910:
adaptation occur due to natural selection, environmental induction, non-genetic inheritance, learning and cultural transmission. An allele at a particular locus may also confer some fitness effect for an individual carrying that allele, on which natural selection acts. Beneficial alleles tend to
901:
causes changes in allele frequency from random sampling due to offspring number variance in a finite population size, with small populations experiencing larger per generation fluctuations in frequency than large populations. There is also a theory that second adaptation mechanism exists –
922:
While heterozygosity at a given locus decreases over time as alleles become fixed or lost in the population, variation is maintained in the population through new mutations and gene flow due to migration between populations. For details, see
494:
411:
120:, allele frequencies are used to describe the amount of variation at a particular locus or across multiple loci. When considering the ensemble of allele frequencies for many distinct loci, their distribution is called the
600:
672:
If there are more than two different allelic forms, the frequency for each allele is simply the frequency of its homozygote plus half the sum of the frequencies for all the heterozygotes in which it appears.
877:
in a diploid population after random mating. Random mating alone does not change allele frequencies, and the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumes an infinite population size and a selectively neutral locus.
911:
increase in frequency, while deleterious alleles tend to decrease in frequency. Even when an allele is selectively neutral, selection acting on nearby genes may also change its allele frequency through
42:, expressed as a fraction or percentage. Specifically, it is the fraction of all chromosomes in the population that carry that allele over the total population or sample size.
312:
278:
244:
789:
831:
869:
Population genetics describes the genetic composition of a population, including allele frequencies, and how allele frequencies are expected to change over time. The
202:
667:
635:
419:
336:
513:
1235:
1275:
1063:
Laland, K. N.; Uller, T.; Feldman, M. W.; Sterelny, K.; MĂĽller, G. B.; Moczek, A.; Jablonka, E.; Odling-Smee, J. (Aug 2015).
1125:
980:
1306:
1228:
907:
946:
936:
1388:
688:
1221:
1393:
1383:
1362:
1120:
507:
are the frequencies of the only two alleles present at that locus, they must sum to 1. To check this:
283:
249:
215:
941:
121:
756:
798:
996:
1357:
1301:
113:, although they are related, and allele frequencies can be calculated from genotype frequencies.
870:
1280:
1265:
727:). If we sample 10 individuals from the population, and we observe the genotype frequencies
170:
1270:
916:
640:
608:
314:
are the frequencies of the three genotypes at a locus with two alleles, then the frequency
8:
1260:
1244:
1014:
Scott-Phillips, T. C.; Laland, K. N.; Shuker, D. M.; Dickins, T. E.; West, S. A. (2014).
924:
912:
489:{\displaystyle q=f(\mathbf {BB} )+{\frac {1}{2}}f(\mathbf {AB} )={\mbox{frequency of B}}}
406:{\displaystyle p=f(\mathbf {AA} )+{\frac {1}{2}}f(\mathbf {AB} )={\mbox{frequency of A}}}
117:
1089:
1064:
1040:
1015:
903:
874:
684:
110:
1163:
1138:
1326:
1252:
1203:
1198:
1181:
1168:
1094:
1045:
976:
882:
1139:"ALFRED: an allele frequency database for diverse populations and DNA polymorphisms"
677:
1347:
1193:
1158:
1150:
1084:
1076:
1035:
1027:
35:
1352:
1342:
1285:
1065:"The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions"
98:
of that allele and the total number of chromosome copies across the population,
46:
is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population.
43:
16:
Relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population
127:
1377:
1321:
898:
1207:
1172:
1154:
1098:
1080:
1049:
720:
76:
1316:
595:{\displaystyle p+q=f(\mathbf {AA} )+f(\mathbf {BB} )+f(\mathbf {AB} )=1}
886:
708:
39:
1213:
1137:
Cheung, KH; Osier MV; Kidd JR; Pakstis AJ; Miller PL; Kidd KK (2000).
1031:
1179:
1115:
890:
1130:
975:(2. ed.). Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
894:
707:. In a diploid population there are three possible genotypes, two
1013:
94:
then the allele frequency is the fraction of all the occurrences
80:
1136:
133:
65:
54:
27:
330:-allele in the population are obtained by counting alleles.
128:
Calculation of allele frequencies from genotype frequencies
31:
1182:"New allele frequency database: www.allelefrequencies.net"
1121:
EHSTRAFD.org – Earth Human STR Allele
Frequencies Database
1062:
1016:"The Niche Construction Perspective: A Critical Appraisal"
897:
combine to change allele frequencies across generations.
837:
allele, out of 20 total chromosome copies. The frequency
1180:
Middleton, D; Menchaca L; Rood H; Komerofsky R (2002).
480:
397:
801:
759:
643:
611:
516:
422:
339:
286:
252:
218:
173:
1126:
VWA 17 Allele
Frequency in Human Population (Poster)
825:
783:
661:
629:
594:
488:
405:
306:
272:
238:
196:
1375:
132:The actual frequency calculations depend on the
683:Allele frequency can always be calculated from
53:A particular locus on a chromosome and a given
1229:
1007:
1131:Allele Frequencies in Worldwide Populations
966:
964:
962:
699:Consider a locus that carries two alleles,
1236:
1222:
973:Population genetics : a concise guide
160:allele and the population or sample size (
109:The allele frequency is distinct from the
1197:
1162:
1088:
1039:
970:
152:is the fraction of the number of copies (
959:
687:, whereas the reverse requires that the
1243:
1376:
997:"Population and Evolutionary Genetics"
79:(e.g. two chromosomes in the cells of
1217:
136:of the species for autosomal genes.
873:describes the expected equilibrium
75:copies of each chromosome in their
13:
849:= 15/20 = 0.75, and the frequency
678:Allele § Genotype frequencies
26:, is the relative frequency of an
14:
1405:
1307:Models of nucleotide substitution
1109:
1199:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x
579:
576:
559:
556:
539:
536:
469:
466:
439:
436:
386:
383:
356:
353:
307:{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {BB} )}
297:
294:
273:{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {AB} )}
263:
260:
239:{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {AA} )}
229:
226:
908:extended evolutionary synthesis
1056:
989:
947:Single-nucleotide polymorphism
784:{\displaystyle 6\times 2+3=15}
583:
572:
563:
552:
543:
532:
473:
462:
443:
432:
390:
379:
360:
349:
301:
290:
267:
256:
233:
222:
1:
952:
937:Allele frequency net database
826:{\displaystyle 1\times 2+3=5}
139:
90:chromosomes in the population
71:, i.e. an individual carries
7:
971:Gillespie, John H. (2004).
930:
864:
207:
10:
1410:
1363:Nonsynonymous substitution
694:
322:-allele and the frequency
1335:
1294:
1251:
942:Allele frequency spectrum
689:Hardy–Weinberg conditions
122:allele frequency spectrum
691:of random mating apply.
1358:Synonymous substitution
1302:Models of DNA evolution
881:In natural populations
791:observed copies of the
1143:Nucleic Acids Research
1081:10.1098/rspb.2015.1019
827:
785:
663:
631:
596:
490:
407:
308:
274:
240:
198:
197:{\displaystyle p=i/N.}
1281:Stabilizing selection
1266:Directional selection
828:
786:
664:
662:{\displaystyle p=1-q}
632:
630:{\displaystyle q=1-p}
597:
491:
408:
309:
275:
241:
199:
86:The allele exists in
49:Given the following:
1271:Disruptive selection
1155:10.1093/nar/28.1.361
917:background selection
875:genotype frequencies
799:
757:
641:
609:
514:
420:
337:
284:
250:
216:
171:
1389:Population genetics
1336:Molecular processes
1261:Balancing selection
1245:Molecular evolution
925:population genetics
676:(For 3 alleles see
118:population genetics
1276:Negative selection
1075:(1813): 20151019.
904:niche construction
871:Hardy–Weinberg law
823:
781:
685:genotype frequency
659:
627:
592:
486:
484:
403:
401:
304:
270:
236:
194:
111:genotype frequency
34:) at a particular
1394:Genetic genealogy
1384:Genetics concepts
1371:
1370:
1253:Natural selection
1032:10.1111/evo.12332
883:natural selection
483:
457:
400:
374:
64:individuals with
1401:
1348:Gene duplication
1312:Allele frequency
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1201:
1176:
1166:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1026:(5): 1231–1243.
1011:
1005:
1004:
993:
987:
986:
968:
832:
830:
829:
824:
790:
788:
787:
782:
668:
666:
665:
660:
636:
634:
633:
628:
601:
599:
598:
593:
582:
562:
542:
495:
493:
492:
487:
485:
481:
472:
458:
450:
442:
412:
410:
409:
404:
402:
398:
389:
375:
367:
359:
313:
311:
310:
305:
300:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
245:
243:
242:
237:
232:
203:
201:
200:
195:
187:
60:A population of
20:Allele frequency
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1353:Silent mutation
1343:Gene conversion
1331:
1290:
1286:Selective sweep
1247:
1242:
1186:Tissue Antigens
1116:ALFRED database
1112:
1107:
1106:
1061:
1057:
1012:
1008:
995:
994:
990:
983:
969:
960:
955:
933:
867:
861:= 5/20 = 0.25.
800:
797:
796:
758:
755:
754:
753:then there are
697:
642:
639:
638:
610:
607:
606:
575:
555:
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515:
512:
511:
479:
465:
449:
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396:
382:
366:
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338:
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285:
282:
281:
259:
251:
248:
247:
225:
217:
214:
213:
210:
183:
172:
169:
168:
148:) of an allele
144:The frequency (
142:
130:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1327:Fay and Wu's H
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1110:External links
1108:
1105:
1104:
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988:
982:978-0801880087
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541:
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531:
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519:
497:
496:
482:frequency of B
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
414:
413:
399:frequency of A
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92:
91:
84:
58:
44:Microevolution
30:(variant of a
24:gene frequency
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1406:
1395:
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1234:
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1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Proc Biol Sci
1066:
1059:
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1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
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1002:
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992:
984:
978:
974:
967:
965:
963:
958:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
928:
926:
920:
918:
914:
909:
906:According to
905:
900:
899:Genetic drift
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
820:
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811:
808:
805:
802:
794:
778:
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772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
730:
729:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
674:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
605:
604:
589:
586:
569:
566:
549:
546:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
510:
509:
508:
506:
502:
476:
459:
454:
451:
446:
429:
426:
423:
416:
415:
393:
376:
371:
368:
363:
346:
343:
340:
333:
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331:
329:
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321:
317:
287:
253:
219:
191:
188:
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167:
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165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
125:
123:
119:
114:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
89:
85:
82:
78:
77:somatic cells
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
57:at that locus
56:
52:
51:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1311:
1192:(5): 403–7.
1189:
1185:
1178:
1149:(1): 361–3.
1146:
1142:
1135:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1000:
991:
972:
921:
889:mechanism),
880:
868:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
792:
752:
746:
739:
732:
724:
721:heterozygous
716:
712:
704:
700:
698:
682:
675:
671:
504:
500:
498:
327:
323:
319:
315:
211:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
131:
115:
108:
103:
99:
95:
93:
87:
72:
68:
61:
48:
23:
19:
18:
1317:Ka/Ks ratio
913:hitchhiking
795:allele and
719:), and one
711:genotypes (
1378:Categories
1322:Tajima's D
953:References
887:adaptation
857:allele is
845:allele is
723:genotype (
709:homozygous
140:Monoploids
40:population
1020:Evolution
891:gene flow
806:×
764:×
654:−
622:−
156:) of the
1208:12753660
1173:10592274
1099:26246559
1050:24325256
1001:ndsu.edu
931:See also
895:mutation
865:Dynamics
499:Because
208:Diploids
83:species)
1090:4632619
1041:4261998
853:of the
841:of the
833:of the
695:Example
326:of the
318:of the
81:diploid
1295:Models
1206:
1171:
1164:102486
1161:
1097:
1087:
1048:
1038:
979:
893:, and
745:freq (
738:freq (
731:freq (
280:, and
164:), so
134:ploidy
66:ploidy
55:allele
28:allele
749:) = 1
742:) = 3
735:) = 6
38:in a
36:locus
22:, or
1204:PMID
1169:PMID
1095:PMID
1046:PMID
977:ISBN
715:and
703:and
637:and
503:and
32:gene
1194:doi
1159:PMC
1151:doi
1085:PMC
1077:doi
1073:282
1036:PMC
1028:doi
915:or
680:)
212:If
116:In
106:).
1380::
1202:.
1190:61
1188:.
1184:.
1167:.
1157:.
1147:28
1145:.
1141:.
1093:.
1083:.
1071:.
1067:.
1044:.
1034:.
1024:68
1022:.
1018:.
999:.
961:^
927:.
919:.
779:15
747:BB
740:AB
733:AA
725:AB
717:BB
713:AA
246:,
124:.
104:nN
102:/(
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
1210:.
1196::
1175:.
1153::
1101:.
1079::
1052:.
1030::
1003:.
985:.
885:(
859:q
855:B
851:q
847:p
843:A
839:p
835:B
821:5
818:=
815:3
812:+
809:2
803:1
793:A
776:=
773:3
770:+
767:2
761:6
705:B
701:A
657:q
651:1
648:=
645:p
625:p
619:1
616:=
613:q
590:1
587:=
584:)
580:B
577:A
573:(
570:f
567:+
564:)
560:B
557:B
553:(
550:f
547:+
544:)
540:A
537:A
533:(
530:f
527:=
524:q
521:+
518:p
505:q
501:p
477:=
474:)
470:B
467:A
463:(
460:f
455:2
452:1
447:+
444:)
440:B
437:B
433:(
430:f
427:=
424:q
394:=
391:)
387:B
384:A
380:(
377:f
372:2
369:1
364:+
361:)
357:A
354:A
350:(
347:f
344:=
341:p
328:B
324:q
320:A
316:p
302:)
298:B
295:B
291:(
288:f
268:)
264:B
261:A
257:(
254:f
234:)
230:A
227:A
223:(
220:f
192:.
189:N
185:/
181:i
178:=
175:p
162:N
158:A
154:i
150:A
146:p
100:i
96:i
88:i
73:n
69:n
62:N
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