:Sarrin Subdistrict 16089:Jaadat al-Samaawat 15912:Atarib Subdistrict 15717:Bulbul Subdistrict 15497:Sawran Subdistrict 15052:Zammar Subdistrict 14722:Tabara al-Khusheir 14440:Aleppo Governorate 14335:1947 Aleppo pogrom 14117:Al-Ittihad Stadium 13892:King Faisal Street 13826:Aleppo Public Park 13482:Al-Adiliyah Mosque 13477:Khusruwiyah Mosque 13447:Altun Bogha Mosque 13276:Hammam al-Nahhasin 13234:Historic landmarks 13088:Aleppo Governorate 12231:. aliqtisadi.com. 12215:5 May 2010 at the 11854:Monuments of Syria 11683:The New York Times 11621:The New York Times 11337:The New York Times 11292:Avi Beker (1998). 10894:on 20 October 2013 10628:. Middleeast.com. 10299:. 15 August 2017. 10010:The New York Times 9977:The New York Times 9732:The New York Times 9123:I. William Zartman 8296:, p. 252,254. 8284:, p. 99, 101. 8053:Raymond Janin, v. 7936:(Peeters), p. 195. 7193:hadhramautnews.net 7098:on 5 December 2018 6917:Russell, Alexander 6653:2012-05-20 at the 6182: 6171:Old City of Aleppo 6125: 6091: 6058: 6030:and the centre of 6028:Aleppo Governorate 6024: 5913: 5859: 5811: 5767: 5732: 5720: 5668: 5658:Trade and industry 5625: 5565: 5537: 5521:King Faisal Street 5475:Highways and roads 5470:Transport in Syria 5407: 5374: 5325:Hammam al-Nahhasin 5314: 5311:Hammam al-Nahhasin 5266:Al-Adiliyah Mosque 5262:Khusruwiyah Mosque 5238:Altun Bogha Mosque 5184:by Umayyad caliph 5171: 5161: 5095: 5073:al-Firdaws Madrasa 4996: 4933: 4922: 4866:Aleppo Public Park 4837: 4706:kәbbe safarjaliyye 4677: 4632: 4572: 4479: 4396:, which is of the 4361:currently live in 4311: 4240:Armenian Apostolic 4203:. There were many 4197: 4114: 4087: 4036:Assyrian genocides 4017:earthquake of 1822 4009: 3781: 3766:Old City of Aleppo 3729: 3718: 3671:. The quarters of 3665: 3651: 3013:rain shadow effect 3005:Alawiyin Mountains 2961: 2928: 2895:to help repel the 2872: 2840:Old City of Aleppo 2823: 2775: 2728:Muslim Brotherhood 2720: 2705: 2679: 2664:Gamal Abdul Nasser 2656: 2629: 2625:King Faisal Street 2618: 2614:Aleppo Public Park 2580: 2532: 2524: 2512: 2484: 2439: 2401:Treaty of Lausanne 2328: 2300: 2288: 2245: 2226:Armenian merchants 2206:Republic of Venice 2202: 2133: 2117: 2113:Khusruwiyah Mosque 2020: 1998: 1910:attack on the city 1864:Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1860:battle of Ain Salm 1728: 1684:. In 518, Emperor 1678:Leo I the Thracian 1670:Council of Ephesus 1603: 1543:Kingdom of Armenia 1539:Tigranes the Great 1488: 1473: 1412:State of Bit Agusi 1346: 1206:Naram-Sin of Akkad 1203: 1154: 1119:Timeline of Aleppo 1071:'milk' or 777:old city of Aleppo 742:Aleppo Governorate 637:Reference no. 541:Country code: 963 473: • Total 452: • Total 439: • Mayor 434:Ahmad Hussein Diab 405:First city council 291:Show map of Aleppo 135:Nickname(s): 18925: 18924: 18921: 18920: 18739: 18738: 18574:states and cities 18538: 18537: 18528: 18520: 18442: 18441: 17784:al-Hajar al-Aswad 17164: 17163: 17160: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17043:Banan Subdistrict 16990: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16828:Arab Hassan Kabir 16748: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16641:Umm Rutha Tahtani 16611:Jarabulus Tahtani 16521: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16396: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16364:Tadef Subdistrict 16259:Arima Subdistrict 16201: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16034: 15889: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15622:Afrin Subdistrict 15599: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15432:Ma'arat Umm Hawsh 15407:Mare' Subdistrict 15074: 15073: 15070: 15069: 14587:Tell Shair Samaan 14399: 14398: 14201: 14200: 14074:Sabkhat al-Jabbul 13978:Ronaldo Mouchawar 13680: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13632:Oriental Orthodox 13516: 13515: 13487:Behramiyah Mosque 13462:Al-Tawashi Mosque 13256:Al-Jdayde quarter 13246:Citadel of Aleppo 13146: 13145: 13137:Succeeded by 12971:978-2-228-90235-9 12924:Aleppo, A History 12914:978-1-138-22959-4 12364:978-1-907065-34-7 11972:978-1-86450-333-3 11732:on 9 October 2017 11604:on 21 April 2012. 11531:978-0-8195-6944-8 11490:978-0-521-31685-9 11408:978-90-04-14476-7 11362:Solomon, Daniel. 11305:978-0-8225-9822-0 11242:978-0-929692-69-2 10864:. 12 March 2015. 10797:978-1-4039-6422-9 10321:. 17 April 2017. 10115:. 23 April 2015. 9463:978-1-108-75832-1 9323:978-1-4502-1118-5 9204:Nordisk Psykologi 9137:10.1093/ia/iix118 9096:978-0-230-11869-0 9057:978-0-292-77901-3 8946:978-0-8041-5347-8 8864:978-90-04-37902-2 8783:978-0-520-94757-3 8739:978-90-04-37902-2 8664:978-3-447-10135-6 8392:978-0-226-75211-2 8195:, pp. 96–99. 8183:, pp. 92–93. 8171:, pp. 90–92. 8088:978-88-209-9070-1 8007:978-0-521-29135-4 7733:978-90-429-1817-7 7694:978-0-19-100292-2 7643:978-3-11-080420-1 7604:978-0-19-924010-4 7577:978-0-19-100293-9 7525:978-1-57506-060-6 7448:978-0-931464-99-7 7409:978-1-61132-228-6 7370:978-0-19-964667-8 7331:978-3-447-06175-9 7231:978-0-8276-0871-9 7160:978-1-317-88513-9 7060:Al Burai, Ahmed. 7035:Jansen, Michael. 6891:978-1-4381-1025-7 6759:978-3-031-12600-0 6732:978-92-3-100284-7 6705:978-3-030-74482-3 6321:Tulipa aleppensis 5563:(Gare de Baghdad) 5409:The most notable 5270:Bahramiyah Mosque 5250:Al-Tawashi Mosque 5151:Places of worship 4615:Zarehian Treasury 4460:are also spoken. 4434:Armenian language 4380:mentioned in the 4236:Oriental Orthodox 4205:Oriental Orthodox 4068:Oriental Orthodox 3993: 3992: 3738:Citadel of Aleppo 3635: 3634: 3478:relative humidity 2932:Mediterranean Sea 2662:with Egypt under 2576:Shukri al-Quwatli 2563:Post-independence 2274:ticaret mahkamesi 2081:captured the city 1918:seventh deadliest 1875:city was besieged 1800:Fatimid Caliphate 1792:Nicophorus Phocas 1765:Umayyad Caliphate 1737:Sasanian Persians 1721:Gate of Qinnasrin 1662:Acacius of Beroea 1580:, the capital of 1479:The ruins of the 1377:Citadel of Aleppo 1085: 1070: 1052:and the traveler 956: 955: 944: 919: 918: 915: 914: 858:connecting it to 801:Mediterranean Sea 771:Aleppo is one of 721: 664: 663: 632: 481: • Rank 418: • Type 192:Show map of Syria 151: 16:(Redirected from 18985: 18760: 18759: 18747: 18587: 18586: 18565: 18558: 18551: 18542: 18541: 18526: 18518: 18495:Ancient City of 18469: 18462: 18455: 18446: 18445: 18289:al-Shaykh Maskin 17989:Khirbet Ghazaleh 17819:Harran al-Awamid 17410:Maarat al-Numaan 17405:Jisr ash-Shughur 17299: 17203: 17202: 17191: 17184: 17177: 17168: 17167: 17009: 17008: 16996: 16995: 16767: 16766: 16754: 16753: 16540: 16539: 16527: 16526: 16434:Humaymah Kabirah 16415: 16414: 16402: 16401: 16220: 16219: 16207: 16206: 16139:Ras al-Ayn Qibli 16114:Jubb Faraj Kabir 16058: 16057: 16045: 16044: 15908: 15907: 15895: 15894: 15817:Rajo Subdistrict 15618: 15617: 15605: 15604: 15457:Nubl Subdistrict 15112:Azaz Subdistrict 15108: 15107: 15095: 15094: 15088: 15082: 15012:Othmaniya Kabira 14717:Rasm al-Mofakker 14657:Ballas al-Jadida 14647:Atshana Gharbiya 14642:Atshana Sharqiya 14512:Duwayr al-Zaytun 14473: 14472: 14460: 14459: 14438: 14437: 14426: 14419: 14412: 14403: 14402: 14355:Battle of Aleppo 14215:Rulers of Aleppo 14193:Shorta Aleppo SC 14087: 14086: 14069:Limestone Massif 13998:Qustaki al-Himsi 13983:Rushdi al-Kikhya 13973:Qustaki al-Himsi 13928:Hilarion Capucci 13923:Harut Sassounian 13831:Al-Snoubari Park 13623:(Greek Orthodox) 13613:Eastern Orthodox 13571: 13570: 13527: 13526: 13503:Ar-Rahman Mosque 13467:Al-Otrush Mosque 13442:Mahmandar Mosque 13437:Al-Qaiqan Mosque 13432:Al-Nuqtah Mosque 13412: 13411: 13372:Al-Shadbakhtiyah 13184: 13183: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13149: 13148: 13122:Preceded by 13119: 13118: 13110:Photos of Aleppo 13077: 13075: 13063: 13036: 13008: 12999:Runciman, Steven 12994: 12975: 12962:Jacques de Molay 12956: 12937: 12918: 12899: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12859:osmangazi.bel.tr 12851: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12795: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12668:on 16 March 2012 12658: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12576: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12515: 12509: 12496: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12349: 12343: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12283:. Aksalser.com. 12277: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12225: 12219: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12154: 12148: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12108: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12088:. 26 July 2022. 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12056:The Jordan Times 12047: 12041: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12001: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11960: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11881: 11873: 11857: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11795: 11789: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11728:. Archived from 11722: 11716: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11523: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11444: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11399:Brill Publishers 11390: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11260: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11222: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11189: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11111:on 16 March 2019 11107:. Archived from 11101: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11081:. January 2017. 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11055:. 9 March 2017. 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11023: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10981:on 4 August 2017 10977:. Archived from 10971: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10826:. Archived from 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10778: 10772: 10767: 10758: 10752: 10747: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10714: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10681:. 29 July 2012. 10675: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10503: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10474: 10465: 10464: 10456: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10109: 10100: 10099: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10007: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9937: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9907: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9783: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9689: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9668:. Archived from 9662: 9656: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9610: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9570: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9517: 9511: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9483: 9475: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8987: 8984: 8975: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8930: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8848: 8842: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8763: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8707:on 15 March 2012 8697: 8691: 8688: 8677: 8676: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8581: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8529:on 23 April 2019 8515: 8509: 8506: 8500: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8376: 8370: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8340:(376): 481–513. 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8091: 8077: 8071: 8051: 8045: 8031:Michel Lequien, 8029: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8019: 7994:"Safavid Persia" 7989: 7983: 7974: 7963: 7956: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7561: 7555: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7509: 7500: 7493: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7124:. Archived from 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7094:. Archived from 7082: 7076: 7075: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7032: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6999: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6964: 6958: 6942: 6936: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6871: 6862: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6817: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6557: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6498: 6492: 6475: 6466: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6430:. Archived from 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6385: 6368: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6314:Pinus halepensis 6307: 6302: 6301: 6286:Rulers of Aleppo 6267: 6266: 6254: 6253: 6241: 6240: 6228: 6227: 6022:Aleppo City Hall 5935:Hamadaniah Arena 5922:, in which both 5895:Shorta Aleppo SC 5647:Battle of Aleppo 5541:public transport 5527:Public transport 5433:village and the 5392:Limestone Massif 5254:Al-Otrush Mosque 5234:Mahmandar Mosque 5230:Al-Qaiqan Mosque 5212:Al-Nuqtah Mosque 5198:John the Baptist 5183: 5180: 4941:Fertile Crescent 4928:Ancient Aleppo, 4887:Historical sites 4841:Battle of Aleppo 4775:kebab khashkhash 4709:), lemon juice ( 4689:kәbbe sәmmāʔiyye 4426:Turkish language 4418:Northern Kurdish 4406:Kurdish language 4388:Spoken languages 4367:Free Syrian Army 4271:Syrian Catholics 4255:Eastern Catholic 4226:in Aleppo speak 4128:Syrian Civil War 3797: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3622:(sun 1961–1990) 3432: 3019: 3018: 2901:Battle of Aleppo 2855:Free Syrian Army 2851:Syrian Arab Army 2795:10 February 2012 2757:Syrian civil war 2751:Syrian Civil War 2676:1961 Coup d'état 2596:Rushdi al-Kikhya 2574:, renamed after 2377:Treaty of Sèvres 2093: 2016:Al-Otrush Mosque 1898:John II Komnenos 1828:Mirdasid dynasty 1824:Sabiq ibn Mahmud 1808:Salih ibn Mirdas 1804:Byzantine Empire 1623:metropolitan see 1505:(Βέροια), after 1495:Seleucus Nicator 1338:Al-Qaiqan Mosque 1324:Battle of Kadesh 1080: 1078: 1065: 1063: 1040: 1019:Amorite language 987: 986: 942: 894: 893: 890: 886: 885: 876:Syrian Civil War 872:battle of Aleppo 735: 733:[ˈħalab] 730: 726: 716: 714: 703: 697: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 626: 519: 514: 397: 394: 346: 344: 343: 331: 330: 328: 327: 326: 321: 317: 314: 313: 312: 309: 292: 278: 277: 271: 259: 258:Show map of Asia 245: 244: 238: 226: 212: 211: 205: 193: 179: 178: 172: 156: 146: 144: 124: 79: 60: 59: 49: 48: 21: 18993: 18992: 18988: 18987: 18986: 18984: 18983: 18982: 18968:Cities in Syria 18928: 18927: 18926: 18917: 18899: 18876: 18848: 18830: 18812: 18794: 18776: 18748: 18735: 18717: 18699: 18687: 18664: 18646: 18628: 18575: 18569: 18539: 18534: 18478: 18473: 18443: 18438: 18294:Shayukh Tahtani 18284:Shaykh al-Hadid 18134:Qalaat al-Madiq 18004:Ma'arrat Misrin 17979:Kuwayris Sharqi 17564: 17530:al-Suqaylabiyah 17525:ash-Shaykh Badr 17300: 17291: 17207: 17197: 17195: 17165: 17152: 17122: 17082: 17057: 17037: 17003: 16982: 16923:Mujammaa Huttin 16897: 16862: 16807: 16787: 16761: 16759:Manbij District 16740: 16655: 16534: 16513: 16483: 16463:Kuweires Sharqi 16448: 16409: 16388: 16358: 16333: 16253: 16214: 16212:Al-Bab District 16193: 16183:Shuyukh Tahtani 16168: 16164:Shuyukh Fawqani 16143: 16093: 16052: 16031: 16006: 15941: 15902: 15900:Atarib District 15881: 15876:Shaykh al-Hadid 15861: 15836: 15811: 15791: 15761: 15711: 15612: 15591: 15491: 15451: 15401: 15351: 15221: 15212:Tulayl ash-Sham 15102: 15089: 15083: 15066: 15046: 14936: 14927:Maryamin Samaan 14891: 14877:Qabtan al-Jabal 14816: 14787:Maarat al-Artiq 14731: 14672:Buwaida Saghira 14606: 14467: 14454: 14442: 14432: 14430: 14400: 14395: 14393:Category:Aleppo 14386: 14325:State of Aleppo 14315:Baghdad Railway 14220:Kingdom of Armi 14197: 14183:Ommal Aleppo SC 14173:Al-Herafyeen SC 14146: 14097:7 April Stadium 14078: 14022: 14018:Simeon Stylites 13958:Moustapha Akkad 13896: 13867:Al-Hatab Square 13855: 13846:Sheraton Aleppo 13809: 13742: 13736: 13672: 13668:Martyrs' Church 13658:Emmanuel Church 13644: 13626: 13607: 13562: 13512: 13491: 13401: 13367:Al-Muqaddamiyah 13335: 13281:Hammam Yalbugha 13229: 13188: 13178: 13176: 13142: 13133: 13127: 13105:Wayback Machine 13084: 13073: 13052: 13033: 12991: 12972: 12953: 12934: 12915: 12890: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12868: 12866: 12853: 12852: 12848: 12838: 12836: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12808: 12806: 12797: 12796: 12789: 12779: 12777: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12753: 12751: 12742: 12741: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12716: 12715: 12711: 12701: 12699: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12671: 12669: 12660: 12659: 12655: 12645: 12643: 12634: 12633: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12610:"Syria-Bahrain" 12608: 12607: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12561: 12548: 12547: 12543: 12533: 12531: 12516: 12512: 12506:Wayback Machine 12497: 12493: 12483: 12481: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12453: 12451: 12442: 12441: 12437: 12427: 12425: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12401: 12399: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12372: 12365: 12351: 12350: 12346: 12341:Wayback Machine 12331: 12327: 12317: 12315: 12304: 12300: 12290: 12288: 12279: 12278: 12274: 12264: 12262: 12257:. Syria Steps. 12253: 12252: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12229:"Gold in Syria" 12227: 12226: 12222: 12217:Wayback Machine 12207: 12203: 12193: 12191: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12165: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12146:Wayback Machine 12136: 12132: 12122: 12120: 12109: 12105: 12095: 12093: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12048: 12044: 12039:Wayback Machine 12029: 12025: 12015: 12013: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11951: 11947: 11937: 11935: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11896: 11895: 11891: 11875: 11874: 11870: 11848: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11823: 11822: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11786:Wayback Machine 11775: 11771: 11761: 11759: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11733: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11714: 11710: 11700: 11698: 11675: 11671: 11661: 11659: 11644: 11640: 11630: 11628: 11613: 11609: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11581: 11579: 11574:. Kuna.net.kw. 11570: 11569: 11565: 11555: 11553: 11544: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11498: 11491: 11475: 11471: 11461: 11459: 11446: 11445: 11441: 11431: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11401:, p. 402, 11397:, vol. 4, 11391: 11387: 11377: 11375: 11360: 11356: 11346: 11344: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11306: 11290: 11286: 11276: 11274: 11261: 11257: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11209: 11205:. 24 July 2012. 11199:Wayback Machine 11190: 11186: 11176: 11174: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11143: 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11077: 11076: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11051: 11050: 11046: 11036: 11034: 11025: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11008: 10999: 10998: 10994: 10984: 10982: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10958: 10956: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10897: 10895: 10886: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10862:theguardian.com 10856: 10855: 10851: 10845: 10833: 10831: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10798: 10779: 10775: 10770:Kamel Al-Ghazzi 10759: 10755: 10750:Kamel Al-Ghazzi 10739: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10712:Wayback Machine 10702: 10698: 10688: 10686: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10662: 10660: 10649: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10624: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10509: 10505: 10504: 10497: 10487: 10485: 10476: 10475: 10468: 10457: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10410: 10408: 10395: 10394: 10390: 10380: 10378: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10343: 10342: 10338: 10328: 10326: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10291: 10290: 10286: 10276: 10274: 10261: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10216: 10214: 10199: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10182: 10167: 10163: 10153: 10151: 10136: 10132: 10122: 10120: 10111: 10110: 10103: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10071: 10069: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10043: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10019: 10017: 10005: 10001: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9984: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9938: 9934: 9925: 9923: 9908: 9897: 9887: 9885: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9784: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9764:on 5 April 2012 9756: 9755: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9721: 9717: 9707: 9705: 9690: 9686: 9675: 9673: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9652:Wayback Machine 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9612: 9611: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9561: 9557: 9518: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9477: 9476: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9333: 9331: 9324: 9308: 9304: 9297: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9261: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9196: 9192: 9180: 9179: 9170: 9169: 9162: 9160: 9125:(1 July 2017). 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9097: 9081: 9077: 9067: 9065: 9058: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9019: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8956: 8954: 8947: 8931: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8900:Wayback Machine 8889: 8885: 8874: 8872: 8865: 8849: 8845: 8827:Wayback Machine 8816: 8812: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8764: 8760: 8749: 8747: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8680: 8665: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8582: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8497:Wayback Machine 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8151: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8068:Wayback Machine 8052: 8048: 8042:Wayback Machine 8030: 8026: 8017: 8015: 8008: 7990: 7986: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7953: 7949:(Osprey) p. 25. 7944: 7940: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7882: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7843: 7827: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7734: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7605: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7526: 7510: 7503: 7494: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7449: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7410: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7232: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7161: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7128:on 4 March 2012 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7058: 7054: 7042:The Irish Times 7033: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6955:Wayback Machine 6943: 6939: 6934:Wayback Machine 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6892: 6872: 6865: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6790: 6786: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6655:Wayback Machine 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6489:Wayback Machine 6476: 6469: 6464:Wayback Machine 6454: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6303: 6296: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6271:, Turkey (2010) 6261: 6248: 6245:, Turkey (2005) 6235: 6222: 6212: 6206: 6169:to declare the 6117: 6080: 6046: 6040: 6016: 5899:Ommal Aleppo SC 5891:al-Herafyeen SC 5849: 5800: 5759: 5660: 5655: 5615: 5600:Agatha Christie 5569:Baghdad Railway 5554: 5529: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5450:Ain Dara temple 5366: 5360: 5341:Hammam Yalbugha 5304: 5181: 5153: 5116:, known as the 4992:Gate of Antioch 4985: 4906: 4900: 4898:Souqs and khans 4895: 4889: 4826: 4820: 4729:), the "plate" 4697:kәbbe labaniyye 4638: 4624: 4562: 4471: 4466: 4448:dialect of the 4438:Syriac language 4402:Syriac language 4390: 4319:Great Synagogue 4303: 4244:Syriac Orthodox 4187: 4136: 4104: 4013:Kamel Al-Ghazzi 3779: 3774: 3641: 3636: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 2989: 2916: 2897:Turkish assault 2788:Bashar al-Assad 2763: 2755:Main articles: 2753: 2565: 2481:State of Aleppo 2443:State of Aleppo 2427: 2425:State of Aleppo 2421: 2315:naval chaplain 2249:Safavid dynasty 2106: 2100: 1990: 1929:Ayyubid dynasty 1844:Uqaylid dynasty 1840:Sharaf al-Dawla 1816: 1733: 1713: 1711:Medieval period 1668:in 381 and the 1658:Basil the Great 1595: 1522:Seleucid Empire 1462: 1442:Neo-Babylonians 1414: 1308:Suppiluliumas I 1261: 1144: 1132:Main articles: 1130: 1125: 1113:Main articles: 1111: 1044:According to a 941: 925: 898: 884: 856:Baghdad Railway 736:) is a city in 728: 701: 674: 670: 591: 542: 515: 487: 442:Muhammad Hijazi 395: 341: 339: 324: 322: 320:36.20°N 37.16°E 318: 315: 310: 307: 305: 303: 302: 296: 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 288:Aleppo (Aleppo) 286: 285: 284: 283: 279: 262: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 246: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 213: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 180: 158: 130: 129: 128: 127: 112: 111: 109: 101: 93: 85: 70: 61: 54: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18991: 18981: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18948:Amorite cities 18945: 18940: 18923: 18922: 18919: 18918: 18916: 18915: 18909: 18907: 18901: 18900: 18898: 18897: 18892: 18886: 18884: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18858: 18856: 18850: 18849: 18847: 18846: 18840: 18838: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18828: 18822: 18820: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18810: 18804: 18802: 18796: 18795: 18793: 18792: 18786: 18784: 18778: 18777: 18775: 18774: 18768: 18766: 18757: 18750: 18749: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18736: 18734: 18733: 18727: 18725: 18719: 18718: 18716: 18715: 18709: 18707: 18701: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18689: 18688: 18686: 18685: 18680: 18674: 18672: 18666: 18665: 18663: 18662: 18656: 18654: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18644: 18638: 18636: 18630: 18629: 18627: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18595: 18593: 18584: 18577: 18576: 18568: 18567: 18560: 18553: 18545: 18536: 18535: 18533: 18532: 18524: 18513: 18508: 18499: 18493: 18483: 18480: 18479: 18472: 18471: 18464: 18457: 18449: 18440: 18439: 18437: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18204:al-Sabe' Biyar 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18059:Mashta al-Helu 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17899:Jubb al-Jarrah 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17769:al-Ghizlaniyah 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17575: 17573: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17311: 17309: 17302: 17301: 17294: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17218: 17216: 17209: 17208: 17194: 17193: 17186: 17179: 17171: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17154: 17153: 17151: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17132: 17130: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17092: 17090: 17084: 17083: 17081: 17080: 17075: 17067: 17065: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17055: 17047: 17045: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17017: 17015: 17005: 17004: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16943:Saan al-Ghazal 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16907: 16905: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16872: 16870: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16853:Hayyah Kabirah 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16817: 16815: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16805: 16797: 16795: 16789: 16788: 16786: 16785: 16775: 16773: 16763: 16762: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16665: 16663: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16616:Marma al-Hajar 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16576:al-Haluwaniyah 16573: 16568: 16566:al-Bir Tahtani 16563: 16561:al-Bir Fawqani 16558: 16548: 16546: 16536: 16535: 16523: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16493: 16491: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16458: 16456: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16423: 16421: 16411: 16410: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16390: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16368: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16343: 16341: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16263: 16261: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16228: 16226: 16216: 16215: 16203: 16202: 16199: 16198: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16191: 16186: 16178: 16176: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166: 16161: 16153: 16151: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16103: 16101: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16066: 16064: 16054: 16053: 16041: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16027:Urum al-Sughra 16024: 16016: 16014: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15951: 15949: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15916: 15914: 15904: 15903: 15891: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15871: 15869: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15859: 15854: 15846: 15844: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15829: 15821: 15819: 15813: 15812: 15810: 15809: 15801: 15799: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15771: 15769: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15721: 15719: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15626: 15624: 15614: 15613: 15610:Afrin District 15601: 15600: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15547:Kafr Burayshah 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15501: 15499: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15461: 15459: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15411: 15409: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15361: 15359: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15231: 15229: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15116: 15114: 15104: 15103: 15091: 15090: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15064: 15056: 15054: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14992:Huweir al-Eiss 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14946: 14944: 14938: 14937: 14935: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14901: 14899: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14826: 14824: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14741: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14712:Oweinat Kabira 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14616: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14481: 14479: 14469: 14468: 14456: 14455: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14429: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14406: 14397: 14396: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14330:People's Party 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14310:Qudud Halabiya 14307: 14305:Aleppo Vilayet 14302: 14297: 14295:Levant Company 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14211: 14209: 14203: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14093: 14091: 14084: 14080: 14079: 14077: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14064:Aleppo plateau 14061: 14056: 14051: 14049:Kurd Mountains 14046: 14041: 14036: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13993:Paul of Aleppo 13990: 13988:Omar Abu-Riche 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13968:Nazim al-Kudsi 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13938:Jerry Seinfeld 13935: 13933:Ibrahim Hananu 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13904: 13902: 13901:Notable people 13898: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13889: 13887:Liberty Square 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13817: 13815: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13790:Aleppo College 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13746: 13744: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13688: 13686: 13685:Historic gates 13682: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13654: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13636: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13617: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13579: 13577: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13533: 13531: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13499: 13497: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13457:Bahsita Mosque 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13418: 13416: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13387:Al-Turantaiyah 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13306:Beit Achiqbash 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13251:Al-Madina Souq 13248: 13243: 13237: 13235: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13227: 13225:Sheikh Maqsood 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13196: 13194: 13193:Neighbourhoods 13190: 13189: 13175: 13174: 13167: 13160: 13152: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13135: 13128: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13107: 13095: 13090: 13083: 13082:External links 13080: 13079: 13078: 13064: 13050: 13037: 13031: 13018: 13015:978-0140137040 12995: 12990:978-1612009544 12989: 12976: 12970: 12957: 12951: 12938: 12932: 12919: 12913: 12900: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12846: 12816: 12787: 12761: 12735: 12709: 12679: 12653: 12627: 12601: 12571: 12541: 12510: 12491: 12461: 12435: 12409: 12382: 12363: 12344: 12325: 12298: 12272: 12246: 12220: 12201: 12175: 12149: 12130: 12103: 12073: 12042: 12023: 11996: 11985: 11971: 11945: 11919: 11889: 11868: 11842: 11816: 11790: 11769: 11743: 11717: 11708: 11669: 11638: 11607: 11589: 11563: 11537: 11530: 11508: 11489: 11469: 11439: 11413: 11407: 11385: 11354: 11323: 11304: 11284: 11255: 11241: 11217: 11207: 11184: 11153: 11122: 11096: 11070: 11044: 11018: 10992: 10966: 10935: 10905: 10879: 10849: 10830:on 20 May 2012 10815: 10796: 10773: 10753: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10696: 10670: 10643: 10617: 10586: 10560: 10530: 10495: 10466: 10448: 10418: 10388: 10358: 10336: 10306: 10284: 10254: 10224: 10192: 10161: 10130: 10101: 10092:The Daily Star 10079: 10053: 10027: 9994: 9963: 9932: 9918:, p. 42, 9895: 9868: 9842: 9811: 9793:The Herald-Sun 9775: 9749: 9715: 9684: 9672:on 5 July 2008 9657: 9635: 9600: 9588: 9581: 9555: 9512: 9503: 9491: 9462: 9442: 9440:, p. 316. 9430: 9419: 9410: 9380: 9361: 9341: 9322: 9302: 9295: 9271: 9241: 9210:(4): 344–351. 9190: 9181:|journal= 9114: 9095: 9075: 9056: 9036: 9017: 8997: 8988: 8976: 8964: 8945: 8925: 8912: 8883: 8863: 8843: 8810: 8789: 8782: 8776:. p. 68. 8758: 8738: 8718: 8692: 8678: 8663: 8635: 8596:(5): 422–456. 8573: 8540: 8510: 8501: 8482: 8480:, p. 463. 8470: 8468:, p. 142. 8458: 8456:, p. 179. 8446: 8434: 8432:, p. 314. 8422: 8420:, p. 307. 8410: 8391: 8371: 8351: 8322: 8320:, p. 215. 8310: 8298: 8294:Beihammer 2017 8286: 8274: 8245: 8243:, p. 247. 8241:Beihammer 2017 8233: 8221: 8219:, p. 202. 8209: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8161: 8146:. 9 May 2023. 8131: 8101: 8092: 8072: 8046: 8024: 8006: 7984: 7964: 7951: 7938: 7925: 7899: 7880: 7860: 7841: 7821: 7790: 7771: 7751: 7732: 7712: 7693: 7673: 7671:, p. 117. 7661: 7642: 7622: 7603: 7583: 7576: 7556: 7543: 7524: 7501: 7479: 7466: 7447: 7427: 7408: 7388: 7369: 7349: 7330: 7310: 7281: 7249: 7230: 7210: 7199:on 6 July 2018 7178: 7159: 7139: 7109: 7077: 7052: 7022: 6991: 6959: 6937: 6909: 6890: 6884:. p. 30. 6863: 6849: 6837: 6784: 6765: 6758: 6738: 6731: 6711: 6704: 6684: 6658: 6640: 6608: 6582: 6549: 6523: 6493: 6467: 6445: 6411: 6388:Almaany Team. 6379: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6360: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6308: 6292: 6289: 6277: 6276:Notable people 6274: 6273: 6272: 6259: 6246: 6233: 6205: 6202: 6163:Stefano Bianca 6160:urban designer 6116: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6039: 6036: 6015: 6012: 6002:played at the 5911:opened in 2021 5848: 5845: 5799: 5796: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5758: 5755: 5751:soap of Aleppo 5705:Constantinople 5701:Ottoman Empire 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5614: 5611: 5573:Ottoman Empire 5553: 5550: 5528: 5525: 5476: 5473: 5465: 5464:Transportation 5462: 5435:Saint Julianus 5362:Main article: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5345:Emir of Aleppo 5338: 5335: 5332:Az-Zahir Ghazi 5328: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5273: 5246:Bahsita Mosque 5223: 5209: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144:Khachadur Bali 5135: 5127:Beit Achiqbash 5123: 5085: 5084: 5050: 5040: 5039: 4984: 4981: 4956:Al-Madina Souq 4930:Al-Madina Souq 4920:products, 2004 4914:al-Madina Souq 4904:Al-Madina Souq 4902:Main article: 4899: 4896: 4891:Main article: 4888: 4885: 4825: 4822: 4793:), cheese and 4741:) and the raw 4739:kәbbe bṣēniyye 4683:prepared with 4660:, ful halabi, 4636:Syrian cuisine 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4587:Beit Achiqbash 4583:Aleppine House 4579: 4561: 4558: 4490:Qudud Halabiya 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4450:Greek language 4422:Syrian Turkmen 4389: 4386: 4345:, an Arab mob 4302: 4299: 4259:Melkite Greeks 4186: 4183: 4149:, followed by 4135: 4132: 4103: 4100: 4092:Soviet Armenia 3991: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3725:Aleppo Citadel 3704:Liberty Square 3648:Aleppo Citadel 3640: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3573:sunshine hours 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3526:sunshine hours 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3017: 2988: 2985: 2969:Aintab plateau 2924:Kurd Mountains 2915: 2912: 2836:Al-Madina Souq 2784:New York Times 2752: 2749: 2709:Hafez al-Assad 2645:Adib Shishakly 2592:People's Party 2588:National Party 2584:National Block 2564: 2561: 2420: 2419:French mandate 2417: 2397:Ibrahim Hananu 2243:Aleppo in 1690 2183:Constantinople 2137:Ottoman Empire 2099: 2096: 1989: 1986: 1941:city was taken 1937:An-Nasir Yusuf 1894:Zengid dynasty 1815: 1812: 1761:Jund Qinnasrin 1732: 1729: 1725:An-Nasir Yusuf 1712: 1709: 1638:Constantius II 1611:Roman province 1594: 1591: 1574:Late Antiquity 1555:Roman province 1497:established a 1461: 1458: 1413: 1410: 1278:, king of the 1260: 1259:Hittite period 1257: 1249:Shamshi-Adad I 1221:Old Babylonian 1200:Aleppo Citadel 1173:Wayne Horowitz 1142:Yamhad dynasty 1129: 1126: 1110: 1107: 1046:folk etymology 988:). During the 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 931: 930: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 883: 880: 813:Constantinople 809:Ottoman Empire 762:largest cities 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 644: 643: 638: 634: 633: 623: 619: 618: 615: 611: 610: 607: 603: 602: 597: 593: 592: 587: 584: 583: 579: 578: 573: 567: 566: 561: 555: 554: 551: 545: 544: 539: 533: 532: 527: 521: 520: 506: 500: 499: 496: 492: 491: 482: 478: 477: 474: 470: 469: 465: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 449: 448: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 425: 424: 419: 415: 414: 410: 409: 406: 402: 401: 390: 386: 385: 382: 376: 375: 374:(Jabal Semaan) 369: 363: 362: 357: 351: 350: 337: 333: 332: 298: 297: 287: 281: 280: 273: 272: 266: 265: 264: 263: 254: 248: 247: 240: 239: 233: 232: 231: 230: 221: 215: 214: 207: 206: 200: 199: 198: 197: 188: 182: 181: 174: 173: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 136: 132: 131: 125: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 91:al-Madina Souq 87:Aleppo Citadel 81: 80: 72: 71: 66: 63: 62: 55: 52: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18990: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18935: 18933: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18906: 18902: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18885: 18883: 18879: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18859: 18857: 18855: 18851: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18839: 18837: 18833: 18827: 18824: 18823: 18821: 18819: 18815: 18809: 18806: 18805: 18803: 18801: 18797: 18791: 18788: 18787: 18785: 18783: 18779: 18773: 18770: 18769: 18767: 18765: 18761: 18758: 18755: 18751: 18746: 18732: 18729: 18728: 18726: 18724: 18720: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18708: 18706: 18702: 18696: 18694: 18690: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18673: 18671: 18667: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18655: 18653: 18649: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18635: 18631: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18596: 18594: 18592: 18588: 18585: 18582: 18578: 18573: 18566: 18561: 18559: 18554: 18552: 18547: 18546: 18543: 18531: 18525: 18523: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18494: 18492: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18481: 18477: 18470: 18465: 18463: 18458: 18456: 18451: 18450: 18447: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18424:al-Yaarubiyah 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18414:Urum al-Kubra 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18374:Tell al-Daman 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18129:al-Qahtaniyah 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18104:al-Nashabiyah 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18089:al-Musayfirah 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17964:Khan Shaykhun 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17934:Kafr Takharim 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17729:al-Darbasiyah 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17634:Assal al-Ward 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17584:Abu al-Thuhur 17582: 17580: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17567: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17303: 17298: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17210: 17206: 17201: 17192: 17187: 17185: 17180: 17178: 17173: 17172: 17169: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17129: 17125: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17098: 17094: 17093: 17091: 17089: 17085: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17073: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17064: 17060: 17054: 17053: 17049: 17048: 17046: 17044: 17040: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17023: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16997: 16993: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16913: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16878: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16869: 16865: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16848:Hamir Labidah 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16833:Awsajli Kabir 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16823: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16804: 16803: 16799: 16798: 16796: 16794: 16790: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16760: 16755: 16751: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16671: 16667: 16666: 16664: 16662: 16658: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16550: 16549: 16547: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16528: 16524: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16499: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16490: 16486: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16464: 16460: 16459: 16457: 16455: 16451: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16429: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16420: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16403: 16399: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16349: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16314:Kherbet Kiyar 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16269: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16260: 16256: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16234: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16213: 16208: 16204: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16184: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16159: 16155: 16154: 16152: 16150: 16146: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16109: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16074: 16073: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16055: 16051: 16046: 16042: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16021:Urum al-Kubra 16018: 16017: 16015: 16013: 16009: 16003: 16002:al-Shaykh Ali 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15987:Maarat Atarib 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15957: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15922: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15896: 15892: 15878: 15877: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15868: 15864: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15839: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15808: 15807: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15773: 15772: 15770: 15768: 15764: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15727: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15672:Burj Abdullah 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15642:Awlad al-Arab 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15632: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15619: 15615: 15611: 15606: 15602: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15572:al-Yaarubiyah 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15507: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15467: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15458: 15454: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15417: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15367: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15358: 15354: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15342:Turkman Bareh 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15322:Tal'ar Sharqi 15320: 15318: 15317:Tal'ar Gharbi 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15237: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15224: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15127:al-Fayruziyah 15125: 15123: 15122: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15100:Azaz District 15096: 15092: 15087: 15081: 15063: 15062: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15043: 15042:Ziyara Samaan 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14952: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14939: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14898: 14894: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14819: 14813: 14812:Yaqed al-Adas 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14797:Shaykh Najjar 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14747: 14743: 14742: 14740: 14738: 14734: 14728: 14727:Um al-Karamel 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14621:Tell al-Daman 14618: 14617: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14597:al-Dhahabiyah 14595: 14593: 14592:Tell Shughayb 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14557:al-Muslimiyah 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14502:Ayn al-Kabira 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14445: 14441: 14436: 14427: 14422: 14420: 14415: 14413: 14408: 14407: 14404: 14394: 14389: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14290:Aleppo Eyalet 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14208: 14204: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14168:Al-Yarmouk SC 14166: 14164: 14163:Al-Hurriya SC 14161: 14159: 14158:Al-Ittihad SC 14156: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14059:Mount al-Hass 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13872:Farhat Square 13870: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13858: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13821:Al-Sabil Park 13819: 13818: 13816: 13814:Entertainment 13812: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13739: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13712:Bab Qinnasrin 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13702:Bab al-Nairab 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13663:Bethel Church 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13509: 13508:Tawhid Mosque 13506: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13392:Al-Uthmaniyah 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13382:Al-Sultaniyah 13380: 13378: 13377:Al-Sharafiyah 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13301:Beit Ghazaleh 13299: 13297: 13296:Beit Junblatt 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13205:Bab al-Nairab 13203: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13182: 13173: 13168: 13166: 13161: 13159: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13141: 13132: 13126: 13120: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13072: 13071: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13051:0-520-06667-7 13047: 13043: 13038: 13034: 13032:9780521347723 13028: 13024: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13005: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12982: 12977: 12973: 12967: 12963: 12958: 12954: 12952:9782070259847 12948: 12944: 12939: 12935: 12933:9780415737210 12929: 12926:. Routledge. 12925: 12920: 12916: 12910: 12907:. Routledge. 12906: 12901: 12897: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12820: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12792: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12749: 12746:. Esyria.sy. 12745: 12739: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12641: 12637: 12631: 12615: 12611: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12575: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12503: 12500: 12495: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12465: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12423: 12419: 12413: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12356: 12355: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12329: 12313: 12309: 12302: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12214: 12211: 12210:Economy Syria 12205: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12143: 12140: 12134: 12118: 12114: 12107: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12077: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12046: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12027: 12011: 12007: 12000: 11994: 11989: 11974: 11968: 11964: 11959: 11958: 11949: 11933: 11929: 11923: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11885: 11879: 11871: 11869:9781860642449 11865: 11861: 11856: 11855: 11846: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11773: 11757: 11754:. Esyria.sy. 11753: 11747: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11712: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11673: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11642: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11611: 11603: 11599: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11567: 11551: 11547: 11541: 11533: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11512: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11482: 11481: 11473: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11443: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11410: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11389: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11358: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11327: 11311: 11307: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11288: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11259: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11221: 11211: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11188: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11157: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11006: 11002: 10996: 10980: 10976: 10970: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10843: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10751: 10743: 10737: 10728: 10719: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10700: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10515: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10483: 10480:(in Arabic). 10479: 10473: 10471: 10462: 10455: 10453: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10196: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10106: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10015: 10011: 10004: 9998: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9799: 9795: 9794: 9789: 9782: 9780: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9597: 9592: 9584: 9582:9780815713791 9578: 9574: 9569: 9568: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9516: 9507: 9500: 9495: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9428: 9423: 9414: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9368: 9364: 9362:9781491766583 9358: 9355:. iUniverse. 9354: 9353: 9345: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9306: 9298: 9296:9780465019656 9292: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9275: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9186: 9174: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9079: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9018:9781848546189 9014: 9010: 9009: 9001: 8992: 8983: 8981: 8971: 8969: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8909:0-521-57455-2 8906: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8887: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8841: 8840:0-521-57455-2 8837: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8814: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8793: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8762: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8578: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8505: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8478:Runciman 1987 8474: 8467: 8466:Demurger 2007 8462: 8455: 8450: 8443: 8442:Runciman 1987 8438: 8431: 8430:Runciman 1987 8426: 8419: 8418:Runciman 1987 8414: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8375: 8368: 8367:2-262-02569-X 8364: 8360: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8326: 8319: 8318:Runciman 1952 8314: 8307: 8302: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8231:, p. 91. 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8207:, p. 99. 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8096: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8028: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7881:9781589837218 7877: 7873: 7872: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7842:9780191002922 7838: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7778: 7774: 7772:9789042918177 7768: 7764: 7763: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7716: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7553: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7506: 7498: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6472: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6364: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6088: 6087:Souq al-Dira' 6084: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6054:Tawhid Mosque 6050: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6020: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6001: 6000:al-Hurriya SC 5997: 5996:al-Ittihad SC 5992: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5928:Al-Ittihad SC 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879:al-Yarmouk SC 5876: 5875:al-Hurriya SC 5872: 5871:al-Ittihad SC 5868: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5740:Sheikh Najjar 5736: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5139:Beit Ghazaleh 5136: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5077:Beit Junblatt 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5020:Bab Qinnasrin 5017: 5013: 5012:Bab al-Nairab 5009: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4973:caravanserais 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4811:Al-Shark beer 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799:kebab ma'juʔa 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783:kebab kamayeh 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4757:), eggplant ( 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4735:kәbbe bәṣfīḥa 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4616: 4613: 4611:in al-Jdayde. 4610: 4609: 4608:Beit Ghazaleh 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532:Sayed Darwish 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394:Syrian Arabic 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524:Mean monthly 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3357:precipitation 3353: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009:Nur Mountains 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991:Aleppo has a 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2948:Syrian Desert 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838:(part of the 2837: 2832: 2829: 2828:no man's land 2820: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2769:The scene at 2767: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2745: 2744:Shaykh Najjar 2740: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2694:Amin al-Hafiz 2690: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2536:Syrian Revolt 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497:Subhi Barakat 2494: 2493:Alawite State 2490: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2467:Syrian Desert 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447:Henri Gouraud 2444: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:Hananu Revolt 2390: 2386: 2385:Kemal Atatürk 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:Allied forces 2366: 2362: 2361:Prince Feisal 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2285:Beit Ghazaleh 2281: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:Halil İnalcık 2250: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220:in 1613. The 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2153:Aleppo Eyalet 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2125:daguerreotype 2121: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2104:Aleppo Eyalet 2095: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1988:Mamluk period 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927:and then the 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773:Sayf al-Dawla 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635:Roman Emperor 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:episcopal see 1599: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1406: 1405:Gershon Galil 1402: 1398: 1397:Hittitologist 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:Ilim-Ilimma I 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1074: 1068: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 981: 977: 973: 970:, and to the 969: 965: 961: 952: 951: 948: 947: 940: 936: 933: 932: 929: 923: 922: 910: 907: 904: 901: 896: 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Syrian region 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 725: 719: 710: 706: 705: 695: 668: 659: 655: 652: 649: 645: 642: 639: 635: 630: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601: 598: 596:Official name 594: 590: 585: 580: 577: 574: 572: 568: 565: 562: 560: 556: 552: 550: 546: 543:City code: 21 540: 538: 534: 531: 528: 526: 522: 510: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 441: 437: 433: 431: 428: • 426: 423: 420: 416: 411: 407: 403: 400: 391: 389:First settled 387: 383: 381: 377: 373: 370: 368: 364: 361: 358: 356: 352: 349: 338: 334: 329: 301:Coordinates: 299: 270: 255:Aleppo (Asia) 237: 204: 171: 161: 155: 149: 140: 133: 123: 115: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 78: 73: 69: 64: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Aleppo, Syria 18871: 18782:Unqi-Pattina 18572:Syro-Hittite 18502:Ancient City 18490: 18487:Ancient City 18419:Wadi al-Oyun 18259:al-Shaddadah 18144:al-Qaryatayn 18094:al-Mushannaf 17894:al-Jawadiyah 17874:al-Janudiyah 17854:Ibbin Samaan 17799:al-Hamidiyah 17689:Bir al-Helou 17674:Barri Sharqi 17644:Ayn al-Fijah 17570:Sub-district 17485:Ra's al-'Ayn 17415:al-Malikiyah 17221: 17135: 17113:al-Samiriyah 17108:Rasm Al-Nafl 17095: 17070: 17050: 17020: 16910: 16883:Khan al-Humr 16875: 16820: 16800: 16779: 16778: 16721:Tell Aghbar‎ 16668: 16591:Ayn al-Bayda 16552: 16551: 16504:Shaykh Ahmad 16496: 16479:Rasm al-Abed 16461: 16444:Umm el-Marra 16426: 16371: 16346: 16266: 16231: 16181: 16156: 16106: 16070: 16069: 16019: 15956:Ibbin Samaan 15954: 15919: 15874: 15849: 15832:Meidan Ekbis 15824: 15804: 15774: 15737:Darmashkanli 15724: 15629: 15582:Az-Zahiriyah 15504: 15464: 15414: 15364: 15234: 15162:al-Malikiyah 15142:Kafr Khasher 15119: 15059: 15017:Rasm al-Eiss 14949: 14904: 14882:al-Sakhriyah 14829: 14802:Shaykh Zayat 14744: 14619: 14485: 14484: 14451: 14448: 14255:Aleppo Codex 14044:Mount Simeon 14039:Dhahab River 14008:Sabah Fakhri 13953:Louay Kayali 13943:Joseph Safra 13741:Culture and 13727:Bab al-Faraj 13722:Bab al-Jinan 13717:Bab Antakeya 13707:Bab al-Maqam 13697:Bab al-Ahmar 13692:Bab al-Hadid 13397:Al-Zahiriyah 13362:Al-Kameliyah 13357:Al-Halawiyah 13347:Al-Ahmadiyah 13185: 13130: 13069: 13041: 13022: 13003: 12980: 12961: 12942: 12923: 12904: 12895: 12882:Bibliography 12869:16 September 12867:. Retrieved 12858: 12849: 12839:16 September 12837:. Retrieved 12828: 12819: 12807:. Retrieved 12802: 12778:. Retrieved 12770:"UDP-Aleppo" 12764: 12752:. Retrieved 12738: 12726:. Retrieved 12712: 12700:. Retrieved 12691: 12682: 12670:. Retrieved 12666:the original 12656: 12644:. Retrieved 12636:"Syria-Iran" 12630: 12618:. Retrieved 12604: 12592:. Retrieved 12583: 12574: 12562:. Retrieved 12553: 12544: 12532:. Retrieved 12513: 12494: 12482:. Retrieved 12473: 12464: 12452:. Retrieved 12438: 12428:14 September 12426:. Retrieved 12412: 12400:. Retrieved 12385: 12375:19 September 12373:. Retrieved 12353: 12347: 12334:Soap History 12332:Aleppo Soap 12328: 12316:. Retrieved 12301: 12289:. Retrieved 12275: 12263:. Retrieved 12249: 12237:. Retrieved 12223: 12204: 12192:. Retrieved 12178: 12166:. Retrieved 12152: 12133: 12121:. Retrieved 12106: 12094:. Retrieved 12076: 12064:. Retrieved 12055: 12045: 12026: 12014:. Retrieved 11999: 11988: 11976:. Retrieved 11956: 11948: 11936:. 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Retrieved 9946:The Guardian 9945: 9935: 9924:, retrieved 9915: 9886:. Retrieved 9871: 9859:. Retrieved 9845: 9833:. Retrieved 9824: 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9791: 9766:. Retrieved 9762:the original 9752: 9740:. Retrieved 9731: 9718: 9706:. Retrieved 9698:The Guardian 9697: 9687: 9674:. Retrieved 9670:the original 9660: 9643: 9638: 9626:. Retrieved 9617: 9591: 9566: 9558: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9506: 9494: 9452: 9445: 9438:Seale (1989) 9433: 9422: 9413: 9401:. Retrieved 9393:The Guardian 9392: 9383: 9371:. Retrieved 9351: 9344: 9332:. Retrieved 9312: 9305: 9281: 9274: 9262:. Retrieved 9253: 9244: 9232:. Retrieved 9207: 9203: 9193: 9161:. Retrieved 9127: 9117: 9107:19 September 9105:. Retrieved 9085: 9078: 9068:19 September 9066:. Retrieved 9046: 9039: 9029:19 September 9027:. Retrieved 9007: 9000: 8991: 8957:19 September 8955:. Retrieved 8935: 8928: 8920: 8915: 8891: 8886: 8873:. Retrieved 8853: 8846: 8818: 8813: 8799: 8792: 8768: 8761: 8748:. Retrieved 8728: 8721: 8709:. 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Retrieved 6393: 6383: 6363: 6350:Al-Shahbaa ( 6346: 6319: 6312: 6213: 6187: 6183: 6156:Bab al-Jinan 6151:André Gutton 6147:World War II 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6110: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6059: 6038:Subdivisions 6025: 6014:Municipality 5993: 5974: 5966:table tennis 5947: 5932: 5914: 5860: 5834: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5789: 5772: 5768: 5757:Construction 5748: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5730:Tilel street 5721: 5697: 5669: 5644: 5626: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5566: 5538: 5478: 5447:Syro-Hittite 5410: 5408: 5388:Mount Simeon 5377: 5375: 5356: 5315: 5196:, father of 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5105: 5096: 5041: 5032:Bab al-Faraj 5024:Bab Antakeya 5016:Bab al-Maqam 5008:Bab al-Ahmar 5004:Bab al-Hadid 4997: 4976: 4968: 4954: 4953: 4934: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4859:bridge games 4853: 4838: 4819: 4815: 4798: 4790: 4787:tomato paste 4782: 4774: 4763:chili pepper 4759:kebab banjan 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4678: 4639: 4614: 4606: 4582: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4516:Sabah Fakhri 4511: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4442:Greco-Syrian 4432:form of the 4391: 4382:Hebrew Bible 4371: 4351: 4333:. After the 4323:Aleppo Codex 4312: 4283: 4275:Latin Church 4252: 4221: 4217: 4198: 4137: 4121: 4115: 4095: 4088: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4021: 4012: 4010: 3772:Demographics 3763: 3750: 3746: 3730: 3697: 3666: 3652: 3639:Architecture 3359:mm (inches) 3000: 2990: 2981: 2962: 2929: 2905: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2833: 2824: 2792: 2783: 2776: 2741: 2721: 2706: 2691: 2680: 2657: 2641:Sami Hinnawi 2630: 2581: 2571: 2549:Alexandretta 2546: 2533: 2513: 2485: 2455: 2440: 2405:Alexandretta 2354: 2329: 2317:Henry Teonge 2311: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2273: 2266: 2246: 2203: 2176: 2161: 2157: 2134: 2085: 2075: 2071:Hospitallers 2044: 2021: 1999: 1922: 1908:launched an 1891: 1872: 1852:Malik-Shah I 1817: 1777:al-Mutanabbi 1739:led by King 1734: 1702: 1640:. After the 1604: 1567: 1545:. After the 1532: 1525: 1519: 1502: 1489: 1483:basilica in 1415: 1385:Amouq Valley 1370: 1347: 1320:Muwatalli II 1273: 1262: 1218: 1204: 1188: 1168: 1165:Ebla tablets 1158: 1155: 1134:Armi (Syria) 1092: 1043: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 979: 967: 963: 959: 957: 841: 829:Central Asia 770: 750:largest city 666: 665: 537:Area code(s) 485:2nd in Syria 372:Mount Simeon 325:36.20; 37.16 137:Al-Shahbaa ( 43: 18836:Bit Bahiani 18800:Bit Gabbari 18389:Tell Salhab 18384:Tell Rifaat 18184:al-Ruhaybah 18069:al-Masmiyah 18044:al-Mansurah 17904:Jubb Ramlah 17884:al-Jarniyah 17764:al-Ghariyah 17734:Deir Atiyah 17659:Ayn al-Nasr 17649:Ayn Halaqim 17515:al-Sanamayn 17480:al-Qutayfah 17335:Ayn al-Arab 17277:Rif Dimashq 17237:Deir ez-Zor 17213:Governorate 16963:Tell Akhdar 16888:al-Maamurah 16736:al-Suwaydah 16706:Jubb al-Dam 16636:Qirq Maghar 16571:al-Hajaliah 16108:al-Jalbiyah 16079:al-Farazdaq 16072:Ayn al-Arab 15997:al-Sahharah 15967:Kafr Karmin 15742:Deir Ballut 15732:Burj Haider 15552:Kafr Shoush 15537:al-Judaydah 15527:Hawar Kilis 15392:Shaykh Issa 15366:Tell Rifaat 15327:Tall Battal 15137:Kafr Kalbin 15032:Tell Hidyah 15027:Tell Allush 14782:Kafr Hamrah 14677:Deir Saliba 14537:Kafr Saghir 14245:Dead Cities 14240:Aleppo soap 14054:Mount Barsa 14034:Queiq River 14013:Saint Maron 13851:Shahba Mall 13841:Club d'Alep 13732:Bab al-Nasr 13316:Baron Hotel 13093:Aleppo news 12809:13 November 12803:mobtada.com 12728:26 December 12594:20 December 12584:asia-basket 12564:21 December 12554:asia-basket 11631:27 December 11432:18 December 11378:14 December 11368:The Forward 11177:26 December 11146:13 February 10959:13 February 10872:22 November 10846:(in Arabic) 10553:2 September 10523:13 December 10441:16 February 10411:16 February 10381:23 February 10277:23 February 10247:23 February 10217:26 December 10185:16 December 10154:26 December 9835:11 February 9804:11 February 9742:14 February 9724:Bakri, Nada 9334:5 September 9254:ibtimes.com 8881:pp. 175-203 8875:5 September 8750:5 September 8673:j.ctvc16s06 8267:15 February 8217:Zakkar 1969 8018:26 November 7263:Daily Sabah 6957:, pp. 33–34 6622:Macrotrends 6455:Syria News 6438:12 February 6394:almaany.com 6327:Aleppo Room 6305:Asia portal 5863:team sports 5783:Queiq River 5546:share taxis 5491:leading to 5485:Queiq River 5439:Saint Maron 5411:Dead cities 5379:Dead Cities 5364:Dead Cities 5357:Dead Cities 5119:Aleppo Room 5047:The Citadel 5036:Bab al-Nasr 4937:Mesopotamia 4918:Aleppo soap 4916:displaying 4881:Shahba Mall 4877:Blue Lagoon 4870:Queiq River 4855:Club d'Alep 4834:Shahba Mall 4791:kebab hindi 4755:kebab karaz 4747:kәbbe nayye 4715:pomegranate 4711:kәbbe ḥāmḍa 4528:Nour Mhanna 4520:Shadi Jamil 4484:Muwashshahs 4446:Koine Greek 4359:Syrian Jews 4279:Evangelical 4201:Middle East 4159:Circassians 3685:Neo-classic 3571:Mean daily 2965:Queiq River 2958:Queiq River 2922:The nearby 2637:Hussni Zaim 2633:coup d'état 2600:Nazim Qudsi 2553:Hatay State 2413:Mesopotamia 2409:Sykes-Picot 2373:World War I 2218:Netherlands 2172:Franciscans 2098:Ottoman era 1957:Bohemond VI 1836:Wadi Butnan 1698:titular see 1615:Syria Prima 1582:Roman Syria 1348:Aleppo had 1328:Ramesses II 1322:during the 1304:Tudhaliya I 1282:kingdom of 1237:Yarim-Lim I 1231:dynasty of 1179:, known as 1103:Syrian Jews 1054:Ibn Battuta 939:New Kingdom 928:hieroglyphs 848:World War I 835:. When the 833:Mesopotamia 793:Mesopotamia 651:Arab States 513:حلبي Ḥalabi 396: 5000 380:Subdistrict 355:Governorate 323: / 154:ash-Shahbāʾ 143:الشَّهْبَاء 107:Queiq River 99:Baron Hotel 18932:Categories 18826:Til Barsip 18731:Carchemish 18723:Carchemish 18434:az-Ziyarah 18394:Tell Tamer 18379:Tell Hamis 18364:al-Tamanah 18344:al-Sukhnah 18264:al-Shajara 18209:al-Sabkhah 18149:al-Qurayya 18109:al-Nasirah 18039:al-Malihah 17959:al-Khafsah 17944:al-Karamah 17924:Kafr Batna 17814:Harbnafsah 17719:Darat Izza 17629:al-Asharah 17614:al-Arishah 17579:Abu Qilqil 17550:al-Thawrah 17545:Tell Abyad 17360:Dayr Hafir 17282:as-Suwayda 17247:al-Hasakah 17143:Tell Hasil 16973:al-Zahirah 16958:Tell Aswad 16948:al-Tadamon 16877:Al-Khafsah 16858:Jubb Hamza 16822:Abu Qilqil 16726:Tell Hajar 16691:Arab Azzah 16646:Yusuf Bayk 16626:Qandariyah 16509:Tell Ayoub 16428:Dayr Hafir 16379:Tell Rahal 16324:Oweishiyeh 16244:Abu Taltal 16239:Abu Jabbar 15982:Kafr Nuran 15962:Kafr Halab 15787:Kafr Safra 15757:Karzahayel 15577:al-Yamamah 15447:Tell Qarah 15397:Tell Jabin 15382:Kafr Naseh 15377:Deir Jamal 15332:Tall Tanah 15307:Qar Kalbin 15187:al-Salameh 14932:Tell Dadin 14831:Darat Izza 14777:Kafr Bssin 14697:Kafr Obeid 14692:Jubb Aleis 14572:Rasm Assan 14542:Khan Tuman 14188:Ouroube SC 13913:Al-Ma'arri 13795:École Amal 13650:Protestant 13559:(Maronite) 13352:Al-Firdaws 13326:Villa Rose 12886:See also: 12534:21 January 12123:3 February 12096:22 October 12016:30 October 11978:12 October 11736:3 December 11277:12 October 11248:12 October 10928:3 December 9948:. London. 9916:New Yorker 9880:. Cbc.ca. 9700:. London. 9528:(4): 546. 9472:1112495832 9234:28 October 9153:1005506048 8454:Burns 2016 8403:12 October 8306:Burns 2016 8282:Basan 2010 8229:Basan 2010 8205:Burns 2016 8193:Burns 2016 8181:Burns 2016 8169:Burns 2016 8144:Britannica 8055:2. Berrhée 7853:12 October 7783:12 October 7744:12 October 7705:12 October 7654:12 October 7615:12 October 7536:12 October 7420:12 October 7381:12 October 7342:12 October 7303:12 October 7203:19 January 7015:12 October 6902:12 October 6542:4 February 6506:Al Jazeera 6420:"Aleppine" 6375:References 6280:See also: 6214:Aleppo is 6208:See also: 6042:See also: 5958:volleyball 5916:Basketball 5887:Ouroube SC 5685:Cape route 5489:M5 Highway 5481:M4 Highway 5468:See also: 5415:Mount Kurd 5182: 715 5106:Beit Wakil 4912:A shop in 4727:kәbbe ʔrāṣ 4717:sauce and 4634:See also: 4524:Abed Azrie 4378:Aram-Zobah 4185:Christians 4179:Bulgarians 3764:Thus, the 3681:Villa Rose 3661:Villa Rose 3627:Source 2: 3618:Source 1: 3431:(≥ 1.0 mm) 2817:Destroyed 2797:, suicide 2707:President 2687:Nasserists 2631:The first 2557:Iskenderun 2491:, and the 2423:See also: 2269:Suez Canal 2102:See also: 2087:al-Jdeydeh 1883:Baldwin II 1763:under the 1570:Byzantines 1099:Aram-Zobah 1031:al-Shahbāʾ 1000:was used. 868:İskenderun 837:Suez Canal 807:, and the 622:Designated 504:Demonym(s) 468:Population 413:Government 68:Metropolis 18890:Hatarikka 18854:Bit Agusi 18818:Bit Adini 18429:al-Zirbah 18409:Uqayribat 18179:al-Riqama 18124:al-Qadmus 18074:al-Mazraa 17999:al-Kiswah 17949:al-Kasrah 17939:Kafr Zita 17929:Kafr Nabl 17849:al-Huwash 17804:al-Hamraa 17759:Ghandoura 17754:Ghabaghib 17744:al-Dumayr 17679:Beit Jinn 17609:al-Ariqah 17535:Talkalakh 17505:Salamiyah 17495:as-Safira 17490:al-Rastan 17475:al-Qusayr 17400:Jarabulus 17380:al-Haffah 17370:Duraykish 17315:Abu Kamal 17137:Tell Aran 17022:as-Safira 16953:Talhuthan 16843:Dandaniya 16681:Al-Shahid 16676:Al-Kuliya 16670:Ghandoura 16554:Jarabulus 16439:al-Jabbul 16304:Haji Kusa 15972:Kafr Naha 15927:al-Abzamo 15682:Kafr Nabu 15667:Beit Adin 15652:Baselhaya 15567:Shuwayrin 15557:Murayghil 15532:Ihtaimlat 15512:Baraghida 15487:al-Zahraa 15387:Kafr Naya 15257:Bahwartah 15247:Aq Burhan 15192:Shamarikh 15147:Kaljibrin 14982:Bawabiyah 14951:al-Zirbah 14906:al-Hadher 14852:Kafrantin 14847:Bishqatin 14837:Bshantara 14702:al-Mintar 14627:Abu Rweil 14602:al-Wadihi 14265:Mirdasids 14260:Hamdanids 14235:Bit Agusi 13743:education 12484:21 August 12454:20 August 12265:29 August 12239:29 August 12168:6 January 11878:cite book 11701:21 August 11691:0362-4331 11662:1 January 11582:29 August 10898:29 August 10651:bleeker. 10072:29 August 10046:29 August 9888:29 August 9861:29 August 9550:146869114 9542:1353-0194 9480:cite book 9224:0029-1463 9183:ignored ( 9173:cite book 9145:0020-5850 8857:. Brill. 8834:. p.651. 8756:pp. 28-61 8732:. Brill. 8618:244587800 8610:1385-3783 8090:), p. 848 7962:. p. 626. 7918:1 October 7892:1 October 7814:1 October 7102:17 August 7067:TRT World 6832:221663582 6824:2194-9034 6633:21 August 6516:4 October 6269:Osmangazi 6243:Gaziantep 6232:, Lebanon 5962:athletics 5828:(SU) and 5798:Education 5676:Euphrates 5509:Gaziantep 5427:Kafr Nabu 5099:al-Jdayde 4977:caeserias 4849:al-Jdayde 4845:nightlife 4674:lahmajoun 4672:Aleppine 4642:Silk Road 4591:al-Jdayde 4295:Christmas 4293:victory, 4286:al-Jdayde 4267:Chaldeans 4263:Maronites 4250:as well. 4224:Assyrians 4213:Assyrians 4209:Armenians 4167:Albanians 4074:from the 4064:Al-Ghazzi 3981:2,098,210 3970:1,800,000 3959:2,301,570 3948:2,132,100 3937:1,937,858 3926:1,500,000 3915:1,216,000 3758:Tamerlane 3754:al-Jdayde 3742:acropolis 3673:al-Jdayde 2973:Qinnasrin 2944:pistachio 2914:Geography 2799:car bombs 2724:massacred 2683:Baathists 2534:When the 2459:Euphrates 2168:jizya tax 2078:Tamerlane 2063:Hethum II 2055:Euphrates 1978:al-Ashraf 1879:Crusaders 1784:al-Farabi 1741:Khosrow I 1705:Mirdasids 1454:Eber Nari 1430:Assyrians 1422:Bit Agusi 1420:realm of 1362:Phrygians 1358:Assyrians 1354:Storm-God 1312:Telepinus 1276:Baratarna 1269:Mursili I 1245:Babylonia 1241:Hammurabi 882:Etymology 825:Silk Road 785:cuneiform 525:Time zone 516:English: 476:2,098,210 460:Elevation 148:romanized 18764:Palistin 18754:Aramaean 18678:Karatepe 18624:Ištuanda 18527:Site of 18506:Damascus 18354:Talbiseh 18349:al-Tabni 18339:al-Susah 18329:al-Suwar 18309:Sirghaya 18224:Saidnaya 18199:Sabburah 18154:Qurqania 18099:Muzayrib 18079:Muhambal 18064:Maskanah 18019:Maaloula 18009:Maabatli 17984:Khanaser 17909:Jindires 17879:Jaramana 17869:al-Jalaa 17844:Huraytan 17824:al-Hirak 17789:al-Hajib 17774:al-Hader 17739:al-Dimas 17704:Busayrah 17654:Ayn Issa 17589:Akhtarin 17560:Zabadani 17455:Qamishli 17306:District 17267:Quneitra 17227:Damascus 17097:Khanasir 17072:al-Hajib 16912:Maskanah 16838:Dakhirah 16802:Abu Kahf 16651:Zugharah 16621:Mazaalah 16581:al-Jamel 16474:al-Raa'i 16469:Mazburah 16329:Qabbasin 16299:Haddabat 16294:Deir Qaq 16279:Barlahin 16249:Ameriyeh 16084:al-Haqel 15937:al-Jinah 15806:Maabatli 15776:Jindires 15747:Fafertin 15697:Maryamin 15637:Ain Dara 15587:Zayzafun 15522:Duwaybiq 15472:Bayanoun 15347:Ziadiyah 15337:Tat Hims 15277:Duweidan 15236:Akhtarin 15197:Shamarin 15167:Maraanaz 15007:Kassibeh 15002:Jubb Kas 14987:Humayrah 14857:al-Hoteh 14792:Naqqarin 14662:Batranah 14632:Ameriyeh 14517:Haddadin 14449:Capital: 14230:Palistin 14178:Jalaa SC 13836:Abu Abdo 13575:Catholic 13530:Historic 13522:Churches 13415:Historic 13340:Madrasas 13215:Ramouseh 13101:Archived 13060:19130614 13001:(1952). 12863:Archived 12833:Archived 12780:11 March 12774:Archived 12754:11 March 12748:Archived 12722:Archived 12696:Archived 12692:BBC News 12672:11 March 12640:Archived 12638:. FIBA. 12614:Archived 12612:. FIBA. 12588:Archived 12558:Archived 12528:Archived 12502:Archived 12499:Students 12478:Archived 12448:Archived 12422:Archived 12396:Archived 12394:. SANA. 12369:Archived 12337:Archived 12312:Archived 12310:. SANA. 12291:11 March 12285:Archived 12259:Archived 12233:Archived 12213:Archived 12194:29 April 12188:Archived 12162:Archived 12142:Archived 12117:Archived 12090:Archived 12066:28 March 12060:Archived 12035:Archived 12010:Archived 12004:UNESCO. 11932:Archived 11906:Archived 11829:Archived 11809:11 March 11803:Archived 11782:Archived 11762:11 March 11756:Archived 11695:Archived 11656:Archived 11625:Archived 11576:Archived 11550:Archived 11495:Archived 11456:Archived 11426:Archived 11372:Archived 11347:11 March 11341:Archived 11316:16 March 11310:Archived 11271:Archived 11203:BBC News 11195:Archived 11171:Archived 11140:Archived 11115:27 April 11089:27 April 11083:Archived 11063:27 April 11057:Archived 11037:27 April 11031:Archived 11005:Archived 10953:Archived 10922:Archived 10918:aina.org 10866:Archived 10802:Archived 10784:(2004). 10708:Archived 10689:2 August 10683:Archived 10663:11 March 10657:Archived 10636:11 March 10630:Archived 10626:"Aleppo" 10610:11 March 10604:Archived 10579:26 April 10573:Archived 10514:Archived 10482:Archived 10405:Archived 10375:Archived 10353:Archived 10329:25 April 10323:Archived 10319:ABC News 10301:Archived 10271:Archived 10241:Archived 10211:Archived 10206:CBS News 10179:Archived 10148:Archived 10144:IB Times 10123:27 April 10117:Archived 10096:Archived 10066:Archived 10040:Archived 10020:3 August 10014:Archived 9987:1 August 9981:Archived 9956:2 August 9950:Archived 9920:archived 9882:Archived 9855:Archived 9829:Archived 9798:Archived 9768:11 March 9736:Archived 9708:11 March 9702:Archived 9648:Archived 9622:Archived 9397:Archived 9367:Archived 9328:Archived 9264:15 April 9258:Archived 9228:Archived 9157:Archived 9101:Archived 9062:Archived 9023:Archived 8951:Archived 8896:Archived 8869:Archived 8823:Archived 8744:Archived 8711:11 March 8628:24 March 8622:Archived 8566:24 March 8557:Archived 8493:Archived 8397:Archived 8261:Archived 8154:3 August 8148:Archived 8140:"Aleppo" 8124:3 August 8118:Archived 8110:"Aleppo" 8064:Archived 8038:Archived 8012:archived 7912:Archived 7886:Archived 7847:Archived 7808:Archived 7777:Archived 7738:Archived 7699:Archived 7648:Archived 7609:Archived 7530:Archived 7453:Archived 7414:Archived 7375:Archived 7336:Archived 7321:6 ICAANE 7297:Archived 7274:9 August 7268:Archived 7242:16 March 7236:Archived 7171:16 March 7165:Archived 7132:11 March 7118:"Aleppo" 7072:Archived 7047:Archived 6978:Archived 6951:Archived 6930:Archived 6919:(1794), 6896:Archived 6671:Archived 6651:Archived 6627:Archived 6601:11 March 6595:Archived 6575:24 April 6569:Archived 6536:Archived 6510:Archived 6485:Archived 6460:Archived 6398:Archived 6291:See also 6258:, Turkey 6143:madrasas 5970:swimming 5954:handball 5924:Jalaa SC 5883:Jalaa SC 5867:football 5778:citadel. 5680:Damascus 5501:Damascus 5454:Iron Age 5423:Surqanya 5419:Fafertin 5206:Tutush I 5190:Sulayman 5028:Bāb Jnēn 4965:Damascus 4795:mushroom 4771:pine nut 4376:city of 4363:Brooklyn 4331:Baqashot 4327:Pizmonim 4171:Bosniaks 4163:Chechens 4151:Turkmens 4040:Armenian 4032:Armenian 4028:Assyrian 4024:Armenian 4001:Bedouins 3669:old city 3566:3,001.9 3476:Average 3424:(12.35) 3355:Average 3140:(114.3) 3125:(102.2) 3120:(111.2) 3115:(111.7) 3110:(114.3) 3105:(111.2) 3100:(105.8) 3095:(101.5) 3007:and the 2853:and the 2489:Damascus 2433:General 2357:captured 2349:Tanzimat 2340:attacked 2222:Armenian 2187:Damascus 2179:Anatolia 2164:Maronite 2145:Alawites 2067:Templars 2036:Turcoman 2032:Anatolia 1982:Damascus 1965:Hethum I 1961:Armenian 1953:Frankish 1820:Tutush I 1781:polymath 1769:Hamdanid 1686:Justin I 1650:Sebastea 1535:Armenian 1499:Hellenic 1481:Maronite 1444:and the 1381:Palistin 1265:Hittites 1247:against 1161:Damascus 1095:Rabbinic 990:Crusades 968:Khalibon 817:Istanbul 781:Amorites 768:region. 754:Damascus 614:Criteria 609:Cultural 518:Aleppine 430:Governor 367:District 105: • 97: • 18867:Nampigi 18790:Kinalua 18772:Kinalua 18693:Hilakku 18634:Kammanu 18619:Šinuḫtu 18614:Ḫubišna 18530:Palmyra 18314:Slinfah 18279:Shathah 18274:Sharran 18234:Saraqib 18219:Sahnaya 18189:al-Saan 18084:Muhasan 18054:Markada 17969:Khasham 17919:al-Qabu 17914:al-Jiza 17839:al-Hawl 17809:Harasta 17779:Hadidah 17749:Furqlus 17724:Darkush 17714:al-Dana 17684:Binnish 17664:Babbila 17619:Armanaz 17572:centres 17555:Yabroud 17540:al-Tall 17510:Salkhad 17470:Qudsaya 17460:Qardaha 17450:Palmyra 17445:an-Nabk 17435:Mhardeh 17430:Mayadin 17355:Darayya 17350:Baniyas 17308:centres 17262:Latakia 17215:centres 17148:Zira'ah 17103:Qulayaa 17033:Aqrabah 16968:Tishrin 16716:Nabghah 16686:Al-Qadi 16596:Balaban 16586:Amarnah 16384:al-Waqf 16289:al-Burj 16134:Ramilah 16129:Qinayah 15992:Awayjil 15851:Sharran 15782:Jalamah 15662:Basufan 15442:Talalin 15297:Kadrish 15292:Ka'ibah 15282:Ghaytun 15207:Tatiyah 15202:Sijaraz 15177:Nayarah 15157:Ma'arin 15152:Al-Krum 15022:Talafeh 14997:Jazraya 14922:Jmeimeh 14917:Dalamah 14912:al-Eiss 14867:Injarah 14842:Basrtun 14762:Bashkoy 14746:Haritan 14707:Mreiqes 14577:Saqlaya 14532:Hreibel 14270:Zengids 13918:Buhturi 13407:Mosques 13112:at the 12829:uab.cat 12702:21 June 12402:10 July 12318:10 July 11938:23 June 11912:23 June 11902:Haaretz 11556:3 March 11501:25 July 10808:25 July 10600:Reuters 10401:AP NEWS 10371:Reuters 10267:Reuters 10237:Reuters 9628:5 April 9618:NPR.org 9287:94, 101 9008:Ataturk 6984:13 July 6973:Archnet 6927:pp. 1–2 6802:Bibcode 6677:28 June 6480:(CBS). 6404:22 June 6356:الشهباء 6216:twinned 6139:hammams 5693:Red Sea 5691:to the 5653:Economy 5634:: ALP, 5613:Airport 5585:Latakia 5552:Railway 5513:Latakia 5458:Cyrrhus 5452:of the 5318:hammams 5302:Hammams 5194:Zachary 5186:Walid I 4779:truffle 4767:parsley 4662:za'atar 4622:Cuisine 4560:Museums 4547:sammi'a 4543:sammi'a 4464:Culture 4454:English 4430:Western 4374:Aramean 4228:Aramaic 4143:Muslims 4134:Muslims 4056:Cilicia 3904:639,000 3893:500,000 3882:425,467 3871:362,500 3860:325,000 3849:249,921 3838:210,000 3827:156,748 3816:108,143 3777:History 3419:(2.30) 3414:(1.40) 3409:(0.91) 3404:(0.14) 3399:(0.00) 3389:(0.07) 3384:(0.63) 3379:(1.09) 3374:(1.67) 3369:(1.88) 3364:(2.26) 3350:(10.4) 3345:(12.6) 3340:(10.4) 3335:(28.4) 3330:(42.8) 3325:(53.8) 3320:(53.6) 3315:(50.0) 3310:(41.0) 3305:(24.8) 3300:(22.1) 3295:(17.1) 3290:(11.7) 3280:(54.0) 3275:(38.7) 3270:(45.1) 3265:(57.6) 3260:(66.9) 3255:(73.0) 3250:(73.0) 3245:(67.6) 3240:(59.0) 3235:(50.0) 3230:(43.0) 3225:(37.8) 3220:(36.3) 3210:(76.0) 3205:(54.0) 3200:(65.8) 3195:(81.7) 3190:(92.3) 3185:(98.2) 3180:(98.2) 3175:(93.6) 3170:(84.9) 3165:(73.6) 3160:(63.7) 3155:(55.2) 3150:(51.3) 3135:(76.1) 3130:(85.5) 3090:(85.6) 3085:(77.7) 3080:(68.9) 2987:Climate 2977:Mamluks 2936:plateau 2934:, on a 2501:Antioch 2435:Gouraud 2367:of the 2347:by the 2332:cholera 2312:Othello 2304:Macbeth 2296:Jdeydeh 2258:Bedouin 2214:England 2141:Selim I 2047:Qalawun 2028:Samagar 2024:Baibars 2006:Kitbuqa 1969:citadel 1945:Mongols 1943:by the 1933:Mamluks 1925:Saladin 1902:Antioch 1842:of the 1826:of the 1771:prince 1753:Muslims 1751:by the 1627:Antioch 1578:Antioch 1563:Aramaic 1515:1 Macc. 1511:Macedon 1418:Aramean 1393:Shaizar 1389:Maharda 1300:Alalakh 1296:Niqmepa 1284:Mitanni 1280:Hurrian 1253:Assyria 1229:Amorite 1219:In the 1214:Armanum 1109:History 1088:Abraham 1084: 1069: 1039:الشهباء 864:Antakya 842:At the 764:in the 629:session 617:iii, iv 559:Climate 549:Geocode 336:Country 311:37°10′E 308:36°12′N 150:: 18973:Levant 18943:Aleppo 18913:Hamath 18905:Hamath 18895:Shuksi 18882:Luhuti 18844:Guzana 18808:Sam'al 18756:states 18713:Marqas 18705:Gurgum 18698: 18660:Samsat 18652:Kummuh 18604:Tuwana 18583:states 18581:Luwian 18491:Aleppo 18404:Thiban 18359:Taldou 18304:Sinjar 18269:Shaqqa 18249:Sawran 18244:Sarrin 18239:Sarmin 18229:Salqin 18194:Saasaa 18174:al-Rai 18164:Rankus 18024:Madaya 18014:Maadan 17974:Kirnaz 17954:Kessab 17864:Jayrud 17834:Hisyah 17699:Bulbul 17599:Arbeen 17520:Shahba 17500:Safita 17465:Qatana 17425:Masyaf 17420:Manbij 17395:Jableh 17345:al-Bab 17330:Atarib 17325:Arihah 17287:Tartus 17222:Aleppo 17078:Hawwaz 16978:Zunqul 16918:Mallah 16781:Manbij 16711:Lilawa 16701:Fursan 16631:Qirata 16606:Haymar 16354:Sosyan 16348:Al-Rai 16309:Hezwan 16284:Bizaah 16233:al-Bab 16158:Sarrin 16124:Qibbah 15932:Batibo 15921:Atarib 15752:Jalbul 15726:Bulbul 15702:Oqayba 15687:Kalota 15657:Basuta 15506:Sawran 15482:Ratyan 15437:Sunbul 15427:Herbel 15312:Taanah 15302:Qabtan 15287:Ghurur 15272:Dudyan 15262:Baruza 15252:Arshaf 15217:Yahmul 15182:Naddah 15172:Menagh 15061:Zammar 14977:Barqum 14972:Barnah 14807:Shamer 14767:Hayyan 14752:Anadan 14682:Hmeidi 14652:Ballas 14582:Siefat 14567:Qarras 14522:Hayyan 14486:Aleppo 14452:Aleppo 14225:Yamhad 14090:Venues 14027:Nature 13567:Modern 13496:Modern 13186:Aleppo 13058: 13048: 13029: 13013: 12987: 12968: 12949: 12930: 12911: 12646:7 June 12620:7 June 12474:UNICEF 12361: 11969: 11866: 11689: 11652:ORIENT 11528: 11487: 11405: 11302: 11239: 10834:20 May 10794: 10762:Arabic 10742:Arabic 9926:13 May 9676:5 July 9579: 9548: 9540: 9470: 9460: 9403:31 May 9373:7 July 9359: 9320: 9293: 9222: 9163:17 May 9151: 9143: 9093: 9054: 9015: 8943: 8907: 8861: 8838: 8780: 8736: 8671: 8661: 8616: 8608: 8533:28 May 8389: 8365: 8114:UNESCO 8086: 8004: 7878: 7839: 7769: 7730: 7691: 7640: 7601: 7574: 7522: 7445: 7406: 7367: 7328: 7228: 7157: 6888: 6861:(2010) 6847:(1997) 6830: 6822: 6756: 6729: 6702: 6424:Lexico 6352:Arabic 6230:Beirut 6218:with: 6192:) and 6167:UNESCO 6056:, 2020 5987:, and 5950:tennis 5937:, the 5814:2021. 5703:after 5672:Tigris 5577:Ankara 5517:Tartus 5499:, and 5287:, the 5279:, the 5272:, etc. 5220:Husayn 5216:Shī'ah 5202:Mongol 5110:Berlin 5083:, etc. 4743:kibbeh 4731:kibbeh 4723:kibbeh 4719:cherry 4701:quince 4693:yogurt 4681:kibbeh 4658:hummus 4650:kibbeh 4496:Maqams 4458:French 4436:. 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