511:
protect the caravan and kill the
Najahid brothers if they were confronted on the route to Mecca. Jayyash and al-Ahwal successfully evaded notice while pursuing al-Sulayhi and together with a handful of their partisans attacked the caravan while it was encamped outside al-Mahjam. His Ethiopian troops refused to aid him and many of them defected. Afterward, al-Sulayhi, his brother Abdullah al-Sulayhi and 170 males from the Sulayhid family were executed by decapitation. Jayyash was believed to have been responsible for al-Sulayhi's death. Asma and 35
519:"To horse! For by Allah here is al-Ahwal and his men of whose coming we were warned yesterday by the letter which As'ad ibn Shihab wrote us from Zabid!" Al-Sulayhi was "seized with terror" and remained in his spot before al-Ahwal killed him. The Najahids proceeded to kill Abdullah and most of al-Sulayhi's family that was present before taking control of the caravan's mostly Ethiopian army.
526:, al-Ahwal enlisted al-Sulayhi's Ethiopian army and with them marched back toward Zabid and successfully wrested control of the former Najahid city. Ibn Shihab escaped to San'a and the severed heads of both al-Sulayhi and Abdullah were affixed to poles outside of Asma's new dwelling in Zabid. Al-Mukarram, who had succeeded al-Sulayhi as
518:
According to Ibn
Khalikan, al-Sulayhi and his men were camping outside the farm of al-Dulaim in the Hejaz when al-Ahwal and a handful of his partisans clandestinely entered the camp. Al-Sulayhi's guards mistook them for soldiers, but his brother Abdullah realized they were Najahid men and proclaimed,
530:, was in a state of disarray until his mother Asma had a letter secretly delivered to him chastising him for his weakness and inciting him to free her. The letter allegedly stated Asma had been impregnated by al-Ahwal and continued, "Come therefore unto me before disgrace light upon me and the whole
510:
Ibn
Khaldun wrote that al-Sulayhi was notified by his brother-in-law As'ad ibn Shihab al-Sulayhi who ruled Zabid that al-Ahwal and his brother Jayyash ibn Najaj had emerged from their hiding and planned to attack the caravan. In response, al-Sulayhi dispatched a force of 5,000 Ethiopian horsemen to
506:
Al-Sulayhi's caravan was highly luxurious and news of its departing spread throughout Yemen. Sa'id al-Ahwal, the leader of the
Najahids and son of their slain former leader, Najah, had prior knowledge of the caravan's planned route and devised an attack on al-Sulaysi to avenge Najah's death. On its
342:
rulers of Jabal Haraz in 1047. Consequently, a Zaydi army of 30,000 besieged al-Sulayhi's fortress, but were unsuccessful in breaching it. While the Zaydi army was still positioned at the base of Jabal Masur, al-Sulayhi led a counterattack, killing the opposing generals, dispersing the remaining
337:
with 60 loyal members of his clan, al-Yam, part of the
Hamdani tribe. After being temporarily besieged by local horsemen, he proceeded to build a large fort at the mountaintop and amassed a huge force of fighters from his tribe and their allies. Raising the banner of his newly founded Sulayhid
382:
to serve as an embassy and representative there. His original intention may have been to seek official permission from the
Fatimids for Ali's attack on Mecca later that year. Lamak went on to stay in Cairo and represent Sulayhid interests until Ali's death in 1067.
276:("missionary") Amir al-Zawahi. Zawahi had kept his Ismaili faith private and was well-regarded by al-Sulayhi's father who employed him to teach his son. However, al-Zawahi, who also served as the Chief Da'i of the Ismailis, secretly taught al-Sulayhi the system of
448:
by 1064 and installing a client king there. Regarding al-Sulayhi's conquest of Mecca, Ibn al-Athir stated, "He put an end to injustice, reorganized the supply system, and increased the acts of beneficence." Al-Sulayhi brought Mecca firmly into the orbit of
366:
states al-Sulayhi sent a female slave to the
Najahid leader Abu Said Najah as a peace offering with the real intent of killing him. In 1060 Najah was poisoned by the slave and died. Al-Sulayhi's forces attacked and captured Zabid and the
436:
he was able to impose his rule over Yemen with popularity and thus relative ease. The only Yemeni principality to challenge his rule throughout his reign was Zabid, still highly influenced by the
Najahids.
423:
stated that once al-Sulayhi obtained
Fatimid legitimacy he "embarked on the conquest of the country and toppled the fortresses one after the other with incredible speed." In Aden he had his daughter-in-law
305:
in the 1030s. She who would later assist him during his reign over the region. Al-Sulayhi kept his religion and his post as Chief Da'i of the
Ismailis relatively secret. Starting in 1032, he served as
534:." Asma had deemed bearing al-Ahwal's child to be a shameful act. In 1082, al-Mukkaram led a Sulayhid force against Zabid, quickly capturing the city and Asma, forcing al-Ahwal to flee to the
321:'s rough terrain. He continued in this capacity for 15 years, lecturing groups of pilgrims, including regional Muslim leaders of various ranks, on Ismaili thought on behalf of the Fatimid
522:
Yemen's inhabitants were angered and largely saddened by al-Sulayhi's slaughter. Following the latter's death and the execution or imprisonment of his family members and
398:. Thereafter, the Sulayhids served as a vassal for the Fatimids and the names of al-Mustansir, al-Sulayhi and Asma were pronounced in mosques during the
1011:
207:. He established his kingdom in 1047 and by 1063, the Sulayhids controlled had unified the entire country of Yemen as well as the
483:
in safety measure to prevent any revolts against Sulayhid rule while he was away from Yemen. In his absence, he assigned his son
1041:
903:
851:
1031:
977:
325:. The position, which was a prestigious one among Muslims, also provided al-Sulayhi with a steady and high income.
1016:
1036:
1026:
957:
923:
883:
833:
387:
873:
893:
1046:
1006:
469:
pilgrimage to Mecca with a large caravan that included Asma and the entourage of her court, all of the
1001:
301:
Al-Sulayhi succeeded al-Zawahi as Chief Da'i of Yemen after the latter's death. He married his cousin
1021:
967:
432:. Because of his Shia religion and his descent from the Hamdani tribe which was linked to the era of
515:
princes who ruled Yemen on behalf of al-Sulayhi were captured and stripped of their principalities.
947:
913:
862:
823:
390:
in 1062, al-Sulayhi shifted Yemen's loyalty to the Cairo-based Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate from the
936:
281:
350:
and maintaining his fortress in Masur, al-Sulayhi entered into a prolonged conflict with the
996:
8:
538:
and reinstating Ibn Shihab as governor. Al-Sulayhi's head was recovered and then buried.
932:
535:
507:
way to Mecca, the caravan was assaulted by al-Ahwal's force and al-Sulayhi was killed.
973:
953:
919:
899:
879:
847:
829:
484:
412:
395:
285:
224:
77:
479:(Abyssinian) soldiers. Al-Sulayhi invited all of his emirs to accompany him in the
420:
302:
158:
128:
495:
was because of a command by al-Mustansir to restore Shia order in Mecca after its
496:
425:
375:
188:
318:
200:
990:
405:
363:
343:
Zaydi fighters and thereby securing his control over both Masur and Haraz.
334:
307:
250:
386:
After successfully demanding religious legitimacy from the Fatimid caliph
531:
500:
488:
246:
867:, Printed for the Oriental translation fund of Great Britain and Ireland
667:
450:
267:
254:
56:
844:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
512:
355:
347:
294:
289:
277:
263:
176:
113:
949:
Volume 3 of The Cambridge History of Africa: From C. 1050 to C. 1600
415:
tribes, al-Sulayhi gradually conquered the rest of Yemen, including
215:
under his leadership. Al-Sulayhi was killed in 1066 during a tribal
476:
351:
236:
89:
400:
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368:
272:
153:
36:
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322:
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28:
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441:
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379:
359:
339:
220:
212:
204:
117:
102:
40:
32:
668:"Lamak ibn Mālik al-H̲ammādī and Sulayhid-Fatimid Relations"
338:
dynasty at Jabal Masur, he initiated his revolt against the
235:
Al-Sulayhi was born and raised in the village of Jabal near
487:
to preside over the kingdom. According to Muslim historian
471:
416:
313:
241:
239:. He was the son of Muhammad bin Ali al-Sulayhi, the chief
216:
453:
and had the name of the Fatimid caliphs pronounced in the
428:
collect the annual revenue of 100,000 gold dinars as her
262:("school of law.") Nonetheless, al-Sulayhi converted to
875:
Women Rulers Throughout The Ages: An Illustrated Guide
475:of the Sulayhid principalities in Yemen, and 5,000
739:
737:
317:("pilgrimage") caravan to Mecca through Yemen and
765:
763:
761:
661:
659:
657:
988:
440:In late 1063 al-Sulayhi led his forces into the
871:
734:
411:With full-fledged support from the Hamdani and
795:
793:
758:
672:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
654:
626:
624:
709:
707:
705:
647:
645:
614:
612:
860:
333:Following his marriage to Asma, he moved to
931:
790:
695:
693:
621:
602:
600:
598:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
552:
550:
491:, the main reason al-Sulayhi undertook the
941:, A short history of the Fatimid khalifate
891:
702:
642:
609:
444:and challenged the Abbasids by conquering
288:and the allegorical interpretation of the
270:, after coming under the influence of the
219:between the Sulayhids and the Najahids of
665:
499:Muhammad ibn Ja'far, who belonged to the
938:A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate
911:
751:
749:
690:
595:
559:
547:
1012:Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
864:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary
821:
989:
965:
945:
841:
460:
825:Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies
746:
769:al-Hakami and Ibn Yakub, pp.152-153.
311:, leading and protecting the annual
503:, disavowed the Fatimid Caliphate.
192:
185:Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali al-Sulayhi
144:Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali al-Sulayhi
13:
292:employed by the Ismailis known as
16:Sultan of Yemen, Tihamah and Mecca
14:
1058:
918:, University of Minnesota Press,
328:
872:Jackson-Laugher, Guilda (1999),
966:Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1980),
814:
808:al-Hakami and Ibn Yakub, p.154.
802:
781:
772:
725:
716:
253:and educated al-Sulayhi on the
223:. He was succeeded by his son,
952:, Cambridge University Press,
633:
586:
577:
129:Asma bint Shihab al-Sulayhiyya
1:
915:The Forgotten Queens of Islam
541:
230:
861:Ibn Khalikan, Ahmad (1842),
465:In 1066 al-Sulayhi made the
419:, by 1063. Muslim historian
346:Establishing his capital at
7:
892:McLaughlin, Daniel (2008),
249:. His father was a leading
10:
1063:
1042:11th-century Yemeni people
358:ex-slave dynasty based in
912:Mernissi, Fatima (1997),
666:Traboulsi, Samer (2000).
172:
164:
152:
143:
138:
134:
124:
108:
95:
83:
73:
65:
55:
47:
26:
21:
1032:11th-century Arab people
842:Dumper, Michael (2007).
822:Daftari, Farhad (2005),
946:Oliver, Roland (1977),
898:, Bradt Travel Guides,
374:Also in 1062, Ali sent
1017:Critics of Sunni Islam
195:) was the founder and
1037:11th-century Ismailis
1027:11th century in Yemen
755:Jackson-Laufer, p.41.
731:Mernissi, pp.136-137.
799:Ibn Khalikan, p.361.
787:Ibn Khalikan, p.360.
651:Ibn Khalikan, p.362.
168:Muhammad al-Sulayhid
969:A History of Arabia
461:Death and aftermath
193:علي بن محمد الصليحي
1047:Arab slave owners
1007:Monarchs of Yemen
972:, Caravan Books,
630:McLaughlin, p.98.
583:McLaughlin, p.97.
485:Ahmad al-Mukarram
396:Abbasid Caliphate
286:Fatimid Caliphate
225:Ahmad al-Mukarram
182:
181:
148:
147:
78:Ahmad al-Mukarram
1054:
1022:Sulayhid dynasty
982:
962:
942:
933:O'Leary, De Lacy
928:
908:
888:
868:
857:
838:
809:
806:
800:
797:
788:
785:
779:
778:Mernissi, p.136.
776:
770:
767:
756:
753:
744:
743:Mernissi, p.137.
741:
732:
729:
723:
722:Mernissi, p.119.
720:
714:
713:Mernissi, p.134.
711:
700:
697:
688:
687:
685:
683:
663:
652:
649:
640:
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631:
628:
619:
618:Mernissi, p.132.
616:
607:
604:
593:
590:
584:
581:
575:
572:
557:
554:
536:Island of Dahlak
303:Asma bint Shihab
282:Da'a'im al-Islam
201:Sulayhid dynasty
194:
136:
135:
19:
18:
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1061:
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1051:
987:
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836:
828:, I.B. Tauris,
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629:
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596:
592:O'Leary, p.202.
591:
587:
582:
578:
573:
560:
555:
548:
544:
463:
426:Arwa al-Sulayhi
376:Lamak ibn Malik
371:later in 1062.
331:
233:
120:
100:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1050:
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978:
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905:978-1841622125
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853:978-1576079195
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801:
789:
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771:
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733:
724:
715:
701:
689:
653:
641:
639:Oliver, p.120.
632:
620:
608:
606:Salibi, p.108.
594:
585:
576:
574:Daftari, p.92.
558:
556:Daftari, p.80.
545:
543:
540:
462:
459:
406:Friday prayers
330:
329:Ruler of Yemen
327:
266:, a branch of
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24:
23:
22:Ali al-Sulayhi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1048:
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1002:Ismaili da'is
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979:9780882060361
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738:
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719:
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706:
699:Dumper, p.10.
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397:
394:-based Sunni
393:
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341:
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245:("judge") of
244:
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238:
228:
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222:
218:
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211:holy city of
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177:Ismaili Islam
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25:
20:
968:
948:
937:
914:
894:
878:, ABC-CLIO,
874:
863:
846:. ABC-CLIO.
843:
824:
815:Bibliography
804:
783:
774:
727:
718:
680:. Retrieved
675:
671:
635:
588:
579:
523:
521:
517:
509:
505:
492:
480:
470:
466:
464:
454:
439:
421:Ibn al-Athir
410:
399:
388:al-Mustansir
385:
373:
364:Ibn Khalikan
362:. Historian
345:
332:
312:
308:amir al-hajj
306:
300:
293:
284:used by the
271:
257:
251:Sunni Muslim
240:
234:
184:
183:
27:
997:1066 deaths
532:Arab nation
501:Banu Hashim
489:Ibn Khaldun
335:Jabal Masur
247:Jabal Haraz
101:al-Mahjam,
66:Predecessor
991:Categories
959:0521209811
925:0816624399
885:1576070913
835:1845110919
542:References
451:Shia Islam
268:Shia Islam
231:Early life
57:Coronation
477:Ethiopian
356:Ethiopian
278:canon law
264:Ismailism
74:Successor
51:1047-1066
935:(1987),
682:19 April
352:Najahids
237:Manakhah
217:vendetta
173:Religion
159:Sulayhid
90:Manakhah
678:: 221–7
513:Qahtani
401:khutbah
392:Baghdad
369:Tihamah
323:caliphs
255:Shafi'i
199:of the
154:Dynasty
37:Tihamah
976:
956:
922:
902:
882:
850:
832:
528:sultan
497:sharif
455:khutba
413:Himyar
348:Sana'a
295:ta'wil
290:Qur'an
259:madhab
209:Muslim
197:sultan
189:Arabic
165:Father
125:Spouse
114:Sana'a
109:Burial
29:Sultan
895:Yemen
524:emirs
472:emirs
446:Mecca
442:Hejaz
434:Sheba
430:dowry
380:Cairo
360:Zabid
354:, an
340:Zaydi
221:Zabid
213:Mecca
205:Yemen
139:Names
118:Yemen
103:Hejaz
48:Reign
41:Mecca
33:Yemen
974:ISBN
954:ISBN
920:ISBN
900:ISBN
880:ISBN
848:ISBN
830:ISBN
684:2022
493:hajj
481:hajj
467:hajj
417:Aden
319:Asir
314:hajj
273:da'i
242:qadi
99:1066
96:Died
84:Born
69:None
61:1047
39:and
404:in
378:to
203:in
87:966
31:of
993::
792:^
760:^
748:^
736:^
704:^
692:^
676:30
674:.
670:.
656:^
644:^
623:^
611:^
597:^
561:^
549:^
457:.
408:.
298:.
280:,
227:.
191::
116:,
35:,
856:.
686:.
187:(
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