33:
220:
385:
and threatened to declare the professor insane unless he gave written authority of leadership to Mawson. Mawson reluctantly took command but by 30 February, he acknowledged in his diary that "the Prof was now certainly partly demented". That day the party reached the coast line with perfect timing as within 24 hours they were collected by the
380:
and turned inland. They still faced a 700-kilometre (435 mi) return journey and established a depot to enable them to transfer their load to one overladen sled and to remove the need to relay. On 16 January 1909, they arrived at the South
Magnetic Pole, took possession of the region for the
384:
David had been appointed leader of the expedition by
Shackleton, but by end January, with all three of the party experiencing severe physical deterioration, David was increasingly unable to contribute. On 31 January, with Mawson out of earshot, Mackay exerted his authority as the party's doctor
373:. The trek commenced on 5 October, with the men hauling their own sleds and relaying the loads which meant that every kilometre gained by the sledges involved them travelling three kilometres (1.9 mi) by foot.
3125:
575:
3789:
3744:
3724:
321:
304:
346:
in
February 1908, and set up camp in a small expedition hut that would house the 15-man party through the winter. In March, along with
3769:
3739:
2287:
610:
394:
The trio had covered a distance of 1,260 miles (2,030 km), which stood as the longest unsupported sled journey until the mid-1980s.
1248:
376:
For ten weeks, the men followed the coast north supplementing their stores with a diet of seals and penguins. They then crossed the
3668:
883:
891:
3243:
2249:
662:
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2840:
2438:
2026:
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180:
1578:
2443:
3526:
3207:
3029:
2919:
2688:
1277:
1226:
2977:
2558:
2497:
3779:
3000:
532:
3754:
3749:
3078:
3719:
3309:
3295:
3269:
3106:
1077:
603:
2000:
546:
3132:
3102:
1445:
1435:
1019:
721:
2743:
433:, Mackay and three other members of the crew died of exposure while struggling across the Arctic ice to reach
2905:
2415:
1548:
3784:
3774:
2814:
2700:
2543:
1589:
1050:
818:
3262:
2884:
2718:
2659:
2613:
842:
731:
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2314:
1765:
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1641:
1259:
805:
657:
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116:
32:
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2217:
2020:
1902:
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1400:
1126:
778:
403:
3595:
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2209:
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1881:
897:
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414:
129:
3600:
3166:
1098:
524:
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438:
101:
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2646:
2640:
2490:
2448:
2410:
2390:
1985:
1760:
1596:
1506:
1488:
1405:
1376:
1366:
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965:
410:
1646:
3734:
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2504:
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2076:
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1938:
1933:
1837:
1701:
1458:
1420:
1027:
797:
765:
709:
689:
418:
377:
134:
2827:
1232:
1215:
548:
The heart of the
Antarctic: being the story of the British Antarctic expedition, 1907–1909
8:
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715:
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300:
175:
46:
1220:
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1980:
1827:
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1990:
1943:
1871:
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1913:
1680:
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1361:
1356:
1290:
1204:
986:
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736:
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3338:
3237:
3152:
3119:
2851:
2634:
2626:
2595:
2511:
2471:
2225:
2181:
2121:
2045:
2015:
2010:
1970:
1948:
1896:
1832:
1822:
1773:
1495:
1480:
1333:
1302:
1264:
1014:
942:
936:
859:
824:
684:
351:
296:
265:
38:
2203:
3654:
3637:
3590:
3549:
3539:
3508:
3367:
3357:
3249:
3199:
3064:
3014:
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2932:
2728:
2723:
2572:
2425:
2279:
2241:
2198:
2131:
2105:
2059:
2032:
2005:
1975:
1918:
1876:
1866:
1746:
1739:
1636:
1616:
1428:
1388:
1319:
1115:
1090:
1045:
1009:
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924:
904:
672:
434:
347:
292:
288:
155:
42:
3713:
3617:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3494:
3489:
3465:
3409:
3286:
3280:
3275:
2874:
2785:
2778:
2533:
2328:
2307:
2175:
1953:
1923:
1891:
1886:
1723:
1629:
1512:
1307:
1120:
1070:
1063:
1055:
960:
869:
704:
560:
386:
333:
3648:
3642:
3254:
3218:
3084:
2911:
2861:
2800:
2654:
2342:
2293:
2143:
1965:
1928:
1908:
1849:
1383:
1371:
1314:
1242:
1143:
1040:
1034:
931:
919:
792:
770:
694:
647:
369:, which lay approximately 650 kilometres (400 mi) north-north-west of
355:
233:
169:
3685:
3585:
3533:
3351:
3138:
2926:
2301:
2233:
1995:
1854:
1817:
1717:
1709:
1517:
853:
370:
197:
105:
76:
72:
3484:
3387:
3371:
3213:
3146:
3047:
2456:
2405:
2365:
1687:
1413:
1341:
1283:
676:
644:
362:
343:
339:
237:
3006:
1843:
1395:
1178:
361:
The following spring when
Shackelton set off to attempt to reach the
151:
147:
588:
2938:
3565:
2945:
1210:
1186:
1174:
430:
1732:
365:, he despatched Mackay, Mawson and David northward to reach the
1811:
1136:
1197:
354:, Mackay made up the party who undertook the first ascent of
381:
British Crown. Mackay suggested three cheers for the King.
315:
397:
2402:
402:Mackay was also the ship's doctor on the ill-fated
291:known for being the first, along with Australians
492:
480:
468:
456:
3711:
3790:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
604:
287:) was a Scottish physician, biologist, and
611:
597:
541:
322:British Antarctic Expedition of 1907–1909
305:British Antarctic Expedition of 1907–1909
3669:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
3244:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
521:Douglas Mawson: the life of an explorer
316:British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–1909
3712:
3745:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
3725:20th-century Scottish medical doctors
2388:
630:
618:
592:
429:, was stranded, crushed, and sunk by
398:Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1914
93:
515:
498:
486:
474:
462:
310:
303:on 16 January 1909, during the
3770:Royal Navy Medical Service officers
3030:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1227:Norse colonization of North America
391:for the return trip to Cape Royds.
13:
3740:Alumni of the University of Dundee
2559:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
3801:
3633:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3001:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
569:
3527:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2920:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
218:
31:
508:
413:to explore the regions west of
1:
3765:Recipients of the Polar Medal
2906:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
2841:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2389:
444:
281:
88:
3263:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3079:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
2885:French Antarctic Expeditions
2815:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2701:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
819:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
449:
7:
2348:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2027:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
892:Andrée's balloon expedition
10:
3806:
1549:Franklin's lost expedition
1249:Christian IV's expeditions
631:
576:Ernest Shackleton and the
256:South African Constabulary
3366:
3097:
2684:
2424:
2401:
2397:
2384:
1903:Great Northern Expedition
1797:
1579:Rae–Richardson expedition
1328:
1173:
779:British Arctic Expedition
671:
643:
639:
626:
280:(22 February 1878 –
271:
261:
251:
243:
229:
213:
208:
204:
193:
161:
143:
122:
112:
84:
54:
30:
23:
3780:Scottish polar explorers
3187:British Antarctic Survey
3181:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2426:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3755:Explorers of the Arctic
3750:Explorers of Antarctica
3663:Pole of inaccessibility
3326:Antarctic Treaty System
1667:2nd Grinnell expedition
130:University of Edinburgh
117:George Watson's College
49:on 16 January 1909
16:Scottish polar explorer
3720:20th-century explorers
332:. They arrived on the
278:Alistair Forbes Mackay
59:Alistair Forbes Mackay
3333:Transglobe Expedition
3232:Operation Deep Freeze
2641:Challenger expedition
1507:Coppermine expedition
1028:Drifting ice stations
411:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
419:Government of Canada
378:Drygalski Ice Tongue
285: February 1914
135:University of Dundee
3785:Shipwreck survivors
3775:Scottish biologists
3503:South magnetic pole
2169:Brusilov expedition
1278:Danish colonization
716:North magnetic pole
367:South Magnetic Pole
301:South Magnetic Pole
176:South Magnetic Pole
47:South Magnetic Pole
3194:Operation Windmill
3175:Operation Highjump
2150:Rusanov expedition
2055:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1799:North East Passage
1603:McClure expedition
320:Mackay joined the
244:Service years
198:Silver Polar Medal
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3161:Operation Tabarin
3023:Far Eastern Party
2869:Nimrod Expedition
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
1939:M. Pronchishcheva
1861:Siberian Cossacks
1330:Northwest Passage
663:Research stations
620:Polar exploration
415:Parry Archipelago
330:expedition doctor
326:Ernest Shackleton
311:Polar exploration
275:
274:
181:Death during the
3797:
3208:Ronne Expedition
2693:
2687:
2551:Dumont d'Urville
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
1934:V. Pronchishchev
641:
640:
628:
627:
613:
606:
599:
590:
589:
564:
538:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
286:
283:
247:1902–1906 (navy)
224:
222:
221:
168:First ascent of
97:
95:
90:
69:22 February 1878
68:
66:
35:
21:
20:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3695:
3370:
3362:
3238:McMurdo Station
3107:Modern research
3105:
3093:
2828:O. Nordenskjöld
2691:
2685:
2680:
2596:Ross expedition
2420:
2393:
2372:
1801:
1793:
1334:Northern Canada
1332:
1324:
1177:
1169:
675:
667:
635:
622:
617:
584:Cool Antarctica
572:
567:
535:
511:
506:
505:
497:
493:
485:
481:
473:
469:
461:
457:
452:
447:
427:Robert Bartlett
425:, captained by
409:in 1913 led by
400:
352:Edgeworth David
318:
313:
299:, to reach the
297:Edgeworth David
284:
266:Second Boer War
219:
217:
209:Military career
189:
139:
123:Alma mater
108:
98:
91:
80:
70:
64:
62:
61:
60:
50:
39:Edgeworth David
26:
25:Alistair Mackay
17:
12:
11:
5:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Naval surgeons
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3655:Vostok Station
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:Cherry-Garrard
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3446:Southern Cross
3442:
3441:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3374:
3368:Farthest South
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3065:Ross Sea party
3061:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2759:Southern Cross
2752:Southern Cross
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2696:
2694:
2682:
2681:
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2678:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2611:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:Bellingshausen
2488:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2461:
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2430:
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2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
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2230:
2229:
2228:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:Russian Arctic
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1685:
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1649:
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1634:
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1627:
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1614:
1599:
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1575:
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1569:
1568:
1560:
1545:
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1530:
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1520:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
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1478:
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1463:
1462:
1461:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1238:Snæbjörn galti
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1000:
999:
998:
984:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
939:
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966:Riiser-Larsen
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534:9781864366709
530:
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518:
514:
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501:, p. 47.
500:
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489:, p. 41.
488:
483:
477:, p. 37.
476:
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465:, p. 32.
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439:Herald Island
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174:First to the
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144:Occupation(s)
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102:Herald Island
94:February 1914
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22:
19:
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3649:Pole of Cold
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3452:Borchgrevink
3444:
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2892:Pourquoi-Pas
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2862:Orcadas Base
2860:
2852:
2839:
2833:C. A. Larsen
2821:
2813:
2799:
2792:
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2765:Borchgrevink
2758:
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2674:C. A. Larsen
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2286:
2273:
2248:
2234:
2232:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2174:
2167:
2148:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2096:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2044:
2025:
1901:
1859:
1842:
1810:
1774:
1772:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1703:
1688:
1674:
1665:
1652:
1623:
1611:Investigator
1610:
1601:
1577:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1534:
1505:
1482:
1467:
1452:
1422:
1407:
1377:
1296:
1276:
1247:
1243:Erik the Red
1225:
1203:
1196:
1153:submersibles
1150:
1144:Arktika 2007
1142:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1033:
1026:
1002:
988:
987:
979:
977:
943:
941:
912:
909:
898:S. A. Andrée
890:
877:
852:
844:
841:
817:
799:
786:
777:
759:
750:
748:
714:
583:
577:
553:W. Heinemann
547:
520:
509:Bibliography
494:
482:
470:
458:
422:
421:. After the
404:
401:
393:
387:
383:
375:
360:
356:Mount Erebus
334:
319:
277:
276:
234:British Army
182:
170:Mount Erebus
18:
3735:1914 deaths
3730:1878 births
3352:Lake Vostok
3302:Tryoshnikov
3224:Schlossbach
3115:Christensen
3057:James Caird
2978:E. R. Evans
2744:Dobrowolski
2714:de Gerlache
2416:Expeditions
2302:Aviaarktika
2256:Samoylovich
2127:Kolomeitsev
2021:Middendorff
1981:Gedenshtrom
1401:I. Fyodorov
1163:Chilingarov
1051:E. Fyodorov
658:Expeditions
525:New Holland
371:Ross Island
106:Chukchi Sea
77:Argyllshire
3714:Categories
3575:Terra Nova
3480:Shackleton
3423:J. C. Ross
3382:Resolution
3372:South Pole
3147:New Swabia
3071:Mackintosh
3043:Shackleton
2962:Terra Nova
2955:Terra Nova
2689:Heroic Age
2649:Challenger
2609:J. C. Ross
2519:Bransfield
2451:Resolution
2366:icebreaker
2330:Chelyuskin
2071:expedition
2049:Expedition
1991:Matyushkin
1949:Kh. Laptev
1944:Chelyuskin
1838:Heemskerck
1828:Chancellor
1823:Willoughby
1818:Koch boats
1761:Stefansson
1695:McClintock
1659:Inglefield
1501:J. C. Ross
1408:Resolution
1260:Cunningham
1158:Sagalevich
847:expedition
806:Stephenson
766:C. F. Hall
753:expedition
727:J. C. Ross
690:Heemskerck
677:North Pole
580:expedition
551:. London:
523:. Sydney:
445:References
407:expedition
363:South Pole
344:Antarctica
340:Cape Royds
238:Royal Navy
214:Allegiance
185:expedition
79:, Scotland
65:1878-02-22
3674:Tolstikov
3460:Discovery
3430:HMS
3415:HMS
3397:Adventure
3395:HMS
3380:HMS
3316:Tolstikov
3037:Endurance
2822:Antarctic
2807:Drygalski
2780:Discovery
2773:Discovery
2734:Arctowski
2647:HMS
2620:HMS
2614:Abernethy
2602:HMS
2580:USS
2567:Vincennes
2565:USS
2545:Astrolabe
2485:San Telmo
2466:Adventure
2464:HMS
2449:HMS
2444:Kerguelen
2406:Continent
2391:Antarctic
2268:Urvantsev
2226:Vilkitsky
2079:Jeannette
2077:USS
2069:Jeannette
2033:Weyprecht
2011:Pakhtusov
1961:Chichagov
1954:D. Laptev
1897:Permyakov
1872:Stadukhin
1867:Perfilyev
1844:Mangazeya
1782:H. Larsen
1747:Rasmussen
1702:HMS
1673:USS
1622:HMS
1609:HMS
1573:Collinson
1563:HMS
1555:HMS
1533:HMS
1481:HMS
1466:HMS
1451:HMS
1436:Mackenzie
1423:Discovery
1421:HMS
1406:HMS
1378:Discovery
1357:Frobisher
1320:Rasmussen
1233:Gunnbjörn
1179:Greenland
1108:USS
1099:USS
971:Ellsworth
913:Roosevelt
843:Nansen's
800:Discovery
798:HMS
785:HMS
732:Abernethy
700:Marmaduke
561:848286069
499:Hall 2000
487:Hall 2000
475:Hall 2000
463:Hall 2000
450:Footnotes
152:biologist
148:Physician
113:Education
3686:A. Fuchs
3643:V. Fuchs
3623:McKinley
3586:E. Evans
3545:Bjaaland
3540:Amundsen
3490:Marshall
3403:Furneaux
3255:V. Fuchs
3219:E. Ronne
3214:F. Ronne
3153:Ritscher
3007:SY
2995:Filchner
2939:Framheim
2933:Amundsen
2739:Racoviță
2724:Amundsen
2719:Lecointe
2588:Ringgold
2582:Porpoise
2472:Furneaux
2308:Shevelev
2263:Begichev
2242:Amundsen
2204:Nagórski
2182:Brusilov
2176:Sv. Anna
2090:Melville
2060:Palander
2016:Tsivolko
1976:Sannikov
1971:Billings
1914:Chirikov
1833:Barentsz
1775:St. Roch
1766:Bartlett
1740:Amundsen
1724:Sverdrup
1624:Resolute
1513:Franklin
1441:Kotzebue
1308:Sverdrup
1291:Scoresby
1265:Lindenov
1116:Plaisted
1101:Nautilus
1046:Shirshov
1020:Belyakov
1015:Baydukov
989:Nautilus
951:Amundsen
911:SS
870:Sverdrup
865:Johansen
835:Brainard
830:Lockwood
685:Barentsz
545:(1909).
519:(2000).
517:Hall, L.
431:pack ice
417:for the
324:—led by
37:Mackay,
3691:Messner
3638:Hillary
3618:Balchen
3566:Polheim
3560:Wisting
3438:Crozier
3410:Weddell
3388:J. Cook
3358:Kapitsa
3339:Fiennes
3281:Klenova
3250:Hillary
3200:Ketchum
3126:BANZARE
3101:·
2946:Polheim
2912:Shirase
2898:Charcot
2708:Belgica
2627:Crozier
2539:Morrell
2534:Weddell
2512:Lazarev
2457:J. Cook
2411:History
2361:Arktika
2337:Krassin
2322:Voronin
2294:Schmidt
2280:Ushakov
2219:Vaygach
2187:Albanov
2156:Rusanov
2137:Kolchak
2132:Matisen
2106:Makarov
2085:De Long
1986:Wrangel
1966:Lyakhov
1919:Malygin
1877:Dezhnev
1704:Pandora
1675:Advance
1642:Kennedy
1637:Belcher
1630:Kellett
1617:McClure
1541:Beechey
1535:Blossom
1528:Simpson
1496:Crozier
1489:Hoppner
1446:J. Ross
1414:J. Cook
1362:Gilbert
1255:J. Hall
1221:Ingólfr
1211:Naddodd
1205:Vikings
1192:Brendan
1187:Pytheas
1175:Iceland
1129:Arktika
1121:Herbert
1086:Badygin
1056:Krenkel
1041:Papanin
1010:Chkalov
996:Wilkins
961:Wisting
905:F. Cook
811:Markham
771:Bessels
760:Polaris
751:Polaris
722:J. Ross
705:Carolus
653:History
578:Nimrod
328:—as an
92:
73:Carskey
45:at the
3601:Bowers
3596:Wilson
3555:Hassel
3550:Helmer
3519:Mackay
3509:Mawson
3474:Nimrod
3432:Terror
3417:Erebus
3344:Burton
3139:Rymill
3015:Mawson
3009:Aurora
2988:Lashly
2973:Wilson
2876:Nimrod
2853:Scotia
2660:Murray
2635:Cooper
2622:Terror
2604:Erebus
2573:Wilkes
2524:Palmer
2492:Vostok
2439:Bouvet
2363:-class
2343:Gakkel
2211:Taymyr
2192:Konrad
2161:Kuchin
2099:Yermak
2006:Lavrov
1924:Ovtsyn
1909:Bering
1887:Ivanov
1850:Hudson
1812:Pomors
1789:Cowper
1754:Karluk
1653:Isabel
1647:Bellot
1597:Austin
1565:Terror
1557:Erebus
1453:Griper
1429:Clerke
1389:Baffin
1372:Hudson
1303:Nansen
1216:Garðar
1137:Barneo
1004:ANT-25
980:Italia
956:Nobile
925:Henson
884:Amedeo
860:Nansen
825:Greely
695:Hudson
633:Arctic
559:
531:
423:Karluk
405:Karluk
388:Nimrod
335:Nimrod
230:Branch
223:
200:(1909)
194:Awards
183:Karluk
41:, and
3681:Crary
3628:Dufek
3591:Oates
3581:Scott
3514:David
3495:Adams
3466:Barne
3287:Mirny
3276:Somov
3086:Quest
2983:Crean
2968:Scott
2847:Bruce
2801:Gauss
2794:Gauss
2668:Jason
2655:Nares
2529:Davis
2506:Mirny
2479:Smith
2434:Roché
2354:Lenin
2274:Sadko
2199:Wiese
2144:Sedov
2115:Zarya
2038:Payer
2001:Litke
1996:Anjou
1929:Minin
1892:Vagin
1882:Popov
1855:Poole
1710:Young
1523:Dease
1468:Hecla
1459:Parry
1384:Bylot
1367:Davis
1342:Cabot
1315:Peary
1297:Jason
1284:Egede
1198:Papar
1110:Skate
1091:Wiese
1071:NP-37
1064:NP-36
944:Norge
932:Sedov
920:Peary
878:Jason
793:Nares
787:Alert
742:Hayes
710:Parry
648:Ocean
100:near
3613:Byrd
3534:Fram
3485:Wild
3167:Marr
3133:BGLE
3120:Byrd
3048:Wild
2927:Fram
2729:Cook
2250:AARI
2235:Maud
2122:Toll
2047:Vega
1733:Gjøa
1718:Fram
1681:Kane
1518:Back
1483:Fury
1474:Lyon
1396:Munk
1035:NP-1
937:Byrd
854:Fram
845:Fram
737:Kane
557:OCLC
529:ISBN
350:and
295:and
262:Wars
252:Unit
85:Died
55:Born
3310:3rd
3296:2nd
3270:1st
3103:IGY
3099:IPY
1689:Fox
1585:Rae
1151:Mir
1127:NS
582:at
437:or
342:in
338:at
3716::
2215:/
555:.
527:.
441:.
358:.
307:.
282:c.
236:,
154:,
150:,
104:,
89:c.
75:,
2692:"
2686:"
2629:)
2625:(
2616:)
2607:(
612:e
605:t
598:v
563:.
537:.
67:)
63:(
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