174:. Early on, some members of Alpha 66 also partook in the United States-sponsored Volunteer Program, which allowed Cuban exiles to form all-Cuban military units within the United States Army. A 1964 FBI memo confirmed that Veciana, Menoyo and Andrés Nazario Sargen were all assets of US Army intelligence. Additionally, members of Alpha 66 received limited funding and training from the CIA; however, this support did not last. The CIA found that it had little control over the actions of Alpha 66 and, in many cases, Alpha 66 carried out operations without the CIA's approval or consultation, leading to the CIA ending its involvement with the group, which in turn caused many Alpha 66 members to become disillusioned with the United States government for its lack of support. Despite the lack of government support, Alpha 66 still managed to train its members throughout the everglades of Florida.
187:
was committed to overthrowing Fidel Castro's communist government, which further complicated the efforts of the United States to stop Alpha 66's activities because both actors were momentarily aligned in their goal. However, as time passed, and tensions eased between the United States and Cuba, the United States government began to specifically target paramilitary exile groups and other terrorist cells, making clear its lack of support for the illegal activities that many militants attempted to undertake. By the 1980s, the United States organized special task forces to further crack down on the terrorist activities of groups like Alpha 66. This, and the growing support for the “dialogueros” movement, led most Cuban exile paramilitary organizations to breakup by the mid 1980s.
183:
Cambio Cubano (Cuban Change). Notably, Gutierrez Menoyo and
Antonio Veciana became strong advocates for national dialogue between Cuba and the United States. By 1974, most Cuban exiles figured that the Cuban government could not be overthrown by a militant group and instead decided to support cooperation between the United States and Cuba. The Cuban exiles were labeled “dialogueros” as opposed to the “hardliners” who still wished to overthrow Cuba's communist regime and the Castro government by force. One Miami Herald poll found that only twenty-eight percent of the Cuban exile population in the area supported dialogue between the United States and the Castro government.
196:
active Alpha 66 cells. There are many Alpha 66 websites in operation today, however; most are old and have not been updated since the 1990s or early 2000s. Alpha 66's doctrine of violent change in Cuba has largely been overturned in favor a peaceful reforms and coexistence between the Cuban government and Cuban exiles. Alpha 66 has no official sponsor, nor is there an official figurehead for the group. The end of the Cold War, death of Fidel Castro, and warming of relations between the United States and Cuba has made Alpha 66's reason for existing largely nonexistent, especially when paired with the change in popular opinion as to how to bring about change in Cuba.
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Cubans who had fought as revolutionaries against the
Batista government alongside Fidel Castro, and Alpha 66's anthem directly references Fidel Castro as having betrayed the ideals that the group's members originally fought for. Alpha 66's anti-communist rhetoric and staunch opposition to the Cuban government earned it the overwhelming support of the Miami exile community as well as the sympathy of an overtly anti-communist attitude in American politics.
29:
650:
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114:
151:, paramilitary group. Although it has undergone changes in personnel and leadership, it still exists today and is based out of Florida. Alpha 66 was most active during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but remains active in the Miami area. At the height of its power, Alpha 66 operated at a level similar to Abdala,
195:
Although Alpha 66's power began to wane in the early 1980s, it never formally disbanded and still maintains a weak presence in the
Southern United States. As late as 1995, Alpha 66 members claimed to be launching "drive-by" attacks on Cuban tourist beaches. The Miami area is home to some of the last
186:
Although the United States was originally unable to halt Alpha 66's terrorist operations due to issues arising between United States
Customs and the Department of Justice, there were other reasons for its lack of action on the issue of Alpha 66. At the time of Alpha 66's founding, the United States
162:
Like other paramilitary groups composed of Cuban exiles who emigrated after the fall of the
Batista regime, Alpha 66 presented itself as a conservative, ultra-nationalistic, patriotic organization that wished to undo Fidel Castro's revolutionary government. Alpha 66's founding members included many
182:
As hope for a United States-led invasion of Cuba died down amongst exiles, a growing number of Cuban exiles began to promote reconciliation between the United States and Cuba as well as peaceful methods of change within Cuba. In Alpha 66's case, some members broke off and started a group known as
616:
134:
is an anti-Castro paramilitary organization. The group was originally formed by Cuban exiles in the early 1960s and was most active in the late 1970s and 1980s. Its activities declined in the 1980s.
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159:, and the FLNC (Cuban National Liberation Front) amongst other Cuban-exile paramilitary groups. It claimed to have sixty-three chapters in operation during 1977.
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Arguelles, Lourdes (1982). "Cuban Miami: The Roots, Development, and
Everyday Life of an Emigré Enclave in the U.S. National Security State".
726:
716:
601:
544:
Heindl, Brett S. (March 2013). "Transnational
Activism in Ethnic Diasporas: Insights from Cuban Exiles, American Jews and Irish Americans".
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García, María
Cristina (1998). "Hardliners v. 'Dialogueros': Cuban Exile Political Groups and United States-Cuba Policy".
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1303:
1009:
392:
Bass, Jeffrey D. (2000). "Beyond the Bay of Pigs: The Cuban
Volunteer Program and the Reorientation of Anti-Castroism".
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McPherson, Alan (25 October 2018). "Caribbean
Taliban: Cuban American Terrorism in the 1970s".
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Alpha 66 was founded by Cuban exiles in the early 1960s to act as an anti-
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1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series
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Unsafe Haven: The United States, the IRA and Political Prisoners
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Miami - US Based Terrorists Strike At Castro (December 1997).
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113:
77:
248:"The Cuban Five and the history of US terrorism in Havana"
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Cuban football players who defected to the United States
581:"The US Soldiers Fighting to Bring Down Castro (1997)"
1563:
Right-wing militia organizations in the United States
203:
1309:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
506:FRANKLIN, JANE (2016). "A Chronological History".
1558:Anti-communist organizations in the United States
1096:1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft
802:United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations
795:Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)
508:Cuba and the U.S. Empire: A Chronological History
1529:
1204:Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act
1471:United Nations Security Council Resolution 144
747:Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement
737:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
632:
607:One of the many outdated "Alpha 66" websites
1449:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
1047:Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents
639:
625:
602:Released CIA document referencing Alpha 66
824:United States Military Government in Cuba
727:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
717:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)
696:United States Interests Section in Havana
356:
316:
166:Alpha 66 had multiple founders including
1299:Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
691:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
681:Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States
612:1990s news program interviewing Alpha 66
505:
453:
546:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
454:McElrath, Karen (2015). "Prosecution".
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1146:Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
1084:Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
1020:Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings
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1518:Category:Cuba–United States relations
1339:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
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701:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
686:Embassy of the United States, Havana
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1010:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
583:. Australian Broadcasting Company.
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1314:Cuban American National Foundation
972:United States embargo against Cuba
406:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2000.tb01445.x
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285:Journal of American Ethnic History
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967:United States invasion of Grenada
676:Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.
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1172:Cuban Assets Control Regulations
658:
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587:from the original on 2021-12-21.
359:Terrorism and Political Violence
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124:Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
112:
27:
1030:Trans World Airlines Flight 106
834:Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)
572:
246:Bolton, Jake (9 January 2015).
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1568:1961 establishments in Florida
1548:Terrorism in the United States
812:Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
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385:
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1267:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
1194:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act
1040:Cubana de Aviación Flight 455
988:Cubana de Aviación Flight 493
371:10.1080/09546553.2018.1530988
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1573:Organizations based in Miami
1538:Cuba–United States relations
1349:Fair Play for Cuba Committee
655:Cuba–United States relations
558:10.1080/1369183x.2013.733864
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1444:State Sponsors of Terrorism
1424:Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
962:Jamaican political conflict
905:Cuban Revolutionary Council
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1543:Opposition to Fidel Castro
1354:Friends of Democratic Cuba
1141:American fugitives in Cuba
1035:Southern Airways Flight 49
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1262:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
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1182:Wet feet, dry feet policy
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1319:Cuban dissident movement
1235:Cuban migration to Miami
1079:1994 Cuban rafter crisis
752:Tripartite Accord (1988)
1500:638 Ways to Kill Castro
1439:Third Border Initiative
1409:NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)
97:Political position
33:One known Alpha 66 flag
1289:Brothers to the Rescue
464:10.2307/j.ctt18fs4fn.9
42:Andrés Nazario Sargen
1404:Filibuster (military)
1379:US-Cuba Democracy PAC
1324:Cuban Liberty Council
1284:Antonio Maceo Brigade
252:Antillean Media Group
168:Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo
1454:Luis Posada Carriles
1247:Cuban–American lobby
1240:Havana on the Hudson
1177:Cuban Adjustment Act
998:Cuban Missile Crisis
950:Bay of Pigs Monument
920:Operation Northwoods
890:Bay of Pigs Invasion
780:Spanish–American War
732:Good Neighbor policy
319:Contemporary Marxism
1199:Cuban Democracy Act
1057:Garcia-Mir v. Meese
993:Matthew Edward Duke
930:Operation Peter Pan
868:La Coubre explosion
596:External References
432:www.maryferrell.org
70:Active regions
1466:Cuba–OAS relations
1434:Straits of Florida
1414:Silver certificate
1389:Venceremos Brigade
1329:CubaOne Foundation
955:Bay of Pigs Museum
945:José Antonio Llama
915:Operation Mongoose
851:Sugar Intervention
807:The Paquete Habana
762:JetBlue Flight 387
722:Hay-Quesada Treaty
458:. pp. 65–83.
51:Dates of operation
1553:Terrorism in Cuba
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1419:Troika of tyranny
1220:Americans in Cuba
1062:Cuban boat people
1025:Pan Am Flight 281
517:978-1-58367-606-6
473:978-1-84964-016-9
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878:Cuban exile
841:Banana Wars
291:(4): 3–28.
222:Cuban Power
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1532:Categories
1359:Havana Jam
1131:Alan Gross
1111:Ana Montes
1101:Cuban Five
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817:Propaganda
757:Cuban thaw
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1279:Alpha 66
1257:Timeline
585:Archived
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327:29765699
297:27502335
257:26 March
200:See also
132:Alpha 66
122: ∟
85:Ideology
22:Alpha 66
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1213:Related
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138:History
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