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must ride on the front with the driver as it was against the rules for colored persons to ride inside. I told him, I would not ride on the front, and he said I should not ride at all. He then ejected me from the platform, and at the same time gave orders to the driver to go on. I have therefore been compelled to walk the distance in the mud and rain, and have also been delayed in my attendance upon the court.
533:. They were considered eligible, but did not receive enough votes. Another black physician, A. W. Tucker, was proposed on June 23, but was also rejected. In response, these three formed the National Medical Society. Augusta feared such exclusion from a professional society would impede the progress of younger African-American physicians in the city, and worked against such racial discrimination.
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On
February 26, 1868, Augusta testified before the United States Congressional Committee on the District of Columbia with regard to Mrs. Kate Brown. Mrs. Brown, an employee of Congress and an African American, had been injured when an employee of the Alexandria, Washington, and Georgetown Railroad
398:
I started from my lodgings to go to the hospital I formerly had charge of to get some notes of the case I was to give evidence in, and hailed the car at the corner of
Fourteenth and I streets. It was stopped for me and when I attempted to enter the conductor pulled me back, and informed me that I
377:
Some whites resented
Augusta's having such a high rank. He was mobbed in Baltimore while wearing his officer's uniform during May 1863 (where three people were arrested for assault), and in another incident in Washington. On October 2, 1863, he was commissioned Regimental Surgeon of the Seventh
332:
390:
While in the military, Augusta spoke out about discrimination suffered by
African Americans in society. On February 1, 1864, Augusta wrote to Judge Advocate Captain C. W. Clippington about discrimination against African-American passengers on the streetcars of Washington, D.C.:
363:, Secretary of War, offering his services as a surgeon. He was initially rejected due to his racial background and, since he was a British subject, would violate the Great Britain's Proclamation of Neutrality. In response, he traveled to Washington, DC, to plead his case.
521:
from
November 8, 1868, to July 1877, becoming the first African American appointed to the faculty of the school and also of any medical college in the U.S. He received honorary degrees of M.D. in 1869 and A.M. in 1871 from Howard in recognition of his contributions.
291:
throughout his career, the university cited inadequate preparation in its rejection of him. Augusta persisted in his education and arranged for private instruction from a doctor on the faculty. As he was determined to become a physician, Augusta travelled to
418:
Resolved, That the
Committee on the District of Columbia be directed to consider the expediency of further providing by law against the exclusion of colored persons from the equal enjoyment of all railroad privileges in the District of
374:(of a total of eight) and its highest-ranking African-American officer at the time. He was also appointed to lead the Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C., in 1863, becoming the first black hospital administrator in U.S. history.
798:
773:
Surgeon A. T. Augusta to Major
General L. Wallace, January 20, 1865, A-63 1865, Letters Received, ser. 2343, Middle Dept. & 8th Army Corps, National Archives & Records Administration RG 393 Part 1
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366:
The Army
Medical Board reconsidered and invited him to take the examination. He passed the test on 14 April 1863 and received a major's commission as surgeon for African-American troops. He was the
395:
Sir: I have the honor to report that I have been obstructed in getting to the court this morning by the conductor of car No. 32, of the
Fourteenth Street line of the city railway.
506:
Augusta returned to private practice in
Washington, D.C. He was attending surgeon to the Smallpox Hospital in Washington in 1870. He also served on the staff of the local
271:
while still in his youth. He also began pursuing an education in the field of medicine. He married Baltimore native Mary O. Burgoin on January 12, 1847. Augusta was a
977:
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forcibly ejected her from a passenger car. The railroad was prohibited by its federal charter from discrimination against passengers because of race.
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449:, protesting the unequal treatment of African-American train passengers, who were forced to sit in segregated sections. That letter preceded the
260:, although it was illegal for free blacks to do so in Virginia at that time. The state had restricted rights of free people of color following
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Despite his accomplishments, Dr Augusta was repeatedly refused admission to the local society of physicians. On June 9, 1869, Augusta and
382:. In March 1865, he was awarded a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel, and left the military service the following year at that rank.
225:; he became the first black hospital administrator in U.S. history while serving in the army. He left the army in 1866 at the rank of
957:
211:
from 1850 to 1856, he set up a practice there. He returned to the United States shortly before the start of the American Civil War.
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Morris, Karen Sarena, "The Founding of the National Medical Association" (2008). Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. Paper 360.
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327:, establishing a medical practice. The City of Toronto appointed him as director of an industrial school. He supported local
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431:'s cabinet, belittled the incident and senators who supported Sumner. He was a slaveholder but earlier in his career in
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335:, a literary society that donated books and other school supplies to black children. Augusta left Canada for the
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Congressional Globe: Containing the Debates and Proceedings of the First Session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress
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304:
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Reports of Committees of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session Fortieth Congress, 1867–'68
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311:. He also conducted business as a druggist and chemist. Six years later he received a degree in medicine
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Concerned that he would not be allowed to enroll in medical school in the U.S., in 1850 he enrolled at
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145:
657:
Heather M. Butts, JD, MPH, MA."Alexander Thomas Augusta Physician, Teacher and Human Rights Activist"
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208:
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I therefore most respectfully request that the offender may be arrested and brought to punishment.
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750:. Edited by John C. Rives. Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1864, pp. 553–53, 816–18.
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Commissioned regimental surgeon of the 7th Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops, October 2, 1863.
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to support independent institutions, and gained respect from the city's white physicians.
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763:. Edited by Howard K. Beale. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933, page 331.
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Provincial Association for the Education and Elevation of the Coloured People of Canada
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Mustering out of the service in October 1866, Augusta accepted an assignment with the
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Commissioned surgeon of colored volunteers, April 4, 1863, with the rank of Major.
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In 1868 Augusta was the first African American to be appointed to the faculty of
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To support his resolution, Sumner read to the assemblage Dr. Augusta's letter.
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446:
436:
360:
93:
801:, Howard University School of Medicine, reprint of 1900 edition, pp. 110–11.
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were proposed for membership of the Medical Society of DC, a branch of the
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30:
639:"Freedmen's Hospital/Howard University Hospital (1862– )", BlackPast.org.
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and Washington newspapers. On February 10, 1864, Massachusetts Senator
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activities, which supported the American movement. He also founded the
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on public transportation in the U.S. On March 13, 1865, Augusta was
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A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion 1861–1865
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499:. While there, he encouraged African-American self-help, urged the
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200:
888:. at ArlingtonCemetery.net. 6 November 2022. (Unofficial website).
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188:
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580:, Virginia, outside of Washington D.C, was named in his honor.
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He died in Washington on December 21, 1890. He was interred at
257:
256:. As a young man, he began to learn to read while working as a
218:
and in 1863, he was commissioned as major and the Army's first
858:"Fort Belvoir Community Hospital Renamed to Honor Army Doctor"
811:"A Short History of the Howard University College of Medicine"
339:
in about 1860, returning to Baltimore at the beginning of the
435:, Bates had acted as defense counsel for enslaved persons in
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in the United States. After gaining his medical education in
236:
and the first to any medical college in the United States.
737:. New York, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1887, page 143.
183:(March 8, 1825 – December 21, 1890) was a
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Brevet Lieutenant Colonel of Volunteers, March 13, 1865.
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Howard University Medical Department, Washington, D.C.
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and earned the funds to pursue his goal of becoming a
510:, which he had directed for a period during the war.
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789:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1868.
846:. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
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16:African-American soldier and physician (1825–1890)
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840:"Augusta, Alexander T. (Section 1, Grave 124-C)"
517:in the recently organized medical department at
287:but was refused admission. Although he faced
978:People of Virginia in the American Civil War
570:Alexander T. Augusta Military Medical Center
928:African Americans in the American Civil War
491:, heading the agency's Lincoln Hospital in
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785:Rep. Com. No. 131, United States. Senate.
29:
933:Military personnel from Norfolk, Virginia
283:Augusta applied to study medicine at the
953:19th-century African-American physicians
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918:19th-century African-American academics
557:For faithful and meritorious services.
948:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
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547:Augusta's headstone reads as follows:
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652:
650:
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414:introduced a resolution in Congress:
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483:Grave at Arlington National Cemetery
427:, the Attorney General in President
214:Augusta offered his services to the
761:The Diary of Edward Bates 1859–1866
574:United States Department of Defense
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13:
820:, last accessed November 14, 2007.
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442:In 1865 Augusta wrote a letter to
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195:, and the first African-American
958:19th-century American physicians
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983:Trinity College (Canada) alumni
923:19th-century American academics
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620:List of African-American firsts
386:Activism against discrimination
913:American expatriates in Canada
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659:, National Library of Medicine
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355:, where he wrote to President
1:
776:, accessed November 15, 2007.
733:Williams, George Washington.
721:The Black Abolitionist Papers
689:Henig, Gerald (Spring 2013).
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943:University of Toronto alumni
724:, UNC Press, 1992, page 204.
691:"The Indomitable Dr Augusta"
670:"Notable Prince Hall Masons"
576:medical facility located on
531:American Medical Association
244:Augusta was born in 1825 to
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7:
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559:Mustered out Oct. 13, 1866.
538:Arlington National Cemetery
83:Arlington National Cemetery
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406:His letter was printed in
370:'s first African-American
285:University of Pennsylvania
158:American Civil War surgeon
146:United States Army Reserve
938:Physicians from Baltimore
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746:United States Congress.
700:. PB 20-13-2 (87): 22–31
289:institutionalized racism
181:Alexander Thomas Augusta
35:Alexander Thomas Augusta
23:Alexander Thomas Augusta
973:Academics from Maryland
968:Academics from Virginia
527:Charles Burleigh Purvis
886:"Alexander T. Augusta"
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484:
455:case which challenged
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262:Nat Turner's Rebellion
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309:University of Toronto
273:Prince Hall Freemason
120:Years of service
612:United States portal
319:Augusta remained in
246:free people of color
229:lieutenant colonel.
963:Union Army surgeons
542:Arlington, Virginia
508:Freedmen's Hospital
433:St. Louis, Missouri
380:U.S. Colored Troops
142:Freedman's Hospital
816:2007-10-28 at the
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465:lieutenant colonel
457:racial segregation
452:Plessy v. Ferguson
368:United States Army
347:American Civil War
341:American Civil War
216:United States Army
193:American Civil War
173:American Civil War
114:United States Army
719:C. Peter Ripley,
568:On May 19, 2023,
519:Howard University
489:Freedmen's Bureau
267:Augusta moved to
234:Howard University
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64:December 21, 1890
54:Norfolk, Virginia
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161:Military Officer
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66:(1890-12-21)
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903:1825 births
475:Later years
337:West Indies
329:antislavery
325:Canada West
209:Canada West
897:Categories
867:2023-12-05
675:2024-07-15
626:References
294:California
90:Allegiance
47:1825-03-08
461:brevetted
419:Columbia.
372:physician
343:in 1861.
269:Baltimore
264:of 1831.
240:Biography
223:physician
197:professor
123:1863-1865
814:Archived
704:13 March
584:See also
501:freedmen
493:Savannah
408:New York
254:Virginia
201:medicine
100:Service/
515:anatomy
497:Georgia
321:Toronto
307:of the
250:Norfolk
205:Toronto
191:of the
189:veteran
185:surgeon
564:Legacy
298:doctor
258:barber
227:brevet
111:
102:branch
78:Buried
862:DVIDS
694:(PDF)
540:, in
132:Major
706:2020
572:, a
359:and
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128:Rank
73:, US
61:Died
56:, US
41:Born
248:in
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