Algae - Knowledge

115: 3004: 2479: 2302:. In nature, they do not occur separate from lichens. It is unknown when they began to associate. One mycobiont associates with the same phycobiont species, rarely two, from the green algae, except that alternatively, the mycobiont may associate with a species of cyanobacteria (hence "photobiont" is the more accurate term). A photobiont may be associated with many different mycobionts or may live independently; accordingly, lichens are named and classified as fungal species. The association is termed a morphogenesis because the lichen has a form and capabilities not possessed by the symbiont species alone (they can be experimentally isolated). The photobiont possibly triggers otherwise latent genes in the mycobiont. 3826:(ATS). Scientists developed the ATS, which consists of shallow, 100-foot raceways of nylon netting where algae colonies can form, and studied its efficacy for three years. They found that algae can readily be used to reduce the nutrient runoff from agricultural fields and increase the quality of water flowing into rivers, streams, and oceans. Researchers collected and dried the nutrient-rich algae from the ATS and studied its potential as an organic fertilizer. They found that cucumber and corn seedlings grew just as well using ATS organic fertilizer as they did with commercial fertilizers. Algae scrubbers, using bubbling upflow or vertical waterfall versions, are now also being used to filter aquaria and ponds. 2987: 1498: 2276: 3217: 2847: 824: 2626: 133: 2835: 101: 2183: 3916: 10707: 2022: 3439: 3935: 3310: 2337: 1448:, and phycobilins. The shape can vary; they may be of discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, or ribbon shaped. They have one or more pyrenoids to preserve protein and starch. The latter chlorophyll type is not known from any prokaryotes or primary chloroplasts, but genetic similarities with red algae suggest a relationship there. 1395:, which has replaced its original endosymbiont of red algal origin with one of green algal origin. A nucleomorph is present, and the host genome still have several red algal genes acquired through endosymbiotic gene transfer. Also the euglenid and chlorarachniophyte genome contain genes of apparent red algal ancestry) 3461:

This kind of ore they often gather and lay on great heapes, where it heteth and rotteth, and will have a strong and loathsome smell; when being so rotten they cast on the land, as they do their muck, and thereof springeth good corn, especially barley ... After spring-tydes or great rigs of the

2501:) consists of approximately 320,500 dried specimens, which, although not exhaustive (no exhaustive collection exists), gives an idea of the order of magnitude of the number of algal species (that number remains unknown). Estimates vary widely. For example, according to one standard textbook, in the 1581:(1813) were the first to divide macroscopic algae into four divisions based on their pigmentation. This is the first use of a biochemical criterion in plant systematics. Harvey's four divisions are: red algae (Rhodospermae), brown algae (Melanospermae), green algae (Chlorospermae), and Diatomaceae. 3423:

To be competitive and independent from fluctuating support from (local) policy on the long run, biofuels should equal or beat the cost level of fossil fuels. Here, algae-based fuels hold great promise, directly related to the potential to produce more biomass per unit area in a year than any other

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is different among separate lineages of algae, reflecting their acquisition during different endosymbiotic events. The table below describes the composition of the three major groups of algae. Their lineage relationships are shown in the figure in the upper right. Many of these groups contain some

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The spores of freshwater algae are dispersed mainly by running water and wind, as well as by living carriers. However, not all bodies of water can carry all species of algae, as the chemical composition of certain water bodies limits the algae that can survive within them. Marine spores are often

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estimated there to be 20,000 algal species in the UK. Another checklist reports only about 5,000 species. Regarding the difference of about 15,000 species, the text concludes: "It will require many detailed field surveys before it is possible to provide a reliable estimate of the total number of

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Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Álvaro; Hernández-González, María C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of

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to monitor pollution in various aquatic systems. In many cases, algal metabolism is sensitive to various pollutants. Due to this, the species composition of algal populations may shift in the presence of chemical pollutants. To detect these changes, algae can be sampled from the environment and

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Although used as a taxonomic category in some pre-Darwinian classifications, e.g., Linnaeus (1753), de Jussieu (1789), Lamouroux (1813), Harvey (1836), Horaninow (1843), Agassiz (1859), Wilson & Cassin (1864), in further classifications, the "algae" are seen as an artificial, polyphyletic

2895:, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation (this may change, however, with the advent of newer seaweed cultivators, which are basically 3834:

Various polymers can be created from algae, which can be especially useful in the creation of bioplastics. These include hybrid plastics, cellulose-based plastics, poly-lactic acid, and bio-polyethylene. Several companies have begun to produce algae polymers commercially, including for use in

2466:. To ensure a successful mating, the development and release of gametes is highly synchronized and regulated; pheromones may play a key role in these processes. Sexual reproduction allows for more variation and provides the benefit of efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages during 2138:), in a lineage that eventually led to the higher land plants. The innovation that defines these nonalgal plants is the presence of female reproductive organs with protective cell layers that protect the zygote and developing embryo. Hence, the land plants are referred to as the 2379:

in the cells of the coral-forming marine invertebrates, where they accelerate host-cell metabolism by generating sugar and oxygen immediately available through photosynthesis using incident light and the carbon dioxide produced by the host. Reef-building stony corals

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400 seaweed species for the western coastline of South Africa, and 212 species from the coast of KwaZulu-Natal. Some of these are duplicates, as the range extends across both coasts, and the total recorded is probably about 500 species. Most of these are listed in

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Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016. Cultured microalgae already contribute to a wide range of sectors in the emerging

2462:. Asexual reproduction permits efficient population increases, but less variation is possible. Commonly, in sexual reproduction of unicellular and colonial algae, two specialized, sexually compatible, haploid gametes make physical contact and fuse to form a 2166:

Algae that form aggregations that have been described as turfs include diatoms, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, phaeophytes and rhodophytes. Turfs are often composed of numerous species at a wide range of spatial scales, but monospecific turfs are frequently

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with other organisms. In these symbioses, the algae supply photosynthates (organic substances) to the host organism providing protection to the algal cells. The host organism derives some or all of its energy requirements from the algae. Examples are:

2573:. Spores can be found in a variety of environments: fresh and marine waters, air, soil, and in or on other organisms. Whether a spore is to grow into an adult organism depends on the species and the environmental conditions where the spore lands. 2173:

Turfs have been defined as short algae, but this has been used to describe height ranges from less than 0.5 cm to more than 10 cm. In some regions, the descriptions approached heights which might be described as canopies (20 to

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Brodo et al. (2001), p. 6: "A species of lichen collected anywhere in its range has the same lichen-forming fungus and, generally, the same photobiont. (A particular photobiont, though, may associate with scores of different lichen

114: 3168:(FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018 5366:

Algarum unicellularium genera nova et minus cognita, praemissis observationibus de algis unicellularibus in genere (New and less known genera of unicellular algae, preceded by observations respecting unicellular algae in

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and coloring agents. The presence of some individual algal pigments, together with specific pigment concentration ratios, are taxon-specific: analysis of their concentrations with various analytical methods, particularly

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reds, various browns, and the charophytes. The form of charophytes is quite different from those of reds and browns, because they have distinct nodes, separated by internode 'stems'; whorls of branches reminiscent of the

3300:-containing algae itself using dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight. The carbon dioxide is dispersed into the reactor fluid to make it accessible to the algae. The bioreactor has to be made out of transparent material. 2162:, and they are usually less than 15 cm tall. Such a turf may consist of one or more species, and will generally cover an area in the order of a square metre or more. Some common characteristics are listed: 2542:

and so on, but lacking any scientific basis or reliable sources, these numbers have no more credibility than the British ones mentioned above. Most estimates also omit microscopic algae, such as phytoplankton.

655:(also called colorless or apochlorotic algae), sometimes parasitic, relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus. Some other heterotrophic organisms, such as the 3264:. Algae bioreactors vary widely in design, falling broadly into two categories: open reactors and enclosed reactors. Open reactors are exposed to the atmosphere while enclosed reactors, also commonly called 3783:

and are passed up the food chain. Algae have emerged in recent years as a popular source of omega-3 fatty acids for vegetarians who cannot get long-chain EPA and DHA from other vegetarian sources such as

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is an example of a common green alga genus worldwide that can grow on its own or be lichenised. Lichen thus share some of the habitat and often similar appearance with specialized species of algae (

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Latasa, M.; Bidigare, R. (1998). "A comparison of phytoplankton populations of the Arabian Sea during the Spring Intermonsoon and Southwest Monsoon of 1995 as described by HPLC-analyzed pigments".

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comprising the Flowering Plants Ferns Characeae Musci Hepaticae Lichenes and Algae of Ireland arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnaean system

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were frequently considered animals because they are often motile. Even the nonmotile (coccoid) microalgae were sometimes merely seen as stages of the lifecycle of plants, macroalgae, or animals.

1888:, engulfments and subsequent endosymbioses (secondary and tertiary symbiogenesis). This process of serial cell "capture" and "enslavement" explains the diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes. 1478:

The typical dinoflagellate chloroplast has three membranes, but considerable diversity exists in chloroplasts within the group, and a number of endosymbiotic events apparently occurred. The

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Brodie, Juliet; Burrows, Elsie M.; Chamberlain, Yvonne M.; Christensen, Tyge; Dixon, Peter Stanley; Fletcher, R. L.; Hommersand, Max H.; Irvine, Linda M.; Maggs, Christine A. (1977–2003).

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Lane, Katie; Derbyshire, Emma; Li, Weili; Brennan, Charles (January 2014). "Bioavailability and Potential Uses of Vegetarian Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review of the Literature".

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spread by ocean currents. Ocean water presents many vastly different habitats based on temperature and nutrient availability, resulting in phytogeographic zones, regions, and provinces.

7852: 2093:, but colonial and nonmotile forms have developed independently among several of the groups. Some of the more common organizational levels, more than one of which may occur in the 3187: 2817:

in Beijing is known as the Zaojian Tang Dao (藻鑒堂島), which thus simultaneously means "Island of the Algae-Viewing Hall" and "Island of the Hall for Reflecting on Literary Talent".

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or other chemicals used in industrial processes, and in medical and scientific applications. A 2020 review found that these applications of algae could play an important role in

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Turfs can be morphologically highly variable over geographic scales and even within species on local scales and can be difficult to identify in terms of the constituent species.

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sea, they fetch it in sacks on horse backes, and carie the same three, four, or five miles, and cast it on the lande, which doth very much better the ground for corn and grass.

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In three lines, even higher levels of organization have been reached, with full tissue differentiation. These are the brown algae,—some of which may reach 50 m in length (

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Janson, Sven; Graneli, Edna (September 2003). "Genetic analysis of the psbA gene from single cells indicates a cryptomonad origin of the plastid in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae)".

2470:, a key stage of the sexual cycle. However, sexual reproduction is more costly than asexual reproduction. Meiosis has been shown to occur in many different species of algae. 2617:

is an arctic genus and is not mapped far south of there. However, scientists regard the overall data as insufficient due to the "difficulties of undertaking such studies."

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Diaz, Crisandra J.; Douglas, Kai J.; Kang, Kalisa; Kolarik, Ashlynn L.; Malinovski, Rodeon; Torres-Tiji, Yasin; Molino, João V.; Badary, Amr; Mayfield, Stephen P. (2023).

3505: 8224: 6903:"Perspectives on the Use of Algae as Biological Indicators for Monitoring and Protecting Aquatic Environments, with Special Reference to Malaysian Freshwater Ecosystems" 3474:, and livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. 4547: 7018:"The laboratory environmental algae pond simulator (LEAPS) photobioreactor: Validation using outdoor pond cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis salina" 3329:

substance derived from red algae, has a number of commercial uses. It is a good medium on which to grow bacteria and fungi, as most microorganisms cannot digest agar.

1765: 3845: 10542: 4310:"Comparison of plastid 16S rRNA (rrn 16) genes from Helicosporidium spp.: Evidence supporting the reclassification of Helicosporidia as green algae (Chlorophyta)" 8439: 9461: 6878: 2421:). The alga is thus protected from predators; the sponge is provided with oxygen and sugars which can account for 50 to 80% of sponge growth in some species. 1775:, parasites of fish) had their relationship with algae conjectured early. In other cases, some groups were originally characterized as parasitic algae (e.g., 8332: 4576:

Encyclopædia biblica: A critical dictionary of the literary, political and religious history, the archæology, geography, and natural history of the Bible

2227: 1269:, i.e. the chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes and probably developed through a single endosymbiotic event. The chloroplasts of red algae have 10675: 8466: 7421: 4088: 3819: 3779:(EPA). Fish oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids, but the original source is algae (microalgae in particular), which are eaten by marine life such as 4591: 2594: 2525: 5705:

Khan, Amna Komal; Kausar, Humera; Jaferi, Syyada Samra; Drouet, Samantha; Hano, Christophe; Abbasi, Bilal Haider; Anjum, Sumaira (6 November 2020).

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algae". When they occur out of their localities, hypothesizing a transport mechanism is usually possible, such as the hulls of ships. For example,

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Because of the wide range of algae types, they have increasingly different industrial and traditional applications in human society. Traditional

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Lewis, J. G.; Stanley, N. F.; Guist, G. G. (1988). "9. Commercial production of algal hydrocolloides". In Lembi, C. A.; Waaland, J. R. (eds.).

7662: 5240: 4853:"Euglena in time: Evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry" 9141:

Les Algues de côtes françaises (manche et atlantique), notions fondamentales sur l'écologie, la biologie et la systématique des algues marines

1378:, live primarily in fresh water and have chloroplasts with only three membranes. The endosymbiotic green algae may have been acquired through 7882: 6389: 2600: 9353:

An annotated key to the identification of commonly occurring and dominant genera of Algae observed in the Phytoplankton of the United States

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The algae of the Arctic Sea: A survey of the species, together with an exposition of the general characters and the development of the flora

7848: 3882:, can therefore offer deep insight into the taxonomic composition and relative abundance of natural algae populations in sea water samples. 3561:. In addition, commercially cultivated microalgae, including both algae and cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as 548:

seem to have a single origin, from cyanobacteria, they were acquired in different ways. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary

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Arad, Shoshana; Spharim, Ishai (1998). "Production of Valuable Products from Microalgae: An Emerging Agroindustry". In Altman, Arie (ed.).

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n. gen., n. sp.: Implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"

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Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in runoff from farms. When subsequently harvested, the enriched algae can be used as fertilizer.

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to use the then new binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus. It included elaborate illustrations of seaweed and marine algae on folded leaves.

9034:. Liverpool Marine Biology Committee Memoirs on Typical British Marine Plants & Animals. Vol. XXX. Liverpool: University Press. 6011:"Phosphatized multicellular algae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China, and the early evolution of florideophyte red algae" 5458: 5447: 5397: 5386: 8543: 2450:, have life cycles which show considerable variation and complexity. In general, an asexual phase exists where the seaweed's cells are 9120:

Cabioc'h, Jacqueline; Floc'h, Jean-Yves; Le Toquin, Alain; Boudouresque, Charles-François; Meinesz, Alexandre; Verlaque, Marc (1992).

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which may grow up to 50 metres (160 ft) in length. Most are aquatic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as

8608: 8481: 6129: 2287: 1346:. Their chloroplasts are surrounded by four and three membranes, respectively, and were probably retained from ingested green algae. 6051: 10409: 8943:

Seaweeds of the British Isles: A Collaborative Project of the British Phycological Society and the British Museum (Natural History)

8359:"Lipid and fatty acid composition of the green oleaginous alga Parietochloris incisa, the richest plant source of arachidonic acid" 6103: 5369: 4269: 1795:

are also parasites derived from ancestors that possessed plastids, but are not included in any group traditionally seen as algae.

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Yang, Z. K.; Niu, Y. F.; Ma, Y. H.; Xue, J.; Zhang, M. H.; Yang, W. D.; Liu, J. S.; Lu, S. H.; Guan, Y.; Li, H. Y. (4 May 2013).

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The various sorts of algae play significant roles in aquatic ecology. Microscopic forms that live suspended in the water column (

2584:, long distances of ocean or general land masses. It is, therefore, possible to identify species occurring by locality, such as " 894:

members that are no longer photosynthetic. Some retain plastids, but not chloroplasts, while others have lost plastids entirely.

773:, meant primarily the cosmetic rouge. The etymology is uncertain, but a strong candidate has long been some word related to the 8394: 7016:

Huesemann, M.; Williams, P.; Edmundson, Scott J.; Chen, P.; Kruk, R.; Cullinan, V.; Crowe, B.; Lundquist, T. (September 2017).

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Strother, Paul K.; Battison, Leila; Brasier, Martin D.; Wellman, Charles H. (2011). "Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes".

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Algae are prominent in bodies of water, common in terrestrial environments, and are found in unusual environments, such as on

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Anderson, Don; Keafer, Bruce; Kleindinst, Judy; Shaughnessy, Katie; Joyce, Katherine; Fino, Danielle; Shepherd, Adam (2007).

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Mapping is possible for select species only: "there are many valid examples of confined distribution patterns." For example,

8463:"Nutrient cycling in the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium – Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia" 3268:, are isolated to varying extents from the atmosphere. Specifically, algae bioreactors can be used to produce fuels such as 9445: 5428: 5119:

Burki, F.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, K.; Minge, M.; Skjæveland, Å.; Nikolaev, S. I.; et al. (2007). Butler, Geraldine (ed.).

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To some degree, the distribution of algae is subject to floristic discontinuities caused by geographical features, such as

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in areas known as the 'Dark Zone', which caused an increase in the rate of melting ice sheet. Same algae was found in the

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Paul, Vishal; Chandra Shekharaiah, P. S.; Kushwaha, Shivbachan; Sapre, Ajit; Dasgupta, Santanu; Sanyal, Debanjan (2020).

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The term algal turf is commonly used but poorly defined. Algal turfs are thick, carpet-like beds of seaweed that retain

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With the abandonment of plant-animal dichotomous classification, most groups of algae (sometimes all) were included in

7202:"Circular Bio-economy—Paradigm for the Future: Systematic Review of Scientific Journal Publications from 2015 to 2021" 4951:"Secondary Plastids of Euglenids and Chlorarachniophytes Function with a Mix of Genes of Red and Green Algal Ancestry" 3801:

Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the use of large amounts of toxic chemicals that would otherwise be needed.

10599: 6988: 6958: 6799: 5625: 5250: 5206: 4646: 4530: 3165: 3161:(0.3%). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure. 3033:. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's 2950: 2478: 426: 385: 345: 9424:– a database of all algal names including images, nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution, bibliography, uses, extracts 8238: 5281: 3344:. Its uses range from gelling agents in food, to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of 1852:, but it is difficult to track the key events because of so much time gap. Primary symbiogenesis gave rise to three 11819: 10736: 9494: 4816:

Archibald, J. M.; Keeling, P. J. (November 2002). "Recycled plastids: A 'green movement' in eukaryotic evolution".

2222:, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the water permeability of membranes, 1292:

without phycobilins. Land plants are pigmented similarly to green algae and probably developed from them, thus the

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Quantifying Nitrogen Bioextraction by Seaweed Farms – A Real-time Modeling-Monitoring Case Study in Hood Canal, WA

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Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (12 July 2022).

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resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure". The fungi, or mycobionts, are mainly from the

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is also a user of the substance for its gelling properties, by which it becomes a delivery vehicle for flavours.

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Throughout the 20th century, most classifications treated the following groups as divisions or classes of algae:

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Greene, Charles; Scott-Buechler, Celina; Hausner, Arjun; Johnson, Zackary; Lei, Xin Gen; Huntley, Mark (2022).

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Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged with Seven Language Dictionary

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Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia, leading some to label them as

11930: 9864: 8087:. Rome: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 3815: 1589: 663:, but are not traditionally considered as algae. Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from 8462: 5271:"Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids" 2644:. Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters, under 100 m (330 ft) deep; however, some such as 767:), which could mean either the seaweed (probably red algae) or a red dye derived from it. The Latinization, 11935: 10844: 10583: 10170: 9685: 5655: 5269:

Medlin, Linda K.; Kooistra, Wiebe H. C. F.; Potter, Daniel; Saunders, Gary W.; Anderson, Robert A. (1997).

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Aquaria and ponds can be filtered using algae, which absorb nutrients from the water in a device called an

2960:. Research suggests there are large potentials and benefits of algaculture for the development of a future 828: 7953:"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neutral lipid accumulation in diatom following nitrogen deprivation" 10729: 10665: 10419: 7690: 6578:"Meiosis in protists: Some structural and physiological aspects of meiosis in algae, fungi, and protozoa" 4949:

Ponce-Toledo, Rafael I; Moreira, David; López-García, Purificación; Deschamps, Philippe (19 June 2018).

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events (primary symbiogenesis) are believed to have occurred more than 1.5 billion years ago during the

1463:, and they likely share a common pigmented ancestor, although other evidence casts doubt on whether the 11840: 10399: 8318:"A comprehensive review on chlorella- its composition, health benefits, market and regulatory scenario" 3003: 2130:)—the red algae, and the green algae. The most complex forms are found among the charophyte algae (see 2002: 796:

and other inhabitants of the eastern Mediterranean. It could be any color: black, red, green, or blue.

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scientists found that 60–90% of nitrogen runoff and 70–100% of phosphorus runoff can be captured from

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of features in unrelated groups is common. The only groups to exhibit three-dimensional multicellular

1884:("grey algae"), whose plastids further spread into other protist lineages through eukaryote-eukaryote 544:

Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their

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Zhu, Yunhua; Schmidt, Andrew; Valdez, Peter; Snowden-Swan, Lesley; Edmundson, Scott (21 March 2022).

5660: 4023: 3418: 3183: 715: 7809: 4679:"Are Cyanobacteria an Ancestor of Chloroplasts or Just One of the Gene Donors for Plants and Algae?" 4465:. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies. Vol. 161. Singapore: Springer. pp. 257–265. 1584:

At this time, microscopic algae were discovered and reported by a different group of workers (e.g.,

11438: 10687: 10532: 9582: 6860: 5479: 5179: 4400:"The controversial 'Cambrian' fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older" 1904: 7874: 7761:"Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading of Wastewater-Grown Microalgae: 2021 State of Technology" 7630: 1585: 11678: 8409: 5425: 5365: 4458: 2965: 8973:. The Hancock Museum, University Newcastle upon Tyne: Northumberland Biological Records Centre. 8525: 6470:

Bernstein, Harris; Byerly, Henry C.; Hopf, Frederic A.; Michod, Richard E. (20 September 1985).

11875: 11814: 11753: 11467: 10517: 10441: 6364: 4574: 4295: 4032: 3746: 3450: 3195: 3179: 2947: 1922: 1560: 1523: 1502: 849: 742:, 'be cold', no reason is known to associate seaweed with temperature. A more likely source is 672: 32: 10246: 8080: 8057: 7338:

Verdelho Vieira, Vítor; Cadoret, Jean-Paul; Acien, F. Gabriel; Benemann, John (January 2022).

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Tarakhovskaya, E. R.; Maslov, Yu. I.; Shishova, M. F. (April 2007). "Phytohormones in algae".

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form of biomass. The break-even point for algae-based biofuels is estimated to occur by 2025.

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Zhang, Lizhu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).

7501: 6208: 5585: 5455: 5444: 5394: 5383: 5196: 5057: 3776: 3751: 3052: 3034: 2986: 2235: 2094: 1698:. However, as a legacy of the older plant life scheme, some groups that were also treated as 1526:, recognized 14 genera of algae, of which only four are currently considered among algae. In 676: 39: 7004: 4128: 2314:) growing on exposed surfaces such as tree trunks and rocks and sometimes discoloring them. 2194: 10404: 10301: 10256: 9928: 9487: 8765: 8646: 8557: 8493: 8370: 8011: 7569: 7213: 7029: 6737: 6483: 6179: 5960: 5909: 5788: 5673: 5132: 5015: 4864: 4411: 4102: 4041: 3915: 3789: 3772: 3615: 3586: 3249: 2931: 2710: 2417: 2038: 2034: 1954: 1574: 711: 569: 553: 482: 17: 11538: 9904: 9228:. Vol. 20. Stockholm: Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar. pp. 1–350. 7120:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. pp. 389–404. 6879:"Alpine glacier turning pink due to algae that accelerates climate change, scientists say" 6286:

Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen; Laurie-Bourque, Susan (2001).

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Knauth, L. Paul; Kennedy, Martin J. (2009). "The late Precambrian greening of the Earth".

3759:, where it reaches up to 47% of the triglyceride pool. Some varieties of algae favored by 8: 11763: 10574: 10119: 6055: 3823: 3584:

Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including

3191: 3082: 3070: 3064: 2907: 2352: 2305: 1497: 1082: 573: 207: 172: 8910: 8769: 8650: 8497: 8374: 8015: 7573: 7217: 7033: 6741: 6487: 6209:"Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology" 6183: 6107: 5964: 5913: 5792: 5136: 5019: 4868: 4415: 4106: 4045: 2415:

green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges (

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Morton, Osborne (1 December 2003). "The Marine Macroalgae of County Donegal, Ireland".

8667: 8634: 8583:"Renewable flip flops: scientists produce the 'No. 1' footwear in the world from algae" 8517: 8035: 7979: 7952: 7933: 7782: 7684:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

7593: 7296: 7261: 7239: 7177: 7150: 7098: 6919: 6902: 6761: 6554: 6357: 6268: 5984: 5933: 5812: 5733: 5706: 5561: 5534: 5533:

Khan, Amna Komal; Kausar, Humera; Jaferi, Syyada Samra; et al. (6 November 2020).

5378:

Lipsiae, Apud W. Engelmann, 1855. Translation at: Lankester, E. & Busk, G. (eds.).

5155: 5120: 5096: 5069: 5061: 5039: 4983: 4926: 4893: 4769: 4713: 4678: 4519: 4484: 4434: 4399: 4375: 4350: 4265: 4065: 3963: 3768: 3717: 3433: 3245: 2902:

Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses, including production of

2686: 2483: 1990: 1853: 1703: 1684: 1636: 1320: 592: 127: 8777: 8635:"Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage" 8582: 8382: 6602: 6577: 6471: 4829: 4741: 2275: 11809: 11768: 11121: 10834: 10670: 9519: 9514: 9393: 9374: 9351: 9336: 9310: 9194: 9175: 9156: 9125: 9083: 9044: 9016: 8997: 8974: 8946: 8895: 8875: 8852: 8806: 8695: 8694:. Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment. Vol. 61. CRC Press. p. 638. 8672: 8509: 8505: 8386: 8204: 8148: 8113: 8088: 8053: 8039: 8027: 7984: 7925: 7921: 7828: 7787: 7774: 7719: 7585: 7483: 7475: 7408: 7371: 7340:"Clarification of Most Relevant Concepts Related to the Microalgae Production Sector" 7301: 7283: 7243: 7231: 7182: 7151:"Alternative Sources of Omega-3 Fats: Can We Find a Sustainable Substitute for Fish?" 7129: 7090: 7055: 7047: 6984: 6954: 6924: 6795: 6753: 6749: 6725: 6683: 6607: 6546: 6507: 6499: 6452: 6368: 6316: 6291: 6224: 6167: 6082: 6032: 5976: 5925: 5882: 5839: 5804: 5738: 5677: 5621: 5593: 5566: 5303: 5246: 5202: 5160: 5101: 5031: 4988: 4970: 4931: 4913: 4833: 4796: 4718: 4700: 4642: 4607: 4526: 4488: 4474: 4439: 4380: 4331: 4246: 4205: 4157: 4093: 4089:"Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis" 4057: 3733: 3643: 3538: 3353: 3216: 2943: 2794: 2722: 2554:

The distribution of algal species has been fairly well studied since the founding of

2239: 1942: 1518: 885:

like that in cyanobacteria and are interpreted as representing reduced endosymbiotic

238: 222: 177: 8358: 7937: 7597: 7102: 6765: 6625: 6526: 6272: 5877: 5860: 5043: 4892:

Ponce-Toledo, Rafael I.; López-García, Purificación; Moreira, David (October 2019).

4351:"When the lights go out: the evolutionary fate of free-living colorless green algae" 4069: 11783: 11627: 11574: 11526: 11485: 11450: 11443: 11380: 11257: 11183: 10456: 10362: 10357: 10311: 10204: 10189: 10150: 10075: 9916: 9840: 9737: 9679: 9415: 9148: 8989: 8773: 8662: 8654: 8521: 8501: 8378: 8019: 7974: 7964: 7917: 7764: 7737:

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7581: 5757: 5027: 2871:

The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of

2630: 623:, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by 11559: 10791: 10710: 10692: 10554: 10383: 10333: 10321: 10283: 10219: 10046: 10014: 9975: 9948: 9777: 9772: 9663: 9599: 9480: 7086: 6948: 5495: 5462: 5451: 5432: 5412: 5401: 5390: 5373: 5145: 5086: 4603: 4470: 3991: 3986: 3265: 3253: 3015: 2979: 2935: 2846: 2718: 2395: 2075: 2058: 1808: 1717: 1676: 832: 774: 687: 604: 316: 9441: 8480:

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6220: 5228:. St. Petersburg: Ex typographia Academiae scientiarum – via Google Books. 4635: 3653: 2029:

exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium: A three-dimensional, multicellular thallus

671:

as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as

564:

are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic

11925: 11743: 11584: 11494: 11480: 11281: 11137: 11085: 10942: 10861: 10604: 10569: 10522: 10504: 10468: 10224: 10051: 10029: 9995: 9970: 9953: 9943: 9938: 9820: 9638: 9623: 9577: 9572: 9104:

Chapman, Valentine Jackson; Lindauer, VW; Aiken, M.; Dromgoole, F. I. (1970) .

8357:

Bigogno, C.; Khozin-Goldberg, I.; Boussiba, S.; Vonshak, A.; Cohen, Z. (2002).

7544: 7527: 7226: 7201: 4877: 4852: 4851:

O'Neill, Ellis C.; Trick, Martin; Henrissat, Bernard; Field, Robert A. (2015).

4404:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3958: 3850: 3808: 3693: 3495: 3292:

gases of power plants. Fundamentally, this kind of bioreactor is based on the

3284: 3261: 3008: 2896: 2851: 2714: 2706: 2555: 2372: 2367:

sugar and oxygen to obtain energy for their cell-building processes, including

2231: 2223: 2122:

Parenchymatous: cells forming a thallus with partial differentiation of tissues

2010: 1849: 1777: 1741: 1568: 1487: 1417: 1236: 804: 703: 699: 648: 612: 435: 278: 255: 158: 7686:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 7278: 6264: 4349:

Figueroa-Martinez, F.; Nedelcu, A. M.; Smith, D. R.; Reyes-Prieto, A. (2015).

2651:

have been recorded to a depth of 360 m (1,180 ft). A type of algae,

2625: 2159: 2005:. They perhaps evolved some 850 mya and might even be as early as 1 881:

that are similar in structure to cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts contain circular

823: 11919: 11673: 11645: 11549: 11522: 11519: 11453: 10947: 10921: 10871: 10640: 10388: 10306: 10278: 10241: 10209: 10145: 10114: 10065: 9965: 9767: 9750: 9673: 9653: 9594: 9589: 9537: 8731: 8177: 8112:

Jung, Frederich; Kruger-Genge, Anne; Kupper, J.-H.; Waldeck, P (April 2019).

7723: 7704: 7685: 7589: 7479: 7422:"Nutrient-rich algae could help meet global food demand: Cornell researchers" 7412: 7403: 7390: 7375: 7319: 7287: 7235: 7051: 6503: 5065: 5035: 4974: 4917: 4704: 4061: 3976: 3760: 3578: 3410: 3345: 3293: 3099: 2903: 2876: 2834: 2814: 2698: 2694: 2667: 2529: 2502: 2299: 1946: 1861: 1857: 1838: 1826: 1815: 1753: 1672: 1656: 1513: 1301: 1260: 914: 886: 867: 793: 752: 664: 656: 538: 478: 299: 265: 260: 249: 163: 8870:

as food: cultivation and economic". In Lembi, C. A.; Waaland, J. R. (eds.).

8558:"Algae Biopolymers, Companies, Production, Market – Oilgae – Oil from Algae" 8023: 7391:"Transforming the Future of Marine Aquaculture: A Circular Economy Approach" 6495: 4966: 4424: 812: 690:

practices have existed for thousands of years and have strong traditions in

11860: 11830: 11690: 11341: 11193: 11188: 11090: 11026: 10895: 10890: 10756: 10752: 10635: 10625: 10527: 10236: 9745: 9712: 9119: 8676: 8513: 8390: 8031: 7988: 7969: 7929: 7487: 7470: 7453: 7305: 7186: 7149:

Lenihan-Geels, Georgia; Bishop, Karen; Ferguson, Lynnette (18 April 2013).

7094: 6928: 6757: 6550: 6456: 6036: 5980: 5929: 5886: 5808: 5742: 5681: 5654:

Reyes-Prieto, Adrian; Weber, Andreas P.M.; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2007).

5570: 5164: 5105: 5070:"Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity" 5060:; Barbero, Erika; Lasser, Elyse; Dunthorn, Micah; Bhattacharya, Debashish; 4992: 4935: 4837: 4737: 4722: 4443: 4384: 4335: 4250: 4241: 4224: 4209: 4200: 4183: 3940: 3785: 3680:. Algae is being considered a potential solution for world hunger problem. 3648:. It is also used along the west coast of North America from California to 3499: 3406: 3402: 3370: 3337: 3110:; the rest are eaten after limited processing. Seaweeds are different from 2961: 2810: 2766: 2750: 2702: 2660: 2412: 2386: 2376: 2356: 2331: 2245: 2071: 1966: 1915: 1908: 1896: 1819: 1804: 1792: 1747: 1648: 1546: 1391: 1383: 1365: 1231: 1221: 1141: 1060: 980: 836: 640: 632: 608: 446: 243: 7454:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet" 6511: 4695: 4326: 4309: 3590:, a cyanobacterium considered a vegetable; Japan, over 20 species such as 1389:(Another group with green algae endosymbionts is the dinoflagellate genus 870:

are often referred to as "blue-green algae", most authorities exclude all

11890: 11865: 11853: 11668: 11622: 11423: 11390: 11370: 11291: 11204: 11075: 11043: 10981: 10971: 10906: 10881: 10829: 10451: 10436: 10431: 10367: 10229: 10009: 9980: 9879: 9874: 9722: 9562: 9557: 9542: 8945:. London / Andover: British Museum of Natural History, HMSO / Intercept. 8658: 7739:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 6611: 6106:. University of California Museum of Palaeontology (UCMP). Archived from 6054:. University of California Museum of Palaeontology (UCMP). Archived from 6027: 6010: 5723: 5551: 5270: 4348: 3891: 3870: 3697: 3661: 3657: 3637: 3479: 3475: 3454: 3394: 3361: 3341: 3297: 3173: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3095: 3023: 2997: 2927: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2827: 2746: 2726: 2675: 2439: 2430: 2139: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2026: 1978: 1881: 1865: 1823: 1723: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1624: 1620: 1479: 1472: 1460: 1456: 1427: 1379: 1357: 1332: 1293: 1270: 1266: 1253: 1243: 1104: 1017: 1002: 965: 936: 890: 878: 862: 845: 732:

is the Latin word for 'seaweed' and retains that meaning in English. The

695: 652: 636: 628: 580: 561: 549: 520: 502: 273: 233: 200: 182: 167: 71: 64: 8940: 7714: 5972: 5921: 5800: 5426:

Ueber einzellige Pflanzen und Thiere (On unicellular plants and animals)

4950: 4948: 4459:"Role of Algae in CO2 Sequestration Addressing Climate Change: A Review" 3849:

has been seen to colonize silicone resins used at archaeological sites;

2182: 1486:, which are not photosynthetic, but appear to have a common origin with 11904: 11899: 11880: 11870: 11848: 11504: 11428: 11248: 11219: 11147: 11126: 10997: 10885: 10839: 10781: 10480: 10473: 10463: 10446: 10129: 10124: 10060: 9852: 9699: 9658: 9552: 8482:"Algal Response to Nutrient Enrichment in Forested Oligotrophic Stream" 7656: 7366: 7356: 7339: 6861:"Greenland Has a Mysterious 'Dark Zone' — And It's Getting Even Darker" 4894:"Horizontal and endosymbiotic gene transfer in early plastid evolution" 4760: 3981: 3866: 3738: 3725: 3713: 3619: 3573: 3531: 3524: 3467: 3386: 3366: 3273: 3233: 3115: 3058: 2957: 2939: 2923: 2888: 2872: 2778: 2770: 2738: 2730: 2679: 2671: 2637: 2581: 2443: 2407: 2364: 2348: 2344: 2327: 2295: 2155: 2135: 2119:

Filamentous: a string of connected nonmotile cells, sometimes branching

2086: 2021: 1994: 1982: 1975: 1961: 1958: 1938: 1873: 1782: 1711: 1680: 1660: 1632: 1616: 1612: 1601: 1597: 1483: 1468: 1464: 1422: 1412: 1375: 1297: 1281: 1248: 1126: 871: 707: 624: 616: 511: 486: 469: 458: 439: 283: 217: 194: 187: 9256:

Børgesen, Frederik (1970) . "Marine Algae". In Warming, Eugene (ed.).

7778: 7167: 7116:

Winwood, R.J. (2013). "Algal oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids".

7059: 6447: 6430: 6192: 5836:

The origin and early diversification of land plants. A cladistic study

5776: 5439:, Bd. 1, p. 270. Translation at: Lankester, E. & Busk, G. (eds.). 4909: 4366: 4263:

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Department of Botany.

2800: 11885: 11758: 11748: 11612: 11594: 11569: 11499: 11351: 11331: 11317: 11296: 11224: 11104: 11007: 10986: 10932: 10824: 10803: 10588: 10485: 10214: 10019: 10000: 9911: 9835: 9755: 9707: 9648: 9628: 9567: 8356: 7746:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

5118: 4397: 4114: 3953: 3948: 3709: 3688: 3673: 3611: 3567: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3513: 3438: 3398: 3269: 3126: 3118:, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering. 3111: 2911: 2774: 2734: 2656: 2641: 2589: 2563: 2435: 2368: 2310: 2257: 2219: 2063: 2046: 1885: 1877: 1842: 1787: 1732: 1695: 1644: 1593: 1578: 1552: 1540: 1475:

are in fact more closely related to each other than to other groups.

1452: 1434: 897: 800: 733: 718:

while providing lucrative value-added products for global economies.

691: 620: 584: 568:. Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple 530: 525: 463: 144: 7769: 7760: 7670: 6977:"The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences" 5056: 4598:(4 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–30, 4456: 4398:

Bengtson, S.; Belivanova, V.; Rasmussen, B.; Whitehouse, M. (2009).

11778: 11773: 11685: 11650: 11579: 11564: 11554: 11433: 11356: 11307: 11271: 11238: 11152: 11064: 10961: 10916: 10796: 10776: 10630: 10620: 10564: 10559: 10326: 10199: 10175: 10092: 9762: 9547: 9439: 8265:"One solution to global hunger could be at the bottom of the ocean" 7905: 7337: 6542: 6285: 5522:. Parisiis, Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. p. 6. 3996: 3764: 3669: 3517: 3443: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3046: 2992: 2758: 2754: 2646: 2291: 2151: 2131: 2108: 2090: 1971: 1771: 1699: 1405: 1401: 1353: 1325: 1313: 1309: 644: 565: 534: 442: 212: 122:

A variety of microscopic unicellular and colonial freshwater algae

9122:

Guide des algues des mers d'Europe: Manche/Atlantique-Méditerranée

8085:

A Guide to the Seaweed Industry: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 441

7388: 6628:. National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany. 2008. 3309: 2546:

The most recent estimate suggests 72,500 algal species worldwide.

1811:. It is thought that they came into existence when photosynthetic 1482:, a group of closely related parasites, also have plastids called 11695: 11214: 11168: 10807: 10760: 9815: 9810: 9727: 9717: 9356:. Washington DC: US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey 5656:"The Origin and Establishment of the Plastid in Algae and Plants" 4314:

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

3862: 3780: 3677: 3558: 3374: 3326: 3241: 3237: 3076: 3030: 3027: 2892: 2762: 2742: 2678:), these algae may discolor the water and outcompete, poison, or 2585: 2558:

in the mid-19th century. Algae spread mainly by the dispersal of

2467: 2455: 2042: 1892: 1834: 1830: 1736: 1691: 1567:, the first work dedicated to marine algae and the first book on 901: 680: 660: 588: 545: 506: 450: 228: 78: 53:

An informal term for a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes

4791:

Losos, Jonathan B.; Mason, Kenneth A.; Singer, Susan R. (2007).

4308:

Tartar, A.; Boucias, D. G.; Becnel, J. J.; Adams, B. J. (2003).

4184:"Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts" 3190:

recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.

3188:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

1985:. These charophyte algae probably already developed filamentous 1296:

is a sister taxon to the plants; sometimes the Chlorophyta, the

1284:, while those of green algae have chloroplasts with chlorophyll 736:

is obscure. Although some speculate that it is related to Latin

11617: 11475: 11178: 11054: 10786: 10268: 10160: 10080: 10034: 10024: 9985: 9923: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9503: 9212:(in Spanish). A Coruña: Concello da Coruña – Casa das Ciencias. 9032:

Manx Algae: An Algal Survey of the South End of the Isle of Man

4891: 4001: 3969: 3598: 3546: 3414: 2855: 2782: 2605: 2487: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2283: 2270: 2057:. Apical growth is constrained to subsets of these groups: the 1986: 1918: 1812: 1807:

thus their origin cannot be traced back to single hypothetical

1628: 1534: 1361: 853: 702:

for other applications, including cattle feed, using algae for

668: 557: 516: 498: 474: 100: 85: 9258:

Botany of the Faröes Based Upon Danish Investigations, Part II

9108:. London / Lehre, Germany: Linnean Society of London / Cramer. 8840:

Slime: How Algae Created Us, Plague Us, and Just Might Save Us

7015: 6983:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–472. 6166:

Connell, Sean; Foster, M.S.; Airoldi, Laura (9 January 2014).

5950: 4850: 3466:

Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as

1791:) were originally seen as algae. Furthermore, groups like the 377: 337: 11589: 11157: 10492: 10426: 10348: 10316: 10273: 10165: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10085: 10070: 10039: 9960: 9609: 9390:

Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification

9103: 8994:

A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland

8143:

Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). "6, Seaweeds and Other Algae".

8111: 6168:"What are algal turfs? Towards a better description of turfs" 5861:"Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance" 5653: 5480:"On the delineation and higher-level classification of algae" 4225:"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view" 3633: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3483: 3158: 3142: 3122: 2805:

is used both for "algae" and (in the modest tradition of the

2570: 2566: 2559: 2360: 2336: 2323: 1934: 1911: 1869: 1728: 1338:

These groups have green chloroplasts containing chlorophylls

494: 490: 454: 7758: 7528:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years" 7451: 7321:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

7255: 7253: 5268: 3873:) produced by algae can be used as alternatives to chemical 3011:(Indonesia) gathers edible seaweed that has grown on a rope. 2693:

On the basis of their habitat, algae can be categorized as:

683:

basin have been dated to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.

108:

A variety of algae growing on the sea bed in shallow waters

10343: 10338: 9990: 9830: 9805: 9800: 9784: 9643: 9419: 8717:"Measurement of Algal Chlorophylls and Carotenoids by HPLC" 7148: 6250: 4054:

10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2

3705: 3701: 3592: 3322: 3276:, to generate animal feed, or to reduce pollutants such as 3107: 3041: 3019: 2919: 2915: 2839: 2663:, after pink ice appeared on parts of the Presena glacier. 2127: 1998: 600: 596: 418: 9172:

Algas mariñas de Galicia: Bioloxía, gastronomía, industria

8996:(Revised ed.). London: British Phycological Society. 8479: 7558: 7552: 7519: 7193: 6009:

Xiao, S.; Knoll, A. H.; Yuan, X.; Pueschel, C. M. (2004).

4461:. In Deb, Dipankar; Dixit, Ambesh; Chandra, Laltu (eds.). 2398:, a condition which leads to the deterioration of a reef. 2375:

as byproducts. Dinoflagellates (algal protists) are often

374: 10263: 9825: 9472: 8417: 8176:. Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Archived from 7250: 6469: 6431:"Pheromone signaling during sexual reproduction in algae" 6052:"Introduction to the Phaeophyta: Kelps and brown "Algae"" 5774: 5242:

Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean

3874: 3277: 2930:, chemical feedstock (raw material), protein-rich animal/ 2006: 882: 874:, including cyanobacteria, from the definition of algae. 509:. In contrast, the most complex freshwater forms are the 415: 409: 368: 334: 328: 10751: 8609:"World's First Algae Surfboard Makes Waves in San Diego" 8438:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 October 2016. 7382: 5775:

Wellman, C. H.; Osterloff, P. L.; Mohiuddin, U. (2003).

4307: 3692:: This form of alga is found in freshwater and contains 3504: 2248:

are found not only in higher plants, but in algae, too.

659:, are also derived from cells whose ancestors possessed 9371:

Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America

7560:

exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".

7072: 5184:. Vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1131. 3453:

writing in the 16th century referring to drift weed in

3121:

The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are

2290:

to be "an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic

1769:, parasites of other red algae, or the dinoflagellates 1702:

in the past still have duplicated classifications (see

1440:

These groups have chloroplasts containing chlorophylls

505:. The largest and most complex marine algae are called 9304: 8714: 8460: 8203:. Monterey, California: Sea Challengers Publications. 7654: 7624: 7622: 7615:. Philippines: FMC BioPolymer Corporation. p. 52. 7259: 6428: 6359:

Algal Symbiosis: A Continuum of Interaction Strategies

5858: 5704: 5532: 3449:

For centuries, seaweed has been used as a fertilizer;

2513:

Regional and group estimates have been made, as well:

9305:

Stegenga, H.; Bolton, J. J.; Anderson, R. J. (1997).

9124:(in French). Lausanne, Suisse: Delachaux et Niestlé. 8971:

An Atlas of the Seaweeds of Northumberland and Durham

8828: 7447: 7445: 6788:"Chapter 8, Dispersal, continuity and phytogeography" 6403:(4). Wisconsin Lakes Partnership: 4–5. Archived from 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6008: 5519:

Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita

5435:". In: Siebold, C. Th. v. & Kölliker, A. (1849). 5121:"Phylogenomics Reshuffles the Eukaryotic Supergroups" 4573:

Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (1902).

4129:"ALGAE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary" 1727:, parasites of plants) were originally classified as 427: 386: 346: 9260:. Copenhagen: Det nordiske Forlag. pp. 339–532. 9015:. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press. 8829:

van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D. G.; Jahns, H. M. (1995).

8715:

Rathbun, C.; Doyle, A.; Waterhouse, T. (June 1994).

8062:

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England

7604: 6472:"Genetic Damage, Mutation, and the Evolution of Sex" 6165: 5586:"Cryptic organelles in parasitic protists and fungi" 3930: 2113:

Coccoid: individual non-motile cells with cell walls

579:

Algae lack the various structures that characterize

412: 371: 331: 27:

Diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms

8824:. Vol. I & II. Cambridge University Press. 7730: 7677: 7648: 7619: 5535:""An Insight into the Algal Evolution and Genomics" 4292:

Farblose Algen. Ein beitrag zur Evolutionsforschung

4223:Palmer, J. D.; Soltis, D. E.; Chase, M. W. (2004). 3724:Furthermore, it contains all nine of the essential 1455:), the chloroplast has four membranes, retaining a 406: 365: 325: 9011:John, D. M.; Whitton, B. A.; Brook, J. A. (2002). 8542:. USDA Agricultural Research Service. 7 May 2010. 8461:Morrissey, J.; Jones, M. S.; Harriott, V. (1988). 8198: 7881:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 7442: 6356: 6152: 5707:"An Insight into the Algal Evolution and Genomics" 4735: 4634: 4518: 4506:. Vol. 1. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1986. 3822:using a horizontal algae scrubber, also called an 2899:using upflowing air bubbles in small containers). 852:and lack a sterile covering of cells around their 11378: 9174:(in Galician). Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia. 8632: 7822: 7683: 7525: 6104:"Introduction to the Rhodophyta, the red 'algae'" 4222: 2107:Capsoid: individual non-motile cells embedded in 1659:), and others were splintered from older groups: 706:or pollution control, transforming sunlight into 583:, such as the phyllids (leaf-like structures) of 11917: 9330: 9169: 9010: 8987: 8633:Cappitelli, Francesca; Sorlini, Claudia (2008). 8145:Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry 5239:Silva, P. C.; Basson, P. W.; Moe, R. L. (1996). 4815: 4790: 3683:Two popular forms of algae are used in cuisine: 3352:for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. 3260:, or aquarium/pond filtration in the form of an 2116:Palmelloid: nonmotile cells embedded in mucilage 1899:approaches have significantly clarified plastid 1655:. Later, many new groups were discovered (e.g., 9444:. US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms. 9207: 9153:Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential 9013:The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles 8874:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–117. 8315: 8001: 7262:"Developing algae as a sustainable food source" 6429:Frenkel, J.; Vyverman, W.; Pohnert, G. (2014). 6290:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 8. 5700: 5698: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5592:. London: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 46. 5583: 5509: 5264: 5262: 4742:"Algal Phylogeny and the Origin of Land Plants" 2690:maintained in laboratories with relative ease. 1921:, and plastid spread throughout the eukaryotic 8755: 7736: 7663:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 7312: 7075:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 7009: 5238: 3240:. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of 3198:publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation. 3172:As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine 1928: 1300:, and land plants are grouped together as the 11339: 10737: 9488: 9060:Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society 8968: 8410:"Getting Brain Food Straight from the Source" 8316:Rani, Komal; Sandal, Nidi; Sahoo, PK (2018). 8199:Mondragón, Jennifer; Mondragón, Jeff (2003). 8058:"On the Farming of South Wales: Prize Report" 6101: 6049: 5899: 5838:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5473: 5471: 5302:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 232. 5005: 4294:. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 471 pp., 3745:The oils from some algae have high levels of 2809:) for "literary talent". The third island in 2798: 2495:Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium 2384:) require endosymbiotic algae from the genus 10594:International Association for Plant Taxonomy 9309:. Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. 9147: 8865: 8846: 8239:"How marine algae could help feed the world" 7950: 6575: 5833: 5695: 5642: 5259: 3904:, is used as a stabilizer in milk products. 3641: 2538:642 in the check-list of Britain and Ireland 2458:, followed by fusion of the male and female 1833:), giving rise to double-membranous primary 1709:Some parasitic algae (e.g., the green algae 866:are all devoid of any chlorophyll. Although 783: 777: 457:. Included organisms range from unicellular 9373:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 9029: 8822:The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae 8689: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 4572: 4546:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). 4086: 4021: 3627: 3516:. They provide many vitamins including: A, 2868:involving the farming of species of algae. 844:One definition of algae is that they "have 799:The study of algae is most commonly called 768: 762: 756: 743: 737: 727: 38:"Alga" redirects here. For other uses, see 10744: 10730: 9495: 9481: 9387: 8922:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook 7613:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook 7458:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 6979:. In Smol, J. P.; Stoermer, E. F. (eds.). 5515: 5468: 5441:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 5437:Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 5380:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 4545: 4147: 4145: 2517:5,000–5,500 species of red algae worldwide 2390:to be in a healthy condition. The loss of 2085:Most of the simpler algae are unicellular 434:) are any of a large and diverse group of 113: 99: 11246: 9468:. Natural History Museum, United Kingdom. 9335:. California: Stanford University Press. 9331:Abbott, I. A.; Hollenberg, G. J. (1976). 9082:. University of Western Australia Press. 8959: 8924:. FMC BioPolymer Corporation.Philippines. 8837: 8666: 8291:"Algae: Pond Scum or Food of the Future?" 8225:"Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot" 7978: 7968: 7786: 7768: 7713: 7703: 7543: 7532:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 7506:Point Reyes National Seashore Association 7469: 7402: 7365: 7355: 7295: 7277: 7225: 7199: 7176: 7166: 7041: 6918: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6601: 6446: 6215:. Vol. 72. Springer. pp. 5–34. 6191: 6026: 5876: 5852: 5732: 5722: 5560: 5550: 5526: 5154: 5144: 5095: 5085: 4982: 4925: 4876: 4768: 4712: 4694: 4516: 4433: 4423: 4374: 4325: 4240: 4199: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4156:. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 3885: 3737:: Known otherwise as a cyanobacterium (a 3478:on a large scale is an important type of 3137:(4.19%). Other notable producers include 2288:International Association for Lichenology 2154:and compete with foundation species like 1941:may have been around as long as 475 10538:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) 9307:Seaweeds of the South African West Coast 9272: 9255: 9223: 9193:(in Galician). A Coruña: Baía Edicións. 9030:Knight, Margery; Parke, Mary W. (1931). 7118:Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids 6974: 6889: 5995: 5944: 5584:Williams, B. A.; Keeling, P. J. (2003). 3503: 3486:is commonly used as a soil conditioner. 3437: 3359:Between 100,000 and 170,000 wet tons of 3308: 3215: 3002: 2985: 2845: 2833: 2788: 2670:) provide the food base for most marine 2624: 2477: 2335: 2274: 2218:Many algae, particularly species of the 2020: 1970:, which likely got stranded ashore when 1785:algae. Some filamentous bacteria (e.g., 1757:, parasites of plants, or the red algae 1496: 822: 788:), 'paint' (if not that word itself), a 679:. Fossilized filamentous algae from the 9349: 9143:(in French). Paris: Doin, Deren et Cie. 9077: 8962:Phycology of the South Coast of Ireland 8819: 8800: 8724:Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Protocols 8540:"Algae: A Mean, Green Cleaning Machine" 8142: 7115: 6310: 5777:"Fragments of the earliest land plants" 5177: 4181: 4142: 3811:, also known as an algae turf scrubber. 2535:669 marine species from California (US) 2104:: small, regular groups of motile cells 1600:, which were clearly viewed as plants, 14: 11918: 9435:. San Diego: University of California. 9414: 9368: 9291:Algues de la côte atlantique marocaine 9288: 9138: 9057: 9038: 8969:Hardy, F. G.; Aspinall, R. J. (1988). 8934: 8894:. London: Cambridge University Press. 8639:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 8469:from the original on 23 February 2015. 8407: 8101:from the original on 28 December 2008. 8078: 7903: 6946: 6901:Omar, Wan Maznah Wan (December 2010). 6772: 6726:"How Many Species of Algae Are There?" 6682:. National Botanic Garden of Belgium. 6680:Guide to the seaweeds of KwaZulu-Natal 6677: 6387: 6354: 6206: 6081:. London: The Natural History Museum. 6076: 5893: 5827: 5764:from the original on 11 November 2006. 5674:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130134 5322: 5221: 5194: 4661: 4170: 4151: 3880:high-performance liquid chromatography 3788:, which only contains the short-chain 1745:, while others (e.g., the green algae 1522:(1753), the starting point for modern 721: 533:. Algae that are carried by water are 10725: 9476: 9210:Guía de las algas del litoral gallego 9188: 8915:. Vol. I. New York: McGraw-Hill. 8908: 8889: 8546:from the original on 19 October 2010. 8424:from the original on 3 November 2007. 7628: 6947:Necchi, Orlando J. R. (2 June 2016). 6785: 6720: 6313:The Diversity and Evolution of Plants 5755: 5613: 5477: 5297: 4780:from the original on 7 February 2009. 4080: 3728:the body does not produce on its own 2942:, and can also be used as a means of 2507:UK Biodiversity Steering Group Report 2454:, a sexual phase where the cells are 445:. The name is an informal term for a 394: 9448:from the original on 5 December 2008 9275:Marine Algae from the Canary Islands 9239: 8847:Lembi, C. A.; Waaland, J.R. (1988). 8442:from the original on 2 February 2017 8397:from the original on 1 October 2017. 8114:"Spirulina platensis, a super food?" 8052: 7003:Sharma, O. P. (1986). pp. 2–6, 6900: 6632:from the original on 1 December 2008 6524: 5823:from the original on 30 August 2017. 5516:de Jussieu, Antoine Laurent (1789). 5287:from the original on 5 October 2013. 4676: 4592:"Basic characteristics of the algae" 3907: 3795: 3296:reaction, which is performed by the 2177: 1694:, later also abandoned in favour of 1451:In the first three of these groups ( 856:". On the other hand, the colorless 9388:Wehr, J. D.; Sheath, R. G. (2003). 9244:. Kövenhavn: C.A. Reitzel. 9584734. 8919: 8866:Mumford, T. F.; Miura, A. (1988). " 8831:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology 8408:Aubrey, Allison (1 November 2007). 8338:from the original on 9 October 2022 7875:"Secondary Products of Brown Algae" 7855:from the original on 4 January 2009 7610: 7206:Circular Economy and Sustainability 6702:Abbott and Hollenberg (1976), p. 2. 6253:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 5344:from the original on 9 October 2022 4632: 4589: 4463:Renewable Energy and Climate Change 2371:of the exoskeleton, with water and 889:. However, the exact origin of the 778: 24: 9369:Taylor, William Randolph (1969) . 9242:The Marine Algae of East Greenland 9208:Bárbara, I.; Cremades, J. (1993). 8167: 7885:from the original on 13 April 2009 6576:Heywood, P.; Magee, P. T. (1976). 6565:from the original on 9 April 2017. 5245:. University of California Press. 4579:. Macmillan Company. p. 3525. 4076:from the original on 7 March 2007. 3767:contain the long-chain, essential 3571:and the vitamin-C supplement from 2972: 2499:National Museum of Natural History 2251: 818: 572:cell division to complex forms of 25: 11952: 10543:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) 9408: 9266: 9224:Kjellman, Frans Reinhold (1883). 8170:"Modern Uses of Cultivated Algae" 6794:. CUP Archive. pp. 357–361. 6390:"Are There Sponges in Your Lake?" 6130:"Introduction to the Green Algae" 5859:Raven, J.A.; Edwards, D. (2001). 5834:Kenrick, P.; Crane, P.R. (1997). 5756:Noble, Ivan (18 September 2003). 5588:. In Littlewood, D. T. J. (ed.). 4662:Allaby, M., ed. (1992). "Algae". 4517:Partridge, Eric (1983). "algae". 3838: 3340:, or alginate, is extracted from 3166:Food and Agriculture Organization 2001:, and probably had an isomorphic 904:not nucleocytoplasmic genealogy: 10706: 10705: 9429:"Algae – Cell Centered Database" 9324: 9293:(in French). Casablanca: Rabat . 9249: 9041:Marine Algae of Northern Ireland 8749: 8708: 8683: 8626: 8601: 8575: 8550: 8532: 8506:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00503.x 8473: 8454: 8428: 8401: 8350: 8309: 8283: 8257: 8231: 8217: 8192: 8161: 8136: 8105: 8072: 8046: 7995: 7944: 7922:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 7897: 7867: 7849:"Macrocystis C. Agardh 1820: 46" 7841: 7816: 7752: 7494: 6750:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x 6527:"The evolutionary enigma of sex" 5612:Round (1981). pp. 398–400, 5201:. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 22. 5195:Sharma, O. P. (1 January 1986). 4664:The Concise Dictionary of Botany 4590:Lee, Robert Edward, ed. (2008), 4272:from the original on 2 July 2010 3933: 3914: 3380: 3208:This section is an excerpt from 3182:crop, with a high potential for 2978:This section is an excerpt from 2826:This section is an excerpt from 2562:analogously to the dispersal of 2526:List of seaweeds of South Africa 2181: 1596:(microscopic organisms). Unlike 1532:, Linnaeus described the genera 402: 361: 321: 131: 62: 9298: 9170:Míguez Rodríguez, Luís (1998). 9106:The Marine algae of New Zealand 8788: 8147:. CRC Press. pp. 179–190. 7629:Jones, Nicola (15 March 2023). 7331: 7142: 7109: 7066: 6997: 6968: 6935: 6871: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6714: 6705: 6696: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6644: 6618: 6569: 6518: 6463: 6422: 6381: 6348: 6339: 6329: 6304: 6279: 6244: 6200: 6122: 6095: 6070: 6043: 5768: 5749: 5606: 5577: 5418: 5357: 5316: 5291: 5278:Plant Systematics and Evolution 5232: 5215: 5188: 5171: 5112: 5050: 4999: 4955:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4942: 4885: 4844: 4809: 4784: 4729: 4670: 4655: 4626: 4583: 4566: 4539: 4510: 4495: 4450: 4391: 4342: 4296:species:Algae#Pringsheim (1963) 3900:Carrageenan, from the red alga 3835:flip-flops and in surf boards. 3508:Dulse, a type of edible seaweed 2910:(as algal oil) or natural food 2604:travelled from the mainland to 2549: 2520:"some 1,300 in Australian Seas" 11491:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous 9191:Guía das macroalgas de Galicia 9097: 8964:. Cork: Cork University Press. 8851:. Cambridge University Press. 7827:. Cambridge University Press. 7419:News article about the study: 7200:Venkatesh, G. (1 March 2022). 6594:10.1128/MMBR.40.1.190-240.1976 6172:Marine Ecology Progress Series 5865:Journal of Experimental Botany 4641:. Cambridge University Press. 4301: 4284: 4257: 4216: 4121: 4015: 3442:Seaweed-fertilized gardens on 3391:Biological hydrogen production 3202: 2820: 2401: 2317: 651:, and other algae have become 635:. Some unicellular species of 13: 1: 11461:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid 8833:. Cambridge University Press. 8778:10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00066-6 8383:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00100-0 8325:The Pharma Innovation Journal 8201:Seaweeds of the Pacific Coast 7631:"Banking on the Seaweed Rush" 7582:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 7562:European Journal of Phycology 6941:Necchi Jr., O. (ed.) (2016). 5878:10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.381 5614:Round, F. E. (8 March 1984). 5484:European Journal of Phycology 5028:10.2216/i0031-8884-42-5-473.1 4830:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02777-4 4008: 3816:Agricultural Research Service 3427: 2424: 2213: 2016: 2009:during the late phase of the 1993:that superficially resembled 1721:, parasites of metazoans, or 1374:, which belong to the phylum 1352:, which belong to the phylum 523:which includes, for example, 10584:History of plant systematics 10171:Thorns, spines, and prickles 9350:Greeson, Phillip E. (1982). 9273:Børgesen, Frederik (1936) . 9233: 9071: 7904:Chisti, Y. (May–June 2007). 7502:"Seaweeds: Plants or Algae?" 7087:10.1080/10408398.2011.596292 6311:Pearson, Lorentz C. (1995). 5758:"When plants conquered land" 5496:10.1080/09670269810001736483 5146:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790 5087:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220 4604:10.1017/CBO9780511812897.002 4471:10.1007/978-981-32-9578-0_23 4182:Keeling, Patrick J. (2004). 3489: 3332: 1798: 829:scanning electron micrograph 7: 9277:. Copenhagen: Bianco Lunos. 9240:Lund, Søren Jensen (1959). 8992:; Arnold, Henry R. (2006). 8960:Cullinane, John P. (1973). 8929: 8081:"9, Other Uses of Seaweeds" 7906:"Biodiesel from microalgae" 7691:Frontiers in Marine Science 7126:10.1533/9780857098863.4.389 7043:10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.017 6388:Knight, Susan (Fall 2001). 6221:10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_1 6102:Waggoner, Ben (1994–2008). 6050:Waggoner, Ben (1994–2008). 5590:The Evolution of Parasitism 5478:Ragan, Mark (3 June 2010). 4795:(8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. 4677:Sato, Naoki (27 May 2021). 4022:Butterfield, N. J. (2000). 3926: 3856: 3829: 3642: 3220:A close up of microalgae – 3022:farming is the practice of 2256:Some species of algae form 1929:Relationship to land plants 1265:These algae have "primary" 811: 'seaweed'); the term 784: 763: 694:food cultures. More modern 10: 11957: 10400:Alternation of generations 9502: 9333:Marine Algae of California 9282: 9080:Marine Plants of Australia 9043:. Belfast: Ulster Museum. 8794: 8692:Agricultural Biotechnology 8079:McHugh, Dennis J. (2003). 7957:Biotechnology for Biofuels 7545:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2 7227:10.1007/s43615-021-00084-3 6981:Diatoms of aerial habitats 6345:Brodo et al. (2001), p. 8. 6315:. CRC Press. p. 221. 6015:American Journal of Botany 5330:. In Mackay, J. T. (ed.). 4878:10.1016/j.pisc.2015.07.002 4666:. Oxford University Press. 4229:American Journal of Botany 4188:American Journal of Botany 4152:Nabors, Murray W. (2004). 3889: 3493: 3431: 3384: 3365:are harvested annually in 3207: 3040:The seven most cultivated 2977: 2825: 2674:. In very high densities ( 2653:Ancylonema nordenskioeldii 2620: 2482:Algae on coastal rocks at 2473: 2428: 2405: 2394:from the host is known as 2321: 2268: 2264: 2074:trait; they appear in the 2003:alternation of generations 1781:), but later were seen as 1667:(from chlorophytes), many 1563:(1744–1774) published the 29: 11941:Common names of organisms 11800: 11734: 11659: 11636: 11603: 11536: 11410: 11403: 11369: 11330: 11305: 11279: 11270: 11237: 11202: 11166: 11135: 11112: 11103: 11073: 11052: 11034: 11025: 10995: 10969: 10960: 10930: 10904: 10869: 10860: 10853: 10767: 10701: 10649: 10613: 10550:Cultivated plant taxonomy 10513:Biological classification 10503: 10376: 10292: 10188: 10138: 9863: 9793: 9736: 9698: 9672: 9608: 9528: 9510: 9289:Gayral, Paulette (1958). 9217: 9155:. John Wiley & Sons. 9139:Gayral, Paulette (1966). 9113: 8758:Deep-Sea Research Part II 7279:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841 6993:– via Google Books. 6804:– via Google Books. 6265:10.1134/s1021443707020021 5661:Annual Review of Genetics 5300:Biology of the Rhodophyta 5255:– via Google Books. 4554:. Oxford: Clarendon Press 3853:the synthetic substance. 3668:are salad ingredients in 3419:Hydrothermal Liquefaction 3184:climate change mitigation 2799: 2347:are accumulated from the 2082:, as well as the browns. 1683:(from chrysophytes), and 1142:Land plants (Embryophyta) 1139: 1124: 1117: 1102: 1095: 1080: 1073: 1058: 1051: 1015: 1000: 993: 978: 963: 956: 949: 934: 927: 912: 757: 296: 291: 155: 150: 128:Scientific classification 126: 121: 112: 107: 98: 50: 10782:Mastigophora/Flagellates 10410:Evolutionary development 9039:Morton, Osborne (1994). 8838:Kassinger, Ruth (2020). 8820:Fritsch, F. E. (1945) . 7705:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 7404:10.5670/oceanog.2022.213 6975:Johansen, J. R. (2012). 6678:Clerck, Olivier (2005). 6363:. CUP Archive. pp. 6288:Lichens of North America 6207:Tazawa, Masashi (2010). 5431:26 November 2014 at the 5178:Linnæus, Caroli (1753). 4290:Pringsheim, E. G. 1963. 3232:is used for cultivating 2532:and crustose corallines. 2238:, and the generation of 2145: 1766:Gelidiocolax mammillatus 748:, 'binding, entwining'. 698:applications extend the 11820:Baas-Becking hypothesis 10061:Hypanthium (Floral cup) 9078:Huisman, J. M. (2000). 8872:Algae and Human Affairs 8849:Algae and Human Affairs 8803:Seaweeds and their Uses 8730:: 91–96. Archived from 8174:Ethnobotanical Leaflets 8024:10.1126/science.1189003 7825:Algae and Human Affairs 6711:Hardy and Guiry (2006). 6496:10.1126/science.3898363 4857:Perspectives in Science 4425:10.1073/pnas.0812460106 3846:Stichococcus bacillaris 3747:unsaturated fatty acids 3741:or a "blue-green alga") 3652:, in Hawaii and by the 3626:, where it is known as 3317: 3304: 2966:sustainable food system 2446:, the three main algal 2279:Rock lichens in Ireland 2258:symbiotic relationships 815:is falling out of use. 755:word for 'seaweed' was 716:mitigate climate change 453:from multiple distinct 449:grouping that includes 60:Mesoproterozoic–present 11815:Microbial biogeography 10676:by author abbreviation 10600:Plant taxonomy systems 10518:Botanical nomenclature 9151:; Blunden, G. (1991). 8801:Chapman, V.J. (1950). 7970:10.1186/1754-6834-6-67 7910:Biotechnology Advances 7804:Cite journal requires 7266:Frontiers in Nutrition 6659:Huisman (2000), p. 25. 6077:Thomas, D. N. (2002). 5222:Gmelin, S. G. (1768). 5058:Wegener Parfrey, Laura 4242:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 4201:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481 4154:Introduction to Botany 4026:Bangiomorpha pubescens 3886:Stabilizing substances 3628: 3509: 3464: 3451:George Owen of Henllys 3446: 3314: 3225: 3196:The Nature Conservancy 3012: 3000: 2858: 2843: 2633: 2490: 2341: 2280: 2030: 1675:from chrysophytes, or 1561:Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin 1556:), among the animals. 1524:botanical nomenclature 1510: 1215:Supergroup affiliation 1186:with chloroplasts 850:photosynthetic pigment 841: 769: 744: 738: 728: 33:Algae (disambiguation) 10835:Fungus-like organisms 10683:Botanical expeditions 8909:Smith, G. M. (1938). 8890:Round, F. E. (1981). 6850:Round (1981), p. 176. 6841:Round (1981), p. 366. 6832:Round (1981), p. 371. 6823:Round (1981), p. 357. 6814:Round (1981), p. 362. 6786:Round, F. E. (1981). 6418:– via UWSP.edu. 6213:Progress in Botany 72 5372:20 April 2016 at the 5298:Dixon, P. S. (1973). 4967:10.1093/molbev/msy121 4696:10.3390/genes12060823 4327:10.1099/ijs.0.02559-0 3777:eicosapentaenoic acid 3752:Parietochloris incisa 3507: 3459: 3441: 3432:Further information: 3312: 3219: 3178:Seaweed farming is a 3129:(28.6%); followed by 3053:Kappaphycus alvarezii 3006: 2989: 2875:(also referred to as 2849: 2837: 2789:Cultural associations 2685:Algae can be used as 2628: 2481: 2429:Further information: 2339: 2278: 2236:cytoplasmic streaming 2024: 1687:(from xanthophytes). 1500: 1044:with rhodoplasts 826: 677:green sulfur bacteria 40:Alga (disambiguation) 11931:Endosymbiotic events 11550:Simple cell membrane 11486:Pseudoparenchymatous 11474:Filamentous/trichal/ 11458:Colonial flagellated 11391:Collar of microvilli 10415:Evolutionary history 10405:Double fertilization 10257:Cellular respiration 8892:The Ecology of Algae 8764:(10–11): 2133–2170. 8659:10.1128/AEM.01768-07 8486:Journal of Phycology 8436:"Re-imagining algae" 8269:World Economic Forum 8243:World Economic Forum 7661:(Technical report). 7471:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190 6792:The ecology of algae 6730:Journal of Phycology 6525:Otto, S. P. (2009). 6028:10.3732/ajb.91.2.214 5724:10.3390/biom10111524 5617:The Ecology of Algae 5552:10.3390/biom10111524 5461:4 March 2016 at the 5450:4 March 2016 at the 5424:Siebold, C. Th. v. " 5411:4 March 2016 at the 5400:5 March 2016 at the 5389:4 March 2016 at the 5337:. pp. 157–254. 4087:T.M. Gibson (2018). 3790:alpha-linolenic acid 3773:docosahexaenoic acid 3350:biocompatible medium 3250:wastewater treatment 3244:production (as in a 3007:A seaweed farmer in 2951:carbon sequestration 2891:, commonly known as 2418:Halichondria panicea 2353:marine invertebrates 2340:Floridian coral reef 2298:with a few from the 2066:occur at the nodes. 1933:Fossils of isolated 1679:from xanthophytes), 712:carbon sequestration 619:, although some are 268:(yellow-green algae) 31:For other uses, see 11936:Polyphyletic groups 11764:Contractile vacuole 11715:Meiosis in protists 11696:Mitosis in protists 11674:Multinucleate cells 10896:Flagellar apparatus 10845:Ambiregnal protists 10787:Sarcodina/Amoeboids 9634:Non-vascular plants 8935:Britain and Ireland 8805:. London: Methuen. 8770:1998DSRII..45.2133L 8651:2008ApEnM..74..564C 8498:2008JPcgy..44..564V 8375:2002PChem..60..497B 8180:on 23 December 2008 8016:2010Sci...329..796W 7748:. pp. 447–587. 7574:2017EJPhy..52..391B 7218:2022CirES...2..231V 7034:2017AlgRe..26...39H 6742:2012JPcgy..48.1057G 6537:(Suppl 1): S1–S14. 6488:1985Sci...229.1277B 6482:(4719): 1277–1281. 6184:2014MEPS..495..299C 6140:on 13 February 2007 6110:on 18 December 2008 6058:on 21 December 2008 5973:10.1038/nature09943 5965:2011Natur.473..505S 5922:10.1038/nature08213 5914:2009Natur.460..728K 5801:10.1038/nature01884 5793:2003Natur.425..282W 5323:Harvey, D. (1836). 5137:2007PLoSO...2..790B 5062:Patterson, David J. 5020:2003Phyco..42..473J 4869:2015PerSc...6...84O 4633:Lee, R. E. (2008). 4525:. Greenwich House. 4416:2009PNAS..106.7729B 4320:(Pt 6): 1719–1723. 4107:2018Geo....46..135G 4046:2000Pbio...26..386B 3824:algal turf scrubber 3769:omega-3 fatty acids 3718:Omega-3 fatty acids 3194:, Oceans 2050, and 3192:World Wildlife Fund 3094:are attractive for 3083:Sargassum fusiforme 3071:Undaria pinnatifida 3065:Saccharina japonica 2908:omega-3 fatty acids 2687:indicator organisms 2286:are defined by the 1905:horizontal movement 1704:ambiregnal protists 1685:chlorarachniophytes 1544:, and a species of 1350:Chlorarachniophytes 1321:Chlorarachniophytes 1083:Chlorarachniophytes 831:of the unicellular 790:cosmetic eye-shadow 722:Etymology and study 593:non-vascular plants 574:sexual reproduction 481:forms, such as the 292:Typically excluded 208:Chlorarachniophytes 173:Mesostigmatophyceae 11595:Periplast/pellicle 11318:Periplast/pellicle 11258:Cruciform division 10139:Surface structures 9934:Flower development 9392:. Academic Press. 9189:Otero, J. (2002). 9149:Guiry, Michael. D. 8912:Cryptogamic Botany 8528:on 1 October 2010. 8271:. 15 December 2017 8054:Read, Clare Sewell 7357:10.3390/pr10010175 6650:John (2002), p. 1. 5871:(90001): 381–401. 4818:Trends in Genetics 4761:10.1104/pp.116.1.9 4736:Bhattacharya, D.; 4552:A Latin Dictionary 3964:Iron fertilization 3545:, and are rich in 3510: 3447: 3434:Seaweed fertiliser 3315: 3246:seaweed cultivator 3226: 3013: 3001: 2859: 2844: 2838:A seaweed farm in 2682:other life forms. 2634: 2510:species ..." 2491: 2342: 2281: 2193:. You can help by 2097:of a species, are 2037:is exhibited, and 2031: 1511: 1356:, contain a small 877:The algae contain 854:reproductive cells 842: 501:that are found in 302:(blue-green algae) 11913: 11912: 11810:Microbial ecology 11796: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11769:Eyespot apparatus 11399: 11398: 11381:Choanoflagellates 11365: 11364: 11326: 11325: 11266: 11265: 11233: 11232: 11099: 11098: 11021: 11020: 10956: 10955: 10719: 10718: 10358:Herbaceous plants 10184: 10183: 9399:978-0-12-741550-5 9380:978-0-472-04904-2 9342:978-0-8047-0867-8 9316:978-0-7992-1793-3 9200:978-84-89803-22-0 9181:978-84-8302-263-4 9162:978-0-471-92947-5 9131:978-2-603-00848-5 9089:978-1-876268-33-6 9050:978-0-900761-28-7 9022:978-0-521-77051-4 9003:978-3-906166-35-3 8990:Guiry, Michael D. 8980:978-0-9509680-5-6 8952:978-0-565-00781-2 8920:Ask, E.I (1990). 8901:978-0-521-22583-0 8881:978-0-521-32115-0 8858:978-0-521-32115-0 8812:978-0-412-15740-0 8701:978-0-8247-9439-2 8245:. 25 October 2017 8210:978-0-930118-29-7 8168:Morton, Steve L. 8154:978-0-936923-29-1 8094:978-92-5-104958-7 8010:(5993): 796–799. 7834:978-0-521-32115-0 7611:Ask, E.I (1990). 7428:. 20 October 2022 7168:10.3390/nu5041301 7135:978-0-85709-428-5 6907:Trop Life Sci Res 6722:Guiry, Michael D. 6689:978-90-72619-64-8 6626:"Algae Herbarium" 6448:10.1111/tpj.12496 6374:978-0-521-25541-7 6322:978-0-8493-2483-3 6297:978-0-300-08249-4 6230:978-3-642-13145-5 6193:10.3354/meps10513 6088:978-0-565-09175-0 5959:(7348): 505–509. 5908:(7256): 728–732. 5845:978-1-56098-729-1 5787:(6955): 282–285. 5599:978-0-12-031754-7 5309:978-0-05-002485-0 5198:Textbook of Algae 5181:Species Plantarum 5068:(December 2006). 4910:10.1111/nph.15965 4802:978-0-07-304110-0 4613:978-1-107-79688-1 4480:978-981-329-578-0 4410:(19): 7729–7734. 4367:10.1111/nph.13279 4235:(10): 1437–1445. 4194:(10): 1481–1493. 4163:978-0-8053-4416-5 3908:Additional images 3796:Pollution control 3472:soil conditioners 3354:Molecular cuisine 3092:K. alvarezii 2944:pollution control 2807:imperial scholars 2795:classical Chinese 2382:hermatypic corals 2363:). These animals 2240:action potentials 2228:turgor regulation 2211: 2210: 2033:A range of algal 1945:(mya) during the 1943:million years ago 1669:heterokontophytes 1519:Species Plantarum 1495: 1494: 1209: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1178: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1027: 848:as their primary 794:ancient Egyptians 308: 307: 239:Eustigmatophyceae 223:Bacillariophyceae 178:Chlorokybophyceae 93: 16:(Redirected from 11948: 11784:Mastigont system 11737: 11662: 11639: 11628:Gliding motility 11606: 11543: 11488:/plektenchymatic 11444:Amoeboflagellate 11417: 11408: 11407: 11384: 11376: 11375: 11345: 11337: 11336: 11311: 11285: 11277: 11276: 11251: 11244: 11243: 11208: 11172: 11141: 11115: 11110: 11109: 11079: 11058: 11037: 11032: 11031: 11001: 10975: 10967: 10966: 10936: 10910: 10874: 10867: 10866: 10858: 10857: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10723: 10722: 10709: 10708: 10688:Individual trees 10363:Secondary growth 10334:Succulent plants 10322:Prostrate shrubs 10205:Apical dominance 10190:Plant physiology 10151:Epicuticular wax 9696: 9695: 9689: 9680:Plant morphology 9497: 9490: 9483: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9436: 9423: 9418:; Guiry, Wendy. 9403: 9384: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9346: 9320: 9294: 9278: 9261: 9245: 9229: 9213: 9204: 9185: 9166: 9144: 9135: 9109: 9093: 9067: 9054: 9035: 9026: 9007: 8984: 8965: 8956: 8925: 8916: 8905: 8885: 8862: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8782: 8781: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8736: 8721: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8670: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8589:. 9 October 2017 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8524:. Archived from 8477: 8471: 8470: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8337: 8322: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8050: 8044: 8043: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7982: 7972: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7807: 7802: 7800: 7792: 7790: 7772: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7743: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7707: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7626: 7617: 7616: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7473: 7449: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7416: 7406: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7369: 7359: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7299: 7281: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7229: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7161:(4): 1301–1315. 7146: 7140: 7139: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7045: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6922: 6898: 6887: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6867:. 10 April 2018. 6857: 6851: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6783: 6770: 6769: 6736:(5): 1057–1063. 6718: 6712: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6675: 6669: 6668:Stegenga (1997). 6666: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6409: 6394: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6362: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6136:. Archived from 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6006: 5993: 5992: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5726: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5651: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5554: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5475: 5466: 5443:, 1853, vol. 1, 5422: 5416: 5382:, 1857, vol. 5, 5361: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5343: 5329: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5225:Historia Fucorum 5219: 5213: 5212: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5148: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4961:(9): 2198–2204. 4946: 4940: 4939: 4929: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4772: 4749:Plant Physiology 4746: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4698: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4640: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4524: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4437: 4427: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4329: 4305: 4299: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4266:"Algae Research" 4261: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4179: 4168: 4167: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4115:10.1130/G39829.1 4084: 4078: 4077: 4019: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3918: 3902:Chondrus crispus 3896:Chondrus crispus 3820:manure effluents 3757:arachidonic acid 3700:. It is high in 3696:pigments in its 3650:British Columbia 3647: 3640:is used to make 3631: 3618:is used to make 3482:in some places. 3313:Harvesting algae 3266:photobioreactors 3230:algae bioreactor 3210:Algae bioreactor 3133:(5.09%) and the 2885:planktonic algae 2804: 2803: 2608:in this manner. 2528:. These exclude 2497:(located in the 2444:Heterokontophyta 2351:exoskeletons of 2206: 2203: 2185: 2178: 2080:Hildenbrandiales 1964:algae much like 1951:Early Ordovician 1901:genome evolution 1760:Pterocladiophila 1677:eustigmatophytes 1629:bacillariophytes 1577:(1811–1866) and 1565:Historia Fucorum 1507:Historia Fucorum 1212: 1211: 1120: 1119: 1098: 1097: 1076: 1075: 1054: 1053: 996: 995: 959: 958: 952: 951: 930: 929: 908: 907: 787: 781: 780: 772: 766: 760: 759: 747: 741: 731: 430: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 396: 389: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 360: 349: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 320: 151:Groups included 136: 135: 117: 103: 92: 88: 81: 74: 67: 61: 57:Temporal range: 56: 48: 47: 43: 36: 21: 11956: 11955: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11909: 11802: 11788: 11735: 11730: 11660: 11655: 11637: 11632: 11604: 11599: 11540: 11537: 11532: 11414: 11411: 11395: 11379: 11361: 11340: 11322: 11306: 11301: 11280: 11262: 11247: 11229: 11203: 11198: 11167: 11162: 11138:Dinoflagellates 11136: 11131: 11113: 11095: 11074: 11069: 11053: 11048: 11035: 11017: 10996: 10991: 10970: 10952: 10931: 10926: 10905: 10900: 10870: 10849: 10770:classifications 10769: 10763: 10750: 10720: 10715: 10697: 10666:Botanical terms 10659: 10645: 10609: 10555:Citrus taxonomy 10533:Author citation 10499: 10393: 10372: 10294: 10288: 10284:Turgor pressure 10192: 10180: 10134: 9949:Floral symmetry 9867: 9859: 9789: 9778:Vascular bundle 9773:Vascular tissue 9732: 9692: 9683: 9682: 9668: 9639:Vascular plants 9604: 9600:Plant pathology 9524: 9506: 9501: 9460: 9451: 9449: 9442:"Harmful Algae" 9427: 9411: 9406: 9400: 9381: 9359: 9357: 9343: 9327: 9317: 9301: 9285: 9269: 9252: 9236: 9220: 9201: 9182: 9163: 9132: 9116: 9100: 9090: 9074: 9051: 9023: 9004: 8981: 8953: 8937: 8932: 8902: 8882: 8859: 8813: 8797: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8737:on 4 March 2016 8734: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8688: 8684: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8478: 8474: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8414:Morning Edition 8406: 8402: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8197: 8193: 8183: 8181: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8125: 8110: 8106: 8095: 8077: 8073: 8051: 8047: 8000: 7996: 7949: 7945: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7821: 7817: 7805: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7770:10.2172/1855835 7757: 7753: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7682: 7678: 7671:10.2172/1874372 7653: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7627: 7620: 7609: 7605: 7557: 7553: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7450: 7443: 7431: 7429: 7420: 7387: 7383: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7258: 7251: 7198: 7194: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7114: 7110: 7071: 7067: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6940: 6936: 6899: 6890: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6784: 6773: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6574: 6570: 6523: 6519: 6468: 6464: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6284: 6280: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6205: 6201: 6164: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6048: 6044: 6007: 5996: 5949: 5945: 5898: 5894: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5832: 5828: 5773: 5769: 5754: 5750: 5703: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5652: 5643: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5620:. CUP Archive. 5611: 5607: 5600: 5582: 5578: 5531: 5527: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5476: 5469: 5463:Wayback Machine 5452:Wayback Machine 5433:Wayback Machine 5423: 5419: 5413:Wayback Machine 5402:Wayback Machine 5391:Wayback Machine 5374:Wayback Machine 5362: 5358: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5333:Flora hibernica 5327: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5176: 5172: 5117: 5113: 5055: 5051: 5004: 5000: 4947: 4943: 4898:New Phytologist 4890: 4886: 4849: 4845: 4824:(11): 577–584. 4814: 4810: 4803: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4744: 4734: 4730: 4675: 4671: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4588: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4515: 4511: 4502:"alga, algae". 4501: 4500: 4496: 4481: 4455: 4451: 4396: 4392: 4355:New Phytologist 4347: 4343: 4306: 4302: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4221: 4217: 4180: 4171: 4164: 4150: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4085: 4081: 4020: 4016: 4011: 3992:Phycotechnology 3987:Photobioreactor 3939: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3910: 3898: 3890:Main articles: 3888: 3859: 3841: 3832: 3798: 3749:. For example, 3535: 3528: 3521: 3502: 3492: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3385:Main articles: 3383: 3373:extraction and 3335: 3320: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3288: 3281: 3257: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3180:carbon negative 3016:Seaweed farming 2996:farming in the 2983: 2980:Seaweed farming 2975: 2973:Seaweed farming 2970: 2969: 2936:pharmaceuticals 2897:algae scrubbers 2850:Algaculture in 2831: 2823: 2791: 2655:, was found in 2629:Phytoplankton, 2623: 2595:Ulva reticulata 2552: 2476: 2433: 2427: 2410: 2404: 2396:coral bleaching 2334: 2322:Main articles: 2320: 2273: 2267: 2254: 2252:Symbiotic algae 2216: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2191:needs expansion 2148: 2076:coralline algae 2019: 1981:dropped during 1931: 1809:common ancestor 1801: 1718:Helicosporidium 1592:) studying the 1529:Systema Naturae 1418:Dinoflagellates 1364:of the algae's 1235: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1153: 1038: 1029: 833:coccolithophore 821: 819:Classifications 724: 700:food traditions 688:seaweed farming 649:dinoflagellates 613:vascular plants 556:cyanobacteria. 537:, specifically 428: 405: 401: 387: 364: 355: 354: 347: 324: 315: 314: 130: 94: 91: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 59: 58: 54: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11954: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11806: 11804: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11701: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11671: 11665: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11642: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11512:Siphonocladous 11510: 11502: 11495:Multinucleated 11492: 11489: 11483: 11481:Parenchymatous 11478: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11420: 11418: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11314: 11312: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11282:Kinetoplastids 11274: 11268: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11254: 11252: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11175: 11173: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11116: 11107: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11040: 11038: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11004: 11002: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10978: 10976: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10948:Phycobilisomes 10945: 10943:Pit connection 10939: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10922:Phycobilisomes 10919: 10913: 10911: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10877: 10875: 10872:Chloroplastida 10864: 10862:Archaeplastida 10855: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10784: 10773: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10749: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10726: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10656:Related topics 10654: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10605:Taxonomic rank 10602: 10597: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10557: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10523:Botanical name 10515: 10509: 10507: 10505:Plant taxonomy 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10481:Megasporangium 10478: 10477: 10476: 10469:Microsporangia 10461: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10314: 10309: 10307:Cushion plants 10298: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10244: 10242:Plant hormones 10239: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10225:Photosynthesis 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10196: 10194: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10063: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9944:Floral formula 9941: 9939:Floral diagram 9936: 9931: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9892: 9882: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9868:(incl. Flower) 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9828: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9770: 9768:Storage organs 9765: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9654:Spermatophytes 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9624:Archaeplastida 9621: 9615: 9613: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9578:Phytogeography 9575: 9573:Phytochemistry 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9530:Subdisciplines 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9458: 9437: 9425: 9416:Guiry, Michael 9410: 9409:External links 9407: 9405: 9404: 9398: 9385: 9379: 9366: 9347: 9341: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9315: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9268: 9267:Canary Islands 9265: 9264: 9263: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9205: 9199: 9186: 9180: 9167: 9161: 9145: 9136: 9130: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9088: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9055: 9049: 9036: 9027: 9021: 9008: 9002: 8988:Hardy, F. G.; 8985: 8979: 8966: 8957: 8951: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8917: 8906: 8900: 8887: 8880: 8863: 8857: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8811: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8748: 8707: 8700: 8682: 8645:(3): 564–569. 8625: 8600: 8574: 8549: 8531: 8492:(3): 564–572. 8472: 8453: 8427: 8400: 8369:(5): 497–503. 8363:Phytochemistry 8349: 8308: 8297:. 12 June 2018 8282: 8256: 8230: 8216: 8209: 8191: 8160: 8153: 8135: 8104: 8093: 8071: 8045: 7994: 7943: 7916:(3): 294–306. 7896: 7879:Algae Research 7866: 7840: 7833: 7815: 7806:|journal= 7751: 7729: 7676: 7647: 7635:Hakai Magazine 7618: 7603: 7568:(4): 391–406. 7551: 7518: 7493: 7464:(4): 855–861. 7441: 7439: 7438: 7381: 7330: 7311: 7249: 7212:(1): 231–279. 7192: 7141: 7134: 7108: 7081:(5): 572–579. 7065: 7022:Algal Research 7008: 6996: 6989: 6967: 6959: 6934: 6888: 6885:. 6 July 2020. 6870: 6852: 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6800: 6771: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6688: 6670: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6617: 6588:(1): 190–240. 6568: 6543:10.1086/599084 6517: 6462: 6441:(4): 632–644. 6421: 6410:on 2 July 2007 6380: 6373: 6347: 6338: 6328: 6321: 6303: 6296: 6278: 6259:(2): 163–170. 6243: 6229: 6199: 6151: 6121: 6094: 6087: 6069: 6042: 6021:(2): 214–227. 5994: 5943: 5892: 5851: 5844: 5826: 5767: 5748: 5694: 5641: 5626: 5605: 5598: 5576: 5525: 5508: 5467: 5417: 5356: 5315: 5308: 5290: 5258: 5251: 5231: 5214: 5207: 5187: 5170: 5111: 5049: 5014:(5): 473–477. 4998: 4941: 4904:(2): 618–624. 4884: 4843: 4808: 4801: 4783: 4728: 4669: 4654: 4647: 4625: 4612: 4582: 4565: 4538: 4531: 4509: 4494: 4479: 4449: 4390: 4361:(3): 972–982. 4341: 4300: 4283: 4256: 4215: 4169: 4162: 4141: 4120: 4101:(2): 135–138. 4079: 4040:(3): 386–404. 4013: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3966: 3961: 3959:Eutrophication 3956: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3887: 3884: 3858: 3855: 3840: 3839:Bioremediation 3837: 3831: 3828: 3813: 3812: 3809:algae scrubber 3805: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3743: 3742: 3722: 3721: 3694:photosynthetic 3533: 3526: 3519: 3496:Edible seaweed 3491: 3488: 3429: 3426: 3382: 3379: 3334: 3331: 3319: 3316: 3306: 3303: 3294:photosynthetic 3286: 3279: 3262:algae scrubber 3255: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3106:is farmed for 3009:Nusa Lembongan 2984: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2904:nutraceuticals 2852:Kibbutz Ketura 2832: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2790: 2787: 2785:(phycobiont). 2622: 2619: 2614:Clathromorphum 2556:phytogeography 2551: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2521: 2518: 2475: 2472: 2426: 2423: 2413:Endosymbiontic 2406:Main article: 2403: 2400: 2373:carbon dioxide 2319: 2316: 2269:Main article: 2266: 2263: 2253: 2250: 2232:salt tolerance 2224:osmoregulation 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2188: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2147: 2144: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2018: 2015: 2011:Boring Billion 1930: 1927: 1914:to the "host" 1858:archaeplastids 1850:Boring Billion 1800: 1797: 1778:Chlorochytrium 1742:incertae sedis 1569:marine biology 1501:Title page of 1493: 1492: 1490:chloroplasts. 1488:dinoflagellate 1437: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1398: 1397: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1306: 1305: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1237:Archaeplastida 1228: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 999: 994: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 962: 957: 955: 950: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 933: 928: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 911: 906: 820: 817: 723: 720: 704:bioremediation 436:photosynthetic 306: 305: 304: 303: 294: 293: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 279:Dinoflagellata 276: 271: 270: 269: 263: 258: 256:Raphidophyceae 253: 252:(golden algae) 247: 241: 236: 231: 226: 215: 210: 205: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 159:Archaeplastida 153: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 124: 123: 119: 118: 110: 109: 105: 104: 96: 95: 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11953: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11863: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11841:Fertilization 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11799: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11733: 11724: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11713: 11709:Pleuromitosis 11708: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11646:Hydrogenosome 11644: 11643: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11520:Multicellular 11518: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11382: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11342:Dictyostelids 11338: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11304: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11283: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11205:Apicomplexans 11201: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11170: 11165: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11077: 11072: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11027:Stramenopiles 11024: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10747: 10742: 10740: 10735: 10733: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10712: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10648: 10642: 10641:Phytochemical 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10279:Transpiration 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10066:Inflorescence 10064: 10062: 10059: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9751:Ground tissue 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674:Plant anatomy 9671: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:Plant ecology 9593: 9591: 9590:Plant anatomy 9588: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9538:Archaeobotany 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9486: 9484: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9467: 9463: 9462:"About Algae" 9459: 9447: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9433:CCDb.UCSD.edu 9430: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9401: 9395: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9367: 9355: 9354: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9325:North America 9318: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9302: 9292: 9287: 9286: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9259: 9254: 9253: 9250:Faroe Islands 9243: 9238: 9237: 9227: 9222: 9221: 9211: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8939: 8938: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8296: 8295:HowStuffWorks 8292: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8226: 8220: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7854: 7851:. AlgaeBase. 7850: 7844: 7836: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7798: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7651: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7614: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7446: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7254: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6992: 6990:9781139492621 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6962: 6960:9783319319841 6956: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6847: 6838: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6803: 6801:9780521269063 6797: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6582:Bacteriol Rev 6579: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6332: 6324: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5629: 5627:9780521269063 5623: 5619: 5618: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406:(19), 143–149 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5360: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5252:9780520915817 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5226: 5218: 5210: 5208:9780074519288 5204: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5074:PLOS Genetics 5071: 5067: 5066:Katz, Laura A 5063: 5059: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4648:9780521367448 4644: 4639: 4638: 4629: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4532:9780517414255 4528: 4523: 4522: 4513: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977:Microbiofuels 3975: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3921:Algae bladder 3917: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761:vegetarianism 3758: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3579:beta-carotene 3576: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411:Vegetable oil 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381:Energy source 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3346:biotechnology 3343: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3311: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3157:, 0.5%), and 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125:(58.62%) and 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:gelling agent 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877:phytoplankton 2874: 2869: 2867: 2864:is a form of 2863: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2818: 2816: 2815:Summer Palace 2812: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:, endozoic), 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729:(subaerial), 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:phytoplankton 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2631:Lake Chūzenji 2627: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530:phytoplankton 2527: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503:British Isles 2500: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2377:endosymbionts 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355:of the order 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2300:Basidiomycota 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2272: 2262: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2246:Phytohormones 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2205: 2202:February 2021 2196: 2192: 2189:This section 2187: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2059:florideophyte 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2023: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953:period, from 1952: 1948: 1947:Late Cambrian 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Viridiplantae 1860:, namely the 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829:eukaryote (a 1828: 1827:heterotrophic 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:cyanobacteria 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1793:apicomplexans 1790: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1754:Rhodochytrium 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Bolidophyceae 1654: 1650: 1649:euglenophytes 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1360:, which is a 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1302:Viridiplantae 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280:(often), and 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1261:Cyanobacteria 1259: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061:Euglenophytes 1056: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 991: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982: 981:Stramenopiles 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 961: 960: 954: 953: 947: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 932: 931: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 915:Cyanobacteria 910: 909: 905: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 887:cyanobacteria 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 868:cyanobacteria 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 840: 838: 834: 830: 825: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 786: 776: 771: 765: 754: 753:Ancient Greek 749: 746: 740: 735: 730: 726:The singular 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667:that produce 666: 665:cyanobacteria 662: 658: 657:apicomplexans 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:tracheophytes 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:endosymbiotic 552:derived from 551: 547: 542: 540: 539:phytoplankton 536: 532: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:multicellular 476: 472: 471: 466: 465: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 433: 432: 423: 400: 392: 391: 382: 358: 352: 351: 342: 318: 312: 301: 300:Cyanobacteria 298: 297: 295: 290: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 267: 266:Xanthophyceae 264: 262: 261:Synurophyceae 259: 257: 254: 251: 250:Chrysophyceae 248: 246:(brown algae) 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 202: 199: 196: 193: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 169: 165: 164:Viridiplantae 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 154: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 134: 129: 125: 120: 116: 111: 106: 102: 97: 89: 82: 75: 68: 49: 46: 41: 34: 19: 11861:Heterotrophy 11831:Reproduction 11706:Orthomitosis 11691:Heterokaryon 11638:Mitochondria 11539:Cell surface 11415:organization 11371:Opisthokonta 11194:Micronucleus 11189:Macronucleus 11091:Pneumatocyst 10907:Glaucophytes 10891:Phragmoplast 10830:Thallophytes 10819: 10757:Protistology 10753:Microbiology 10636:Horticulture 10626:Floriculture 10528:Correct name 10378:Reproduction 10368:Woody plants 10293:Plant growth 10252:Gas Exchange 10237:Phytomelanin 10115:Plant embryo 9865:Reproductive 9713:Phragmoplast 9618: 9465: 9450:. Retrieved 9432: 9389: 9370: 9358:. Retrieved 9352: 9332: 9306: 9299:South Africa 9290: 9274: 9257: 9241: 9225: 9209: 9190: 9171: 9152: 9140: 9121: 9105: 9079: 9063: 9059: 9040: 9031: 9012: 8993: 8970: 8961: 8942: 8921: 8911: 8891: 8871: 8867: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8802: 8789:Bibliography 8761: 8757: 8751: 8739:. Retrieved 8732:the original 8727: 8723: 8710: 8691: 8685: 8642: 8638: 8628: 8616:. Retrieved 8612: 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8586: 8577: 8565:. Retrieved 8561: 8552: 8534: 8526:the original 8489: 8485: 8475: 8465:. ReefBase. 8456: 8444:. Retrieved 8430: 8413: 8403: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8340:. Retrieved 8328: 8324: 8311: 8299:. Retrieved 8294: 8285: 8273:. Retrieved 8268: 8259: 8247:. Retrieved 8242: 8233: 8227:. AlgaeBase. 8219: 8200: 8194: 8182:. Retrieved 8178:the original 8173: 8163: 8144: 8138: 8126:. Retrieved 8121: 8118:ResearchGate 8117: 8107: 8084: 8074: 8065: 8061: 8048: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7960: 7956: 7946: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7887:. Retrieved 7878: 7869: 7857:. Retrieved 7843: 7824: 7818: 7797:cite journal 7754: 7745: 7732: 7715:10754/623247 7695: 7689: 7679: 7657: 7650: 7638:. Retrieved 7634: 7612: 7606: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7535: 7531: 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7505: 7496: 7461: 7457: 7430:. Retrieved 7425: 7395:Oceanography 7394: 7384: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7327:. FAO. 2018. 7320: 7314: 7269: 7265: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7117: 7111: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7025: 7021: 7011: 6999: 6980: 6970: 6953:. Springer. 6949: 6945:. Springer, 6942: 6937: 6913:(2): 51–67. 6910: 6906: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6791: 6733: 6729: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6679: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6634:. Retrieved 6620: 6585: 6581: 6571: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6412:. Retrieved 6405:the original 6400: 6396: 6383: 6358: 6350: 6341: 6331: 6312: 6306: 6287: 6281: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6234:. Retrieved 6212: 6202: 6175: 6171: 6142:. Retrieved 6138:the original 6134:berkeley.edu 6133: 6124: 6112:. 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Retrieved 4259: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4191: 4187: 4153: 4132:. Retrieved 4123: 4098: 4092: 4082: 4037: 4033:Paleobiology 4031: 4025: 4017: 3968: 3941:Algae portal 3901: 3899: 3871:chlorophylls 3861:The natural 3860: 3851:biodegrading 3844: 3842: 3833: 3814: 3786:flaxseed oil 3750: 3744: 3732: 3723: 3687: 3682: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3572: 3566: 3511: 3500:Algae powder 3465: 3460: 3448: 3422: 3407:Butanol fuel 3403:Ethanol fuel 3360: 3358: 3338:Alginic acid 3336: 3321: 3227: 3221: 3169: 3163: 3120: 3103: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3014: 2991: 2901: 2870: 2860: 2811:Kunming Lake 2792: 2767:endosymbiont 2747:thermophilic 2692: 2684: 2676:algal blooms 2665: 2661:Italian Alps 2652: 2645: 2635: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2593: 2579: 2575: 2553: 2550:Distribution 2545: 2541: 2512: 2506: 2494: 2492: 2434: 2416: 2411: 2392:Symbiodinium 2391: 2387:Symbiodinium 2385: 2357:Scleractinia 2343: 2332:Symbiodinium 2309: 2306:Trentepohlia 2304: 2282: 2255: 2244: 2217: 2199: 2195:adding to it 2190: 2174:30 cm). 2149: 2140:Embryophytes 2125: 2084: 2072:polyphyletic 2070:are another 2068:Conceptacles 2055:chlorophytes 2035:morphologies 2032: 1979:water levels 1965: 1932: 1923:tree of life 1909:endosymbiont 1897:phylogenomic 1890: 1820:phagocytized 1805:polyphyletic 1802: 1786: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1748:Phyllosiphon 1746: 1740: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1689: 1673:synurophytes 1665:glaucophytes 1653:chlorophytes 1641:cryptophytes 1637:pyrrhophytes 1625:xanthophytes 1621:chrysophytes 1610: 1606: 1586:O. F. Müller 1583: 1575:W. H. Harvey 1573: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1547:Acetabularia 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1517: 1512: 1509:, dated 1768 1506: 1477: 1473:cryptomonads 1461:cryptomonads 1450: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1428:Cryptomonads 1392:Lepidodinium 1390: 1388: 1384:phagocytosis 1382:rather than 1371: 1370: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1271:chlorophylls 1267:chloroplasts 1232:Primoplantae 1222:Endosymbiont 1185: 1140: 1125: 1105:Chlorophytes 1103: 1081: 1059: 1043: 1016: 1003:Cryptophytes 1001: 979: 964: 937:Glaucophytes 935: 913: 896: 891:chloroplasts 879:chloroplasts 876: 861: 857: 843: 837:Gephyrocapsa 835: 827:False-color 808: 798: 792:used by the 750: 725: 685: 653:heterotrophs 641:golden algae 617:phototrophic 615:). Most are 603:, and other 578: 550:chloroplasts 543: 524: 510: 468: 462: 447:polyphyletic 398: 310: 309: 244:Phaeophyceae 45: 11891:Necrotrophy 11876:Saprotrophy 11866:Phagotrophy 11854:Phototrophy 11847:Nutrition: 11836:Life cycles 11827:Development 11801:Ecology and 11669:Nucleomorph 11623:Pseudopodia 11424:Unicellular 11308:Euglenoidea 11292:Kinetoplast 11076:Brown algae 11044:Mastigoneme 10982:Mastigoneme 10972:Cryptophyta 10882:green algae 10840:Slime molds 10452:Pollen tube 10447:Pollinators 10437:Pollination 10432:Germination 10247:Respiration 10230:Chlorophyll 10076:Pedicellate 10010:Gametophyte 9929:Aestivation 9880:Antheridium 9875:Archegonium 9723:Plasmodesma 9700:Plant cells 9563:Paleobotany 9558:Ethnobotany 9543:Astrobotany 9452:19 December 9420:"AlgaeBase" 9360:19 December 9098:New Zealand 8618:18 November 8593:18 November 8587:ZME Science 8567:18 November 8342:21 December 8184:26 December 8128:21 December 7889:29 December 7859:28 December 7432:17 November 7367:10835/13146 6950:River Algae 6943:River Algae 6636:19 December 6178:: 299–307. 6144:15 February 6114:19 December 6062:19 December 5668:: 147–168. 5501:16 February 5490:(1): 1–15. 5395:(18), 90–96 5384:(17), 13–16 5348:31 December 5131:(8): e790. 4755:(1): 9–15. 4558:31 December 3892:Carrageenan 3867:carotenoids 3755:is high in 3726:amino acids 3698:chloroplast 3672:, Ireland, 3666:badderlocks 3662:Sea lettuce 3658:New Zealand 3638:green laver 3602:; Ireland, 3480:aquaculture 3476:Algaculture 3468:fertilizers 3455:South Wales 3395:Biohydrogen 3362:Macrocystis 3342:brown algae 3298:chlorophyll 3203:Bioreactors 3186:. The IPCC 3174:aquaculture 3139:North Korea 3135:Philippines 3131:South Korea 3096:carrageenan 3024:cultivating 2998:Philippines 2990:Underwater 2932:aquaculture 2928:bioplastics 2924:fertilizers 2881:microphytes 2866:aquaculture 2862:Algaculture 2828:Algaculture 2821:Cultivation 2813:beside the 2797:, the word 2731:lithophytic 2723:terrestrial 2672:food chains 2601:U. fasciata 2588:algae" or " 2564:cryptogamic 2440:Chlorophyta 2431:Conceptacle 2402:Sea sponges 2345:Coral reefs 2318:Coral reefs 2087:flagellates 2053:, and some 2039:convergence 2027:kelp forest 1995:plant stems 1983:dry seasons 1939:land plants 1882:Glaucophyta 1866:green algae 1848:, early in 1839:symbiogenic 1824:unicellular 1724:Cephaleuros 1681:haptophytes 1661:charophytes 1633:phaeophytes 1617:rhodophytes 1613:cyanophytes 1484:apicoplasts 1480:Apicomplexa 1465:heterokonts 1457:nucleomorph 1413:Heterokonts 1380:myzocytosis 1358:nucleomorph 1333:Green algae 1294:Chlorophyta 1282:phycobilins 1254:Glaucophyta 1244:Chlorophyta 1127:Charophytes 1018:Haptophytes 966:Rhodophytes 872:prokaryotes 863:Chlorophyta 846:chlorophyll 708:algae fuels 696:algaculture 637:green algae 633:phagotrophy 621:mixotrophic 581:land plants 562:brown algae 521:green algae 503:land plants 274:Cryptophyta 234:Bolidomonas 218:Heterokonts 201:Glaucophyta 197:(red algae) 183:Chlorophyta 168:green algae 73:Proterozoic 11920:Categories 11905:Auxotrophy 11900:Mixotrophy 11881:Parasitism 11871:Osmotrophy 11849:Autotrophy 11803:physiology 11679:Plasmodium 11605:Locomotion 11541:structures 11505:Coenocytic 11249:Phytomyxea 11220:Apicoplast 11148:Dinokaryon 11127:Trichocyst 10998:Haptophyte 10886:Phycoplast 10854:Morphology 10825:Cryptogams 10474:Microspore 10464:Sporangium 10442:Artificial 10130:Sporophyte 10125:Sporophyll 10120:Receptacle 10015:Gynandrium 9885:Androecium 9794:Vegetative 9664:Angiosperm 9659:Gymnosperm 9553:Dendrology 8842:. Mariner. 8613:Energy.gov 8562:oilgae.com 8446:26 January 8331:(7): 585. 8068:: 142–143. 7511:1 December 7350:(1): 175. 6397:Lake Tides 5687:3 December 5633:6 February 5363:Braun, A. 5008:Phycologia 4738:Medlin, L. 4689:(6): 823. 4009:References 4004:– anatoxin 3982:Microphyte 3775:(DHA) and 3739:prokaryote 3714:vitamin B2 3620:laverbread 3577:, high in 3574:Dunaliella 3514:superfoods 3494:See also: 3428:Fertilizer 3387:Algae fuel 3367:New Mexico 3327:gelatinous 3274:bioethanol 3238:macroalgae 3116:seagrasses 3104:Gracilaria 3080:spp., and 3059:Gracilaria 3035:life cycle 3028:harvesting 2958:bioeconomy 2940:algal fuel 2889:Macroalgae 2873:microalgae 2842:, Zanzibar 2779:calcifilic 2771:endophytic 2751:cryophilic 2739:euryhaline 2735:halophytic 2711:freshwater 2699:planktonic 2680:asphyxiate 2582:Antarctica 2484:Shihtiping 2436:Rhodophyta 2425:Life cycle 2408:Sea sponge 2365:metabolize 2349:calcareous 2328:Coral reef 2311:aerophytes 2296:Ascomycota 2214:Physiology 2136:Charophyta 2064:horsetails 2017:Morphology 1976:lacustrine 1962:charophyte 1959:freshwater 1874:Rhodophyta 1868:and later 1803:Algae are 1783:endophytic 1737:protistans 1733:sporozoans 1712:Prototheca 1700:protozoans 1645:dinophytes 1602:microalgae 1598:macroalgae 1469:Haptophyta 1423:Haptophyta 1376:Euglenozoa 1298:Charophyta 1249:Rhodophyta 858:Prototheca 803:(from 629:myzotrophy 625:osmotrophy 595:, and the 585:bryophytes 531:stoneworts 512:Charophyta 487:brown alga 485:, a large 483:giant kelp 470:Prototheca 461:, such as 459:microalgae 440:eukaryotic 284:Haptophyta 195:Rhodophyta 188:Charophyta 11886:Biotrophy 11759:Extrusome 11749:Cytostome 11613:Flagellum 11570:Cell wall 11529:/histonal 11509:Siphonous 11500:Syncytial 11468:Coenobial 11464:Sarcinoid 11413:Levels of 11352:Macrocyst 11332:Amoebozoa 11297:Glycosome 11225:Microneme 11105:Alveolata 11013:Haptonema 11008:Coccolith 10987:Periplast 10933:Red algae 10917:Cyanelles 10804:Infusoria 10671:Botanists 10589:Herbarium 10486:Megaspore 10384:Evolution 10327:Subshrubs 10295:and habit 10220:Nutrition 10215:Cellulose 10210:Bulk flow 10193:Materials 10156:Epidermis 10020:Gynoecium 10001:Endosperm 9996:Dispersal 9912:Staminode 9848:Sessility 9836:Cataphyll 9756:Mesophyll 9708:Cell wall 9649:Lycophyte 9629:Bryophyte 9583:Geobotany 9568:Phycology 9466:NMH.ac.uk 9234:Greenland 9072:Australia 8040:206526311 7963:(1): 67. 7788:247648577 7724:2296-7745 7590:0967-0262 7480:0002-9165 7413:1042-8275 7397:: 26–34. 7376:2227-9717 7344:Processes 7288:2296-861X 7244:238768104 7236:2730-5988 7155:Nutrients 7052:2211-9264 7028:: 39–46. 6865:Space.com 6504:0036-8075 6236:7 October 5036:0031-8884 4975:0737-4038 4918:0028-646X 4863:: 84–93. 4705:2073-4425 4637:Phycology 4596:Phycology 4489:202902934 4276:25 August 4062:0094-8373 3954:AlgaePARC 3949:AlgaeBase 3843:The alga 3734:Spirulina 3710:magnesium 3689:Chlorella 3674:Greenland 3629:bara lawr 3612:cochayuyo 3568:Chlorella 3563:spirulina 3555:magnesium 3551:potassium 3490:Nutrition 3399:Biodiesel 3333:Alginates 3290:in flue 3270:biodiesel 3149:(0.53%), 3145:(1.15%), 3127:Indonesia 3112:mangroves 2912:colorants 2775:parasitic 2759:epiphytic 2657:Greenland 2590:North Sea 2448:divisions 2369:secretion 2220:Characeae 2167:reported. 2095:lifecycle 2091:amoeboids 1991:holdfasts 1886:predation 1878:red algae 1854:divisions 1843:Calymmian 1799:Evolution 1788:Beggiatoa 1696:Eukaryota 1594:Infusoria 1590:Ehrenberg 1579:Lamouroux 1559:In 1768, 1553:Madrepora 1541:Corallina 1453:Chromista 1435:Red algae 1372:Euglenids 1326:Euglenids 900:based on 898:Phylogeny 801:phycology 734:etymology 692:East Asia 645:euglenids 607:found in 526:Spirogyra 464:Chlorella 443:organisms 225:(Diatoms) 213:Euglenids 145:Eukaryota 11779:Axostyle 11774:Pyrenoid 11754:Fimbriae 11686:Dikaryon 11651:Mitosome 11580:Skeleton 11565:Frustule 11555:Mucilage 11527:tissular 11451:Colonial 11434:Amoeboid 11429:Monadoid 11357:Sorocarp 11272:Excavate 11239:Rhizaria 11169:Ciliates 11153:Dinocyst 11114:General: 11065:Frustule 11036:General: 10962:Hacrobia 10813:Sporozoa 10808:Ciliates 10797:Heliozoa 10777:Protozoa 10761:Protists 10711:Category 10631:Forestry 10621:Agronomy 10614:Practice 10565:Cultivar 10560:Cultigen 10420:timeline 10312:Rosettes 10200:Aleurone 10176:Trichome 10093:Perianth 9905:Filament 9763:Meristem 9686:glossary 9548:Bryology 9446:Archived 9066:: 3–164. 8930:Regional 8868:Porphyra 8677:18065627 8544:Archived 8514:27041416 8467:Archived 8440:Archived 8422:Archived 8395:Archived 8391:12052516 8333:Archived 8099:Archived 8056:(1849). 8032:20705853 7989:23642220 7938:18234512 7930:17350212 7883:Archived 7853:Archived 7640:19 March 7598:53640917 7488:35820048 7306:36742010 7187:23598439 7103:30307483 7095:24261532 6929:24575199 6883:Sky News 6766:30911529 6758:27011267 6724:(2012). 6630:Archived 6563:Archived 6551:19441962 6457:24597605 6414:4 August 6336:fungi)." 6273:27373543 6079:Seaweeds 6037:21653378 5981:21490597 5930:19587681 5887:11326045 5821:Archived 5809:13679913 5762:Archived 5743:33172219 5682:17600460 5571:33172219 5459:Archived 5448:Archived 5429:Archived 5409:Archived 5398:Archived 5387:Archived 5370:Archived 5367:general) 5339:Archived 5282:Archived 5165:17726520 5125:PLOS ONE 5106:17194223 5044:86730888 4993:29924337 4936:31135958 4838:12414188 4775:Archived 4740:(1998). 4723:34071987 4444:19416859 4385:26042246 4336:14657099 4270:Archived 4251:21652302 4210:21652304 4074:Archived 4070:36648568 3927:See also 3863:pigments 3857:Pigments 3830:Polymers 3781:copepods 3765:veganism 3670:Scotland 3587:fat choy 3553:, iron, 3444:Inisheer 3371:alginate 3258:fixation 3155:Tanzania 3151:Zanzibar 3147:Malaysia 3141:(1.6%), 3088:Eucheuma 3047:Eucheuma 2993:Eucheuma 2906:such as 2783:lichenic 2755:epibiont 2647:Navicula 2292:symbiont 2152:sediment 2132:Charales 2109:mucilage 2102:Colonial 2078:and the 2045:are the 1972:riverine 1957:shallow 1937:suggest 1835:plastids 1772:Oodinium 1692:Protista 1514:Linnaeus 1406:Hacrobia 1402:Halvaria 1354:Cercozoa 1314:Rhizaria 1310:Excavata 1226:Summary 839:oceanica 813:algology 775:Biblical 661:plastids 589:rhizoids 566:red alga 546:plastids 535:plankton 517:division 507:seaweeds 473:and the 229:Axodines 141:Domain: 11722:Zygotic 11719:Gametic 11661:Nucleus 11439:Coccoid 11404:General 11215:Rhoptry 11122:Alveoli 11055:Diatoms 10792:Testate 10389:Ecology 10146:Cuticle 9976:Capsule 9966:Anatomy 9917:Tapetum 9841:Petiole 9816:Rhizome 9811:Rhizoid 9738:Tissues 9728:Vacuole 9718:Plastid 9520:Outline 9515:History 9283:Morocco 8795:General 8766:Bibcode 8668:2227722 8647:Bibcode 8522:2040067 8494:Bibcode 8371:Bibcode 8301:21 June 8275:21 June 8249:21 June 8012:Bibcode 8004:Science 7980:3662598 7779:1855835 7570:Bibcode 7426:CTVNews 7297:9892066 7214:Bibcode 7178:3705349 7060:1581797 7030:Bibcode 6920:3819078 6738:Bibcode 6559:9250680 6531:Am. 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