2266:
2177:
2160:
2030:
2328:
2310:
2292:
2221:
2195:
2045:
2397:
2346:
263:
69:
2021:
1995:
2066:). Two sprays of olive leaves in gold at the bottom of the scroll indicate dedication of the NATO nations to peace, the swords show the armed strength necessary to preserve the peace. The position of the swords produces the letter "A", standing for the allied powers. Within the scroll, and behind the swords, are twelve silver fronds stemming from the olive sprays and denoting the original signatories of the North Atlantic Treaty. They produce by their position rays of hope. The whole design is superimposed on a shield of dark green. The shield represents the crusading nature of SHAPE's mission and its colour signifies the peaceful woods and fields of Europe.
466:
275:
2372:
1328:
2418:
2430:
2381:
632:
3653:
1010:, the military difficulties of the politically decided command structure, and the withdrawal of the French from the military command structure forced a rearrangement of the command arrangements in the southern region. Allied Forces Mediterranean was disbanded on 5 June 1967, and all forces in the south and the Mediterranean assigned to AFSOUTH in Naples. This left SHAPE and Allied Command Europe with three commands: AFNORTH covering Norway and Denmark, AFCENT most of Germany, and AFSOUTH Italy, Turkey, Greece, and the rest of the southern region.
182:
1804:
409:
593:(C-in-C) there as well but soon realized it would be difficult to find an arrangement that would satisfy all three major powers with forces in the Center—the United States, United Kingdom and France—as they had strongly differing views on the proper relationship of air and ground power. Drawing upon his World War II experience, General Eisenhower decided to retain overall control himself and did not appoint a C-in-C for the Central Region. Instead there would be three separate C-in-C's (air, land, and sea).
941:'), with conventional forces merely acting as a 'tripwire.' The policy enunciated in Military Committee document MC14/1, issued in December 1952, saw the defence of Germany as principally a delaying action, to allow a line of resistance to be established along the lines of the IJssel and Rhine rivers. The conventional forces would attempt to hold this line while the allied strategic air forces defeated the Soviets and their allies by destroying their economy and infrastructure.
1428:
1039:(later to become SACEUR himself) served as speechwriter for both Goodpaster, Haig's predecessor, and Haig. Galvin wrote that 'Goodpaster was ... internationally minded, avuncular, philosophical, gentlemanly, thoughtful, warm, and measured in his ways. Haig was combative and suspicious, and conspiratorial in outlook.' While at SACEUR Haig felt that the large Warsaw Pact exercises were intimidating to observers, and, despite HQ staff disapproval, created the
401:
1360:
It was feared by
Pentagon officials at the time that if the two-command structure was adopted, some functions at the MSC level would have had to be moved 'downward' in the new structure. But while the United States eventually had to give in on a reduction to two commands, it was successful in that a European officer was not placed in charge of the new southern command (now
999:', the aim became to build up conventional forces so that, if possible, nuclear weapons might not be needed. However it was made clear that first use of nuclear weapons might be necessary if the conventional defences were being overwhelmed. Eventually SACEUR was allocated planning control of a small number of US and British ballistic missile submarines, and some 7,000
1399:, more attention began to be paid to NATO's core Article 5 defence obligations. The three Baltic states' worries were specifically focused on a potential Russian threat. Thus while some exercises were ostentially run to prepare the NRF, sometimes they also included Article 5 aspects. Among these dual-purpose exercises was 'Steadfast Jazz', part of the
1384:. Although the move was publicly characterized as a purely administrative move necessitated by Clark's approaching retirement and the lack of an open four-star slot for the highly respected Ralston , Clark's relief has been often seen as a slap at the general on the part of a Pentagon leadership that had been very much at odds with him during the
1948:(DSACEUR), who is always a European, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr). This use of SHAPE by the EU is however subject to a "right of first refusal", i.e. NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis, and contingent on unanimous approval among NATO states, including those outside of the EU.
1339:
From 1993, the staffing of ACE was reduced in line with personnel reductions already in progress since 1990 and the
Schaefer Plan, drafted by retired German general Shaefer. Shaefer's aim was to begin the first effort to streamline NATO's Cold War structure to meet the new circumstances. Personnel in
955:
We have... an air-ground shield which, although still not strong enough, would force an enemy to concentrate before attack. In doing so, the concentrating force would be extremely vulnerable to losses from atomic weapon attacks... We can now use atomic weapons against an aggressor, delivered not only
1359:
After much discussion within the
Alliance, ACE's three-command system was reduced to two commands covering the same area after 1996, one for north of the Alps and one for south of the Alps. The United States had wished to retain three commands, arguing that 'the span of control might be excessive.'
447:
stated that the changed world order had "stripped NATO of its justification" for military integration, and soon afterward, France stated that it was withdrawing from the NATO military structure. SHAPE and all the other NATO installations, including NATO Headquarters and Allied Forces
Central Europe
3482:
As an operational-level international headquarters, the Joint
Support and Enabling Command (JSEC) is part of the new NATO Force Structure. Its overall mission is to provide SACEUR with a secure Rear Area in crises up to maximum level of effort by supporting Nations in their planning, execution and
1512:
Between 2003 and 2006, a new category of forces was created, principally to improve the flexibility and reach of land forces. The structure incorporated six "NATO Rapid
Deployable Corps headquarters". Formed from October 2003, the NATO Rapidly Deployable Corps are designated High Readiness Forces
1431:
In 2003, a French flag was set up in the SHAPE headquarters in Mons following the return, after almost forty years, of French military officers to the HQ. Fifteen French military officers, including
General Jean-Jacques Bart, work there, of a total number of 1,100 personnel. They are however
1065:, became somewhat of an institution in Europe as the former U.S. Army chief of staff occupied the office for nearly eight years; a brief outcry arose from the other NATO capitals when Rogers was slated for retirement by the U.S. administration in 1987. Rogers was replaced by General
585:
gives a good account of
Montgomery's exacting, tireless approach to improving the command's readiness, which caused a good deal of bruised feelings in doing so. In establishing the command, the first NATO planners drew extensively on WUDO plans and personnel.
1794:
In 2012 and 2013, NATO underwent a reorganization of the military command, and the land component commands at
Heidelberg and Madrid were deactivated, the maritime component command at Naples was closed and the air component command at Izmir also shut down.
1372:
personally over the issue in
September–October 1997, the United States stood firm and today an American admiral remains in charge of the Naples command. In addition to the two continental commands AFNORTHWEST covered the United Kingdom and Scandinavia.
984:
was a series of multilateral naval exercises that concentrated on NATO's eastern Atlantic/northern European flank. Operation Deep Water involved NATO carrier and amphibious assault forces operating along NATO's southern flank in the Mediterranean Sea.
385:
on January 1, 1951, and quickly set to work with a small group of planners to devise a structure for the new European command. The Planning Group worked in the Hotel Astoria in central Paris while construction of a permanent facility began.
1054:. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car, but wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car. Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the German
1030:
during the depths of the Watergate crisis, was abruptly installed as SACEUR after Watergate's denouement. Haig arrived in 1974. Some scattered notes about his time at SHAPE are recorded by Colodny and Shachtman's book
488:, SACEUR at the time, had hoped that SHAPE could be located near to NATO Headquarters, as had been the case in Paris, but the Belgian authorities decided that SHAPE should be located at least 50 kilometres from
343:). Since 2003 SHAPE has been the headquarters of ACO, controlling NATO also outside Europe. Even though the geographical scope of its activities was extended, SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to
975:
forces over NATO ground forces, called for "about 30" divisions to augment NATO's central European front. That year Allied Command Europe carried out Operation Counter Punch, which involved AFCENT forces on the
956:
by long-range aircraft, but also by the use of shorter-range planes, and by 280 mm. artillery... This air-ground team constitutes a very effective shield, and it would fight very well in case of attack.
2029:
4220:
3330:
1018:
The headquarters' new home in Mons, Belgium, was the center of international attention from time to time as new Supreme Allied Commanders came and went, with one of the more notable being General
3495:
2459:
639:
On April 2, 1951, General Eisenhower signed the activation order for Allied Command Europe and its headquarters at SHAPE. Headquarters, Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) was activated in
1046:
A creature of habit, Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day – a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the apparent target of an
1340:
the headquarters fell from 18,354 in 1990 to 12,919 in 1996. Costs fell from US$ 621m to $ 482m over the same period. From 1994-c.1999, there were three Major Subordinate Commands in ACE:
492:, NATO's new location, because SHAPE was a major wartime military target. The Belgian government offered Camp Casteau, a 2 km Belgian Army summer training camp north of the city of
628:, announced that three Italian divisions were to be formed as Italy's 'initial contribution to the Atlantic army', and that these divisions would also come under Eisenhower's control.
3116:
Sydney Blumenthal, The Clinton Wars, New York, Plume, 2003, p.650-1, cited in Dale R. Herspring, The Pentagon and the Presidency, University Press of Kansas, 2005, p. 372-3. See also
1815:
has served as the head of the topmost-level NATO command for Europe, now titled Allied Command Operations, and located at Casteau. The Deputy Commander is always a European officer.
589:
Devising command arrangements in the Central Region, which contained the bulk of NATO's forces, proved to be much more complicated. General Eisenhower considered naming an overall
1400:
2396:
3189:"NATO likely will maintain a 'semi-permanent' presence in Eastern Europe for many years to come, said retired Gen. Tod Wolters, former Supreme Allied Commander Europe" (SACEUR)
4388:
3736:
1941:
1907:
1818:
There were initially two joint force operational headquarters and several single service commands under SHAPE, in its role as headquarters of Allied Command Operations:
1540:
which is rapidly deployable within five days, but lacks sustained capability, limited to 30 days in combat. It would serve as an advance force for follow on NATO forces.
2529:
Sean Maloney, To Secure Command of the Sea, University of New Brunswick thesis, 1991, clearly depicts the predominance of US and UK officers in senior command positions
2044:
1411:
Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of Allied Command Operations, controlling all NATO operations worldwide. SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to
435:
France's resentment over NATO's military structure had been brewing for a number of years, as successive French governments had become increasingly incensed with
112:
1040:
944:
What this strategy meant for the land battle in the central region was described for publicity purposes in January 1954 by then-Supreme Allied Commander Europe
643:, France in 1953. On the same day, ACE's subordinate headquarters in Northern and Central Europe were activated, with the Southern Region following in June.
3235:
3100:
2380:
3327:
1937:
1923:
4414:
3186:
3395:
240:
1675:
1281:
3499:
3729:
2429:
4294:
425:
31:
3373:
2449:
617:
2990:
Len Colodny and Tom Shachtman, The Forty Years War: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons, From Nixon to Obama (Harper, 2009), 274, 280–81, 282–83.
2907:
2877:
2846:
1605:, Poland, was seen along with the downgraded Greek corps, as the third echelon deployable force in the NATO rapid deployment capability. The
3289:
3139:
1841:
In 2018, it was agreed that a new joint force operational headquarters in Norfolk would be created to conduct operations in the Atlantic.
1081:
ACE in 1986 had three major subordinate commands (MSCs), one each for Northern, Central, and Southern Europe, as well as smaller commands.
3722:
3634:
Vojtech Mastny, Sven S. Holtsmark, Andreas Wenger (ed.), War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War: Threat Perceptions in the East and West
1968:
451:
France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military structure forced SHAPE and several other ACE headquarters to leave French territory.
2545:
2265:
2176:
2159:
3598:
Jordan, Robert S., ed. Generals in International Politics: NATO's Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. University Press of Kentucky, 1987.
1780:
1774:
878:
was a major air-ground exercise involving French-American tactical air units and a French airborne infantry unit under the command of
3009:
1713:
1709:, and is also part of the NATO Force Structure. STRIKFORNATO is the only command capable of leading an expanded maritime task force.
2586:
Brian L. Davis, NATO Forces: An Illustrated Reference to their Organization and Insignia, Blandford Press, London, 1988, p. 20.
988:
To improve alliance military readiness and integration, NATO continued to hold annual alliance-wide military exercises each autumn (
3671:
2961:'US Security Issues in Europe,' 93rd Congress, 1973, p.13, cited in William Park 'Defending the West,' Wheatsheaf Books, 1986, p.30
1695:
1427:
496:, southwest of Brussels, which was an area in serious need of additional economic investment. In September 1966, NATO agreed that
2464:
1269:
613:
3525:
2327:
2309:
2291:
2220:
2194:
4317:
3921:
3202:
3161:
2517:
1892:
1702:
816:
609:
605:
2974:
4332:
3629:
3616:
1719:
17:
4419:
3964:
3974:
3546:
1745:. A special operations coordination centre and an intelligence fusion centre have also recently been formed within SHAPE.
1415:
for legal reasons although the geographical scope of its activities was extended in 2003. At that time, NATO's command in
4347:
4287:
4227:
3901:
1822:
1685:
1577:
1553:
1439:
1287:
916:
788:
782:
743:
734:
655:
541:
1945:
213:
4255:
4180:
3916:
1901:
1846:
1513:(HRF), designed to be able to react on short notice. Although these forces cannot deploy on five days warning like the
1432:
considered as "inserted," and not as "integrated," as they cannot be ordered to move without previous French approval.
1263:
864:
835:
578:
555:
356:
2417:
596:
In December 1950 it was announced that the forces initially to come under General Eisenhower's command were to be the
508:
near Paris on 30 March 1967, and the next day held a ceremony to mark the opening of the new headquarters at Casteau.
4362:
4210:
4170:
3906:
2764:
2496:
2062:
Two gold swords, unsheathed, are superimposed on a gold scroll bearing the inscription "Vigilia pretium libertatis" (
1831:
1477:
1468:
1361:
1341:
1275:
803:
663:
3348:
2345:
262:
1236:
1227:
1219:
904:
852:
759:
3085:
1043:
exercise series, increasing the size of the event by holding all the NATO ACE exercises at the same time of year.
4357:
4185:
3969:
2653:
1812:
1460:
1207:
1120:
314:
194:
3232:
3097:
2759:
David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd 1985, p.15,
1737:, remains in existence as a detachment of HQ ACO, as does Allied Submarine Command, a NATO command based on the
937:
The initial plans saw the defence of Western Europe from a Soviet invasion resting heavily on nuclear weapons ('
4280:
1768:
1762:
1492:
703:
571:
1705:(STRIKFORNATO), homeported at Gaeta, Italy, whose lead nation is the United States, is commanded by Commander
624:, and Berlin. Four days after Eisenhower's arrival in Paris, on 5 January 1951, the Italian defence minister,
4067:
3933:
1952:
1598:
1253:
1090:
730:
647:
616:
and a further infantry division, three French divisions in Germany and Austria, the Danish, Belgian, and the
2020:
1403:, which was run in November 2013 across a number of NATO countries, including Poland and the Baltic states.
68:
4367:
4342:
3876:
3571:
1994:
1977:
1845:(JFC NF) was established due to the rising Russian threat, making the Atlantic sea routes more critical. A
1349:
1188:
820:
563:
4165:
3938:
3911:
2091:. An exception happened in 1966, with the withdrawal of France from NATO's integrated command structure.
1842:
1722:
1521:
1498:
1174:
828:
675:
1486:
4147:
4082:
4017:
3760:
3251:
1110:
1100:
1023:
766:
597:
465:
1517:(NRF), they have a longer sustainment capability in combat than the NRF, which is limited to 30 days.
4215:
4157:
3959:
3943:
3028:
Galvin, John R. Fighting the Cold War: A Soldier’s Memoir. University Press of Kentucky, 2015, 343-4.
1706:
1164:
896:
621:
601:
299:
46:
38:
2371:
274:
4087:
4052:
3926:
3060:
1728:
832:
779:
581:(WUDO) to become the first Deputy SACEUR, who would serve until 1958. Volume 3 of Nigel Hamilton's
2915:
2885:
2856:
2165:
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domination of the command structure and insufficient French influence. In February 1966 President
4107:
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4072:
4027:
4012:
3896:
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3519:
3187:(10 Jan 2023) After Ukraine invasion, NATO aligning strategy with ‘regional plans’: Former SACEUR
1874:
1749:
1670:
Certification of the following High Readiness Forces (Maritime) Headquarters took place in 2004:
1454:
1420:
1335:
during his visit to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Maisières (Belgium) in 1981.
1327:
1154:
1000:
961:
945:
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871:
807:
792:
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690:
199:
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4002:
3866:
3821:
2403:
2100:
2076:
2050:
2011:
1999:
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1748:
As more capable rapid reaction forces were established, earlier 'fire brigades', including the
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505:
421:
395:
256:
53:
2657:
750:
4205:
4200:
4112:
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3098:
French Gamesmanship and the Future of the Alliance: The Case of Allied Forces Southern Europe
2454:
2080:
2007:
1929:
1734:
1543:
1036:
880:
747:
329:
202:
3588:
Hackett, John. "NATO's Supreme Allied Commanders on Parade." Parameters 18, no. 2 (1988): 2.
1435:
A new structure was developed with three main headquarters under Allied Command Operations:
4195:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4062:
3997:
3831:
2721:
2703:
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In addition to this Allied Command Operations has at its disposal standing forces such as:
981:
544:
218:
3074:
2625:
2542:
1788:
8:
4322:
4190:
4117:
4102:
4037:
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3826:
3117:
2105:
2088:
1865:
1787:
Airlift support for SACEUR's travels is provided by the USAF's 309th Airlift Squadron at
1514:
1395:. Yet after Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the alliance, and especially after the
1392:
1332:
1198:
1007:
938:
930:
involved ground maneuvers by the U.S. Seventh Army in the American Zone of Occupation of
919:
900:
775:
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2796:
2596:
631:
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181:
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811:
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706:
625:
590:
574:
302:(ACO) that commands all NATO operations worldwide. SHAPE is situated in the village of
206:
562:, amid many inter-Allied controversies over the proper conduct of the campaign on the
4303:
3861:
3853:
3714:
3625:
3612:
3523:
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2760:
2492:
2436:
2387:
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1062:
996:
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860:
763:
551:
478:
444:
429:
413:
237:
42:
3439:
3199:
3273:
2971:
2036:
1803:
1345:
1168:
1114:
1055:
948:
2574:
1966:
referenced SHAPE in his short-story 'From a View to a Kill', collected as part of
1849:(JSEC) was also created in Ulm, Germany, to improve rear area logistical support.
1391:
From the early 2000s ACO as it became had more and more activities related to the
408:
4327:
3798:
3675:
3550:
3529:
3334:
3315:
3293:
3239:
3206:
3104:
2978:
2851:
2549:
2316:
1581:
1231:
1202:
770:
485:
360:
321:
4352:
4022:
2201:
1933:
1882:
1640:
1557:
1525:
1381:
1365:
1066:
1019:
964:
867:
795:
693:
436:
389:
318:
232:
155:
4261:
3572:"Alfred M. Gruenther Autograph - signed card showing the SHAPE insignia, 1953"
1712:
The final formation is Commander French Maritime Forces, initially aboard the
1104:
370:
4424:
4408:
3772:
1376:
An early retirement again disrupted the Mons headquarters in 2000 as General
1051:
1047:
1027:
884:
856:
659:
640:
570:
announced the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first SACEUR. British
493:
448:(AFCENT), were informed that they must leave French territory by April 1967.
440:
307:
127:
114:
102:
4372:
4244:
3766:
2148:
1658:
1590:
1377:
1369:
1069:
after Galvin was being advised he was being picked by Secretary of Defense
923:
737:
710:
559:
537:
325:
221:
1406:
532:
An integrated military structure for NATO was first established after the
3811:
3709:
3417:
2999:
Galvin, Fighting the Cold War, University Press of Kentucky, 2015, 237-8.
1963:
1826:
1684:
Headquarters Commander Spanish Maritime Forces (HQ COMSPMARFOR) on board
1443:
972:
908:
888:
874:. Two 1952 central region exercises involved air-ground combined forces.
754:
244:
41:(ACO), that commands all NATO operations. For NATO's political seat, see
4272:
3050:
Allied command structures in the New NATO, DIANE Publishing edition, 13.
1613:, France, is an EU force with a technical agreement linking it to NATO.
4042:
3783:
3680:
3593:
Norstad: Cold War NATO Supreme Commander – Airman, Strategist, Diplomat
2938:
Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal
2298:
1742:
1610:
1533:
1385:
1364:), a move which France and Germany supported. Despite French President
1240:
1214:
839:
620:
in Western Germany, and the American and British garrisons in Austria,
533:
225:
1752:('AMF (L)'), were disbanded; AMF(L) was disbanded on 30 October 2002.
1621:
1547:
992:) that was jointly planned and executed by SACEUR and SACLANT forces.
847:
Four exercises were conducted in the ACE area during the autumn 1952.
454:
3788:
3695:
3144:
2669:
2239:
2084:
2003:
1628:
1606:
1529:
1178:
1131:
3696:"Senior officials in the NATO military structure, from 1949 to 2001"
3602:
1094:
3778:
3483:
coordination of Security, Force Protection and Area Damage Control.
2972:
AFSOUTH 1951–2004: Over Fifty Years Working for Peace and Stability
2251:
2247:
2227:
1896:
1652:
1646:
1634:
1602:
1571:
1472:
1353:
1192:
1158:
1138:
1022:. Haig, who had retired from military service in order to serve as
516:
489:
2002:
in which both national flags and soldiers in traditional uniforms
536:
raised questions over the strength of Europe's defences against a
4337:
2334:
2276:
2272:
2243:
2231:
2205:
1911:
1860:
1537:
501:
497:
474:
460:
303:
106:
3684:
1674:
Headquarters Commander Italian Maritime Forces on board Italy's
469:
2013 SACEUR change of command, in front of SHAPE's main building
3396:"NATO deactivates allied air command Izmir headquarters Turkey"
3219:
2352:
2280:
2235:
2209:
2134:
2130:
1869:
1593:, Greece (now redesignated as a Force of Lower Readiness (FLR))
1586:
1416:
1412:
1257:
671:
400:
344:
3646:
3059:
Barbara Starr, 'Allies want a simplified command for Europe,'
1616:
As of 2017, there are nine High Readiness Force Headquarters:
540:
attack. The first choice for commander in Europe was American
170:
3843:
3446:. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. 12 February 2020
2183:
1981:, Goldie Hawn's character negotiates an assignment to SHAPE.
1835:
1664:
1561:
1481:
1124:
679:
667:
382:
2597:"Chapter 7 – The Military Structure – Allied Command Europe"
980:, and two other major military exercises in September 1957.
511:
390:
2 April 1951 – 31 March 1967: Rocquencourt, Yvelines, France
3745:
3663:
3038:
2949:
2825:
2804:
2776:
2676:
2633:
2604:
2570:
2561:
See also L. James Binder, Lemnitzer: A Soldier For His Time
2538:
1908:
NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency
968:
651:
371:
1 January 1951 – 2 April 1951: Hôtel Astoria, Paris, France
295:
91:
3605:, International Organization, Volume 13, No.1, Winter 1959
3096:
For an American view of this dispute, see Ronald Tiersky,
2087:. The number of supporters has risen steadily, reflecting
3465:
3374:"Deactivation ceremony of Allied Maritime Command Naples"
1570:/NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Türkiye (NRDC-T), HQ near
895:
was a major allied air-ground exercise involving 150,000
420:
On 2 April 1951 SHAPE moved to its permanent facility at
37:
This article is about the supreme headquarters of NATO's
3075:"Turkey eyes French-US NATO command debate with concern"
3624:
Edited by Bruce George, 1991, Jane's Information Group
3611:
Edited by Bruce George, 1990, Jane's Information Group
3010:"German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig"
1407:
2003–present: Headquarters of Allied Command Operations
3744:
3162:"The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951-2009"
1998:
Christmas card c. 1952–1955, depicting an alternative
1147:
Allied Naval Forces, Baltic Approaches, Karup, Denmark
863:
to NORTHAG ground forces under the overall command of
1144:
Allied Air Forces, Baltic Approaches, Karup, Denmark
1130:
Allied Land Forces, Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland,
1924:
Command and control structure of the European Union
702:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) –
455:
31 March 1967 – present: Casteau, Wallonia, Belgium
1917:
1904:, Ulm (announced 2018, operational September 2019)
1895:(aka. Strike Force NATO, STRIKFORNATO) at Oeiras,
1282:Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe
971:, noting the numerical superiority of Soviet and
817:Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe
521:From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of
335:From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of
4406:
3376:. Headquarters Allied Joint Force Command Naples
3305:MC 324/1 "NATO Military Command Structure", 2003
2035:1953 brochure, signed by then Supreme Commander
1645:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Spain (NRDC-Spain),
1380:was shunted aside in favor of Air Force general
899:, Dutch, Belgian, and Canadian troops of NATO's
517:1951–2003: Headquarters of Allied Command Europe
2697:
2695:
2693:
2518:Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951-2009
1727:. The French naval component is drawn from the
1508:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters (NRDC)
416:in front of the flag of SHAPE on 8 October 1951
32:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
2870:
2575:History of SHAPE and Allied Command Operations
2450:Operational headquarters of the European Union
1651:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Türkiye (NRDC-T),
851:was a major allied air force exercise for the
4288:
3730:
3316:NATO Press Release (2002)098 – 12 August 2002
3124:on July 29, 1999. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
2900:
1639:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy (NRDC-IT),
2791:
2789:
2690:
2512:
2510:
2508:
1940:as an operational headquarters (OHQ) for EU
859:over the Central European front and provide
52:"SHAPE" redirects here. For other uses, see
3140:La France amorce un "mouvement" vers l’Otan
689:Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) –
147:
4295:
4281:
3737:
3723:
3685:Nato's new headquarters to cost €1 billion
3659:How SHAPE took SHAPE (from NATO's website)
3651:
2715:
2713:
1781:Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2
1775:Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1
1356:, The Netherlands, and AFSOUTH in Naples.
1013:
685:The commanders and commands in 1957 were:
180:
4415:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
4302:
3882:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
3603:Early Stages in the Organization of SHAPE
3542:Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands
3328:History of Standing NATO Maritime Group 1
2786:
2505:
1852:There are three single-service commands:
1759:NATO Airborne Early Warning Force (NAEWF)
512:Changing role in NATO's command structure
477:was chosen as a new host nation for both
288:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
62:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
3346:
3285:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO,
2658:Chart 9: Allied Command Europe July 1954
2390:in front of the standard, 8 October 1951
1993:
1802:
1696:Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces
1633:Multinational Corps Northeast (MNC-NE),
1326:
630:
464:
407:
399:
45:. For the subordinate parts of ACO, see
3975:Supreme Allied Commander Transformation
3276:, updated 2006, verified September 2008
3220:"NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Türkiye"
3002:
2710:
2491:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 241.
1657:NATO Deployable Corps Greece (NRDC-GR)
1270:Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe
1035:. In addition, then-Lieutenant Colonel
14:
4407:
3134:
3132:
3130:
2740:
2656:, NATO: The First Five Years 1949–54,
1946:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1893:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO
1703:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO
1663:Rapid Reaction Corps France (RRC-FR),
1331:The SHAPE honor guard is presented to
547:, as he had successfully directed the
313:ACO's and SHAPE's commander is titled
294:) is the military headquarters of the
4276:
3718:
3072:
2728:
2486:
1958:
404:SHAPE premises in Rocquencourt (1965)
4211:Relationship with the European Union
3466:"Joint Support and Enabling Command"
3349:"NATO Activates Allied Land Command"
3179:
3041:Military Balance 1981–82, p. 25
2855:. September 30, 1957. Archived from
2460:NATO Special Operations Headquarters
1627:Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC),
1587:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece
1311:Commander Northeastern Mediterranean
1084:
823:Charles R. Brown, United States Navy
3347:Vandiver, John (30 November 2012).
3127:
2884:. 30 September 1957. Archived from
2822:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2801:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2630:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2601:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2079:is composed of the arms as well as
2058:A 1953 brochure on the arms reads:
1823:Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
1731:, the French Navy's surface fleet.
1578:NATO Rapid Deployable Spanish Corps
1554:NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps
1440:Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
1288:Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe
161:"Vigilance is the Price of Liberty"
24:
4256:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
4181:Individual Partnership Action Plan
3917:Joint Support and Enabling Command
3746:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
3582:
2952:Military Balance 1982, p. 24.
1932:, SHAPE may also take part in the
1902:Joint Support and Enabling Command
1847:Joint Support and Enabling Command
1264:Allied Land Forces Southern Europe
720:Courtlandt Van Rensselaer Schuyler
707:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
646:By 1954 ACE's forces consisted of
579:Western Union Defence Organization
357:Western Union Defence Organisation
296:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
92:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
25:
4436:
4171:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
3638:
3595:St. Martin's Press, 2000. 350 pp.
2543:Original SHAPE relocation article
2435:SACEUR standard displayed behind
2064:Vigilance is the Price of Liberty
1832:Allied Joint Force Command Naples
1807:NATO Command Structure, 2020-2021
1478:Allied Joint Force Command Naples
1469:Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon
1362:Allied Joint Force Command Naples
1342:Allied Forces Northwestern Europe
1299:Naval On-Call Force Mediterranean
1293:Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean
1276:Allied Air Forces Southern Europe
1175:NATO Airborne Early Warning Force
473:With France no longer available,
3118:General's Early Exit Upsets NATO
2914:. 7 October 1957. Archived from
2746:"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" -
2707:(September 26, 1952) p. 402-404.
2428:
2416:
2395:
2379:
2370:
2344:
2326:
2308:
2290:
2264:
2219:
2193:
2175:
2158:
2043:
2028:
2019:
1426:
1237:Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force
1228:Second Allied Tactical Air Force
1220:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
905:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
853:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
760:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
577:moved over from the predecessor
273:
261:
67:
4186:Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
3970:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
3965:Chair of the Military Committee
3664:Allied Command Operation SitRep
3564:
3534:
3513:
3488:
3458:
3432:
3410:
3388:
3366:
3340:
3320:
3308:
3299:
3287:Factsheet: High Readiness Force
3279:
3266:
3244:
3226:
3212:
3192:
3154:
3110:
3090:
3066:
3053:
3044:
3031:
3022:
2993:
2984:
2964:
2955:
2943:
2930:
2839:
2769:
2753:
2719:"The NATO Exercises, Part II",
2662:
2647:
1989:
1918:Role in European Union missions
1813:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1798:
1308:Commander Eastern Mediterranean
1305:Commander Central Mediterranean
1302:Commander Western Mediterranean
1121:Allied Forces Baltic Approaches
504:. SHAPE closed its facility at
317:(SACEUR), and is always a U.S.
315:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
4228:Science for Peace and Security
4221:eastward NATO expansion issues
3601:Lt. Col. William A. Knowlton,
3272:International Military Staff,
2775:For the original document see
2618:
2589:
2580:
2564:
2555:
2532:
2523:
2480:
2070:
1769:Standing NATO Maritime Group 2
1763:Standing NATO Maritime Group 1
1401:NATO Exercise Steadfast series
1076:
907:. They maneuvered east of the
618:Independent Norwegian Brigades
381:General Eisenhower arrived in
328:who also serves as Commander,
13:
1:
3934:Allied Command Transformation
3063:, 16 October 1996, p. 6.
2701:"The NATO Exercises, Part 1"
2473:
1955:maintains a 'cell' at SHAPE.
1953:European Union Military Staff
1938:command and control structure
1599:Multinational Corps Northeast
1589:based on the "C" Corps HQ in
1296:Submarine Force Mediterranean
1254:Allied Forces Southern Europe
1137:Allied Land Forces, Zealand,
1091:Allied Forces Northern Europe
915:under the overall command of
804:Allied Forces Southern Europe
731:Allied Forces Northern Europe
664:Allied Forces Southern Europe
648:Allied Forces Northern Europe
583:Life of Montgomery of Alamein
479:NATO's political headquarters
3877:International Military Staff
3669:The New NATO Force Structure
3440:"Military Command Structure"
3274:The New NATO Force Structure
3200:NATO's New Command Structure
3122:International Herald Tribune
2360:
1620:1 German-Netherlands Corps,
1493:Component Command – Maritime
1455:Component Command – Maritime
1350:Allied Forces Central Europe
1189:Allied Forces Central Europe
1006:The drawdown of the British
744:Allied Forces Central Europe
656:Allied Forces Central Europe
566:. On December 19, 1950, the
424:, just west of the city, at
149:"Vigilia Pretium Libertatis"
27:NATO Headquarters in Belgium
7:
4420:Joint military headquarters
4166:Atlantic Treaty Association
3296:. Retrieved September 2008.
3120:by Joseph Fitchett for the
3073:Cevik, Ilnur (1996-12-13).
2443:
2402:Standard flown at SHAPE in
1944:. In such an instance, the
1843:Joint Force Command Norfolk
1522:Allied Rapid Reaction Corps
829:Allied Forces Mediterranean
676:Allied Forces Mediterranean
635:Organization of ACE in 1952
365:
10:
4441:
3761:Animus in consulendo liber
1984:
1921:
1556:, Ugo Mara Barracks HQ in
1111:Allied Forces South Norway
1101:Allied Forces North Norway
1061:Haig's successor, General
1024:White House Chief of Staff
995:From 1967 however, under '
458:
393:
374:
354:
350:
51:
36:
29:
4381:
4310:
4237:
4156:
3983:
3952:
3944:Standardization agreement
3852:
3797:
3752:
3337:, verified September 2008
3209:, verified September 2008
1735:Island Commander, Iceland
1707:United States Sixth Fleet
1423:, was reassigned to ACO.
1165:United Kingdom Air Forces
1003:were deployed in Europe.
903:in coordination with the
897:British Army of the Rhine
612:, to be bolstered by the
602:British Army of the Rhine
575:Sir Bernard L. Montgomery
300:Allied Command Operations
269:
255:
250:
231:
212:
193:
188:
165:
148:
143:
98:
86:
78:
66:
61:
47:Allied Command Operations
39:Allied Command Operations
4216:Relationship with Russia
3927:SHAPE International Band
3522:report, March 24, 2008.
3252:"Rapid Deployable Corps"
2626:"Appendix 1 – Chronicle"
2489:A Dictionary of Aviation
2487:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1888:Other commands include:
1499:Component Command – Land
1461:Command Component – Land
1368:exchanging letters with
1333:King Baudouin of Belgium
1073:in February–March 1987.
1001:tactical nuclear weapons
715:Chief of Staff (COFS) –
30:Not to be confused with
3710:NATO Flickr photostream
3520:The Heritage Foundation
3254:. NATO. 9 November 2015
2781:Military Committee 14/1
2577:, updated 14 March 2007
1875:Allied Maritime Command
1750:ACE Mobile Force (Land)
1487:Component Command – Air
1449:Component Command – Air
1421:Allied Command Atlantic
1419:, historically part of
1397:2008 Georgia-Russia war
1014:1970s – Haig and Rogers
932:Allied-occupied Germany
920:Sir Richard Nelson Gale
698:United States Air Force
4176:Mediterranean Dialogue
4158:Multilateral relations
3939:Parliamentary Assembly
3496:"EU Operations Centre"
2783:. Retrieved June 2008.
2552:, verified August 2008
2068:
2051:SHAPE Technical Centre
2014:
1879:Northwood Headquarters
1859:(AIRCOM) at Ramstein,
1808:
1336:
958:
636:
614:11th Armoured Division
610:7th Armoured Divisions
568:North Atlantic Council
470:
417:
405:
396:Rocquencourt, Yvelines
128:50.500444°N 3.983250°E
54:Shape (disambiguation)
4304:Military headquarters
4206:Partnership for Peace
3844:.nato Internet domain
3807:North Atlantic Treaty
3138:Arnaud De La Grange,
3061:Jane's Defence Weekly
2981:, AFSOUTH, April 2004
2748:Sydney Morning Herald
2455:Berlin Plus agreement
2060:
1997:
1930:Berlin Plus agreement
1922:Further information:
1806:
1729:Force d'Action Navale
1718:, but now aboard the
1544:I. German/Dutch Corps
1388:the previous spring.
1330:
1041:Exercise Autumn Forge
953:
634:
523:Allied Command Europe
500:should host SHAPE at
468:
459:Further information:
411:
403:
394:Further information:
375:Further information:
355:Further information:
337:Allied Command Europe
330:U.S. European Command
203:Christopher G. Cavoli
18:Allied Command Europe
4196:NATO global partners
3832:potential withdrawal
3622:Jane's NATO Handbook
3609:Jane's NATO Handbook
3472:. JSEC. 4 April 2020
3222:. NATO. 21 May 2022.
3148:, 26 September 2007
3018:. November 25, 1993.
2737:, September 29, 1952
2670:"Who is who at NATO"
2106:Change of membership
2083:' flags, serving as
1868:(LANDCOM) at Izmir,
982:Operation Strikeback
798:, United States Army
552:landings in Normandy
545:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4191:Major non-NATO ally
3872:International Staff
2279:and the reentry of
2166:Secession of France
2118:Formation of SHAPE
1866:Allied Land Command
1515:NATO Response Force
1393:NATO Response Force
1199:Northern Army Group
1033:The Forty Years War
1008:Mediterranean Fleet
939:Massive retaliation
901:Northern Army Group
855:(AAFCE) to achieve
776:Northern Army Group
751:Jean-Étienne Valluy
542:General of the Army
133:50.500444; 3.983250
124: /
3839:Opposition to NATO
3674:2013-06-06 at the
3591:Jordan, Robert S.
3528:2010-02-17 at the
3333:2008-09-24 at the
3292:2009-04-17 at the
3238:2010-09-23 at the
3205:2006-05-23 at the
3185:Theresa Hitchens,
3103:2009-05-21 at the
3080:Turkish Daily News
3015:The New York Times
2977:2007-10-13 at the
2548:2003-08-26 at the
2255:Reentry of France
2015:
1969:For Your Eyes Only
1959:In popular culture
1857:Allied Air Command
1809:
1739:United States Navy
1337:
1208:Central Army Group
819:(STRIKFORSOUTH) –
812:United States Navy
789:Central Army Group
735:Lieutenant General
724:United States Army
637:
626:Randolfo Pacciardi
591:Commander-in-Chief
556:march into Germany
471:
418:
406:
207:United States Army
4402:
4401:
4270:
4269:
3960:Secretary General
3862:NATO headquarters
3822:List of exercises
3630:978-0-7106-0976-2
3617:978-0-7106-0598-6
3353:Stars and Stripes
2936:John Clearwater.
2437:Andrew Goodpaster
2388:Dwight Eisenhower
2358:
2357:
2200:Accession of the
1910:(NCISG) at Mons,
1789:Chièvres Air Base
1715:Charles de Gaulle
1601:headquartered in
1324:
1323:
1223:Ramstein Air Base
1212:Campbell Barracks
1071:Caspar Weinberger
1063:Bernard W. Rogers
997:flexible response
978:European mainland
861:close air support
836:Sir Ralph Edwards
764:Air Chief Marshal
604:(BAOR), with the
598:U.S. Seventh Army
445:Charles de Gaulle
281:
280:
43:NATO headquarters
16:(Redirected from
4432:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4201:Open door policy
3897:Maritime Command
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3690:History of SHAPE
3655:
3650:
3649:
3647:Official website
3576:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3549:. Archived from
3538:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3498:. Archived from
3492:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3326:AMCC-Northwood,
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3107:, NDU/INSS, 1997
3094:
3088:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2918:on June 28, 2011
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2888:on June 28, 2011
2878:"Emergency Call"
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:on June 28, 2011
2847:"Emergency Call"
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2793:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2484:
2468:
2432:
2420:
2399:
2383:
2374:
2348:
2330:
2312:
2294:
2268:
2223:
2197:
2179:
2162:
2094:
2093:
2089:NATO enlargement
2047:
2037:Alfred Gruenther
2032:
2023:
1978:Private Benjamin
1811:Since 1951, the
1698:(HQ COMUKMARFOR)
1430:
1346:RAF High Wycombe
1290:, Naples, Italy
1169:RAF High Wycombe
1155:ACE Mobile Force
1085:
1056:Red Army Faction
960:In 1957, SACEUR
949:Alfred Gruenther
810:R.P.M. Bristol,
783:Sir Richard Gale
767:Sir George Mills
738:Sir Cecil Sugden
600:in Germany, the
377:fr:Hôtel Astoria
277:
265:
222:Sir Keith Blount
214:Deputy Commander
184:
179:
176:
174:
172:
159:
151:
150:
139:
138:
136:
135:
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129:
125:
122:
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94:
71:
59:
58:
21:
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4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4377:
4306:
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4271:
4266:
4233:
4152:
4093:North Macedonia
3979:
3948:
3848:
3793:
3748:
3743:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3676:Wayback Machine
3645:
3644:
3641:
3585:
3583:Further reading
3580:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:, 21-09-2005,
3540:Bram Boxhoorn,
3539:
3535:
3530:Wayback Machine
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3475:
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3394:
3393:
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3357:
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3345:
3341:
3335:Wayback Machine
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3294:Wayback Machine
3284:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3240:Wayback Machine
3233:Ejercito.mde.es
3231:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3207:Wayback Machine
3197:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3137:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3105:Wayback Machine
3095:
3091:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:Wayback Machine
2970:Franco Veltri,
2969:
2965:
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1266:, Verona, Italy
1232:RAF Rheindahlen
1203:JHQ Rheindahlen
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554:and subsequent
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4247:(METO/CENTO)
4245:Baghdad Pact
3922:STRIKFORNATO
3902:JFC Brunssum
3892:Land Command
3881:
3767:Flag of NATO
3759:
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2149:West Germany
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2063:
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1990:Coat of arms
1976:
1975:In the film
1974:
1967:
1962:
1950:
1927:
1887:
1877:(MARCOM) at
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1817:
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1799:Present role
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1434:
1425:
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1390:
1378:Wesley Clark
1375:
1370:Bill Clinton
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1080:
1060:
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1032:
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1005:
994:
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924:British Army
913:British Zone
892:
879:
875:
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821:Vice Admiral
806:(AFSOUTH) –
778:(NORTHAG) –
733:(AFNORTH) –
711:British Army
684:
645:
638:
606:2nd Infantry
595:
588:
582:
560:World War II
531:
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506:Rocquencourt
483:
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422:Rocquencourt
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380:
340:
336:
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312:
291:
287:
285:
116:50°30′01.6″N
87:Part of
73:Coat of arms
4353:Philippines
4262:Suwałki Gap
4251:Balkan Pact
4088:Netherlands
3912:JFC Norfolk
3887:Air Command
3827:Enlargement
3450:12 February
3418:"Structure"
3150:(in French)
2797:"Chapter 9"
2639:3 September
2463: [
2101:Achievement
2077:achievement
2071:Achievement
2053:(1955–1996)
2012:compartment
2000:achievement
1964:Ian Fleming
1827:Netherlands
1791:, Belgium.
1457:, Northwood
1444:Netherlands
1201:(NORTHAG),
1077:1980s–1990s
1050:attempt in
1037:John Galvin
973:Warsaw Pact
926:. Finally,
917:Lt. General
909:Rhine River
889:French Army
865:Lt. General
791:(CENTAG) –
755:French Army
746:(AFCENT) –
481:and SHAPE.
310:, Belgium.
257:Achievement
245:German Navy
131: /
119:3°58′59.7″E
4409:Categories
4083:Montenegro
4078:Luxembourg
3907:JFC Naples
3817:Operations
3784:NATO Medal
3681:EUobserver
3557:2007-08-19
3506:2022-06-08
3358:2 February
2922:7 November
2863:2008-11-03
2831:3 November
2810:3 November
2654:Lord Ismay
2474:References
2323:2023–2024
2305:2020–2023
2299:Montenegro
2287:2017–2020
2261:2009–2017
2216:2004–2009
2190:1999–2004
2172:1982–1999
2155:1966–1982
2141:1955–1966
2123:1952–1955
2112:1951–1952
2085:supporters
2008:escutcheon
1881:, London,
1834:(JFC NP),
1825:(JFC BS),
1743:ComSubLant
1611:Strasbourg
1534:Gloucester
1451:, Ramstein
1386:Kosovo war
1241:Heidelberg
1215:Heidelberg
1210:(CENTAG),
1159:Seckenheim
1127:, Denmark
840:Royal Navy
831:(AFMED) –
762:(AAFCE) –
534:Korean War
430:Versailles
414:Eisenhower
298:'s (NATO)
226:Royal Navy
189:Commanders
4311:Countries
4073:Lithuania
3854:Structure
3789:NATO Star
3547:"Article"
3145:Le Figaro
2892:3 October
2682:3 October
2361:Standards
2240:Lithuania
2075:The full
1783:(SNMCMG2)
1777:(SNMCMG1)
1678:Garibaldi
1629:Innsworth
1624:, Germany
1607:Eurocorps
1568:3rd Corps
1550:, Germany
1546:based in
1530:Innsworth
1524:based at
1181:, Belgium
1179:Maisieres
1161:, Germany
1141:, Denmark
1134:, Germany
1132:Rendsburg
1115:Stavanger
1097:, Norway
319:four-star
195:Commander
4348:Pakistan
4238:See also
4123:Slovenia
4118:Slovakia
4108:Portugal
4003:Bulgaria
3779:NATO Day
3672:Archived
3526:Archived
3402:16 April
3380:16 April
3331:Archived
3290:Archived
3236:Archived
3203:Archived
3171:16 April
3101:Archived
3037:Source:
2975:Archived
2940:, p. 121
2546:Archived
2516:Pedlow,
2444:See also
2406:, France
2252:Slovenia
2248:Slovakia
2228:Bulgaria
2006:SHAPE's
1942:missions
1936:'s (EU)
1897:Portugal
1688:Castilla
1653:Istanbul
1647:Valencia
1635:Szczecin
1603:Szczecin
1574:, Turkey
1572:Istanbul
1501:, Madrid
1495:, Naples
1473:Portugal
1354:Brunssum
1284:, Naples
1260:, Italy
1193:Brunssum
1139:Ringsted
1117:, Norway
1107:, Norway
893:Holdfast
490:Brussels
484:General
441:American
428:next to
366:Premises
270:Standard
251:Insignia
144:Motto(s)
99:Location
4258:(SEATO)
4113:Romania
4058:Iceland
4053:Hungary
4043:Germany
4033:Finland
4028:Estonia
4023:Denmark
4013:Croatia
3998:Belgium
3993:Albania
3985:Members
3867:Council
3812:Summits
3799:History
3753:Symbols
3476:4 April
3424:14 June
3258:20 June
3086:Alt URL
2610:17 June
2335:Finland
2277:Croatia
2273:Albania
2244:Romania
2232:Estonia
2206:Hungary
2097:Period
2010:upon a
2004:support
1985:Symbols
1912:Belgium
1861:Germany
1771:(SNMG2)
1765:(SNMG1)
1724:Mistral
1622:Münster
1609:HQ, in
1564:, Italy
1548:Münster
1538:England
1489:, Izmir
962:General
946:General
928:Rosebud
911:in the
876:Equinox
833:Admiral
808:Admiral
793:General
780:General
717:General
691:General
622:Trieste
558:during
502:Casteau
498:Belgium
475:Belgium
461:Casteau
351:History
306:, near
304:Casteau
238:Admiral
219:Admiral
200:General
166:Website
107:Belgium
79:Founded
4363:Sweden
4358:Russia
4343:Norway
4338:Israel
4328:France
4318:Canada
4138:Turkey
4133:Sweden
4103:Poland
4098:Norway
4068:Latvia
4048:Greece
4038:France
4008:Canada
3953:People
3703:
3628:
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3420:. NATO
3398:. NATO
3314:NATO,
3198:NATO,
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2722:Flight
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1413:Europe
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672:Naples
549:Allied
538:Soviet
345:Europe
173:.shape
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4230:(SPS)
4128:Spain
4063:Italy
3699:(PDF)
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2184:Spain
1836:Italy
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1125:Karup
680:Malta
668:Paris
650:, at
437:Anglo
412:Gen.
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292:SHAPE
175:.nato
156:Latin
4425:NATO
4394:NATO
4333:Iran
3626:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3478:2020
3452:2020
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3404:2013
3382:2013
3360:2013
3260:2017
3173:2013
3039:IISS
2950:IISS
2924:2008
2912:Time
2894:2008
2882:Time
2852:TIME
2833:2008
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2805:NATO
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2761:ISBN
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